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Full text of "The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America : from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean sea, and the Galapagos archipelagos"

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UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 
Bulletin  50 


* 


THE  BIRDS  OF 
RTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 

\ 

commenced  by  the  late 

ROBERT  RIDGWAY 

continued  by 

HERBERT  FRIEDMANN 


Part  X 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON 
D.  C. 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 
Bulletin  50 


THE  BIRDS  OF 

NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 

A  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOG 


OF  THE 

HIGHER  GROUPS,  GENERA,  SPECIES,  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  BIRDS 
KNOWN  TO  OC  jk  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  FROM  THE  ARCTIC 
LANDS  TO  TEE  ISTHMUS  OF  PANAMA,  THE  WEST  INDIES 
AND  OTHER  ISLANDS  OF  THE  CARIBBEAN  SEA, 

AND  THE  GALAPAGOS  ARCHIPELAGO 


commenced  by  the  late 

ROBERT  RIDGWAY 

continued  by 

HERBERT  FRIEDMANN 


Part  X 

Family  Cracidae — The  Curassows,  Guans,  and  Chachalacas 
Family  Tetraonidae — The  Grouse,  Ptarmigan,  etc. 

Family  Phasianidae — The  American  Quails,  Partridges,  and  Pheasants 
Family  Numididae — The  Guineafowls 
Family  Meleagrididae — The  Turkeys 


UNITED  STATES 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON :  1946 


For  Bale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  U.  S.  Government  Printing  Office 
Washington  25,  D.  C.  -  Price  $1.25 


.  T s  ->  f<D  ^ 


PREFACE 

The  families  of  birds  included  in  the  present  and  preceding  volumes 
of  this  work  are  as  follows: 

Part  I,  issued  October  24,  1901,  included  the  Fringillidae  (finches) 
alone. 

Part  II,  issued  October  16,  1902,  included  the  Tanagridae  (tanagers), 
Icteridae  (troupials),  Coerebidae  (honeycreepers),  and  Mniotiltidae 
(wood  warblers). 

Part  III,  issued  December  31,  1904,  included  the  Motacillidae  (wag¬ 
tails  and  pipits),  Elirundinidae  (swallows),  Ampelidae  (waxwings), 
Ptilogonatidae  (silky  flycatchers),  Dulidae  (palm  chats),  Vireonidae  (vir- 
eos),  Laniidae  (shrikes),  Corvidae  (crows  and  jays),  Paridae  (tit¬ 
mice),  Sittidae  (nuthatches),  Certhiidae  (creepers),  Troglodytidae 
(wrens),  Cinclidae  (dippers),  Chamaeidae  (wrentits),  and  Sylviidae 
(warblers). 

Part  IV,  issued  July  1,  1907,  contained  the  remaining  groups  of  Os- 
cines,  namely,  the  Turdidae  (thrushes),  Zeledoniidae  (wren-thrushes), 
Mimidae  (mockingbirds),  Sturnidae  (starlings),  Ploceidae  (weaver- 
birds),  and  Alaudidae  (larks),  together  with  the  haploophone  or  oligo- 
myodian  Mesomyodi,  comprising  Oxyruncidae  (sharpbills),  Tyrannidae 
(tyrant  flycatchers),  Pipridae  (manakins),  and  Cotingidae  (chatterers). 

Part  V,  issued  November  29,  1911,  included  the  tracheophone  Meso¬ 
myodi,  represented  by  the  Pteroptochidae  (tapaculos),  Formicariidae 
(antbirds),  Furnariidae  (ovenbirds),  and  Dendrocolaptidae  (woodhew- 
ers)  ;  the  Macrochires,  containing  the  Trochilidae  (hummingbirds)  and 
Micropodidae  (swifts)  ;  and  the  Heterodactylae,  represented  only  by  the 
Trogonidae  (trogons). 

Part  VI,  issued  April  8,  1914,  contained  the  Picariae,  comprising  the 
families  Picidae  (woodpeckers),  Capitonidae  (barbets),  Ramphastidae 
(toucans),  Bucconidae  (puffbirds),  and  Galbulidae  (jacamars)  ;  the  Ani- 
sodactylae,  with  the  families  Alcedinidae  (kingfishers),  Todidae  (todies), 
and  Momotidae  (motmots)  ;  the  Nycticoraciae,  with  the  families  Caprimul- 
gidae  (goatsuckers)  and  Nyctibiidae  (potoos)  ;  and  the  Striges,  consisting 
of  the  families  Tytonidae  (barn  owls)  and  Bubonidae  (eared  owls). 

Part  VII,  issued  May  5,  1916,  contained  the  Coccygiformes  (cuckoolike 
birds),  Psittaciformes  (parrots),  and  Columbiformes  (pigeons). 

Part  VIII,  issued  June  26,  1919,  contained  the  Charadriiformes  (plover¬ 
like  birds)  with  the  families  Jacanidae  (jacanas),  Oedicnemidae  (thick- 
knees),  Haematopodidae  (oystercatchers),  Arenariidae  (turnstones), 
Aphrizidae  (surfbirds),  Charadriidae  (plovers),  Scolopacidae  (snipes, 
sandpipers,  etc.),  Phalaropodidae  (phalaropes),  Recurvirostridae  (avo- 

ni 


257346 


IV 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cets  and  stilts),  Rynchopidae  (skimmers),  Sternidae  (terns),  Laridae 
(gulls),  Stercorariidae  (skuas  and  jaegers),  and  Alcidae  (auks). 

^Part  IX,  issued  October  2,  1941,  contained  the  Gruiformes  with  the 
families  Gruidae  (cranes),  Rallidae  (rails,  gallinules,  and  coots),  Helior- 
nithidae  (sun-grebes),  and  Eurypygidae  (sun-bitterns). 

Part  X  (the  present  part)  contains  the  Galliformes,  with  the  families 
Cracidae  (curassows,  guans,  and  chachalacas) ,  Tetraonidae  (grouse  and 
ptarmigan),  Phasianidae  (American  quails,  partridges,  and  pheasants), 
Numididae  (guineafowl),  and  Meleagrididae  (turkeys). 

Part  XI,  now  ready  for  press,  will  contain  the  Falconiformes,  with  the 
families  Cathartidae  (New  World  vultures),  Accipitridae  (hawks,  kites, 
buzzards,  eagles,  and  harriers),  Pandionidae  (ospreys),  and  Falcomdae 

(falcons,  caracaras,  and  laughing  falcons) . 

Part  XII,  now  in  course  of  preparation,  will  contain  the  Anseriformes 
(ducks,  geese,  and  swans)  ;  the  Ciconiiformes,  with  the  families  Ardeidae 
(herons,  bitterns,  etc.),  Cochleariidae  (boatbills),  Ciconudae  (storks  and 
wood  ibises),  Threskiornithidae  (ibises  and  spoonbills),  and  Phoemcop- 
teridae  (flamingoes)  ;  the  Pelecaniformes,  with  the  famdies  Phaethonti- 
dae  (tropicbirds),  Pelecanidae  (pelicans),  Sulidae  (boobies  and  gan- 
nets),  Phalacrocoracidae  (cormorants),  and  Fregatidae  (man-o-war- 
birds)  ;  the  Procellariiformes,  with  the  families  Diomedeidae  (alba¬ 
trosses),  Procellariidae  (shearwaters  and  petrels),  and  Hydrobatidae 
(stormy  petrels)  ;  the  Colymbiformes  (grebes)  ;  the  Gaviiformes  (loons)  ; 
the  Sphenisciformes  (penguins)  ;  and  the  Tinamiformes  (tinamous). 

In  the  ten  volumes  thus  far  published  there  have  been  treated  in  detail 
(that  is,  with  full  descriptions  and  synonymies) ,  besides  the  families  above 
mentioned  and  higher  groups  to  which  they  belong,  695  genera  and  2,756 
species  and  subspecies,  besides  237  extralimital  genera  and  638  extralim- 
ital  species  and  subspecies  whose  principal  characters  are  given  in  the 
keys  and  whose  principal  synonymy  is  given  in  footnotes. 

For  the  privilege  of  examining,  or  for  the  loan  of,  specimens  needed  in 
the  preparation  of  the  present  volume  acknowledgments  are  due  to  the 
authorities  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York;  Carnegie  Museum, 
Pittsburgh;  Chicago  Natural  History  Museum;  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology,  Cambridge;  National  Museum  of  Canada,  Ottawa;  Royal  On¬ 
tario  Museum  of  Zoology,  Toronto;  Museum  of  Vertebrate  Zoology, 
Berkeley;  University  of  Michigan  Museum,  Ann  Arbor;  Cornell  Uni¬ 
versity  Museum,  Ithaca ;  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  San  Francisco ; 
California  Institute  of  Technology,  Pasadena ;  Princeton  University  Mu¬ 
seum  ;  U.  S.  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Museum  of 
Birds' and  Mammals,  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence;  British  Museum 
(Natural  History),  London;  Museum  d’Histoire  Naturelle,  Paris;  Na- 
turhistorisches  Museum,  Vienna;  Natural  History  Museum,  Leyden; 


PREFACE 


V 


Robert  T.  Moore,  Pasadena,  and  the  late  J.  H.  Fleming,  Toronto.  The 
total  number  of  specimens  thereby  made  available  for  study  in  the  present 
connection  is  hard  to  estimate  but  runs  into  many  thousands. 

As  in  Part  IX,  the  author  has  made  extensive  use  of  the  manuscript 
notes  left  by  the  late  Robert  Ridgway.  His  notes  covered  the  diagnoses 
of  genera  and  higher  groups  and  partial  synonymies  for  many  of  the 
species  and  subspecies.  Wherever  possible  his  manuscript  has  been  in¬ 
cluded  with  the  minimum  of  change  (other  than  addition  to  synonymies) 
permitted  by  more  recent  data.  In  fact,  it  has  been,  and  still  is,  the 
present  author’s  feeling  that  this  work  should  be  as  largely  Ridgway’s  as 
possible ;  thus,  for  instance,  he  has  kept  and  included  Ridgway’s  diagnoses 
of  certain  genera  now  relegated  to  the  position  of  subgenera,  and  where 
Ridgway’s  manuscript  gave  extensive  synonymies  for  extralimital  forms, 
he  has  retained  them  without  attempting  to  supply  equally  detailed 
accounts  for  other  extralimital  forms.  However,  all  such  manuscript 
material  has  been  thoroughly  studied  with  the  specimens  and  the  litera¬ 
ture;  nothing  has  been  accepted  merely  because  it  was  written.  From  the 
start,  the  author  has  felt  himself  responsible  for  the  entire  contents  of 
this  volume  and  has  not  considered  himself  as  an  editor  of  an  unpublished 
work. 

Measurements  of  specimens  for  use  in  the  preparation  were  made  by 
the  author  and  by  A.  L.  O’Leary,  Dr.  E.  M.  Hasbrouck,  and  J.  S.  Webb 
under  the  author’s  supervision.  Maj.  Allan  Brooks  contributed  (before 
tbe  present  author  began  this  work)  a  series  of  notes  on  the  colors  of  the 
unfeathered  parts  of  many  of  the  species  discussed  herein.  The  outline 
drawings  of  generic  details,  except  those  previously  published,  were  made 
partly  by  E.  R.  Kalmbach,  and  partly,  under  the  author’s  supervision,  by 
Mrs.  Aime  Awl,  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  staff. 


Herbert  Friedmann. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
Kahle/Austin  Foundation 


https://archive.org/details/birdsofnorthmiddOOOOridg 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Order  Gallifoemes  :  Fowllike  birds .  1 

Key  to  the  suborders  and  superfamilies  of  Galliformes .  4 

Suborder  Galli  :  Megapodes,  Curassows,  Grouse,  Pheasants .  4 

Superfamily  Cracoidea  :  Pigeon-footed  Galli .  4 

Key  to  the  families  of  Cracoidea .  5 

Family  Cracidae :  Curassows,  guans,  and  chachalacas .  5 

Key  to  the  genera  of  Cracidae .  8 

Genus  Crax  Linnaeus .  9 

Key  to  the  North  and  Middle  American  forms  of  the  genus 

Crax  .  12 

Crax  rubra  rubra  Linnaeus  .  13 

Crax  rubra  griscomi  Nelson .  19 

Genus  Penelope  Merrem .  20 

Key  to  the  North  and  Middle  American  forms  of  the  genus 

Penelope  .  22 

Penelope  purpurascens  purpurascens  Wagler .  23 

Penelope  purpurascens  aequatorialis  Salvadori  and  Festa..  25 

Genus  Ortalis  Merrem .  28 

Key  to  the  North  and  Middle  American  forms  of  the  genus 

Ortalis  .  30 

Ortalis  vetula  mccaJli  (Baird) .  31 

Ortalis  vetula  vetula  (Wagler) .  34 

Ortalis  vetula  polio cephala  (Wagler) .  35 

Ortalis  vetula  leucogastra  (Gould) .  37 

Ortalis  vetula  pallidiventris  Ridgway .  38 

Ortalis  vetula  intermedia  Peters .  39 

Ortalis  vetula  vallicola  Brodkorb .  40 

Ortalis  vetula  plumbiceps  (Gray) .  40 

Ortalis  vetula  deschauenseei  Bond .  42 

Ortalis  garrula  cinereiceps  (Gray)  .  42 

Ortalis  garrula  mira  Griscom .  45 

Ortalis  garrula  olivacea  Aldrich .  45 

Ortalis  ruficauda  (Jardine) .  46 

Ortalis  wagleri  wagleri  (Gray) .  47 

Ortalis  wagleri  griseiceps  van  Rossem .  49 

Genus  Penelopina  Reichenbach .  50 

Key  to  the  races  of  Penelopina  nigra  (Fraser) .  51 

Penelopina  nigra  nigra  (Fraser) .  52 

Penelopina  nigra  dickeyi  van  Rossem .  54 

Penelopina  nigra  rufescens  van  Rossem .  54 

Genus  Chamaepetes  Wagler .  55 

Chamaepetes  unicolor  Salvin .  57 

Genus  Oreophasis  Gray .  58 

Oreophasis  derbianus  Gray .  60 

Superfamily  Phasianoidea  :  Grouse,  pheasants,  turkeys .  62 

Key  to  the  American  (native  and  naturalized)  families  and  sub¬ 
families  of  Phasianoidea .  62 


VII 


VIII 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Order  Galliformes  :  Fowllike  birds — Continued. 

Superfamily  Phasianoidea  :  Grouse,  pheasants,  turkeys  Continued.  Page 

Family  Tetraonidae:  Grouse,  ptarmigan,  etc .  63 

Key  to  the  genera  of  Tetraonidae .  65 

Genus  Dendragapus  Elliot .  67 

Key  to  the  forms  (adults)  of  Dendragapus  obscurus  (Say)  69 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  Swarth .  70 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgway .  74 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  Chapman .  77 

Dendragapus  obscurus  howardi  Dickey  and  van  Rossem -  80 

Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  (Douglas) .  82 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  (Say) .  85 

Dendragapus  obscurus  pallidus  Swarth .  88 

Genus  Lagopus  Brisson .  90 

Key  to  the  North  American  forms  (adults)  of  the  genus 

Lagopus  .  92 

Lagopus  lagopus  alascensis  Swarth .  97 

Lagopus  lagopus  albris  (Gmelin) .  100 

Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrae  Grinnell .  104 

Lagopus  lagopus  ungavus  Riley .  106 

Lagopus  lagopus  leucopterus  Taverner .  107 

Lagopus  lagopus  alleni  Stejneger .  108 

Lagopus  mutus  evermanni  Elliot .  109 

Lagopus  mutus  toivnsendi  Elliot .  HI 

Lagopus  mutus  sanfordi  Bent .  113 

Lagopus  mutus  chamberlaini  A.  H.  Clark .  114 

Lagopus  mutus  atkhensis  Turner .  115 

Lagopus  mutus  gabrielsoni  Murie .  116 

Lagopus  mutus  nelsoni  Stejneger .  117 

Lagopus  mutus  dixoni  Grinnell .  120 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris  (Gmelin) .  122 

Lagopus  mutus  welchi  Brewster .  126 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  (Swainson) .  127 

Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  Chapman .  131 

Lagopus  leucurus  saxatilis  Cowan .  132 

Lagopus  leucurus  rainierensis  Taylor .  133 

Lagopus  leucurus  altipetens  Osgood .  134 

Genus  Canachites  Stejneger .  136 

Key  to  the  forms  (adults)  of  the  genus  Canachites .  137 

Canachites  franklinii  (Douglas) .  138 

Canachites  canadensis  canadensis  (Linnaeus) .  143 

Canachites  canadensis  canace  (Linnaeus) .  147 

Canachites  canadensis  atratus  Grinnell .  150 

Canachites  canadensis  torridus  Uttal .  151 

Genus  Bomsa  Stephens .  153 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Bonasa  umbellus  (Linnaeus) .  155 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  (Linnaeus) .  156 

Bonasa  umbellus  mediana  Todd .  161 

Bonasa  umbellus  monticola  Todd .  163 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  (Douglas) .  166 

Bonasa  umbellus  castanea  Aldrich  and  Friedmann .  169 

Bonasa  umbellus  brunnescens  Conover .  170 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  (Linnaeus) .  171 

Botmsa  umbellus  affinis  Aldrich  and  Friedmann .  175 


CONTENTS  IX 


Superfamily  Phasianoidea  :  Grouse,  pheasants,  turkeys  Continued. 

Family  Tetronidae:  Grouse,  ptarmigan,  etc. — Continued.  page 

Bonasa  umbellus  phaia  Aldrich  and  Friedmann .  178 

Bonasa  umbellus  inccma  Aldrich  and  Friedmann .  179 

Bonasa  umbellus  yukonensis  Grinnell .  182 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  (Douglas) .  184 

Genus  Pedioecetes  Baird .  187 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Pedioecetes  phasianellus  (Linnaeus) . .  189 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  caurus  Friedmann .  190 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  kennicottii  Suckley .  193 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  (Linnaeus) . 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  jamesi  Lincoln .  196 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  (Ord) .  200 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgway .  203 

Genus  Tympanuchus  Gloger .  206 

Key  to  the  forms  (adults)  of  the  genus  Tympanuchus....  207 

Tympanuchus  cupido  cupido  (Linnaeus) .  208 

Tympanuchus  cupido  pinnatus  (Brewster) .  212 

Tympanuchus  cupido  attzvateri  Bendire .  217 

Tympanuchus  pallidicinctus  (Ridgway) .  219 

Genus  Centrocercus  Swainson .  223 

Centrocercus  urophasianus  (Bonaparte) .  224 

Family  Phasianidae :  American  quails,  partridges,  and  pheasants -  230 

Key  to  the  North  and  Middle  American  genera  of  Phasianidae  235 

Genus  Dendrortyx  Gould .  239 

Key  to  the  adults  of  the  forms  of  Dendrortyx .  240 

Dendrortyx  barbatus  Gould .  241 

Dendrortyx  macroura  macroura  (Jardine  and  Selby) .  243 

Dendrortyx  macroura  griseipectus  Nelson .  245 

Dendrortyx  macroura  diversus  Friedmann .  246 

Dendrortyx  viacroura  striatus  Nelson .  247 

Dendrortyx  macroura  oaxacae  Nelson .  248 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  leucophrys  (Gould) .  249 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  nicaraguae  Miller  and  Griscom .  250 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  hypospodius  Salvin .  252 

Genus  Oreortyx  Baird .  253 

Key  to  the  forms  (adults  in  fresh  plumage)  of  Oreortyx 

picta  (Douglas)  .  255 

Oreortyx  picta  palmeri  Ober.holser  .  255 

Oreortyx  picta  picta  (Douglas) .  258 

Oreortyx  picta  confinis  Anthony .  261 

Oreortyx  picta  eremophila  van  Rossem .  262 

Genus  Callipepla  Wagler .  264 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Callipepla  squamata  (Vigors) .  265 

Callipepla  squamata  pallida  Brewster .  265 

Callipepla  squamata  castmogastris  Brewster .  269 

Callipepla  squamata  squamata  (Vigors) .  270 

Genus  Philortyx  Gould .  272 

Philortyx  fasciatus  (Gould) .  273 

Genus  Lophortyx  Bonaparte .  275 

Key  to  the  forms  (adults)  of  the  genus  Lophortyx .  277 

Lophortyx  californica  calif ornica  (Shaw) .  279 

Lophortyx  californica  brunnescens  Ridgway .  284 


X 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Order  Galliformes  :  Fowllike  birds — Continued. 

Superfamily  Phasianoidea  :  Grouse,  pheasants,  turkeys — Continued. 

Family  Phasianidae :  American  quail,  partridges,  and  pheasants — Continued. 

Page 

Lophortyx  calif ornica  catalinensis  Grinnell .  286 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  plumbea  Grinnell .  287 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  achrustera  Peters .  289 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  canfieldae  van  Rossem .  290 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  orecta  Oberholser .  290 

Lophortyx  gambelii  gambelii  Gambel .  291 

Lophortyx  gambelii  fulvipectus  (Nelson) .  296 

Lophortyx  gambelii  pembertoni  van  Rossem .  297 

Lophortyx  gambelii  sana  Mearns .  297 

Lophortyx  gambelii  ignoscens  Friedmann .  298 

Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  (Vigors) .  299 

Lophortyx  douglasii  bensoni  (Ridgway) .  302 

Lophortyx  douglasii  teres  Friedmann .  303 

Lophortyx  douglasii  impediia  Friedmann .  304 

Lophortyx  douglasii  languens  Friedmann .  305 

Genus  Colinus  Goldfuss .  305 

Key  to  the  North  and  Middle  American  forms  of  Colinus. .  307 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus  (Linnaeus) .  312 

Colinus  virginanus  texanus  (Lawrence) .  323 

Colinus  virginianus  floridanus  (Coues) .  326 

Colinus  virginianus  insulanus  Howe .  328 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  (Gray) .  329 

Colinus  virginianus  maculatus  Nelson .  331 

Colinus  virginianus  aridus  Aldrich .  332 

Colinus  virginianus  graysoni  (Lawrence) .  333 

Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus  Nelson .  334 

Colinus  virginianus  pectoralis  (Gould) .  335 

Colinus  virginianus  godmani  Nelson .  336 

Colinus  virginianus  minor  Nelson .  337 

Colinus  virginianus  insignis  Nelson .  338 

Colinus  virginianus  coyolcos  (Muller) .  339 

Colinus  virginianus  salvini  Nelson .  341 

Colinus  virginianus  nelsoni  Brodkorb .  342 

Colinus  virginianus  thayeri  Bangs  and  Peters .  343 

Colinus  virginianus  atriceps  (Ogilvie-Grant) .  344 

Colinus  virginianus  ridgwayi  Brewster .  344 

Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman .  347 

Colinus  nigrogularis  persiccus  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman...  350 

Colinus  nigrogularis  nigrogularis  (Gould) .  350 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi  Moore .  353 

Colinus  leucopogon  sclateri  (Bonaparte)  .  355 

Colinus  leucopogon  dickeyi  Conover .  356 

Colinus  leucopogon  leucopogon  (Lesson) .  357 

Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus  Gould .  358 

Colinus  leucopogon  incanus  Friedmann .  359 

Colinus  cristatus  sonnini  (Temminck) .  360 

Colinus  cristatus  panamensis  Dickey  and  van  Rossem .  363 

Genus  Odontophorus  Vieillot .  364 

Key  to  the  Middle  American  forms  of  the  genus  Odon¬ 
tophorus  .  366 

Odontophorus  gujanensis  castigatus  Bangs .  366 


CONTENTS 


XI 


Order  Galliformes  :  Fowllike  birds — Continued. 

Superfamily  Phasianoidea  :  Grouse,  pheasants,  turkeys — Continued. 

Family  Phasianidae :  American  quail,  partridges,  and  pheasants — Continued. 

Page 

Odontophorns  gujanensis  marmoratus  (Gould) .  368 

Odontophorus  erythrops  melanotis  Salvin .  370 

Odontophorus  erythrops  coloratus  Griscom .  37 2 

Odontophorus  erythrops  verecundus  Peters .  373 

Odontophorus  guttatus  (Gould) .  373 

Odontophorus  leucolaemus  Salvin .  377 

Genus  Dactylortyx  Ogilvie-Grant .  379 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  (Gambel)....  380 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  thoracicus  (Gambel) .  382 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  devius  Nelson .  383 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  lineolatus  (Gould) .  385 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  sharpei  Nelson .  385 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis  Nelson .  386 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus  Dickey  and  van  Ros- 

sem  .  387 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  taylori  van  Rossem .  388 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  fuscus  Conover .  389 

Genus  Cyrtonyx  Gould .  390 

Key  to  the  forms  of  the  genus  Cyrtonyx .  391 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi  Nelson .  392 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  montezumae  (Vigors) .  396 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  merriami  Nelson .  398 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  sallei  Verreaux .  399 

Cyrtonyx  ocellatus  (Gould) .  400 

Genus  Rhynchortyx  Ogilvie-Grant .  403 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  (Salvin) .  405 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus  Peters .  405 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  cinctus  (Salvin) .  408 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  hypopius  Griscom .  409 

Genus  Perdix  Brisson .  409 

Perdix  perdix  perdix  (Linnaeus) .  411 

Genus  Phasicmus  Linnaeus .  417 

Phasianus  colchicus  torquatus  Gmelin .  419 

Family  Numididae:  Guineafowls .  430 

Key  to  the  genera  of  Numididae .  431 

Genus  Numida  Linnaeus .  431 

Numida  meleagris  galeata  Pallas .  433 

Family  Meleagrididae :  Turkeys .  436 

Key  to  the  genera  of  Meleagrididae .  437 

Genus  Meleagris  Linnaeus .  437 

Key  to  the  forms  of  Meleagris  gallopavo  (Linnaeus) .  439 

Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  Vieillot .  440 

Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola  Scott .  447 

Meleagris  gallopavo  intermedia  Sennett .  449 

Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  Nelson .  451 

Meleagris  gallopavo  gallopavo  Linnaeus .  454 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  Gould .  455 

Meleagris  gallopavo  onusta  Moore .  457 

Genus  Agriocharis  Chapman .  458 

Agriocharis  ocellata  (Cuvier) .  460 

465 


Index 


TEXT  FIGURES  ILLUSTRATING  GENERIC  DETAILS 


Page 

.  10 

.  21 

.  29 

.  50 

.  56 

.  59 

.  67 

.  91 

.  136 

.  154 

.  188 

.  207 

13.  Centrocercus  urophasianus  . 

.  223 

.  240 

15.  Oreortyx  picta  . 

16.  Callipepla  squamata . 

17.  Philortyx  fasciatus  . 

18.  Lophortyx  californica  . 

.  254 

.  264 

.  272 

.  276 

.  306 

.  365 

21.  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  . 

22.  Cyrtonj'x  montezumae . 

23.  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  . 

24.  Perdix  perdix  . . . 

25.  Phasianus  colchicus  . 

26.  Numida  meleagris  . 

27.  Meleagris  gallopavo  . 

28.  Agriocharis  ocellata  . 

.  380 

.  390 

.  404 

.  410 

.  418 

.  432 

.  438 

.  459 

XII 


THE  BIRDS  OF 

NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


Commenced  by  the  late  Robert  Ridgway;  continued  by  Herbert  Friedmann 


Part  X 


Order  GALLIFORMES:  Fowllike  Birds 

Gallinae  Forster,  Enchiridion,  1788,  36. 

t=Gallinae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  594,  609. 

<fGallinae  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135.  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat. 
Hist.,  iv,  1885,  197.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
167;  ed.  3,  1910,  134. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  184.— 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  xi,  33.— Salvin  and  God- 
man,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  270. 

XGallinacei  Vieillot,  Analyse,  1816,  49  (Alectorides+Cracidae+Crypturi-f 

Pterocles). 

>  <  [Gallinacei]  Nupidedes  Vieillot,  Analyse,  1816,  50  (excludes  Tetraonidae;  in¬ 
cludes  Crypturi). 

Giratores  ou  Gallinacees  Blainville,  Journ.  Phys.,  lxxxiii,  1816,  252  (sub¬ 
order  I.  Brevicaudes ;  II.  Longicaudes). 

Gradatores  ou  Gallinaces  Blainville,  Bull.  Soc.  Phil.,  1816,  110  (I.  Longi¬ 
caudes;  II.  Brevicaudes). 

i=Phasianidae  Bonaparte,  Saggio  Distr.  Anim.  Vertebr.,  1831,  54. 

> Alectoromorphae  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  459  (includes  Hemi- 
podii  and  Pterocletes) . 

>Rasores  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  317  (includes  Pterocletes,  Hemipodii, 
and  Opisthocomi) . 

<=Rasores  Reichenow,  Vog.  Zool.  Gart.,  1882;  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  270. 

>Galliformes  Gadow,  Classif.  Vertebr.,  1898,  33  (includes  Mesoenatidae,  Hemi¬ 
podii). — Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  49,  263  (includes  Mesoena¬ 
tidae  and  Hemipodii). 

t=Gallidae  Furbringer,  Bijd.  Dierkunde,  ii,  1888  (Unters.  Morph.  Syst.  Vdg.), 

i567.  n  . 

i=Galliformes  Furbringer,  Bijd.  Dierkunde,  ii,  1888  (Unters.  Morph.  Syst.  Vog.), 

1557 _ Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68;  Pland-list,  i,  1899,  x, 

12. _ Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3 ;  Smiths.  Misc. 

Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  5.— American  Ornitholo¬ 
gists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  78.— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  3.— Hellmayer  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  114. 

> Kolobathrornithes  Boetticher,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii,  1927,  190  (includes 
rails,  cranes,  bustards,  gallinaceous  birds,  shorebirds,  pratincoles,  gulls,  and 

terns). 


1 


2 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Schizognathous,  holorhinal,  terrestrial,  or  arboreal  rasorial  birds  with 
sternum  usually  deeply  4-notched  or  cleft  (2-notched  in  Opisthocomi)  ; 
16-19  cervical  vertebrae  (19  in  Opisthocomi,  16  in  all  the  rest)  ;  cora¬ 
coids  without  a  subclavicular  process  and  with  basal  ends  overlapping  or 
crossed;  quadrate  bone  double;  intestinal  convolutions  of  type  V  (plagio- 
coelous)  ;  bill  relatively  short,  with  maxilla  vaulted,  its  tip  overhanging 
that  of  the  mandible,  vaulted,  not  compressed,  and  with  hallux  always 
present. 

Nares  holorhinal,  impervious;  palatines  without  internal  lamina;  max- 
illopalatines  not  coalesced  with  one  another  or  with  the  vomer1 ;  quadrate 
bone  double;  basipterygoid  processes  absent  but  represented  by  sessile 
facets  on  anterior  part  of  sphenoidal  rostrum;  rhamphotheca  simple; 
angle  of  mandible  produced  and  recurved.  Cervical  vertebrae,  16;  an- 
kylosed  sacral  vertebrae  preceded  by  a  free  vertebra,  this  by  four  anky- 
losed  dorsal  vertebrae,  the  latter  heterocoelous ;  coracoids  with  or  without 
(Opisthocomi)  a  subclavicular  process  and  with  basal  ends  overlapping 
or  crossed;  furcula  with  median  process  (hypocleidium)  much  developed. 
Metasternum  with  four  deep  notches  or  clefts  (Galli),  or  two  notches 
(Opisthocomi),  in  the  former  case  the  median  xiphoid  process  very  long 
and  narrow,  the  internal  processes  much  shorter,  the  external  processes 
shorter  still  and  bent  outward  over  posterior  ribs,  their  extremities  ex¬ 
panded;  spina  communis  sterni  and  processus  obliquus  present,  large; 
episternal  process  perforated  to  receive  a  process  from  base  of  coracoids; 
muscle  formula  usually  ABXY+(the  femorocaudal  muscle  absent  in  Pavo 
and  Meleagris,  very  slender  in  Cracidae)  ;  expansor  secundariorum  pres¬ 
ent,  but  in  Tetrao,  Francolinus  (except  F.  clappertoni) ,  Rollulus ,  Euplo- 
comus,  Gallus,  Ceriornis,  and  Pavo,  instead  of  being  inserted  into  the 
scapulosternal  fibrous  head,  after  blending  more  or  less  with  the  axillary 
margin  of  the  teres,  it  ceases  by  becoming  fixed  to  a  fibrous  intersection 
about  one-third  way  down  the  coracobrachialis  brevis  muscle ;  biceps  slip 
usually  present  (absent  in  Ortalis  araucuan,  Crax,  Mitua,  Talegallns,  and 
Numida,  but  present  in  Megapodius  and  Megacephalon)  ;  tensor  patagii 
brevis  with  a  thin,  wide,  diffused  tendon  (as  in  Crypturi)  ;  ectepicondylo- 
ulnaris  muscle  present  (as  in  Crypturi)  ;  anconeus  with  humeral  head  not 
always  present;  gluteus  primus  present,  large;  gluteus  V  present  (ten¬ 
dinous  in  Chrysolophus  pictus)  ;  intrinsic  syringeal  muscles  absent;  deep 
plantar  tendons  of  type  I  (if  reaching  the  hallux  proceeding  from  flexor 
longus  hallucis,  not  from  flexor  perforans  digitorum).  Intestinal  convo¬ 
lutions  of  type  V  (plagiocoelous)  ;  crop  present,  globular;  stomach  usu¬ 
ally  a  gizzard  ( Centrocercus  the  only  known  exception)  ;  gall  bladder 
present;  caeca  large;  oil  gland  usually  tufted  (nude  in  Megapodii,  absent 


1  In  some  Cracidae,  however,  the  maxillopalatines  are  said  to  be  united  medially 
into  an  ossified  septum. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


in  Argus).  Aftershafts  present;  neck  without  lateral  apteria;  adult 
downs  on  pterylae  only;  wing  eutaxic  (quintocubital)  in  Galli  and  Cra¬ 
cidae,  diastataxic  (aquintocubital)  in  Megapodii ;  primaries,  10;  rectrices, 
10  or,  usually,  more.  Nest  usually  on  the  ground;  eggs  numerous  (ex¬ 
cept  in  Cracidae),  variable  in  form  and  coloration.  Young  ptilopaedic 
and  nidifugous  (those  of  the  Megapodii  highly  so,  being  able  to  fly  and 
care  for  themselves  soon  after  hatching) . 

The  following  additional  external  characters  may  be  mentioned : 

Bill  short  (usually  much  shorter  than  head),  generally  rather  stout,  the 
culmen  regularly  and  rather  strongly  decurved,  the  maxilla  depressed 
rather  than  compressed  (except  in  some  Cracidae),  its  obtuse  vaulted  tip 
overhanging  the  tip  of  the  mandible;  maxillary  tomium  never  dentate  or 
serrate,  the  mandibular  tomium  dentate  only  in  Odontophorinae ;  nasal 
fossae  naked  (except  in  Tetraonidae  and  some  Cracidae),  the  horizontal 
or  longitudinal  nostril  overhung  by  a  corneous  operculum.  Frontal  feath¬ 
ers  (if  present)  parted  by  the  backward  extension  of  the  culmen.  Tibiae 
always  feathered,  frequently  the  tarsi  also  (at  least  in  part)  ;  sometimes 
(in  genus  Lagopus )  the  toes  also;  the  tarsi,  if  unfeathered,  usually  trans¬ 
versely  scutellate  in  front,  frequently  provided  with  one  or  more  spurs 
behind ;  hallux  always  present,  but  varying  in  relative  size  and  position ; 
anterior  toes  usually  webbed  between  the  basal  phalanges ;  claws  obtuse, 
slightly  curved.  Wing  strong  but  relatively  short,  much  rounded,  and 
very  concave  beneath.  Tail  excessively  variable  in  shape  and  develop¬ 
ment,  the  rectrices  varying  from  8  to  32  in  number. 

The  Galliformes  are  nearly  cosmopolitan  in  their  distribution,  only 
Polynesia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Antarctic  regions  being  without  repre¬ 
sentatives  of  the  order.2  They  are  much  more  numerous  in  the  Northern 
Hemisphere,  to  which  the  typical  suborder,  Galli,  is  mostly  confined,  these 
being  far  better  represented  in  the  Old  World  than  in  America,  the  large 
and  varied  family  Phasianidae  having  its  focus  in  temperate  and  subtrop¬ 
ical  Asia.  The  aberrant  superfamily  Cracoidea  is  chiefly  confined  to  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,  the  Megapodidae  to  the  Australian  Region,  the 
Cracidae  to  the  Neotropical  Region.  One  family  of  Phasianoidea  is 
peculiar  to  America,  this  being  the  Meleagrididae.  One  phasianoid  family 
(Numididae)  is  restricted  to  Africa,  another  (Tetraonidae)  is  common  to 
the  Palearctic  and  Nearctic  Regions,  while  the  remaining  and  much  more 
numerous  and  varied  one  (Phasianidae)  has  the  widest  range  of  all, 
every  portion  of  Europe  and  Asia  (except  the  far  Arctic  parts),  besides 
portions  of  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Nearctic  Regions,  possessing  represen¬ 
tatives  (represented  in  America  not  by  true  pheasants,  but  only  by  quail). 

2  They  are,  however,  also  lacking  in  certain  areas  within  regions  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  inhabited  by  them ;  for  example,  the  greater  part  of  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  Revillagigedo  and  Galapagos  island  groups.  New  Zealand  formerly  possessed 
a  species  of  Coturnix  (C.  novae -Zealand  iae) ,  but  this  has  become  extinct. 


4 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


The  species  of  Galliformes  are  very  numerous.  Peters’s  Check-list  of 
Birds  of  the  World  (vol.  ii,  1934,  pp.  3-141)  enumerates  no  fewer  than 
94  genera,  a  considerable  number  of  which  contain  many  forms  each. 

KEY  TO  THE  SUBORDERS  AND  SUPERFAMILIES  OF  GALLIFORMES 

a.  Sternum  4-notched,  narrower  posteriorly  than  anteriorly ..  .suborder  Galli  (p.  4) 
b.  Sternum  with  inner  notches  very  deep,  extending  for  more  than  half  length 
of  sternum,  outer  division  of  long  and  narrow  posterior  lateral  process 
slightly  expanded  only  on  outer  side,  costal  process  elongated  and  nearly 
parallel  to  long  axis  of  sternum;  hallux  relatively  small,  attached  above  level 
of  anterior  toes,  its  basal  phalanx  much  shorter  than  that  of  toe. 

super  family  Cracoidea  (p.  4) 
bb.  Sternum  with  inner  notches  relatively  short,  extending  for  less  than  half 
length  of  sternum,  the  outer  division  of  the  short  and  broad  posterior  lateral 
process  widely  expanded  terminally  on  both  sides,  the  costal  process  short 
with  anterior  edge  at  right  angle  with  long  axis  of  sternum ;  hallux  relatively 
large,  attached  at  same  level  as  anterior  toes,  its  basal  phalanx  as  long  as 

that  of  the  third  toe . superfamily  Phasianoidea  (p.  62) 

act.  Sternum  2-notched,  wider  posteriorly  than  anteriorly. 

suborder  Opisthocomi  (extralimital)3 


Suborder  Galli:  Megapodes,  Curassows,  Grouse,  Pheasants 

Galli  Gadow,  Classif.  Vertebr.,  1898,  34—  Beddard,  Struct,  and  Classif.  Birds, 
1898,  290.— Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  49,  267.— Wetmore,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3;  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934, 
6;  xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  5. — Peters,  Checklist  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  3. 

Superfamily  Cracoidea:  Pigeon-footed  Galli 

=Peristeropodes  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1868,  296. — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  xv,  33,  445— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  271.— Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909, 
267,  in  text. 

=GallinEe  Peristeropodes  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  vii,  135. 

=Gallin£e-Peristeropodes  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  229. 

>Pullastrae  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxiii,  1889,  871,  873  (includes  also  Pterocletes 
and  Columbae!). 

<Megapodii  Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68  (Megapodidae  only)  ; 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  x,  12. 

< Megapodes  Miller,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxiv,  1915,  33  (Megapodidae 
only). 

< Craces  Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68;  Hand-list,  i,  1899  x, 
14  (Cracidae  only) . 

<Penelopes  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  178  (Cracidae 
only)  ;  ed.  3,  1910,  146. 

3  Opisthocomi  Forbes,  Ibis,  1884,  119.— Sclater,  Ibis,  1880,  407.— Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  523.— Stejneger,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  Birds,  1885, 
196.— Beddard,  Struct,  and  Classif.  Birds,  1898,  285.— Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3;  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix, 
No.  7,  1940,  6.— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  141. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


r 

5 

=Cracoidea  Wetmore,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No. 
7,  1940,  5. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  78. — 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  3. 

=Cracides  Wetmore  and  Miller,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  342.— Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3. 

Galliform  birds  with  the  hallux  incumbent  (inserted  at  same  level  as 
anterior  toes),  its  basal  phalanx  as  long  as  that  of  third  toe;  sternum 
with  inner  notches  relatively  short,  extending  for  less  than  half  the 
length  of  the  sternum,  the  outer  division  of  the  short  and  broad  lateral 
process  widely  expanded  terminally  on  both  sides,  the  costal  process  short, 
with  anterior  edge  at  right  angles  with  long  axis  of  sternum,  the  episternal 
process  perforated  to  receive  the  feet  of  the  coracoids. 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  CRACOIDEA 

a.  Sternum  less  than  twice  as  long  as  its  inner  notch;  trachea  generally  coiled; 
both  carotids  present;  biceps  slip  never  present;  oil  gland  feathered;  hallux 
relatively  shorter,  toes  all  much  shorter  and  smaller;  wing  eutaxic  (quin- 

tocubital)  ;  arboreal;  nidification  normal . Cracidae  (p.  5) 

aa.  Sternum  more  than  twice  as  long  as  its  inner  notch;  trachea  always  straight; 
only  one  carotid  (the  left)  present;  biceps  slip  sometimes  present;  oil  gland 
nude;  hallux  relatively  longer,  all  the  toes  much  longer  and  stouter;  wing 
diasataxic  (aquintocubital) ;  terrestrial ;  nidification  highly  peculiar. 

Megapodidae  (extralimital)4 

Family  Cracidae:  Curassows,  Guans,  and  Chachalacas 

=Alectrides  Vieillot,  Analyse,  1816,  49  (includes  actually  only  genus  Penelope 
but  by  implication  entire  family). 


4  =Megapodidre  Lilljeborg,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1866,  IS. — Elliot,  Stand. 
Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  229,  in  text.— Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  33,  445.— 
Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  49,  268.  =Megapodiidae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool., 
i,  1868-75,  324.— Gadow,  Classif.  Vertebr.,  1898,  34.  =Megapodiidae  Sharpe,  Hand¬ 
list,  i,  1899,  x,  12.  >Struthiones  alis  volantibus  Wagler,  Nat.  Syst.  Av.,  1830,  6, 
127  (includes  Crypturi).  >Crypturidae  Nitzsch,  Syst.  Pterylog.,  1840,  117  (in¬ 
cludes  Crypturi  and  Hemipodii).  >Megapodinae  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1849,  490. 
<[Megapodiinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868—75,  325.  <CTalegalinae  Gray,  Gen. 
Birds,  iii,  1849,  488.  <Talegallinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  325.  The 
Megapodidae  or  moundfowls  are  a  group  of  plainly  colored  terrestrial  gallinaceous 
birds  of  most  remarkable  habits.  They  are  unique  among  birds  (as  far  as 
known)  in  their  nidification;  for,  instead  of  building  a  nest  and  incubating  their 
eggs,  several  individuals  of  the  same  species  together  scrape  up,  with  their  power¬ 
ful  feet,  dead  leaves  and  other  rubbish  of  the  forest  floor  into  an  immense  heap, 
sometimes  as  much  as  30  feet  in  diameter,  in  which  their  eggs  are  deposited,  then 
covered  with  the  same  material,  and  left  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  generated  by 
the  decomposing  mass.  The  young  are  hatched  with  wings  sufficiently  developed 
for  immediate  flight,  and  after  emerging  they  shift  for  themselves  without  any  help 
or  protection  from  their  parents.  One  monotypic  genus,  Megacephalon,  represented 
by  the  Males,  or  Mallee-fowl,  of  Celebes  and  Sanghir  ( M .  males),  buries  its  eggs 
in  the  warm  sand  along  the  seashore.  The  group  is  essentially  confined  to  the 
Australian  Region,  one  species  only  occurring  in  Borneo  and  the  Philippines. 


653008°— 46 - 2 


6 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


>Penelopidse  Bonaparte,  Saggio  Distr.  Anim.  Vertebr.,  1831,  54  (includes 
Menuridae,  Megapodidae,  and  Opisthocomidae  !). 

=Penelopidae  Nitzsch,  Syst.  Pterylog.,  1840,  167. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  ix,  1858,  609,  610. 

<Penelopinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  325  (genera  Penelope  and 
Oreophasis) . 

<Penelopinae  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135  ( Stegnolaema , 
Penelope,  Penelopina,  Pipile,  Aburria,  Chamaepetes,  and  Ortalis). — Baird, 
Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  397. — Elliot, 
Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  233,  in  text.- — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1884,  573. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  178 ; 
ed.  3,  1910,  146. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  473. — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  275. 

)>Cracidae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  325  (includes  Meleagridae !). 

=Cracidae  Gadow,  Classif.  Vertebr.,  1898,  34. — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3;  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6; 
xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  5. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4, 
1931,  78. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  9. — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  141. 

=Cracidae  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  vii,  135. — Baird,  Brewer, 
and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  397. — Coues,  Key  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  572. — Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  229,  232, 
in  text. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  178 ;  ed.  3, 
1910,  146. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  33,  473.— Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  x,  14. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii, 
1902,  271. — Iynowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  49,  271. 

<Cracinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  325. 

>Cracinse  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135. — Baird,  Brewer, 
and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  397. — Elliot,  Stand.  Nat. 
Hist.,  iv,  1885,  233,  in  text. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii, 
1893,  473. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  271. 
XCracinae  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207  (includes  all  genera 
except  Oreophasis') . 

<Oreophasinas  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137  ( Oreophasis 
only). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
397.— Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  232,  in  text. — Ridgway,  Man.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1887,  208. — Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  473. — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  274. 

=Duodecempennatae  Sundevall,  ofv.  Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Fork.,  1873,  118. 

Gallinaceous  birds  with  hallux  incumbent  and  more  than  half  as  long 
as  lateral  toes,  its  basal  phalanx  as  long  as  that  of  the  third  (middle) 
toe;  with  tufted  oil  gland;  sternum  less  than  twice  as  long  as  its  inner 
notch ;  both  carotids  present ;  trachea  usually  coiled ;  biceps  slip  never 
present;  wing  eutaxic  (quintocubital),  habits  arboreal,  nidification  normal. 

Bill  variable,  usually  relatively  small,  with  culmen  longer  than  meso- 
rhinium  and  broadly  rounded  (not  ridged),  the  tomia  never  denticulate; 
sometimes  much  higher  than  broad  basally,  with  the  mesorhinium  high 
and  more  or  less  arched,  sometimes  produced  into  a  swollen  knob  or  bony 
tubercle.  Nostril  more  or  less  longitudinal,  the  cere  entirely  nude  (ex¬ 
cept  in  Oreophasis).  Wing  moderately  large,  relatively  very  broad, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


7 


the  large  and  broad  secondaries  nearly  as  long  as  longest  primaries,  some¬ 
times  a  little  longer;  undersurface  of  wings  strongly  concave,  the  outer 
primaries  strongly  bowed  or  incurved  distally,  sometimes  with  terminal 
portion  abruptly  attenuate  or  falcate ;  primaries,  10,  the  outermost  much 
the  shortest.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  to  slightly  longer  than  wing,  more 
or  less  rounded,  flat  (not  vaulted),  the  rectrices  relatively  broad,  with 
broadly  rounded  tips.  Tarsus  less  than  one-fourth  to  about  one-third 
as  long  as  wing,  the  acrotarsium  with  a  single  row  of  large  transverse 
scutella,  the  planta  tarsi  usually  with  a  single  row  of  smaller  scutella  along 
outer  side  and  smaller,  irregular  scutella  on  inner  side ;  middle  toe  about 
two-thirds  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  lateral  toe  reaching  to 
or  slightly  beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe  (the  outer 
usually  slightly  longer  than  the  inner)  ;  hallux  about  as  long  as  combined 
length  of  first  two  phalanges  of  outer  toe;  claws  moderately  to  rather 
strongly  curved  (that  of  hallux  most  strongly  so),  moderately  large, 
compressed;  a  well-developed  web  between  basal  phalanges  of  anterior 
toes.  Plumage  in  general  rather  compact,  the  feathers  rather  broad  and 
with  rounded  tips  except  on  anal  region  and  rump,  where  soft  and  downy, 
those  of  neck  sometimes  sublanceolate,  those  of  pileum  sometimes 
elongated,  forming  a  bushy  erectile  crest,  more  rarely  (in  Crax )  rigid, 
erect,  and  recurved  terminally;  loral  region  wholly  nude,  orbital  region 
more  or  less  (sometimes  extensively)  nude,  the  throat  also  sometimes 
nude,  the  naked  skin  sometimes  developed  into  a  wattle  or  dewlap. 

Nidification  normal,  the  nest  placed  in  trees;  eggs  (said  to  be  only 
two  in  number)  relatively  large,  with  rough,  granular  surface,  immacu¬ 
late  whitish. 

Range. — The  whole  of  continental  tropical  America. 

The  Cracidae  are  arboreal  gallinaceous  birds  that  differ  from  all  other 
Gallinae  except  the  Megapodidae  (of  the  Australian  Region)  in  having 
the  hallux  large  and  on  the  same  level  with  the  anterior  toes,  and  from 
the  Megapodidae  in  having  the  legs  and  feet  conspicuously  less  stout, 
all  the  toes  shorter ;  in  having  the  trachea  usually  coiled  instead  of  straight  ; 
the  presence  of  two  carotid  arteries  and  tufted  oil  gland,  absence  of  biceps 
slip,  and  normal  nidification;  although,  unlike  the  Tetraonidae,  Phasian- 
idae,  and  other  alectoropode  Gallinae,  the  nest  is  usually  built  in  a  tree, 
and  the  eggs,  said  to  be  only  two  in  number,  are  very  large  in  proportion 
to  the  size  of  the  bird,  plain  dull  white,  and  very  different  in  shape  and 
texture  of  the  shell,  which  is  roughly  granulated. 

The  members  of  the  Cracidae  are  never  of  brilliant  plumage,  though 
many  of  them  are  very  handsome  birds.  They  dwell  in  forests  and 
spend  much  of  their  time  among  the  branches  of  the  higher  trees,  where 
they  build  their  nests.  Easily  domesticated,  they  become  excessively 
tame,  gentle,  and  affectionate. 

The  true  curassows  (subfamily  Cracinae),  of  the  genera  Crax,  Notho- 
crax,  Mitu,  and  Pauxi,  are  the  largest  and  finest  birds  of  the  family, 


8 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


being  nearly  equal  in  size,  though  inferior  in  bulk,  to  the  turkeys.  The 
plumage  of  the  males  is  usually  of  a  glossy  black,  the  underparts  of  most 
species  chiefly  white;  the  recurved  crest  and  bright  color  (yellow  or 
orange)  of  the  cere  and  (if  present)  frontal  protuberance  adding  to 
their  fine  appearance.  They  are  known  to  the  natives  of  the  countries 
they  inhabit  as  pavo  or  pavo  del  monte  (peacock  or  mountain  peacock). 
Their  flesh  is  held  in  great  esteem,  being  much  like  that  of  the  turkey, 
but  richer. 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  CRACIDAE 

a.  Planta  tarsi  wholly  covered  by  a  continuous  series  (single  row)  of  large, 
quadrate  scutella  on  each  side;  bill  compressed,  relatively  large  and  heavy, 
deep  at  base,  the  mesorhinium  ascending  and  arched  proximally  or  sur¬ 
mounted  by  a  swollen  knob  or  egg-shaped  bony  tubercle;  postacetabular  area 
of  pelvis  narrow;  sexes  usually  (except  in  Mitu  only)  more  or  less  different 
in  coloration.  (Cracinae.) 

b.  Pileum  with  an  erectile  crest;  forehead  without  an  egg-shaped  protuberance. 

c.  Feathers  of  crest  semierect,  narrow,  rigid,  and  recurved  or  curled  forward 

at  tips  . Crax  (p.  9) 

cc.  Feathers  of  crest  decumbent,  broad,  soft,  and  blended. 

d.  Loral  region  nude ;  sexes  very  different  in  coloration. 

Nothocrax  (extralimital)3 

dd.  Loral  region  densely  feathered ;  sexes  alike  in  coloration. 

Mitu  (extralimital)6 

bb.  Pileum  not  crested ;  forehead  with  a  large,  egg-shaped,  naked,  bony  tubercle 

or  protuberance . Pauxi  (extralimital)’ 

aa.  Planta  tarsi  with  a  continuous  series  (single  row)  of  quadrate  scutella  only  on 
outer  side,  these  conspicuously  smaller  than  scutella  of  acrotarsium,  or  with 
none  on  either  side ;  bill  depressed,  relatively  small,  not  deeper  than  broad  at 
base,  the  mesorhinium  not  distinctly  ascending  nor  arched,  and  never  sur¬ 
mounted  by  a  knob  or  tubercle;  postacetabular  area  of  pelvis  broad;  sexes 
usually  alike  in  coloration  (different  only  in  Penelopina) . 
b.  Entire  base  of  bill,  including  cere  and  mesorhinium,  together  with  forehead, 
densely  covered  with  short,  erect,  plushlike  feathers,  quite  concealing  nostrils ; 
crown  nude,  with  an  elongated  nude  bony  protuberance ;  loral  and  orbital 
regions  covered  with  short  feathers ;  mandibular  rami  and  chin  densely  covered 
with  plushlike  feathers ;  feathers  of  hindneck  sublanceolate.  (Oreophasinae.) 

Oreophasis  (p.  58) 


5  Nothocrax  Burmeister,  Syst.  Ubers.  Th.  Bras.,  iii,  1856,  347  (type,  by  monotypy, 
Crax  urumutum  Spix).  British  Guiana  to  upper  Amazon  Valley.  (Monotypic.) 

0  Mitu  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  485  (type,  by  tautology',  Crax  galeata  Latham 
=Crax  mitu  Linnaeus). — Mitua  (emendation)  Strickland,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
vii,  1841,  36.  Guiana  to  upper  Amazon  Valley.  (Three  species.) 

’  Pauxi  Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  ii,  1813,  456,  468  (type,  by  tautonymy,  “Crax 
pauxi”  Latham  et  Gmelin  =  Crax  Pauxi  Linnaeus). — Ourax  Cuvier,  Regne  Anim., 
i,  1817,  440  (type,  by  monotypy,  Crax  pauxi  Linnaeus). — Lephocercus  Swainson, 
Classif.  Birds,  ii,  1837,  353  (type,  by  monotypy  Crax  pauxi  Linnaeus).  Colombia 
to  Venezuela  and  Peru.  (Monotypic.). — Ur  ax  (emendation)  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst. 
Nat.  Vog.,  1852,  xxvi. — Pauxis  (emendation)  Sclater,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  ix, 
1875,  285. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


9 


bb.  Entire  base  of  bill,  including  cere  and  mesorhinum,  nude,  the  forehead  (to¬ 
gether  with  rest  of  pileum)  covered  with  relatively  large,  distinctly  outlined, 
more  or  less  elongated  feathers,  forming  when  erected  a  bushy  crest ;  crown 
without  a  bony  protuberance;  loral  and  orbital  regions  nude  (the  former  some¬ 
times  partly  feathered)  ;  feathers  of  hmdneck  not  sublanceolate,  but  rounded 
or,  sometimes,  blended.  (Penelopinae.) 

c.  Outer  primaries  with  inner  webs  not  distinctly,  if  at  all,  incised  distally,  never 
with  attenuated  tips. 

d.  Throat  without  a  median  feathered  area. 

e.  Chin  (sometimes  more  or  less  of  upper  throat  also)  feathered;  lower 
throat  with  wattle  or  dewlap  less  developed,  sometimes  not  evident; 
sexes  alike  in  color,  the  plumage  never  uniform  black. 

Penelope  (p.  20) 

ee.  Chin,  as  well  as  whole  throat,  nude;  lower  throat  with  wattle  or  dewlap 
conspicuously  developed ;  pileum  less  distinctly  crested ;  sexes  very 

different  in  color,  adult  males  uniform  black . Penelopina  (p.  50) 

dd.  Throat  with  a  median  feathered  strip,  completely  nude  laterally  only. 

Ortalis  (p.  28) 

cc.  Outer  primaries  with  inner  webs  deeply  incised  distally,  their  terminal  portion 
narrowly  falcate. 

d.  Foreneck  more  or  less  naked  and  wattled  or  caruncled. 

e.  Foreneck  mostly  naked,  with  a  median  wattle  or  dewlap. 

Pipile  (extralimital)8 

ee.  Foreneck  mostly  feathered  and  with  a  long  fusiform  tubercle. 

Aburria  (extralimital)0 

dd.  Foreneck  entirely  feathered  and  without  wattle  or  caruncle. 

Chamaepetes  (p.  55) 


Genus  CRAX  Linnaeus 

Crax  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  157.  (Type,  by  subsequent  designation, 
Crax  rubra  Linnaeus  (Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1896,  207).) 
Craxa  (emendation)  Billberg,  Synop.  Faunae  Scand.,  i,  pt.  2,  1828,  table  A. 
Alector  Merrem,  Av.  Rar.  Icon,  et  Descr.,  fasc.  2,  1786,  40.  (Type,  by  tautonymy, 
Crax  alcctor  Linnaeus.) 

Crossolaryngus  Reichenbach,  Handb.  Orn.,  Columb.,  1861,  136.  (Type,  as  desig¬ 
nated  by  Sclater  and  Salvin,  1870,  Crax  globulosa  Spix.) 

Mituporanga  Reichenbach,  Handb.  Orn.,  Columb.,  1861,  136.  (Type,  as  desig¬ 
nated  by  Sclater  and  Salvin,  1870,  Crax  globicera  Linnaeus.) 

Sphaerolyngus  Reichenbach,  Handb.  Orn.,  Columb.,  1861,  136.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Crax  alberti  Fraser.) 

Very  large  Cracidae  (length  about  762-916  mm.),  with  bill  deep  and 
compressed,  the  oilmen  mesorhinium  long  and  more  or  less  arched,  the 

s  Pipile  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  877  (type,  by  tautonymy,  Penelope 
leucolophos  Merrem  =  Crax  pipile  Jacquin).— Cumana  Coues,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  65 
(new  name  for  Pipile  Bonaparte,  alleged  to  be  preoccupied  by  Pipilo  Vieillot,  1816). 
Colombia  to  Guiana,  upper  Amazon  Valley,  and  southeastern  Brazil.  (Three  species.) 

9 Aburria  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vog.,  1852,  xxvi  (type,  by  original  desig¬ 
nation  and  monotypy,  Penelope  carunculata  Temminck  =  aburri  Lesson). — Opetiop- 
tila  Sundevall,  Tentamen,  1873,  118  (new  name  for  Aburria  Reichenbach,  on 
grounds  of  purism;  ’o^tlov,  subula,  Sundevall).  Colombia  and  Ecuador.  (Mono- 
typic.) 


10 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Figure  1. — Crax  rubra. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


11 


cere  and  anterior  half  (more  or  less)  of  mandibular  rami  wholly  nude; 
pileum  with  a  more  compressed  erectile  crest  of  elongated,  rigid  termi¬ 
nally  recurved  feathers,  and  forehead  with  an  egg-shaped  tubercle  or 
protuberance. 

Bill  deep  at  base,  compressed,  its  greatest  basal  width  equal  to  less 
than  three-fourths  (sometimes  barely  two-thirds)  its  height;  culmen 
strongly  decurved,  not  ridged,  much  shorter  than  length  of  mesorhinium, 
the  latter  more  or  less  arched  proximally,  sometimes  much  compressed 
(almost  ridged),  sometimes  broad  and  flattened  basally;  cere  and  anterior 
half  (more  or  less)  of  mandibular  rami,  sometimes  loral  and  at  least 
part  of  orbital  region  also,  wholly  nude ;  nostril  more  or  less  comma- 
shaped,  rounded  anteriorly,  acute  or  subacute  posteriorly,  in  anterior 
middle  portion  of  cere  sometimes  touching  base  of  rhinotheca,  overhung, 
at  least  for  proximal  half,  by  a  convex  membranous  operculum.  Wing 
relatively  large  and  broad,  the  very  large  and  broad  secondaries  extend¬ 
ing  beyond  tips  of  primaries ;  primaries  rigid,  strongly  rounded,  composed 
of  12  rather  rigid,  broad,  roundish-tipped  rectrices,  then  decidedly  in¬ 
curved  terminally  and  slightly  but  distinctly  bent  vertically,  the  tail  thus 
convex  above  and  concave  beneath.  Tarsus  long  and  stout,  less  than 
one-fourth  to  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  entirely  nude,  the  acro- 
tarsium  and  planta  tarsi  both  with  a  continuous  series  of  large  and 
broad  transverse  scutella;  middle  toe  nearly  to  about  two-thirds  as  long 
as  tarsus,  the  inner  toe  reaching  about  to  its  penultimate  articulation, 
the  outer  toe  slightly  longer ;  hallux  incumbent,  longer  than  first  two 
phalanges  of  outer  toe;  claws  rather  large,  strongly  curved  (especially 
that  of  hallux),  moderately  compressed. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Plumage  in  general  rather  soft,  but  feathers 
distinctly  outlined,  except  on  sides  and  under  portion  of  head  and  on 
upper  neck,  where  short  and  velvety,  and  abdomen,  flanks,  and  under 
tail  coverts,  where  very  soft  and  full ;  pileum  with  an  erectile  compressed 
crest  of  elongated,  rigid  feathers,  recurved  at  tips.  Adult  males  plain 
black,  more  or  less  glossed,  especially  on  upper  parts,  with  greenish, 
bluish,  or  purplish,  the  abdomen,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts— some¬ 
times  also  tips  of  rectrices — white.  Adult  female  with  plumage  more 
or  less  barred,  sometimes  with  rufescent  and  ochreous  hues  predominat¬ 
ing;  in  one  species  differing  from  adult  male  only  in  having  the  feathers 
of  the  crest  barred  with  white. 

Range . — Southern  Mexico  to  Brazil.  (Seven  species  with  several 
additional  subspecies.  Only  a  single  species,  with  two  races,  in  the  re¬ 
gions  covered  by  this  work.) 


12 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  FORMS  OF  THE  GENUS  CRAX10 

a.  Crest  uniform  black  (male). 

b.  A  wattle  present  on  each  side  of  his  chin . Crax  alberti  (extralimital)* 11 

bb.  No  wattles  at  base  of  lower  mandible. 

c.  Plumage  of  upperparts  with  a  purplish  gloss. . .  .Crax  nigra  ( extralimital )“ 
cc.  Plumage  of  upperparts  glossed  with  dull  greenish. 

d.  Smaller,  wings  averaging  340  mm . Crax  rubra  griscomi  (p.  19) 

dd.  Larger,  wings  averaging  385  mm . Crax  rubra  rubra  (p.  13) 

aa.  Some  white  bars  in  crest  (females). 

b.  Secondaries  uniform  black . Crax  nigra  (extralimital) 

bh.  Secondaries  not  uniform  black. 

c.  Secondaries  black  with  narrow  white  bars . Crax  alberti  (extralimital) 

cc.  Secondaries  chestnut,  or,  if  blackish,  then  widely  barred  with  whitish. 

d.  Size  smaller,  wings  averaging  330  mm . Crax  rubra  griscomi  (p.  19) 

dd.  Size  larger,  wings  averaging  370  mm . Crax  rubra  rubra  (p.  13) 


10  Included  in  the  key  are  two  South  American  species,  whose  ranges  extend  near 
enough  to  Panama  to  make  them  worth  considering  as  potential  additions  in  time 
to  come. 

11  Crax  alberti  Fraser. — Crax  alberti  Fraser,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1850,  246, 
pis.  27,  28  (locality  unknown;  coll.  Knowsley  Menagerie)  ;  Gray,  List  Eirds  Brit. 
Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  15 ;  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870, 
517  (monogr. ;  Colombia);  Sclater,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  ix,  1875,  280,  pi.  48; 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  483  (vicinity  of  Bogota,  Colom¬ 
bia)  ;  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xii,  1898,  132  (Santa  Marta,  Colombia)  ; 
Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii,  1900,  127  (Bonda,  Naranjo,  and  Santa 
Marta,  Colombia)  ;  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  1917,  194  (west 
of  Honda,  Colombia,  2,000  feet)  ;  Todd  and  Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xiv, 
1922,  176  (Don  Diego  and  San  Lorenzo,  Santa  Marta,  Colombia). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  127. — C\rax ]  alberti  Reichenbach,  Voll. 
Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  136. —  [Crax]  alberti  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  253,  No.  9527; 
Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135;  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  15. — Crax 
alberti  alberti  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  11. — (?)  Crax  mikani,  part, 
Pelzeln,  Orn.  Bras.,  1870,  343  (female). — Crax  viridirostris  Sclater,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  ix,  1875,  282  (“South  America” ;  type  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.)  ;  x,  1879,  544, 
pi.  92;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1876,  463  (Cartagena,  Colombia).- — Crax  annulata 
Todd,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxviii,  1915,  170  (Don  Diego,  Santa  Marta, 
Colombia). 

12  Crax  nigra  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  157  (South  America)  ;  Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  10  (distr. ;  syn.). — [CVa.r]  alector  Linnaeus, 
Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  269  (“America  Calidiore” ;  based  on  Crax  guianensis 
Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1725,  298,  pi.  29). — Gallus  indi-cus  Sloane,  Jam.,  ii,  302,  pi.  260; 
Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  735;  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  622;  Gray, 
Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  253,  No.  9523;  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135; 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  14. — Crax  alector  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i, 
1791,  173,  pi.  85,  fig.  4;  Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  27,  689;  Vieillot,  Nouv. 
Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xiv,  1817,  584;  Gal.  Ois.,  ii,  1825,  6;  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831, 
484;  Bennett,  Gard.  and  Menag.,  ii,  1831,  9;  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Columb.,  ii, 
1837,  pi.  173,  fig.  1515 ;  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  20,  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  14;  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  148  (crit.)  ;  Burmeister,  Syst.  fibers, 
Th.  Bras.,  iii,  1856,  344;  Pelzeln,  Orn.  Bras.,  1870,  286  (Rio  Negro,  Rio  Vaupe, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


13 


CRAX  RUBRA  RUBRA  Linnaeus 

Central  American  Curas  sow 

Adult  male. — Entire  feathering  of  head,  neck,  wings,  tail,  and  body 
black  with  a  very  dark  greenish  gloss,  except  for  the  middle  and  posterior 
part  of  the  abdomen,  the  flanks,  and  the  under  tail  coverts,  which  are 
white ;  in  some  cases  the  rectrices  are  slightly  margined  with  white ;  the 
feathers  of  the  lower  back  and  rump  are  short  and  often  reveal  their 
dark  brownish  bases,  causing  this  area  to  appear  somewhat  mixed  black 
and  dull  sepia,  iris  red ;  cere  with  swollen  wattle  pale  yellow  to  bright 
yellow,  tip  of  bill  somewhat  duskier;  tarsi  and  toes  grayish  “horn  color.” 

Adult  female. — Extremely  variable,  the  plumages  falling  into  at  least 
three  phases,  which,  as  far  as  present  data  indicate,  are  all  equally  adult : 

1.  Dark  phase:  Feathers  of  head  and  neck  and  upper  two-thirds  of 
throat  blackish  broadly  crossed  subterminally  with  white,  causing  a  barred 
or  sometimes  a  scalloped  appearance,  the  white  areas  much  smaller  on 
the  sides  of  the  head  than  on  the  chin,  throat,  and  sides  and  back  of 
the  neck,  making  the  lores,  circumorbital  area,  cheeks,  and  auriculars 
definitely  blacker  in  appearance;  crest  feathers  black  with  a  broad  white 
band  and  sometimes  a  narrow  basal  one ;  posterior  part  of  neck,  lower 
throat,  upper  breast,  scapulars,  and  interscapulars  dark  slate  black  with 
a  slight  greenish  gloss,  the  scapulars  and  interscapulars  more  or  less 
washed  or  edged  with  dark  warm  sepia  to  mars  brown ;  back  and  rump 
rich  dark  chestnut-brown  somewhat  mottled  or  tinged  with  blackish ; 
upper  wing  coverts  bright  chestnut  with  a  slight  suffusion  of  orange- 
rufous,  the  feathers  with  dusky  shafts  and  irregularly  mottled  with  dusky 
fuscous  to  blackish ;  primaries  and  outer  secondaries  bright  chestnut 
mottled  with  black  and  with  the  shaft  edged  with  blackish  on  the  inner 
web ;  in  some  specimens  the  outer  webs  unmottled,  in  others  both  we.bs 
are  heavily  sprinkled  with  black  markings;  inner  secondaries  generally 
darker,  much  more  heavily  mottled  with  blackish,  and  with  narrow 
whitish  transverse  irregular  marks  on  the  outer  webs ;  in  some  specimens 
the  inner  secondaries  are  more  blackish  than  chestnut  and  blend  easily 

and  Rio  Brancho,  n.  Brazil)  ;  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870, 
514  (monogr.)  ;  Sclater,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  ix,  1875,  277,  pi.  43  (monogr.)  ; 
Brown,  Canoe  and  Camp  Life  in  Brit.  Guiana,  1876,  345 ;  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  475  (int.  Colombia;  San  Gabriel,  upper  Rio  Negro;  Barra 
do  Rio  Negro;  Camacusa  and  Demerara,  Brit.  Guiana;  Surinam);  Chapman,  Bull. 
Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  1917,  194  (Buena  Vista,  e.  Colombia). — C[rax] 
alector  Cabanis,  in  Schomburgk,  Reis.  Brit.  Guiana,  iii,  1848,  746;  Reichenbach, 
Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  130. — Crax  globiccra  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Temminck,  Cat. 
Syst.,  1807,  151  (Surinam). — Crax  mitu  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet. 
Hist.  Nat.,  xiv,  1817,  583 ;  Gal.  Ois.,  ii,  1825,  pi.  199. — Crax  erythrognatha  Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1877,  22  (interior  of  Colombia ;  coll.  Salvin 
and  Godman,  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.)  ;  Sclater,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London.,  x, 
1879,  543,  pi.  90. 


^4  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

into  the  dark  interscapulars ;  upper  tail  coverts  blackish  washed  or  edged 
with  dark  warm  sepia  and  with  a  faint  greenish  gloss ;  rectrices  variable, 
in  some  specimens  all  are  uniform  blackish  with  a  greenish  gloss ;  in 
others  the  median  pair  are  heavily  vermiculated  with  dull  orange-chestnut ; 
in  still  others  the  outer  webs  of  all  the  tail  feathers  have  incomplete, 
narrow,  irregular,  white  bars  and  whitish  tips;  lower  breast  and  sides 
tawny-russet  paling  into  light  ochraceous-tawny  to  light  ochraceous-buff 
on  the  adbomen,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts ;  under  wing  coverts 
chestnut  vermiculated  with  blackish ;  bill  yellowish,  darker  and  somewhat 
olive-brown  basally;  tarsi  and  toes  dull  “pinkish  gray.” 

2.  Red  phase:  Similar  to  the  dark  phase  but  with  the  lower  throat, 
entire  breast,  the  scapulars,  interscapulars,  entire  back,  rump,  upper  wing 
coverts,  and  remiges  bright  orange-chestnut  to  Sanford’s  brown,  the 
inner  secondaries  obscurely  and  incompletely  barred  with  blackish,  and 
the  rectrices  broadly  barred  black  chestnut  and  cinnamon-buff,  the  chest¬ 
nut  usually  confined  to  the  median  two  pairs  and  edged  with  black,  not 
coming  directly  into  contact  with  the  buff  bars,  of  which  there  are  seven 
or  eight,  including  the  terminal  one. 

3.  Barred-backed  phase:  Feathers  of  head  and  neck  white  with  small 
black  tips,  the  whole  area  definitely  much  whiter  than  in  the  two  phases 
described  above ;  the  crest  mostly  white  instead  of  black  barred  with  white  ; 
the  black  tips  practically  absent  in  the  feathers  of  the  chin  and  upper 
throat ;  lower  throat,  upper  breast,  posterior  part  of  hindneck,  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  broadly  barred  with  black  and  white,  the  bars  about  equal  in 
width  (8  mm.)  in  one  specimen,  the  black  ones  wider  than  the  white 
ones  in  several  others;  scapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  and  secondaries 
very  conspicuously  banded  wTith  broad  bars  of  pinkish  buff  to  cinnamon- 
buff,  the  dark  (wider)  .bars  dull  deep  chestnut  edged  with  black  or,  in 
some  birds,  and  especially  on  the  interscapdlars,  almost  solid  black; 
primaries  pinkish  buff  to  cinnamon-buff,  terminally  suffused  with  pinkish 
cinnamon  and  banded  with  orange-cinnamon  to  mikado  brown,  these 
dark  bands  more  widely  spaced  (narrower  than  the  pale  interspaces)  and 
more  developed  on  the  inner  than  the  outer  webs ;  on  the  innermost 
primaries  the  dark  bands  have  some  blackish  margins ;  back  and  rump 
pale  cinnamon-buff  barred  with  black-edged  chestnut  bands;  upper  tail 
coverts  and  median  rectrices  like  the  scapulars  and  secondaries,  the  outer 
rectrices  becoming  blacker  and  the  pale  bars  narrower,  sometimes  almost 
disappearing  in  the  outermost  pair ;  underparts  of  body  paler  than  in  the 
other  phases — the  lower  breast  and  sides  pale  ochraceous-buff,  abdomen, 
flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  as  in  other  phases ;  under  wing 
coverts  ochraceous-buff  speckled  with  dull  chestnut.13 


13  This  plumage  is  very  different  from  anything  else  seen  in  this  species ;  the  only 
character  elsewhere  exhibited  that  approaches  it  is  in  the  tail  of  the  rufous  phase.  I 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


15 


5" ubadult  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  without  the  swollen  wattle  on 
the  cere. 

Juvenal  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  female  dark  phase  but  with  the 
entire  breast  and  upper  abdomen  blackish,  the  abdominal  feathers  basally 
pale  chestnut,  which  color  shows  through  the  black;  thighs  with  dusky 
edges  and  tips  to  each  of  the  feathers  producing  a  scalloped  appearance; 
and  entire  back  and  scapulars  blackish  like  the  interscapulars ;  primaries 
darker — very  dark  chestnut  on  the  outer  webs,  dark  sepia  on  the  in¬ 
ner  ones. 

Juvenal  female.14 — ' Three  phases,  as  follows  : 

1.  Dark  phase:  Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  same  phase  but  with  the 
secondaries  and  the  long  scapulars  mottled  with  white,  the  irregular 
elongated  whitish  marks  surrounded  with  black;  the  central  pair  of 
rectrices  vermiculated  black  and  chestnut  and  similarly  mottled  with  white ; 
the  next  pair  with  a  few  white  marks  on  the  outer  webs  ;  upper  tail  coverts 
dark  chestnut  vermiculated  with  black  like  the  median  rectrices  but  with 
no  white,  breast  very  dark  chestnut,  not  black,  the  lower  breast,  upper 
abdomen,  and  sides  barred  more  or  less  with  dusky  fuscous  and 
ochraceous-buff ;  occasional  feathers  have  the  buff  replaced  by  white; 
thighs  similarly  barred  with  fuscous ;  crest  with  several  white  bars. 

2.  Red  phase:  Similar  to  the  corresponding  adult  but  with  the  lower 
breast,  abdomen,  and  thighs  barred  with  fuscous,  and  the  remiges  crossed 
by  numerous  rather  fine  wavy  blackish  bars ;  crest  with  several  white  bars. 

3.  Barred-backed  phase:  Similar  to  the  corresponding  adult  but  the 
crest  feathers  with  several  white  bars  instead  of  one  very  broad  one; 
upper  abdomen  and  sides  and  flanks  barred  with  fuscous-black. 

Natal  down. — Down  of  head,  upperparts  generally,  breast,  sides,  flanks, 
and  thighs  grayish  warm  buff,  abdomen  white ;  the  chin  also  whitish ;  tip 
and  sides  of  head  with  blackish  spots  which  tend  to  become  connected 
into  longitudinal  stripes  on  the  hindneck  and  back  (where  there  are  one 
median  and  two  lateral  stripes  separated  by  slightly  more  grayish,  less 
buffy,  down  than  that  of  the  upperparts  generally;  bill  dusky  yellowish, 
tending  toward  lead  grayish  on  the  maxillary  tomium ;  tarsi  and  toes 
pale  ochraceous-salmon.  (descr.  ex  col.  fig.  in  Heinroth,  Journ.  fur  Orn., 
lxxix,  1931,  pi.  xvii,  facing  p.  282). 

have  seen  four  examples  of  the  barred-backed  form  “chapmani  Nelson,”  all  females. 
As  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover,  all  the  known  specimens  of  this  type  come 
from  Campeche  and  Yucatan;  the  plumage  is  not  represented  from  other  parts  of 
the  range  of  rubra  and  is  not  known  to  occur  in  the  Cozumel  Island  subspecies 
griscomi.  It  is  impossible  to  decide  the  status  of  chapmani  definitely;  it  may  be  a 
color  phase  of  rubra  as  here  treated,  and  as  considered  by  several  recent  authors, 
or  it  may  be  a  distinct  species.  A  similar  case  in  South  America  is  to  be  found  in 
Crax  grayi  Ogilvie-Grant  and  in  Crax  pinima  Pelzeln. 

14  There  seems  to  be  no  subadult  stage  that  may  be  told  from  skins. 


16 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male.— Wing  365-445  (388)  ;  tail  305-362  (331.3)  :  oilmen 
from  cere  27-33.5  (31.5):  oilmen  including  cere  46-o8  (t>3.2)  ;  tarsus 
113-127  (117.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  daw  70-436  (76.8  mm.).15 

Adult  female. — Wing  35c— 110  (372.4);  tail  31  >-345  (322);  culmen 
from  cere  24 — 30  (  2/. 2)  :  culmen  including  cere  4o.5— '0  (^4tc>.3  >  ,  tarsus 
108-117  (112.4)  :  middle  toe  without  daw  70-80  (73. o  mm.).16 

Range. — Resident  in  forested  areas  in  the  tropical  zone  from  south¬ 
eastern  Mexico — southern  Tamaulipas  (  Guiaves ;  Sierra  Madre  above 
Ciudad  Victoria)  :  Veracruz  (Misantla)  ;  Oaxaca  (Tapana:  Chimalapa)  ; 
Campeche  (La  Tuxpeiia  :  Champeton  -  ;  Yucatan  (eastern  Quintana  Roo; 
Puerto  Morelos ;  La  \  ega  >  :  Britisn  Honduras  (Belize:  Cayo  DistrtCi.  i  , 
Honduras  (Lake  Yojoa:  Tigre  Island:  Comayagua;  San  Pedro;  Lance- 
tilla  i  :  Guatemala  ( local  on  the  Pacific  slope;  Chilomo :  Lake  Peten ;  Los 
Amates :  Varan j  o ;  Pozo  del  Rio  Grande  ;  Panzos  :  Rexcne ;  Samo  i  onias  > 
Savanna  Grande:  Sepacuite;  Vera  Paz)  :  Xicaragua  (Rio  Escondido:  Los 
Sabalos);  Costa  Rica  (Guacimo;  La  Palma  de  Xicoya;  Xaranjo:  Rio 
Frio;  San  Carlos:  San  Jose;  Sarapiqui ;  Talamanca:  \  alza :  \  clean  de 
Irazu ;  Volcan  de  MiravaUes)  ;  and  Panama  (Aknirante ;  Boquete ;  Canal 
Zone:  Cerro  Bruja:  Tesusito,  Danen;  Lion  Hill:  Obaldia;  Perme)  :  soutn 
through  western  Colombia  (Choco;  Bando;  Bagado)  ;  to  western  Ecuador 
(Chongon  Hills;  Paramba:  Bunliin). 

Type  locality. — Xo  locality  given;  designated  as  western  Ecuador  by 
Hdlmayr  and  Conover  (Cat.  Birds  Arner.,  i,  Xo.  1,  1942,  loO). 

[Cra.r]  rubra  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Xat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  157  (“America”;  based  on 
Gallina  peruviana  rubra  Albin,  Ax.,  iii,  37,  pi.  40)  :  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  270. — Amelin, 
Svst.  XaL,  i,  pt.  2.  1788,  736. — Rzichexbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Co’.umb.,  ii,  1837,  pi. 
175,  figs.  1523,  1524. 

Cra.r  rubra  Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  21,  687.— Yieillot,  Xouv.  Diet. 
Hist.  Xat.,  xiv,  1817,  582. — Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi.  pt.  i.  1819,  168, 
pi.  9. — Bennett,  Gard.  and  Menag.,  ii,  1831,  22c. — Lesson,  Traite  d  Om,  1831, 
484. — Reichenbach.  Yoll.  Xat.  Tauben,  1861,  139  (crit.). — button  and  Bur- 
eeigh,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Louisiana  State  Unix.  Xo.  3,  1939,  27  (Tamaulipas  >. 
— Sutton  and  Pettingill.  Auk,  lix.  1942,  10  (Tamaulipas;  habits;  nest  and 
eggs). 

C[rax ]  rubra  Reichenbach,  YolL  Xat.  Tauben,  1861,  133,  part  (Mexico). 

C[rGi]  rubra  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  ios  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos.  1884.  169  (Mexico;  common  names). 

Crax  rubra  ?  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  XaL  Hist  Xew  \ ork.  Hi,  1861,  301  (Panama). 
Crax  rubra  rubra  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  12  (distr.). — Griscom, 
BuU.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii.  1935,  303  (Panama).— Van  Tyne.  Misc.  Publ. 
Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan.  Xo.  27,  1935.  10  (Uaxactun,  Peten,  Guatemala).— 
Aldrich,  Sci.  Pub'..  Cleveland  Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  vii,  19o7.  51  (Cerro  \  ieio, 
Azuero  Peninsula,  Panama ;  plum. ;  crit.) . — Sassi,  Temmmckia,  iii.  1938,  304 
(Costa  Rica;  Bebedero;  spec.).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Arner., 


“  Eleven  specimens  from  Mexico,  Guatemala.  Costa  Rica,  and  Panama. 
18  Seven  specimens  from  Mexico. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


17 


i,  No.  1,  1942,  129  (syn. ;  distr.). — Brodkorb,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ. 
Michigan,  No.  56,  1943,  30  (Mexico;  Chiapas,  Palenque;  spec.). 

[ Crax ]  globicera  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  270  (“Brasilia;  Curacao”; 
based  on  Crax  curassous  Brisson,  Orn.,  300 ;  Gallus  indicus  alius  Aldrovandi, 
Orn.,  ii,  332;  Gallina  indica  Aldrovandi,  Orn.,  ii,  333;  Ray,  Av.,  31,  32;  Edwards, 
Av.,  2,  pi.  295,  fig.  1). — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  736. — Latham,  Index 
Orn.,  ii,  1790,  624  (“Guiana”). — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Columb.,  ii,  1837, 
pi.  174,  figs.  1517,  1518. — Sclater  and  Salvtn,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  135. — 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  14  (Mexico  to  Honduras). 

Crax  globicera  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  175. — Vieillot,  Nouv. 
Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xiv,  1817,  582. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  484. — Sclater, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1860,  253  (Veracruz)  ;  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
ix,  1875,  274,  pi.  40  (fig.  S,  2  ;  monogr.)  ;  x,  1879,  543,  pi.  89  (Panama;  Costa 
Rica). — Taylor,  Ibis,  1860,  311  (Tigre  Island  and  between  Pacific  coast  and 
Comayagua,  and  Lake  Yojoa,  Honduras). — Salvin,  Ibis,  1861,  143  in  text 
(Vera  Paz,  Guatemala). — Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique,  1862 
6  (Mexico). — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  viii,  1863,  12,  490 
(Panama);  ix,  1868,  139  (San  Jose,  Costa  Rica);  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  4, 
1876,  44  (Tapana,  Oaxaca). — Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1868,  297,  298 
figs,  of  sternum  and  pelvis). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  373  (Rio 
Sarapiqui;  Costa  Rica) .— Sumichrast,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1869, 
560  (hot  region  of  Veracruz)  ;  La  Naturaleza,  ii,  1871,  37  (Veracruz,  Mexico). 
— Sclater  and  Salvtn,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  513,  543  (monogr.)  ;  838 
(Honduras). — Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1878,  42  (San  Carlos,  Volcan 
de  Irazu,  and  Naranjo,  Costa  Rica);  1883,  459  (Yucatan;  habits). — Nutting, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1882,  408  (La  Palma  de  Nicoya,  Costa  Rica)  ;  vi, 
1884,  408  (Los  Sabalos,  Nicaragua;  habits;  fresh  colors  unfeathered  parts).— 
Ferrari-Perez,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  1886,  175  (Veracruz). — Rovirosa, 
La  Naturaleza,  vii,  1887,  380  (Tabasco;  Rio  Macuspana). — Zeledon,  Anal. 
Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Costa  Rica) .— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  478,  part  (Sierra  Madre  above  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamau- 
lipas;  Misantla,  Veracruz;  Chimalapa,  Oaxaca;  n.  Yucatan;  Sabana  Grande, 
Guatemala)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  203,  part  (monogr.,  excl.  of  Cozumel 
Island).- — Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  524  (Rio  Escondido, 
Nicaragua;  Rio  Frio,  Costa  Rica;  habits). — Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem. 
y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  220  (Mexico;  forests  of  both 
coasts). — Underwood,  Ibis,  1896,  448  (Volcan  de  Miravalles,  Costa  Rica; 
habits). — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7  (1899),  219  (Naranjo 
and  Santo  Tomas,  Guatemala). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1902,  271,  part  (Sierra  Madre  above  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamaulipas; 
Misantla,  Veracruz ;  Chimalapa  and  Tapana,  Oaxaca ;  n.  Yucatan ;  Lake  Peten, 
Chilomo,  Sabana  Grande,  Rexche,  and  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala;  Lake  Yojoa  and 
San  Pedro,  Honduras). — Dearborn,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  125, 
1907,  77  (Los  Amates,  Guatemala). — Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74  (Guiaves, 
Tamaulipas). — Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  25,  1921,  7,  8 
(crit.)  —Bangs  and  Barbour,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxv,  1922,  195  (Jesusito, 
Darien;  crit.). — Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  235,  1926,  7  (eastern  Quin¬ 
tana  Roo,  Yucatan)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Ixxii,  1932,  318  (Perme,  Obaldia, 
Panama;  crit.).— Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lv,  1926,  151  (distr. 
in  Ecuador;  spec.  Chongon  Hills). — Sturgis,  Field  Book  Birds  Panama  Canal 
Zone,  1928,  26  (descr. ;  habits;  Panama  Canal).— Heinroth,  Journ.  fur  Orn., 
lxxix,  1931,  278,  pi.  17-19  (development;  habits). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop 
Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  ii  (Hawaii;  introduced  in  1928;  uncertain  status  in  1933). — 


18 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  51,  in  text. — Groebbels, 
Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  165  (data  on  breeding  biology). 

C[rax ]  globicera  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  133. — Reichenow,  Die 
Vogel,  i,  1913,  280. 

Cras  globicera  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  169  (Mexico;  common  names). 

Crax  globicera  globicera  Austin,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,  lxix,  1929,  369  (distr. ; 
Cayo  District,  British  Honduras).- — Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929, 
403  (hills  e.  of  Lancetilla,  Honduras;  type  loc.  fixed)  ;  lxxi,  1931,  297  (Almi- 
rante,  Panama) .— Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ixiv,  1932,  99  (distr. 
in  Guatemala;  abundant  between  Sepacuite  and  Panzos). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  301  (Honduras). — Dickey  and  van  Rossem, 
Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  147  (Puerto  del  Triunfo,  El  Salvador). — del  Campo, 
Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  xiii,  No.  2,  1942,  700  (Chiapas;  Catarinas;  spec.). 

[Crax]  alector  (not  of  Linnaeus),  part,  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  623  (female). 

Crax  alector  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  i,  1819,  163,  part  (Mexico). — 
Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  223  (Guatemala;  Belize,  British  Honduras; 
habits). 

Crax  alector  ?  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  61  (Peten  and  Chilomo, 
Guatemala) . 

Crax  alberti  Frazer,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1850,  246,  part,  pis.  27,  28  (female). 

(?)  Crax  blumenbachii  Spix,  Av.  Bras.,  ii,  1825,  50  pi.  64  (“Rio  de  Janeiro,”  but 
locality  said  to  be  erroneous). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae, 
1867,  15. 

[Crax]  blumenbachii  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  253,  No.  9525. 

(?)  Crax  albini  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1931,  484  (based  on  “Albin,  t.  ii,  pi.  32; 
Hoazin  Hernandez  ?”). — Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1862,  155. 

Crax  temminckii  Tschudi,  Archiv  fur  Naturg.,  x,  1844,  308  (based  on  “The  Red 
Peruvian  Hen”  of  Abin  and  Crax  rubra  Temminck)  ;  Fauna  Peruana,  Aves, 
1844-46,  287  (w.  Mexico). — Burmeister,  Syst.  Ubers.  Th.  Bras.,  iii,  1856,  347. 

Crax  edivardsii  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1862,  134  (based  on  “The  Curasso- 
Bird”  Edwards,  Glean.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  181,  pi.  295,  fig.  1 :  Aviary  bird  without 
locality) . 

C[rax]  pseudalector  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1862,  131,  pi.  174,  fig.  1516 
(Yucatan;  cites  “t.  237,  i.e.  1516  ‘Crax’  syst.  nat.  t.  xxiv”). 

Crax  sp.  Sclater  and  Salvtn,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864,  371  (Panama). 

CVa.r  panamensis  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  479  (“Southern 
Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica  to  the  United  States  of  Colombia”;  Valza,  Costa 
Rica ;  Lion  Hill,  Panama ;  type  locality  not  specified)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii, 
1897,  205  (monogr.). — Salvadori  and  Festa,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  xiv,  1899, 
9,  Rio  Lara,  Darien,  Panama). — Festa,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  xv,  1899,  1 
(breeding  in  captivity). — Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  21 
(Boquete,  w.  Panama)  ;  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  290  (Pozo  del  Rio  Grande,  Costa 
Rica). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  278  (Los 
Sabalos  and  Rio  Escondido,  Nicaragua;  San  Jose,  Valza,  Sarapiqui,  San 
Carlos,  Volcan  de  Irazu,  Naranjo,  La  Palma  de  Nicoya,  Rio  Frio,  and  Mira- 
valles,  Costa  Rica;  Lion  Hill,  Panama). — Hartert,  Nov.  Zool.,  ix,  1902,  601 
(Paramba,  3,500  feet,  and  Bulun,  nw.  Ecuador;  crit.). — Carriker,  Ann.  Car¬ 
negie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  382  (Guacimo,  Costa  Rica;  crit.;  habits). — Chapman, 
Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  1917,  194  (Choco,  Bando,  and  Bagado,  nw. 
Colombia). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1918,  242  (Canal  Zone, 
Panama).— Rendahl,  Ark.  Zool.,  xii,  No.  8,  1919,  10  (Siquirres,  Costa  Rica,  and 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


19 


Zapatera,  Nicaragua). — Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  25,  1921, 
7  (crit.). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (breeding  data). 

C[rax ]  panamensis  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  280. 

[Crax]  panamensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  14. — Brabourne  and  Chubb,  Birds 
South  Amer.,  i,  1912,  8  (Colombia;  nw.  Ecuador). 

Crax  hecki  Reichenow,  Journ  fur  Orn.,  1894,  231,  pi.  2  (aviary  bird;  9). — 
Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding  biology). 

Crax  chapmani  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xiv,  Sept.  25,  1901,  170 
(Puerto  Morelos,  e.  Yucatan;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  273. 

Crax  sclateri  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,’’ 
vii,  1894,  220  (Mexico). 

CRAX  RUBRA  GRISCOMI  Nelson 

Cozumel  Curassow 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  form  but  smaller. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  dark  phase  adult  female  of  the  typical 
race  but  smaller,  the  median  white  band  on  the  crest  slightly  broader ; 
the  inner  primaries  and  the  secondaries  with  slightly  wider  whitish  trans¬ 
verse  markings,  and  the  scapulars,  greater  upper  wing  coverts,  and  upper 
surface  of  secondaries  generally  more  irregularly  marked  with  dusky 
mottlings. 

Subadult  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  without  the  swollen  wattle 
on  the  cere. 

Juvenal  male. — None  seen. 

Juvenal  fe^nale. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  lower  breast,  upper 
abdomen,  and  sides  barred  with  narrow  wavy  blackish  bands,  some  of 
the  feathers  with  whitish  tips. 

Natal  down. — Apparently  not  known. 

Adult  male.— Wing  325-355  (339.5);  tail  300-310  (306.8);  culmen 
from  cere  26.5-29  (27.8)  ;  culmen  including  cere  44-52  (48)  ;  tarsus 
98-109.5  (104.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  62.5-71.5  (67  mm.).17 

Adult  female.— Wing  320-330  (328.3)  ;  tail  273-305  (289.3)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  22.5-26  (24.5)  ;  culmen  including  cere  42-45  (43)  ;  tarsus 
97-98  (97.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  60.5-63  (62.1  mm.).17 

Confined  to  the  type  locality,  Cozumel  Island,  off  the  coast  of  Yucatan. 

Crax  globicera  (not  of  Linnaeus,  1766)  Salvin,  Ibis,  1889,  378;  1890,  89  (Cozumel 
Island;  crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893  ,  478,  part 
(Cozumel  Island)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  203,  part  (Cozumel  Island). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  271,  part  (Cozumel 
Island) . 

Crax  globicera  ?  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  581  (Cozumel  Island; 
crit.). 

Crax  globicera  griscomi  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxxix,  1926,  106 


”  Three  specimens  of  each  sex. 


20 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


(orig.  descr. ;  Cozumel  Island). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  132  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Crax  rubra  griscomi  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  12. 

Genus  PENELOPE  Merrem 

Penelope  Merrem,  Av.  Rar.  leones  et  Descr.,  fasc.  2,  1786,  39.  (Type,  as  designated 
by  Sclater  and  Salvin,  1870,  P.  jacupema  Merrem  =  P.  marail  Gmelin?18.) 
Penelophe  (emendation)  Billberg,  Synop.  Faunae  Scand.,  i,  pt.  2,  1828,  table  A. 
Ponolope  (emendation)  Jarocki,  Zoologiia,  ii,  1821,  186. 

Salpiza  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1226.  (Type,  as  designated  by  Gray,  1840,  Penelope 
marail  Gmelin.) 

Salpizusa  (emendation)  Heine  and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus.  Hein.  Orn.,  1890,  301. 
Gornn  Lacepede,  Tabl.  Ois.,  1799,  12.  (Type,  by  tautonymy,  The  Quan  or  Guan 
Edwards  =  Penelope  crisiata  Gmelin  =  Penelope  purpurascens  aequatorialis 
Salvadori  and  Festa.) 

Guan  (emendation)  Fischer  de  Waldheim,  Nat.  Mus.  Naturg.  Paris,  ii,  1803,  183. 
Guanus  (emendation)  Fischer  de  Waldheim,  Zoognesia,  i,  ed.  3,  1813,  34,  51. 

Ganix  Rafinesque,  Analyse,  1815,  69.  (New  name  for  Gouan  Lacepede.) 
Stegnolcema  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  521.  (Type,  by 
monotypy,  Ortalida  montagnii  Bonaparte.) 

Steganolxma  (emendation)  Waterhouse,  Index  Gen.  Avium,  1889,  211. 

Large  Cracidae  (length  about  558-890  mm.  but  less  bulky  and  more 
slender  than  Crax),  with  bill  relatively  small  and  not  compressed,  loral, 
orbital,  and  gular  regions  nude,  the  last  with  a  median  wattle  or  dewlap 
(sometimes  not  evident  in  dried  skins),  pileum  with  decumbent  but 
erectile  crest  of  broad,  flattened  soft  feathers,  tail  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  wing,  and  coloration  mostly  brownish  or  olivaceous,  without  bars, 
usually  without  any  solid  black,  and  sometimes  with  whitish  streaks  on 
underparts. 

Bill  relatively  small  (only  about  half  as  long  as  head),  its  depth  at 
base  about  equal  to  its  width  at  same  point;  oilmen  about  as  long  as 
nude  portion  of  mesorhinium,  gradually  decurved,  broadly  rounded  on 
top,  the  rhinotheca  slightly  to  decidedly  broader  than  deep  at  base; 
mesorhinium  straight  or  very  slightly  convex  toward  base,  gently  ascend¬ 
ing  proximally ;  nostril  relatively  rather  large,  narrowly  elliptical  or  slit¬ 
like  to  comma- shaped  (broadly  rounded  anteriorly,  acute  or  subacute 
posteriorly),  its  posterior  half  or  more  overhung  by  a  convex  membrane, 
its  anterior  end  touching  base  of  rhinotheca,  or  nearly  so.  Wing  large 
and  broad,  the  longer  primaries  and  secondaries  about  equal  in  length 

18  Merrem  had  two  species,  P.  leucolophos  (p.  43),  which  =  Crax  cumanensis 
Jacquin  (a  Pipile),  and  P.  jacupema  (p.  39),  which  is  doubtfully  referred  to  P. 
marail  Gmelin;  Sclater  and  Salvin,  P.Z.S.  1870,  523,  say  it  ‘must  always  remain 
doubtful’  what  species  was  intended  by  Merrem  under  this  name.”  (Richmond,  MS.) 

In  1816  Vieillot  (Analyse,  p.  49)  gave  only  Marail  BufTon  (=  Penelope  marail 
Gmelin)  under  the  generic  term  Penelope;  while  in  1832  Wagler  (Isis,  p.  1226) 
included  P.  pipile  (=  Pipile  jacuntinga) ,  P.  cumanensis  (—  Pipile  cmnanensis) ,  and 
P.  aburri  (=  Abnrria  aburri) . 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA  21 

or  (in  P.  montagnii )  the  former  decidedly  longer;  outer  primaries  strongly 
bowed,  especially  the  outermost,  of  which  the  narrow  tip  is  strongly  in¬ 
curved  ;  sixth  to  eighth  primaries  longest ;  none  of  primaries  with  inner 


web  incised ;  secondaries  strong  and  relatively  broad,  with  rounded  tips. 
Tail  about  as  long  as  wing  or  a  little  shorter,  distinctly  rounded,  the 
rectrices  (12)  very  broad,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  or  moderately  bowed, 

653008° — 46 - 3 


22 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


all  faintly  but  distinctly  bent  downward  terminally  (the  upper  surface 
slightly  convex,  the  under  side  slightly  concave).  Tarsus  moderately  long 
and  stout  (about  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing),  the  acrotarsium  with  a 
single  continuous  row  of  broad,  transverse  scutella,  the  planta  tarsi  with 
small  irregular  scutella,  then  large  and  more  or  less  hexagonal,  on 
upper  and  lower  portion,  tending  to  arrangement  in  double  longitudinal 
series;  middle  toe  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  outer  toe 
reaching  to  a  little  beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe,  the 
inner  slightly  to  decidedly  shorter ;  hallux  shorter  than  first  two  phalanges 
of  outer  toe;  claws  rather  long  and  strongly  curved,  moderately  com¬ 
pressed;  a  well-developed  web  between  basal  phalanges  of  anterior  toe. 

Plumage  and  coloration .- — Entire  loral  and  orbital  regions  (extensively) 
completely  nude,  the  throat  also  nude  but  with  scattered  hairlike  feathers, 
the  chin  and  upper  throat  more  or  less  feathered;  feathers  of  pileum 
elongated,  but  broad  and  flattened,  forming  when  erected  a  bushy  crest; 
plumage  in  general  moderately  firm,  the  feathers,  even  on  neck,  distinctly 
outlined,  except  on  abdomen  and  under  tail  coverts,  where  soft  and 
semidecomposed.  Upperparts  plain  brownish,  olivaceous,  dull  olive- 
greenish,  or  dusky  dull  bluish  green,  the  pileum  sometimes  black,  white 
with  dusky  shaft  streaks,  or  with  white  edges  to  feathers,  one  species 
with  eight  outer  primaries  white  with  dusky  tip  and  base,  one  with  wing 
coverts,  back,  etc.,  edged  with  white,  and  one  with  tail  tipped  with 
cinnamon-rufous ;  under  parts  brownish,  usually  with  feathers  of  chest 
or  breast  edged  with  white,  the  abdomen,  etc.,  sometimes  cinnamon-rufous 
or  chestnut.  Sexes  alike  in  color. 

Range. — Southern  Mexico  to  southern  Brazil,  Bolivia,  and  Peru. 
(About  11  species,  only  one  of  which  occurs  in  the  area  dealt  with  in 
this  work.)19 

KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  FORMS  OF  THE  GENUS  PENELOPE 

a.  Lower  abdomen,  under  tail  coverts,  and  lower  back  dull  dark  brown,  not  chest¬ 
nut . Penelope  purpurascens  purpurascens  (p.  23) 

aa.  Lower  abdomen,  under  tail  coverts,  and  lower  back  chestnut. 

b.  Inner  remiges  coppery  auburn,  not  bronze-green. 

Penelope  purpurascens  perspicax  (extralimital)20 

19  The  above  description,  so  far  as  proportions  are  concerned,  is  based  essentially 
on  P.  purpurascens  and  P.  montagnii,  other  species  not  being  available  at  the  time 
of  writing.  P.  montagnii  differs  from  P.  purpurascetis  in  greater  extent  of  feather¬ 
ing  of  chin,  which  extends  over  much  of  the  throat,  relatively  longer  primaries  or 
shorter  secondaries,  much  greater  restriction  of  nude  circumorbital  and  loral  area, 
and  some  other  characters,  but  it  is  doubtful  that  the  genus  Stegnolaema  Sclater 
and  Salvin,  of  which  it  is  the  type,  should  be  granted  recognition. 

20  Penelope  purpurascens  perspicax  Bangs.— Penelope  perspicax  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  1911,  187  (San  Luis,  Bitaco  Valley,  w.  Colombia;  crit. ; 
E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs  coll.,  now  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  1917,  195  (San  Antonio,  Miraflores,  Salento,  Colombia) .—Bangs, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


23 


bb.  Inner  remiges  bronze-green,  not  coppery  auburn. 

c.  Crown  and  upper  back  greenish. Penelope  purpurascens  aequatorialis  (p.  25) 
cc.  Crown  and  upper  back  dull  metal  bronze,  not  greenish. 

Penelope  purpurascens  brunnescens  (extralimital): 

PENELOPE  PURPURASCENS  PURPURASCENS  Wagler 

Northern  Crested  Guan 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  hindneck  dark 
fuscous  with  a  very  slight  purplish  to  greenish  bronzy  sheen ;  scapulars, 
interscapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  and  remiges  similar  but  sheen  more 
greenish,  the  outer  primaries  less  greenish,  more  fuscous-black,  the  inter¬ 
scapulars,  scapulars,  and  upper  wing  coverts  with  narrow  lateral,  but 
not  terminal,  white  edges ;  back  and  rump  dull  dusky  sepia  to  mummy 
brown ;  upper  tail  coverts  and  rectrices  like  the  inner  remiges  but  the 
tail  feathers  with  a  little  brighter  sheen  and  averaging  slightly  more  olive, 
less  bronzy ;  lores  bare  except  for  some  sparse  black  bristlelike  feathers ; 
circumocular  area  bare ;  chin  and  upper  throat  also  bare  except  for  a 
very  few  black  hairlike  feathers,  a  malar'  band  of  feathers  from  the 
posterior  end  of  the  mandibular  ramus,  broadening  over  the  auriculars 
to  extend  dorsad  to  the  feathers  of  the  occiput  and  caudally  to  the  sides 
of  the  upper  throat,  dark  fuscous ;  rest  of  sides  of  neck,  lower  throat, 
and  breast  dark  fuscous  with  a  faint  bronzy  brownish  gloss,  each  feather 
laterally  narrowly  edged  with  white;  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and 
under  tail  coverts  like  the  back  and  rump ;  under  wing  coverts  dark 
fuscous ;  iris  carmine-red ;  circumorbital  skin  and  lores  violaceous-black ; 
bill  black ;  upper  part  of  gular  skin  violaceous-black,  the  lower  part 
carmine-red;  tarsus  carmine-red  to  magenta. 

Immature  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  white  marks 
on  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  upper  wing  coverts  much  less  de¬ 
veloped  ;  inner  remiges  and  median  rectrices  with  a  little  more  purplish 
sheen. 

Juvenal  (only  one  male  and  one  unsexed  bird  seen). — Much  paler  than 
adult  or  immature  birds,  the  fuscous  of  the  latter  replaced  by  dusky 
earth  brown  to  dull  sepia;  no  white  marks  on  the  upperparts  and  very 
faintly  present  on  the  breast;  scapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  inner 
secondaries,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  rectrices  sepia  abundantly  flecked  and 

Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  154  (type  spec.;  crit.). — P[eneIope]  purpurascens 
pcrspicax  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Auk,  xlix,  1932,  332  (crit.;  distr.). — Penelope 
purpurascens  perspicax  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  13. — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  137. 

21  Penelope  purpurascens  brunnescens  Hellmayr  and  Conover. — P[enelope\  pur¬ 
purascens  brunnescens  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Auk,  xlix,  1932,  333  (Rio  Cogollo, 
Perija,  Zulia,  Venezuela;  coll,  of  H.  B.  Conover;  crit.). — Penelope  purpurascens 
brunnescens  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  13. — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  137. 


24 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


vermiculated  with  mikado  brown ;  no  crest  on  top  of  head ;  chin  and 
upper  throat  clothed  in  warm-buff  down. 

Natal  down. — Forehead  and  supraorbital  bands  grayish  light  ochra- 
ceous-salmon,  center  of  crown  and  occiput  deep  bright  chestnut  bordered 
laterally  by  a  broad  line  of  black,  laterad  of  which  is  a  band  of  pale  olive- 
grav,  which  in  turn  is  bordered  on  the  outside  (laterally)  by  a  narrow 
line  of  chestnut  next  to  the  ochraceous-salmon  supraorbitals ;  hindneck 
like  the  occiput ;  back  with  a  spinal  band  of  deep  chestnut  bordered  wTith 
black,  otherwise  pinkish  buff ;  chin  and  upper  throat  pale  pinkish  buff, 
lower  throat  and  breast  between  cinnamon-buff  and  clay  color;  abdomen 
white  with  a  very  faint  ivory-yellow  tinge ;  flanks  and  thighs  cinnamon- 
buff  splotched  with  dusky.22 

Adult  male. — Wing  370-415  (390.6)  ;  tail  350-408  (384)  ;  culmen 
from  base  32-44  (36.1)  ;  tarsus  81-90  (85.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
63-72  (67.2  mm.).23 

Adxdt  female. — Wing  362—390  (380)  ;  tail  372-408  (385.5)  ;  culmen 
from  base  32-44  (36.1)  ;  tarsus  81-90  (85.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
65-70  (67.1  mm.).24 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  from  Sinaloa  (Mazatlan,  Escuin- 
apa)  and  southern  Tamaulipas  (Sierra  Madre  above  Ciudad  Victoria, 
Guiaves)  south  through  Veracruz  (Jalapa,  Santa  Ana)  ;  Jalisco  (Tonila)  ; 
Guerrero  (Omilteme)  ;  Oaxaca  (Chimalapa,  Rio  Grande,  Santa  Efigenia, 
Villa  Alta)  ;  Puebla  (Hacienda  Atlixco)  ;  Yucatan  (Yualahau,  Yak- 
Jonat)  ;  Chiapas  (Tonala)  ;  and  Campeche  (La  Tuxpena)  to  Guatemala 
(Naranjo,  Vera  Paz,  Retalhuleu,  Santo  Tomas,  Sabana  Grande,  Volcan 
de  Fuego,  Medio  Monte,  Raxche,  Los  Amates,  Finca  Sepacuite,  and 
Sacchich,  Peten),  and  Honduras  (Lancetilla  Valley). 

Type  locality. — Mexico. 

Penelope  cristata  (not  Meleagris  cristata  Linnaeus)  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl. 
Meth.,  i,  1791,  171,  pi.  84,  fig.  2. — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7 
(1899),  219  (Naranjo  and  Santo  Tomas,  Guatemala). 

P[enelope )  purpurascens  Wagler,  Isis,  1830,  1110  (Mexico;  coll.  Monaco  Mus.).— 
Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1860,  269  (Mexico;  monogr.).— Reichenbach, 
Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  149.— Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  276. 

Penelope  purpurascens  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  61  (Honduras). — 
Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  223  (Guatemala)  ;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1870,  522,  543  (monogr.).— Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  368  (Jalapa, 
Veracruz),  391  (Rio  Grande,  Oaxaca,  s.  Mexico). — Salle  and  Parzudaki, 
Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique,  1862,  6  (Mexico)  .—Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  6  (Guatemala).— Sumichrast,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i, 
1869,  560  (tierra  caliente  of  Veracruz)  .—Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306  (Mazatlan,  Sinaloa;  Tonila,  Jalisco);  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull. 

”  Taken  from  a  specimen  in  an  early  stage  of  the  postnatal  molt;  rest  of  down 
already  replaced. 

“  Eight  specimens  from  Mexico. 

24  Six  specimens  from  Mexico. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


25 


4,  1876,  45  (Santa  Efigenia,  Oaxaca;  fresh  colors  of  nude  parts). — Boucard, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1883,  459  (Yak-Jonat,  Yucatan;  habits). — Ferrari- 
Perez,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  1886,  175  (Jalapa,  Veracruz).— Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  496  (Sierra  Madre  above  Ciudad 
Victoria,  Tamaulipas;  Santa  Ana  near  Jalapa,  Veracruz;  Hacienda  Atlixco, 
Puebla;  Villa  Alta  and  Chimalapa,  Oaxaca;  Yalahan,  n.  Yucatan;  Vera  Paz, 
Retalhuleu,  Sabana  Grande,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  and  Medio  Monte,  Guatemala). — 
Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894, 
220  (Mexico;  along  both  coasts). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1902,  276  (Mazatlan,  Sinaloa;  Sierra  Madre,  Tamaulipas;  Jalapa  and 
Santa  Ana,  Veracruz,  Hacienda  Atlixco,  Puebla;  Rio  Grande,  Villa  Alta, 
Chimalapa,  and  Santa  Efigenia,  Oaxaca;  Tonala,  Chiapas;  Yak-Jonat,  n.  Yuca¬ 
tan;  Retalhuleu,  Raxche,  Vera  Paz,  Sabana  Grande,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  and 
Medio  Monte,  Guatemala;  Honduras).— Miller,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxi,  1905,  343  (Escuinapa,  etc.,  s.  Sinaloa;  fresh  colors  of  nude  parts) .—Dear¬ 
born,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  125,  1907,  77  (Los  Amates,  Guatemala). — 
Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74  (Guiaves,  Tamaulipas). — Peters,  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929,  403  (eastern  border,  Lancetilla  Valley,  Honduras).— 
Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  301  (Honduras;  Lance¬ 
tilla). 

[ Penelope ]  purpurascens  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  250,  No.  9474. — Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136.— Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  16. 

Penelope  purpurascens  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los 
Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (Mexico;  common  names). 

Penelope  purpurascens  purpurascens  Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv, 
1932,  100  (distr.  in  Guatemala;  tropical  forests  on  both  slopes;  spec.  Finca 
Sepacuite).- — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  12.- — van  Tyne,  Misc. 
Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan  No.  27,  1935,  10  (Uaxactun  and  Sacchich, 
Peten,  Guatemala;  spec.;  downy  young). — Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192 
(Omilteme,  Guerrero;  spec.). — Sutton  and  Burleigh,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool. 
Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  3,  1939,  28  (northeastern  Mexico;  Gomez  Farias, 
Tamaulipas;  spec.). — Traylor,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxiv, 
1941,  204  (Matamoros  and  Pacaitun,  Yucatan).— Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  134  (syn.;  distr.).— del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst. 
Biol.,  xiii,  No.  2,  1942,  700  (Chiapas;  Paval,  Catarinas;  spec.).— Brodkorb, 
Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  56,  1943,  30  (Mexico;  Tabasco 
and  Chiapas;  plum.;  crit.). 

P[enelope]  purpurascens  purpurascens  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Auk,  xliv,  1932, 
331  (crit.;  range). 

S[alpisa]  purpurascens  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1226. 

PENELOPE  PURPURASCENS  AEQUATORIALIS  Salradori  and  Festa 

Southern  Crested  Guan 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  nominate  form  but 
with  the  abdomen,  thighs,  flanks,  under  tail  coverts,  back,  rump,  and 
upper  tail  coverts  more  reddish-tawny  russet  to  dark  hazel;  the  median 
pair  of  rectrices  more  coppery  auburn ;  and  the  scapulars,  interscapulars, 
and  upper  wing  coverts  with  no,  or  only  few,  white  lateral  edges ;  iris 
carmine;  naked  skin  of  throat  dull  carmine;  scutellae  of  tarsus  and  feet 
coral  red.”  (Ex  Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  523.) 


26 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  rectrices, 
remiges,  and  upper  wing  coverts  washed  with  rufescent  and  mottled  with 
dusky,  especially  on  the  edges  of  the  webs  in  the  rectrices  and  remiges. 

Natal  down. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  349-380  (363.9)  ;  tail  341-375  (360.6)  ;  culmen 
from  base  31-37  (34.5)  ;  tarsus  85-95  (90.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
62-69  (65.1  mm.).25 

Adult  female. — Wing  338-378  (353.4)  ;  tail  346-384  (357.1)  ;  culmen 
from  base  30-36  (32.6)  ;  tarsus  84-88  (  86.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
58-65  (61.8  mm.).26 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  from  Nicaragua  (Los  Sabalos, 
Rio  Escondido,  Rio  San  Juan,  San  Carlos)  ;  Costa  Rica  (Bonilla,  Bar¬ 
ranca,  La  Palma  de  Nicoya,  Volcan  de  Miravalles,  Volcan  de  Irazu, 
Jimenez,  Naranjo  de  Cartago,  La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Angostura,  Pozo 
Azul  de  Pirris,  El  Pozo  de  Terraba)  ;  and  Panama  (Lion  Hill,  Davilla, 
Boquete,  Chiriqui,  Jesusito,  Barro  Colorado,  Guabo,  Ranchon)  to  western 
Colombia  (Remedios,  Antioquia,  “Bogota,”  La  Canela,  Rio  Frio,  and 
Santa  Marta;  Bonda,  Las  Tinajao,  Don  Diego,  Minca)  ;  and  western 
Ecuador  (Chimbo,  Gualea,  Naranjo,  Balzar  Mountains,  Foreste  del  Rio 
Peripa,  Paramba,  below  Mindo,  above  Bucay,  El  Chiral). 

Type  locality. — Foreste  del  Rio  Peripa,  western  Ecuador. 

[Meleagris]  cristata  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  157,  part  (“America 
australi” ;  based  on  The  Quan  or  Guan  Edwards,  Nat.  Hist.  Birds,  i,  13,  pi. 
13;  Jacupema  Marcgrave,  Bras.,  198;  Coxolitli  Hernandez,  Mex.  .  .  .;  Phasianus 
brasiliensis  Ray,  Av.,  56)  ;  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  269. 

Meleagris  cristata  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.,  1776,  122. 

[ Penelope ]  cristata  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  733. — Latham,  Index  Om., 
ii,  1790,  619  (“Brazil’’;  “Guiana”). — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Columb.,  ii, 
1837,  pi.  171,  figs.  1501,  1502. — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1870,  543;  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  16 
(Nicaragua  and  Ecuador). 

Penelope  cristata  Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  46,  691. — Stephens,  in  Shaw, 
Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  i,  1819,  178  (“Brazil”). — Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat., 
xxxvi,  1819,  337. — Bennett,  Gard.  and  Menag.,  ii,  1831,  131. — Lesson,  Traite 
d’Orn.,  1831,  481. — Jardine,  Contr.  Orn.,  1848,  27,  pi.  (anatomy,  etc.). — Bur- 
meister,  Syst.  fibers.  Th.  Bras.,  iii,  1856,  339. — Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1860,  269  (“West  Indies?”;  monogr.). — Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1868,  298,  fig.  of  pelvis  (osteology). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1870,  525  (monogr.);  1879,  544  (Remedios,  Antioquia,  Colombia). — 
Nutting,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1882,  409  (La  Palma  de  Nicoya,  Costa 
Rica;  habits)  ;  vi,  1884,  408  (Los  Sabalos,  Nicaragua;  fresh  colors  of  un¬ 
feathered  parts). — Berlepsch  and  Taczanowski,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1883,  576  (Chimbo,  w.  Ecuador;  fresh  color  of  nude  parts). — Zeledon,  Anal. 
Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Jimenez  and  Naranjo  de  Cartago,  Costa 
Rica). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  498  (Valza  and  La 


“  Ten  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  Panama. 

25  Eight  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  Panama. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


27 


Palma  de  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica;  Lion  Hill,  Panama;  Bogota,  Colombia;  Balzar 
Mountains,  w.  Ecuador)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  226,  part  (Nicaragua  to 
Panama  and  Ecuador). — Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  523 
(Rio  Escondido,  Nicaragua;  fresh  colors  of  nude  parts). — Underwood,  Ibis, 
1896,  448  (Volcan  de  Miravalles,  Costa  Rica;  food). — Hartert,  Nov.  Zool., 
v,  1898,  504  (Paramba,  nw.  Ecuador,  3,500  feet.;  crit.). — Salvadori  and  Festa, 
Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  xiv,  No.  399,  1899,  10  (Laguna  della  Pita,  Rio  Lara,  and 
Rio  Cianati,  Darien,  Panama).- — Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii, 
1900,  126  (Bonda,  Santa  Marta,  Colombia). — Bangs,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  356 
(Divala,  Chiriqui,  Panama)  ;  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  21  (Bo- 
quete,  etc.,  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama,  4,000-7,000  feet)  ;  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  291  (El 
Pozo  de  Terraba,  Costa  Rica). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1902,  277  (Los  Sabalos,  Rio  San  Juan,  Rio  Escondido,  and  San  Carlos, 
Nicaragua;  Valza,  Barranca,  Angostura,  La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  La  Palma  de 
Nicoya,  Jimenez,  Naranjo  de  Cartago,  Volcan  de  Irazu,  and  Volcan  de  Mira¬ 
valles,  Costa  Rica;  Divala  and  Lion  Hill,  Panama;  Colombia;  Ecuador). — 
Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  382  (Bonilla,  Pozo  Azul  de  Pirns, 
Rio  Siesola,  Miravalles,  and  El  Pozo  de  Terraba,  Costa  Rica;  crit.;  habits). — 
Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  1917,  195  (Choco  and  La 
Canela,  nw.  Colombia;  Gualea  and  Naranjo,  Ecuador;  Chiriqui  and  Panama 
Railway,  Panama;  crit.). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1918, 
242  (Panama  Canal  Zone). — Rendahl,  Ark.  Zool.,  xii,  1919,  10  (Volcan 
Ometepe,  Nicaragua). — Bangs  and  Barbour,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxv, 
1922,  195  (Jesusito,  Darien). 

P[enelope]  cristata  Wagler,  Isis,  1830,  1110  (“Guiana”;  “Brasilia”). —  (?)  Tschudi, 
Archiv  fur  Naturg.,  x,  pt.  i,  1844,  308  (Peru).— Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat. 
Tauben,  1861,  148. — Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  276. 

Penelope  cristata  cristata  Sturgis,  Field  Book  Birds  Panama  Canal  Zone,  1928, 
27  (Canal  Zone). — Kennard  and  Peters,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxxviii,  1928,  446  (Boquete  Trail,  Panama;  spec.). — Heath,  Ibis,  1931,  468 
(Barro  Colorado  Island,  Panama). — Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxi,  1931, 
297  (Guabo,  Panama). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  12 
(Hawaii ;  introduced  in  1928  ;  not  known  to  breed) . 

S[alpisa ]  cristata  Wagler,  Isis,  1932,  1226. 

Salpiza  cristata  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  19. 

Penelope  brasiliensis  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  877. 

Penelope  jacucaca  (not  of  Spix)  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1860,  72 
(Pallatanga,  Ecuador). 

Penelope  jacuaca  (not  P.  jacuacu  Spix)  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae, 
1867,  6. — Salvin,  Ibis,  1869,  317  (Costa  Rica;  Panama). 

Penelope  purpurascens  (not  of  Wagler,  1832)  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  viii,  1863,  12  (Panama)  ;  ix,  1868,  139  (Barranca,  Angostura,  and 
La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica) .—Salvin,  Ibis,  1869,  317  (Costa  Rica  and 
Panama;  crit.) — Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  372  (Costa  Rica). — 
Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1878,  42  (Volcan  de  Irazu  and  San  Carlos, 
Costa  Rica). 

Penelope  aequatorialis  Salvadori  and  Festa,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  xv,  No.  368, 
Feb.  19,  1900,  38  (Foreste  del  Rio  Peripa,  w.  Ecuador;  coll.  Turin  Mus.).— 
Todd  and  Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xiv,  1922,  174  (Las  Tinajao,  Bonda, 
Don  Diego,  and  Minca,  Santa  Marta,  Colombia;  crit.). — Darlington,  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxi,  1931,  371  (Rio  Frio  foothills,  Magdalena,  Colombia; 
habits). 


28 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Penelope  cequatorialis  Chubb,  Ibis,  1919,  16,  part  (Colombia;  Ecuador,  crit.). 
Lonnberg  and  Rendahl,  Ark.  Zool.,  xiv,  1922,  15  (Gualea  and  Nanegal, 
Ecuador).— Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lv,  1926,  153  (trop.  zone 
w.  Ecuador ;  Gualea ;  below  Mindo ;  above  Bucay ;  El  Chiral) . 

[ Penelope ]  aequatorialis  Brabourne  and  Chubb,  Birds  South  Amer.,  i,  1912,  10 
(Colombia;  Ecuador). 

Penelope  purpurascens  aequatorialis  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxii,  1932, 
318  (Ranchon,  Panama)  ;  lxxviii,  1935,  303  (Costa  Rica  to  western  Ecuador). 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  13. — Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleve¬ 
land  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  53  (/Vzuero  Peninsula,  Panama;  spec.). 
Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  304  (Bebedero,  Costa  Rica;  spec.).  Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  135  (sjm. ;  distr.). 

P[enelope ]  purpurascens  aequatorialis  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Auk,  xlix,  1932, 
331  (crit.;  distr.). 

P[enelope]  p[urpurascens]  aequatorialis  van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ. 
Michigan,  No.  27,  1935,  10,  in  text  (Panama;  Canal  Zone). 

Genus  ORTALIS  Merrem 

Ortalis  Merrem,  Av.  Rar.  Icon,  et  Descr.,  fasc.  2,  1786,  40.  (Type,  as  designated 
by  Lesson,  1829,  Phasianus  motmot  Linnaeus.) 

Ortalida  “Merr[em]”  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1226. 

Ortalidia  (emendation)  Fleming,  Philos.-Zool.,  ii,  1822,  230. 

Penelops  “Plin.”  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Yog.,  1853,  xxvi.  (Type,  by 
monotypy,  Penelope  albiventris  “Gould”  =  Lesson  =  P.  leucogastr a  Gould.) 
Penelopsis  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  May  1856,  877. 

Penelopid.es  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  77.  (Type,  by  original  designation, 
Ortalida  vcagleri  (Gray).) 

Small,  plainly  colored  Cracidae  (length  about  412-649  mm.),  with  sides 
of  gular  area  nude,  divided  longitudinally  by  a  narrow  feathered  area  on 
median  strip. 

Bill  relatively  small  (from  frontal  feathers  less  than  half  as  long  as 
head) ,  broader  than  deep  at  base  of  exposed  culmen ;  culmen  rather 
strongly  decurved  terminally,  not  ridged ;  nostril  longitudinal,  narrov  lv 
elliptical  to  rather  broadly  fusiform,  anteriorly  nearly  in  contact  with  base 
of  rhinotheca,  a  membranous  or  cartilaginous  piece  showing  withm  the 
basal  portion;  cere  straight,  slightly  ascending  basally,  and,  together  with 
greater  part  of  loral  and  orbital  regions  and  sides  of  gular  region,  nude. 
Wing  rather  large,  very  broad  and  rounded,  the  longer  primaries  with 
tips  extending  decidedly  beyond  those  of  longest  secondaries  (except  in 
O.  wagleri )  ;  fourth  to  sixth  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost) 
about  one-half  (in  O.  v.  leucogastra )  to  nearly  three-fifths  (in  O.  wagleri ) 
as  long  as  the  longest  and  strongly  bowed  or  incurved.  Tail  longer  than 
wing  (very  slightly  as  in  O.  v.  leucogastra),  strongly  rounded,  the  rec- 
trices  (12)  relatively  broad  to  very  broad,  with  rounded  tips.  Tarsus 
relatively  long  and  stout,  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  the  acro- 
tarsium  with  a  single  series  of  large  transverse  scutella,  the  planta  tarsi 
with  a  series  of  smaller  transverse  scutella  along  each  side  (these  less 
distinct,  especially  on  inner  side,  in  O.  v.  leucogastra)  ;  middle  toe  nearly 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


29 


to  quite  tnree-fourths  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  lateral  toes  reaching  about 
iO  penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe,  the  outer  usually  a  little  longer 
than  the  inner;  hallux  about  as  long  as  combined  length  of  first  two 
phalanges  of  outer  toe ;  claws  moderately  large  to  rather  small,  moderately 
curved  (that  of  hallux  more  strongly  curved)  compressed. 


Plumage  and  coloration. — Frontal  feathers  erect  or  suberect,  more  or 
less  elongated  (very  much  so  in  0.  wagleri),  rigid  and  lanceolate  or  sub- 
lanceolate,  those  of  crown  and  occiput  more  or  less  elongated  (very  much 
so  in  O.  wagleri;  very  slightly  so  in  O.  v.  leucogastra)  but  broader  and 
with  rounded  tips ;  feathers  of  neck  variable,  in  0 .  wagleri  rather  long 
and  blended  on  hindneck,  rigid  and  acuminate-lanceolate  on  foreneck, 
malar  region,  and  median  line  of  throat,  on  0.  v.  leucogastra  short  and 
rounded,  even  on  foreneck ;  plumage  in  general  soft,  the  feathers  distinctly 
outlined,  with  broadly  rounded  tips  (more  blended  on  underparts)  that 
of  anal  region  soft  and  downy ;  loral  and  orbital  regions  mostly  nude,  the 
sides  of  chin  and  throat  also  nude,  separated  by  a  narrow  strip  of  feathers, 
these  small  and  bristlelike  in  O.v.  leucogastra,  much  broader  and  lanceo¬ 
late  in  0.  wagleri.  Coloration  plain  brownish  above,  paler  beneath,  the 
abdomen,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  sometimes  whitish,  sometimes 
deep  cinnamon-rufous  or  chestnut;  rectrices  usually  tipped  with  pale 
brown,  whitish  or  chestnut,  sometimes  mostly  chestnut,  and  outer  pri¬ 
maries  sometimes  chestnut. 

Range.  Southern  Texas  (Rio  Grande  Valley)  to  Paraguay,  Argentina, 
and  Peru.  (About  13  species  and  30  subspecies.) 


30 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  FORMS 
OF  THE  GENUS  ORTALIS 

a.  With  a  conspicuous  crest  on  head;  abdomen  chestnut-rufous. 

b.  Top  of  head  pale  slate-gray  (southern  Chihuahua  to  northern  Sinaloa). 

Ortalis  wagleri  griseiceps  (p.  49) 

bb.  Top  of  head  dark  slate  (central  and  eastern  Sinaloa  to  Durango,  Talisco,  and 

Navarit) . Ortalis  wagleri  wagleri  (p.  47) 

oj.  No  conspicuous  crest ;  abdomen  brownish  to  whitish. 
b.  Primaries  olive-brown. 

c.  Larger,  wing  over  230  mm.  (southwestern  Mexico). 

Ortalis  vetula  poliocephala  (p.  35) 

cc.  Smaller,  wing  under  230  mm. 

d.  Tips  of  tail  feathers  white,  not  buffy  or  isabelline. 

e.  Belly  pure  white  (southwestern  Chiapas  to  northern  Nicaragua). 

Ortalis  vetula  leucogastra  (p.  37) 

ee.  Belly  pale  isabelline  to  dull  fulvous  (southern  Texas  to  Veracruz). 

Ortalis  vetula  mccalli  (p.  31) 

dd.  Tips  of  tail  feathers  isabelline  or  buffy  or  chestnut. 

e.  Tips  of  outer  tail  feathers  bright  chestnut  and  very  broad  (30  mm.  or 
more)  (northern  Venezuela;  introduced  into  Grenadines,  Lesser 
. Ortalis  ruficauda  (p.  46) 

ee.  Tips  of  outer  tail  feathers  isabelline  or  buffy. 

/.  Belly  dull  whitish  isabelline  (dry  parts  of  Yucatan  and  adjacent 

Campeche) . Ortalis  vetula  pallidiventris  (p.  38) 

ff.  Belly  darker— isabelline  to  dull  fulvous. 
g.  Tips  of  tail  feathers  dull  buffy  brown. 

/».  Tips  of  tail  feathers  noticeably  bicolored,  distinctly  rufescent 
proximallv  (humid  coastal  forests  from  southern  British 
Honduras  to  eastern  Guatemala  and  northwestern  Honduras). 

Ortalis  vetula  plumbiceps  (p.  40) 
hh.  Tips  of  tail  feathers  not  noticeably  bicolored. 

j  Feathers  of  upper  throat  decidedly  blackish  (Utila  Island, 

Honduras) . Ortalis  vetula  deschauenseei  (p.  42) 

ji.  Feathers  of  upper  throat  not  decidedly  blackish  (southeastern 

jjgxico) . Ortalis  vetula  vetula  (p.  34) 

gg.  Tips  of  tail  feathers  light  grayish  isabelline. 

/i.  Larger;  wing  averaging  210  mm.  (male),  195  mm.  (female) 

(Grand  Valley  of  Interior  of  Chiapas). 

Ortalis  vetula  vallicola  (p.  40) 

hh.  Smaller;  wing  averaging  193  (male)  ;  185  mm.  (female) 
(Quintana  Roo  and  Peten) .  .Ortalis  vetula  intermedia  (p.  39) 

bb.  Primaries  chestnut.  . 

c.  Head  and  neck  rush’  brownish. ...  Ortalis  garrula  garrula  (extrahmital) 


::  Ortalis  garrula  garrula  (Humboldt)  .—Phasianus  gar  ruins  Humboldt,  Obs.  de 
Zool.,  i.  1811,  4  (Rio  Magdalena,  Colombia;  Caracas,  ’Venezuela).  P[cnelope ] 
garrula  Wagler,  Isis,  1830,  1111  (Cartagena,  “Mexico”,  i.e.,  Colombia).— 0[rtalida] 
garrula  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1227;  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat  Tauben,  1S61  144.- 
Ortalida  garrula  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  iii,  Gallinae,  1844,  20  ;  ed.  ISO/  1- ; 
Sdater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  539  (monogr.).— [Ortahda] 
'garrula  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av„  Columb..  ii,  1847,  pi.  169,  fig.  1491 ;  Gray,  Hand¬ 
list  ii,  1870.  252,  No.  9506;  Sclater  and  Salvin.  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  lb/o,  13/.— 
Ortalis  garrula  Ogil vie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1S93,  515  (Cartagena 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AXD  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


0-1 
0 1 


cc.  Head  and  neck  slate-gray. 

d.  Abdomen  white,  the  under  tail  coverts  pale  brownish  gray  (Caribbean 

slope  of  Darien) . Ortalis  garrula  mira  (p.  45) 

dd.  Abdomen  pale  fulvescent. 

e.  Tail  shorter,  usually  under  250  mm.  (eastern  Nicaragua  to  Panama). 

Ortalis  garrula  cinereiceps  (p\  42) 
ee.  Tail  longer,  over  230  mm.  (Montijo  Bay.  Veraguas). 

Ortalis  garrula  olivacea  (p.  45) 

ORTALIS  VETULA  MCCALLI  (Baird) 

Northern  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  dull  brownish 
chaetura  black,  tlie  individual  feathers  somewhat  paler,  more  grayish, 
medially;  hindneck.  scapulars,  interscapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  sec¬ 
ondaries,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  deep  olive  to  dark  greenish 
olive,  the  hindneck  and  interscapulars  averaging  slightlv  more  brownish 
olive;  primaries  olive-brown,  externally  edged  with  deep  olive;  rectrices 
dark  greenish  olive  with  an  oil-green  sheen,  the  median  pair  indistinctly 
tipped  with  pale,  ashy  buffy  brown,  the  other  pairs  with  white  tips  about 
15-20  mm.  wide,  the  white  tips  joined  to  the  greenish  part  of  the  feather 
by  a  narrow,  grayish-brown  band;  lores  and  sides  of  head  largelv  nude 
but  lower  cheeks  with  some  black  hairlike  feathers ;  auriculars  and  sides 
of  upper  throat,  center  and  sides  of  lower  throat,  and  the  upper  breast  deep 
olive,  each  feather  with  an  indistinctly  defined  median  streak  of  dark 
olive-buff;  a  wide  band  of  black  hairlike  feathers  extending  from  chin 
along  the  middle  of  the  upper  throat :  sides  of  upper  throat  bare :  lower 
breast  paler  and  washed  with  fulvescent ;  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  pale 
fulvous,  palest  on  the  middle  abdomen;  the  thighs,  lower  abdomen,  and 
under  tail  coverts  darker — isabelline  buffy  brown ;  bare  areas  on  upper 
throat  grayish  flesh  color,  alike  in  both  sexes  except  in  spring  when  the 
male  has  these  patches  red;  iris  light  brown;  bill,  tarsi,  and  toes  light 
horn  bluish. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — In  a  general  way  similar  to  the  adult  but  the 
hindneck,  scapulars,  interscapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  secondaries, 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  Saccardo’s  umber  instead  of  deep  olive, 
the  center  of  the  back  and  rump  indistinctly  barred  with  ashy  buck¬ 
thorn  brown28 ;  remiges  also  Saccardo’s  umber,  faintly  tipped  and  mottled 


and  Santa  Marta,  Colombia)  ;  Todd  and  Carriker,  .Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xiv,  1922, 
171  (Donjaca,  Mamatoco,  Fundacion,  and  Trojas  de  Cataca,  Santa  Marta.  Colombia; 
crit.) . — Ortalis  garrula  garrula  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  20;  Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1.  1942,  178. 

According  to  Bent,  L .  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  350.  the  upper  wing  coverts 
are  barred  with  cinnamon-buff  in  this  plumage.  This  appears  to  be  a  variable 
character,  as  I  have  not  found  it  in  all  the  juvenal  birds  examined  in  the  present 
connection. 


32 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

on  the  outer  edge  with  cinnamon-buff;  rectrices  as  in  adult  but  all  tipped 
with  ashy  buffy  brown  and  pointed  in  shape ;  aunculars,  sides  and  lower 
parts  of  the  neck,  and  the  breast  dark  isabelline  buffy  brown ;  rest  of  under¬ 
parts  as  in  adult  but  more  washed  with  cinnamon-buff. 

Downy  young.— Forehead,  crown,  cheeks,  and  aunculars  pale  pm  is 
buff  barred  narrowly  with  dull  sepia,  the  light  interspaces  much  wider 
than  the  bars,  the  crown,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  tinged  with  light  buffy 
cinnamon,  and  the  coronal  bars  more  or  less  confluent  along  the  median 
line  forming  a  dark  irregular  spot ;  occiput  and  hindneck  fuscous  washed 
with  sepia,  the  sides  of  neck  and  posterior  part  of  hindneck  cinnamon- 
buff  irregularly  and  incompletely  barred  with  fuscous  to  dark  sepia;  back, 
wings,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  sepia  mottled,  chiefly  transversely, 
with  cinnamon-buff,  the  wings  sepia  edged  with  tawny  cinnamon-buff ; 
chin  and  middle  upper  throat  and  all  of  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  white ; 
the  breast  forming  a  broad  band  of  cinnamon-buff  between  these  white 
areas;  thighs  and  vent  washed  with  pale  cinnamon-buff  transversely 

narrowly  mottled  with  sepia.  _  . 

In  some  specimens  the  pinkish  buff  of  the  top  and  sides  of  the  head  is 
replaced  by  pallid  neutral  gray,  and  all  the  brownish  parts  are  slightly 

washed  with  ashy. 

Adult  male. — Wing  197-219  (208.2)  ;  tail  222-255  (239) ;  exposed 
culmen  22-27  (25)  ;  tarsus  55-63  (60)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  44-51 

(47.4  mm.).29  , 

Adult  female. — Wing  185-212  (196.6);  tail  205-264  (225) ;  exposed 
culmen  19-26  (22.6);  tarsus  49-63  (56.7);  middle  toe  without  claw 
42-49  (44.4  mm.).30 

Range  —Resident  in  the  chaparral  areas  from  Lower  Rio  Grande  v  alley 
in  Texas  (Ringgold  Barracks,  Lomita  Ranch,  Hidalgo,  Brownsville,  and 
Rio  Grande  City)  ;  south  through  Tamaulipas  (Sierre  Madre  above 
Ciudad  Victoria,  Aldama,  Matamoros,  Jimenez,  Xicotencatl,  and  Rio 
Pilon)  to  extreme  northern  Veracruz ;  and  west  to  Nuevo  Leon  (Bo- 
quilla)  ;  and  southeastern  San  Luis  Potosi  (Valles). 

Type  locality. — Boquilla,  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 

(?)  [Penelope]  vociferans  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  735  (Mexico;  based 
on  Chacamel  of  Buffon  and  Crying  Curassow  of  Latham). 

(?)  [Crax]  vociferans  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  625. 

(?)  Crax  vociferans  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  vi,  1816,  3. 

( ?)  Penelope  vociferans  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  1791,  172. 

(?)  Phasianus  chacamel  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.,  1776,  125  (new  name  for  Pene¬ 
lope  vociferans  Gmelin) . 

Ortalida  vetula  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York  v  1851  116  (Texas )  - 
Baird,  Rep.  Stansbury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  334  (Rio  Grande,  Tex.). 

M  Seven  specimens  from  Texas  and  Tamaulipas,  Nuevo  Leon,  and  northern 
Veracruz,  Mexico. 

*°  Yen  specimens  from  Texas  and  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


33 


McCown,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  10  (Rio  Grande  Valley  up  to 
Ringgold  Barracks ;  etc. ;  habits). — Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique, 
1862,  6  (Mexico).— Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  364,  part 
(crit.)  ;  1870,  538,  part  (monogr.) .— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
1874,  No.  378.— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio 
Alzati,”  vii,  1894,220  (Mexico;  distr.). 

0[rtalida ]  vetula  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  144,  part.— Baird,  Brewer, 
and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  398,  footnote,  part. 

[Ortalida]  vetula  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9502,  part. 

Ortalis  vetula  Sennett,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull.  4,  No.  1,  1878,  50 
(Hidalgo,  Texas;  habits);  5,  No.  3,  1879,  426  (Lornita  Ranch,  Tex.’;  habits; 
descr.  nest  and  eggs).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  512, 
part  (Brownsville,  Tex.;  Sierra  Madre  above  Ciudad  Victoria,  Aldoma,  and 
Tampico,  Tamaulipas;  Valles,  San  Luis  Potosi).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol. 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  280,  part  (s.  Texas;  Matamoros,  Sierra  Madre, 
and  Tampico,  Tamaulipas;  Valles,  San  Luis  Potosi). 

0[rtalis ]  vetula  Mendizabal,  Rev.  Soc.  Mex.  Hist.  Nat.,  i,  No.  3,  1940,  180,  in 
text  (Mexico). 

[Ortalis]  vetula  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17,  part. 

Ortalis  vetula  vetula  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Birds,  ed.  3,  1910,  146;  ed.  4,  1931,  78. — Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  345  (life  hist.,  descr.,  distr.). — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19.— Cottam  and  Knappen,  Auk,  lvi,  1939, 
152  (food).— Sutton  and  Burleigh,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Louisiana  State 
Univ.,  No.  3,  1939,  28  (Tamaulipas — Gomez  Farias  and  Guemes)  ;  Wils.  Bull., 
Iii,  1940,  223  (Tamazunchale,  San  Luis  Potosi)  ;  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  259  (Valles, 
San  Luis  Potosi) .—Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  12  (Gomez  Farias 
region,  sw.  Tamaulipas;  abundance;  habits). 

Ortalis  v[ etula]  vetula  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  165  (breeding  biology). 

Ortalida  mccalti  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  611  (Boquilla,  Nuevo  Leon, 
ne.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.);  Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii, 
pt.  2,  1859,  1922  (Boquilla,  Nuevo  Leon;  Rio  Grande  Valley  up  to  Ringgold 
Barracks,  Texas;  habits)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  456. 

0[rfa!ida]  mccalli  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  145  (crit.). 

Ortalida  mc-calli  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
LMidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  169  (common  names,  Mexico). 

Ortalida  maccalli  Dresser,  Ibis,  1866,  24  (s.  Texas)  .—Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  37,  fig.  1. 

0[rtalida]  maccalli  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  538,  539 
(crit.). 

Ortalida  maccaulii  Bouc  ard,  Cat.  Avium,  1876,  13,  No.  326  (“New  Mexico”). 

Ortalida  vetula,  var.  maccalli  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  398.— Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  159  (Fort  Brown, 
Tex. ;  habits  ;  descr.  nest  and  eggs) . 

Ortalida  vetula  maccalli  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  332. 

Ortalis  vetula  maccalli  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  9,  195;  Norn. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  469. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  552. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  311, 
1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  311. — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  108  (ne. 
Mexico;  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
i,  1892,  119,  pi.  3,  fig.  16.— Dury,  Joum.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1896, 
201,  figs,  (habits  in  captivity;  structure  of  trachea). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds 
Western  United  States,  1902,  137  (descr.;  distr.). — Bent,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi, 


34 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1924  12  (Brownsville,  Tex.) Griscom  and  Crosby,  Auk,  xln,  1925,  533 
(Brownsville,  Tex.). -Friedmann,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  543  (Lower  Rio  Grande 

0[rlu!u'eJulanuiccam  Corns,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  573,-Ridgway, 
Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  209.  . 

Ortalis  vetula  mccalli  American  Ornithologists  Onion,  Check-list,  ed  3,  19  0, 
146. — Pearson,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  518  (near  Brownsville,  Tex  !  coll  notes, 
habits).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  169  Gy  •» 

Ort^s  mccalli  Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf,  1942,  310,  footnote 
(age  indicators— plumage ;  Brownsville,  Tex.). 

\Ortalis]  maccalli  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17.  Q  , 

Penelope  poliocepkal a  (not  of  Wagler)  Baird,  Rep.  Stansburys  Expl.  Great  .alt 
Lake,  1852,  334  (Matamoros,  Tamaulipas;  Rio  Grande,  Tex.) 

Ortalida  poliocephala  Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds  Calitorma,  Texas,  etc,  185o,  267,  pi.  44 

(Texas). 

ORTALIS  YETULA  VETULA  (Wagler) 


Oaxaca  Chachalaca 


Adult  (sexes  alike)  .—Similar  to  Ortalis  vetula  mccalli  but  smaller,  the 
tips  of  the  tail  feathers  not  white,  but  isabelline  buffy,  the  throat  slightly 
more  fulvous,  less  olive,  the  upperparts,  in  worn  specimens,  more  brown¬ 
ish,  less  olive-green  than  in  mccalli. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Downy  young.— Similar  to  the  corresponding  buffy  (not  grayish)  stage 
of  mccalli,  but  much  more  rufescent,  the  brownish  parts  replaced  by 

chestnut  to  buffy  chestnut.  , 

Adult  male. — Wing  177-202  (192.8)  ;  tail  197-22o  (214.3)  ;  exposed 

culmen  24-28  (25.9)  ;  tarsus  58-65  (62)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  42-51 


(47.5  mm.)  .31  „  , 

Adult  female. — Wing  181-195  (186.6)  ;  tail  208-22/  (21o.6)  ;  exposed 

culmen  22-25  (23.4)  ;  tarsus  54-60  (56.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

43-47  (45.2  mm.).32  _  ,  . 

Range. _ Resident  from  southeastern  Mexico,  excluding  T  ucatan  Penin¬ 

sula  (central  Veracruz— Jalapa,  Acayucan,  Playa  Vicente,  Cueste  de  Mis- 
antla,  Plan  del  Rio,  Vega  de  Casadero,  and  La  Antigua ;  eastern  Oaxaca 
— Chimalapa,  Guichicovi,  Tolosa,  and  Tuxtepec;  Puebla— Haciende  de 
los  Atlixcos  and  San  Jose  Acetano ;  southern  Campeche ;  Tabasco— Mon- 
tecristo;  western  and  southern  Chiapas  (Tecpatan,  Mapastepec)  ;  to  Brit¬ 
ish  Honduras  (Cayo  District)  and  the  Caribbean  slope,  but  not  the  coastal 
belt  itself,  of  Guatemala  (Sepacuita,  Secanquim,  and  Fmca  Chama). 
Type  locality. — V eracruz,  Veracruz,  Mexico. 


P[enelope ]  vetula  Wagler,  Isis,  1830, 1112  (Mexico ;  coll.  Monaco  Mus .) . 
Penelope  vetula  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vn,  1934,  349 

spec.;  crit.). 


(type 


ri  Eight  specimens  from  Oaxaca,  Tabasco,  and  southern  \  eracruz. 
32  Five  specimens  from  Oaxaca  and  Campeche. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


35 


Ortalida  vdtula  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  20  (Mexico)  ; 
ed.  2,  1867,  ii  (Mexico).— Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  391  (ne’. 
Oaxaca);  1869,  391  (Playa  Vicente,  Veracruz;  crit.).— Sumichrast,  Mem. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1869,  560  (hot  region  of  Veracruz)  ;  La  Naturaleza, 
ser.  1,  v,  1882,  229,  part  (Chimalapa,  Oaxaca). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  364,  part  (crit.);  1870,  538,  part  (monogr.) .—Law¬ 
rence,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  4,  1876,  45  (Guichicovi,  Oaxaca). 

0[rtalida]  vetula  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1227  (O.  be  tula  in  Willughby  Society  re¬ 
print)  .— Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  144,  part.— Baird,  Brewer, 
and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  398,  footnote,  part. 

[Ortalida]  vetula  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9502,  part.— Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  543,  part;  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 

Ortalis  vetula  Ocilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  512,  part  (Veracruz, 
Cuesta  de  Misantla,  Plan  del  Rio,  Vega  de  Casadero,  and  La  Antigua,  Veracruz; 
Hacienda  de  los  Atlixcos,  Puebla)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  245,  part.— 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  280,  part  (Guichicovi, 
Oaxaca;  San  Jose  Acateno,  Vega  de  Casadero,  and  La  Antigua,  Playa  Vicente, 
Cordoba,  and  Uvero,  Veracruz;  Hacienda  de  los  Atlixcos,  Puebla). 

0[rtalis ]  vetula  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  277 . 

Ortalis  vetula  vetula  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  46  (type  locality 
designated,  erroneously,  as  Tampico,  Tamaulipas;  crit.) .— Griscom,  Ibis,  1935, 
810  (Sierra  de  las  Minas,  eastern  Guatemala;  spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  170  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Ortalis  v[etula]  vetula  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  455  (corr.  type 
loc.,  Veracruz). 

Ortalis  vetula  jalapensis  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  46  (Jalapa,  Vera¬ 
cruz,  e.  Mexico;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  N.  H.).— Austin,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
lxix,  1929,  370  (Cayo  District,  Mountain  Cow  Water  Hole,  British  Honduras). — 
Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  101  (distr.  in  Guatemala, 
spec,  from  Sepacuite,  Secanquim,  and  Finca  Chama,  all  in  the  Caribbean  forest, 
50  to  60  miles  east  of  Coban,  1,800  to  3,500  feet  altitude)  .—Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19.— del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  xiii,  No.  2,  1942, 
700  (Chiapas;  Tecpatan  and  Mapastepec;  spec.).— Brodkorb,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus. 
Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  56,  1943,  30  (Veracruz;  Tabasco;  spec.). 

Ortalis  vetula  fulvicauda  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  47  (Tolosa 
Oaxaca;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  N.  H.). 

Ortalis  vetula  maccalli  (not  of  Baird)  Ferrari-Perez,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix, 
1886,  176  (San  Jose  Acetano,  Puebla). — Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  x,  1898,  36  (Jalapa,  Veracruz). 

Ortalida  mc-calli  Rovirosa,  La  Naturaleza,  vii,  1887,  380  (Tabasco;  Rio  Macuspana). 

Ortalida  poliocephala  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  310  (Cordoba,  Vera¬ 
cruz). 

[Ortalis]  [vetula]  jalapensis  van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan. 
No.  27,  1935,  ii  (Guatemala). 

ORTALIS  VETULA  POLIOCEPHALA  (Wagler) 

Gray-headed  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike).— Similar  to  Ortalis  vetula  vetula  but  larger,  the 

abdomen  and  underparts  generally  much  lighter — the  abdomen  whitish, 

washed  to  a  varying  degree  with  light  ochraceous-buff,  the  sides,  flanks, 

thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  more  heavily  so  tinged — varying  from  light 


36 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ochraceous-buff  to  dark  ochraceous-buff  with  a  trace  of  ochraceous- 
salmon ;  breast  less  olive,  more  grayish— ashy  grayish  olive ;  upperparts 
of  body  more  brownish — light  brownish  olive;  rectrices  slightly  more 
ashy  and  the  pale  tips  light  to  dark  ochraceous-buff,  not  white,  and  much 
broader  than  in  the  nominate  form  (45-60  mm.)  ;  iris  hazel-brown;  bare 
orbital  and  gular  skin  carmine ;  bill  light  plumbeous ;  tarsi  and  toes  ash) . 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike)  .—Similar  to  the  corresponding  stage  of  Ortalis 
vetula  vetula  but  the  abdomen  whitish  as  in  the  adult  (above),  the  breast 
less  tawny,  more  grayish,  the  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coterts 
light  ochraceous-buff;  the  upperparts  of  the  body  slightly  paler— light 
brownish  olive;  rectrices  slightly  more  ashy,  tipped  with  fulvescent  ana 
pointed  in  shape. 

Downy  young  (male  only  seen). — Similar  to  the  buffy  (not  the  gray¬ 
ish)  type  of  the  similar  plumage  in  the  nominate  form,  but  all  of  the  rufes- 
cent-brownish  areas  paler,  more  buffy;  the  breast  more  grayish  drab 
mottled  with  buffy  avellaneous. 

Adult  male. — Wing  235—282  (248.4)  ;  tail  263-310  (283.2)  ;  exposed 
culmen  26-33  (29.8);  tarsus  68-77  (71.5);  middle  toe  without  claw 
52-62  (55.5  mm.).33 

Adult  female.— Wing  229-263  (244)  ;  tail  247-304  (276)  ;  exposed 
culmen  25-28  (2 7.3);  tarsus  66-72  (70.1);  middle  toe  without  claw 
52-57  (55  mm.).34 

Range. — Resident  in  southwestern  Mexico  from  Colima  (Mazanillo  and 
Rio  de  la  Armeria)  ;  Michoacan  (La  Salada  and  Tupila  River)  ;  Morelos 
(Tetela  del  Volcan)  ;  western  Puebla  (Chachapa)  ;  and  Valley  of  Mexico 
(City  of  Mexico  and  Real  Aribe)  ;  to  Guerrero  (Tlalixtaquilla,  Papayo, 
Camaron,  Ometepec,  Sepuatenejo,  and  Mexcaia)  ;  to  western  Oaxaca 
(Chivela,  Pluma,  Huilotepec,  Llano  Grande,  Chicapa,  Tapana,  Barrio, 
Tehuantepec  City,  Salina  Cruz,  Rio  Grande,  Santa  Efigenia,  Torullo,  and 
Tapantapec)  ;  and  western  Chiapas  (Tonala). 

Type  locality. — Mexico.  I  restrict  it  to  La  Salada,  Michoacan. 

P[enelope ]  poliocephala  Wagler,  Isis,  1830,  1112  (Mexico;  coll.  Berlin  Mus.). 
0[rtalida ]  poliocephala  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1227.— Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat. 
Tauben,  1861,  145. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
iii,  1874,  398,  footnote. 

[Ortalida]  poliocephala  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Columb.,  ii,  1847,  pi.  169,  fig. 
1490. — Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique,  1862,  6  (Mexico).— 
Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9512.— Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1870,  543 ;  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

Ortalida  poliocephala  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  364  (near 
City  of  Mexico;  crit.)  ;  1870,  537  (monogr.).— Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306  (Rio  Tupila,  Colima)  ;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  4,  1876, 
45  (Tapana,  Barrio,  and  Tehuantepec  City,  Oaxaca;  fresh  colors  of  nude 

33  Fifteen  specimens  from  Michoacan,  Morelos,  western  Oaxaca,  and  Guerrero. 

31  Six  specimens  from  Michoacan,  Colima,  western  Oaxaca,  and  Guerrero. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


37 


parts).— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,” 
vii,  1894,  220  (Tehuantepec,  Mexico). 

Ortalis  poliocephala  Ferrari-Perez,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  1886,  175  (Chachapa, 
Puebla). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  511  (Tehuantepec 
and  Salina  Cruz,  Oaxaca). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1902,  279  (Real  Arriba,  Mexico;  Rio  de  la  Armeria  and  Rio  Tupila,  Colima; 
Chachapa,  Puebla;  Rio  Grande,  Tapana,  Santa  Efigenia,  Barrio,  Torullo,  Ta- 
pantapec,  and  Salina  Cruz,  Oaxaca;  Tonala,  Chiapas). — Bangs  and  Peters, 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxviii,  1928,  386  (Chivelas,  Oaxaca,  Mexico). — Mendi- 
zabal,  Rev.  Soc.  Mex.  Hist.  Nat.,  i,  No.  3,  1940,  180,  in  text  (Mexico).— 
Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  311,  in  text  (age  in¬ 
dicators  in  plumage). 

0[rtalis]  poliocephala  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  209. — Reichenow, 
Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  211 . 

[Ortalis]  poliocephala  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

Ortalis  vetula  poliocephala  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19. — Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.  i,  No.  1,  1942,  168  (syn. ;  distr.). — Blake 
and  Hanson,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxii,  1942,  527  (Michoacan; 
Cerro  de  Tancitaro;  spec.). 

Ortalida  leucogastra  (not  Penelope  leucogastra  Gould)  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

London,  1859,  391  (Rio  Grande,  Oaxaca;  crit.). 

Ortalis  poliocephala  subsp.  longicauda  Lampe,  Jahrb.  Nassau  Ver.  Natur.,  lix,  1906, 
232  (“Mexico”;  type  in  Wiesbaden  Mus.). 

Ortalida  plumbeiceps  (not  plumbiceps  Gray)  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev. 
Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  220  (Tehuantepec,  Mexico). 

ORTALIS  VETULA  LEUCOGASTRA  (Gould) 

White-bellied  Chaciialaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  corresponding  stage  of  Ortalis 
vetula  poliocephala  in  the  whiteness  of  the  abdomen  and  posterior  under¬ 
parts,  but  with  less  ochraceous  wash  on  the  under  tail  coverts,  flanks, 
thighs,  and  sides,  and  almost  none  on  the  abdomen ;  very  much  smaller  in 
all  dimensions ;  upper  parts  of  body  darker — Dresden  brown  to  sepia,  and 
the  crown  washed  with  mummy  brown ;  rectrices  as  in  Ortalis  vetula 
vetula,  with  a  well-developed  greenish  sheen  and  white  tips. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  207-220  (215.6)  ;  tail  197-212  (202.6)  ;  exposed 
culmen  27  (27)  ;  tarsus  52-55  (53.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  45-46 
(45.6  mm.).35 

Adult  female. — Wing  200-203  ;  tail  195-197 ;  exposed  culmen  24—25 ; 
tarsus  50-54;  middle  toe  without  claw  43  (43  mm.).36 

Range. — Resident  from  southwestern  Chiapas  (Huehuetan)  ;  Pacific 
lowlands  of  western  Guatemala  (Naranjo,  Escuintla,  Retalhuleu,  Costa 
Grande,  San  Jose,  Hacienda  California,  Finca  Cipres,  and  Espina)  ;  the 

35  Three  specimens  from  Chiapas. 

30  Two  specimens  from  Chiapas. 

A 


C530080— 46- 


38 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Pacific  coast  of  Honduras;  El  Salvador  (La  Libertad)  ;  and  northern 
Nicaragua  (Realejo  and  Momotombo). 

Type  locality. — None  given;  Realejo,  Nicaragua.37 

Penelope  albiventer  (not  P.  albiventris  Wagler)  Lesson,  Rev.  Zool.,  v,  1842,  174 
(Realejo,  Nicaragua).- — Gould,  Voy.  Sulphur,  Zool.,  1844,  48,  pi.  31. 

Penelopsis  albiventer  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  877. 

Penelope  leucogastra  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1843,  105  (locality  unknown ; 

new  name  for  P.  albiventer  Lesson  from  Realejo,  Nicaragua). 

Ortalida  leucogastra  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1944,  20. — Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  224  (Pacific  coast  Guatemala;  habits;  descr.  nest  and 
eggs) ;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  539  (monogr.). — Taylor,  Ibis,  1860,  311 
(Pacific  coast  Honduras) .— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc. 
Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  220  (Chiapas  and  Tabasco). — Lantz,  Trans. 
Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7  (1899),  219  (Naranjo,  Guatemala). 

0[rtalida ]  leucogastra  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii, 
1874,  399,  footnote. 

[ Ortalida ]  leucogastra  Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique,  1862,  6 
(Mexico). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  543;  Nom.  Av. 
Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

Ortalida  leucogaster  Gray,  List  Birds,  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  13. 

[ Ortalida ]  leucogaster  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9517. 

Chamaepetes  leucogastra  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1862,  142. 

[Penelopsis]  leucogastra  Heine  and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus.  Hein.  Orn.,  1890,  301 
(Escuintla,  Guatemala). 

0[rtalis]  leucogastra  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  208. 

Ortalis  leucogastra  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  514  (Retalhuleu 
and  Costa  Grande,  Guatemala ;  La  Libertad,  El  Salvador ;  Momotombo,  Nicara¬ 
gua)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  247  (monogr.). — Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  281  (Retalhuleu  and  Costa  Grande,  Guate¬ 
mala;  La  Libertad,  El  Salvador;  Momotombo  and  Realejo,  Nicaragua). — 
Dearborn,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  125,  1907,  78  (San  Jose,  Guatemala; 
habits). 

[ Ortalis ]  leucogastra  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

Ortalis  vetula  leucogastra  Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  103 
(Pacific  lowlands  of  western  Guatemala  to  northwestern  Nicaragua;  spec,  from 
Hacienda  California,  Finca  Cipres,  and  Espina,  Guatemala). — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No. 
1,  1942,  173  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ORTALIS  VETULA  PALLIDIVENTRIS  Ridgway 

Yucatan  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  of  Ortalis  vetula  vetula  but 
paler  below,  the  abdomen  dull  whitish  isabelline,  darkening  on  the  sides, 
flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  to  isabelline ;  the  breast  less  olive- 
brown,  more  ashy  olive ;  and  the  tips  of  the  rectrices  not  pure  white  but 
washed  with  isabelline  to  pale  buffy. 

31  This  designation  appears  to  be  proper,  inasmuch  as  the  name  leucogastra  was 
originally  proposed  as  a  new  name  for  Penelope  albiventer  Lesson  from  Realejo, 
Nicaragua  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1843,  105). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


39 


Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Like  the  corresponding  stage  of  Ortalis  vetula 
vetula  but  with  the  pale  underparts  as  in  the  adult. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  'male.— Wing  173-204  (188.5)  ;  tail  201-226  (214)  ;  exposed 
culmen  24—28  (25.5)  ;  tarsus  56-66  (61.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
42-50  (45.5  mm.).38 

Adult  female. — Wing  174-203  (189);  tail  197-228  (211.5);  exposed 
culmen  24-26  (24.8)  ;  tarsus  55-62  (59)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  42-45 
(44.4  mm.).39 

Range. — Resident  in  the  drier  parts  of  the  Yucatan  Peninsula  (Chichen 
Itza  and  Merida,  and  Meco,  Holbox,  Mujeres,  and  Cozumel  Islands),  and 
adjacent  parts  of  Campeche  (La  Tuxpena  and  Apazote). 

Type  locality. — Yucatan. 

Ortalida  maccalli  (not  O.  mccalli  Baird)  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New 
York,  ix,  1869,  209  (Merida,  Yucatan;  crit.). 

Ortalida  vetula  (not  Penelope  vetula  Wagler)  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1870,  538,  part  (monogr.). 

[Ortalida]  vetula  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9502,  part.— Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  543,  part;  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 
0[rtalida]  vetula  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
398,  footnote,  part. 

Ortalis  vetula  Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1883,  460,  Yucatan;  habits). — 
Salvin,  Ibis,  1889,  378  (Meco  and  Holbox  Islands,  Yucatan,  crit.).- — Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  512,  part  (Holbox,  Mujeres,  Meco, 
and  Cozumel  Islands,  Yucatan)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  245,  part. — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  280,  part  (Meco,  Hol¬ 
box,  Cozumel,  and  Mujeres  Islands  and  Merida,  Yucatan). 

0[rtalis]  vetula  pallidiventris  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  209  (Yuca¬ 
tan;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Ortalis  vetula  pallidiventris  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  591. — Chap¬ 
man,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1896,  288  (Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan; 
habits;  notes). — Cole,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  1,  1906,  115  (Chichen  Itza). — 
Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  48  (crit.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
of  World,  ii,  1934,  19. — Traylor,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxiv, 
1941,  204  (Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan;  spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  172  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[ Ortalis ]  pallidiventris  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

ORTALIS  VETULA  INTERMEDIA  Peters 

Peten  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Very  similar  to  the  adult  of  Ortalis  vetula  palli¬ 
diventris  but  slightly  darker  above,  more  brownish,  less  grayish  olive; 
abdomen  pale  isabelline,  the  breast  slightly  duskier  than  in  pallidiventris ; 
all  but  the  median  pair  of  rectrices  tipped  with  light  grayish  isabelline. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 


88  Eight  specimens  from  Yucatan  and  Campeche. 
30  Five  specimens  from  Yucatan  and  Campeche. 


40 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  181-190  (186.6)  ;  tail  225-258  (237)  ;  exposed 
culmen  23.5-27  (25)  ;  tarsus  58—65  (61.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  42-43 
(42.5  mm.).40 

Adult  female. — Wing  172-183;  tail  215-235;  exposed  culmen  22-24.5; 
tarsus  62.5-64;  middle  toe  without  claw  41  mm.41 

Range. — Resident  in  southern  Quintana  Roo  (Camp  Mengel)  and  the 
Peten  district  of  Guatemala  (Uaxactun  and  Chuntuqui).  Doubtfully  dis¬ 
tinct  from  pallidiventris. 

Type  locality. — Camp  Mengel,  Quintana  Roo,  Mexico. 

Ortalis  vetula  intermedia  Peters,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  371  (Camp  Mengel,  Quintana 
Roo,  se.  Mexico;  coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.).— Miller  and  Gr^com,  Auk,  xxxviii, 
1921,  48  (crit.). — Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.  No.  235,  1926,  7  (c.  Quintana 
Roo,  Yucatan). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  154  (type  spec,  in 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.;  crit.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19. — 
Van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  27,  1935,  11  (Peten, 
Guatemala,  Uaxactiin,  Chuntuqui;  crit.). — Traylor,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
zool.  ser.,  xxiv,  1941,  198,  204  (Campeche;  Matamoros — spec.). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  171,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

0[rtalis]  v[clula ]  intermedia  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  50  (diagnosis). 


ORTALIS  VETULA  VALLICOLA  Brodkorb 

Brodkorb’s  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Very  “similar  to  O.  v.  intermedia,  but  larger; 
breast  somewhat  paler  and  grayer ;  flanks,  crissum,  and  thighs  on  average 
more  brownish  olive,  less  rufescent.  .  .  .  Resembles  O.  v.  vetula  in  size 
but  is  paler  throughout,  including  the  tips  of  the  rectriccs”  (ex  original 
description  as  are  also  the  measurements). 

Adult  male. — Wing  207-214  (210.3)  ;  tail  234-252  (245.3  mm.). 

Adult  female. — Wing  192-199;  tail  216-239  mm. 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  dry  upper  part  of  the  Grand  Valley 
of  the  interior  of  Chiapas. 

Type  locality. — Malpaso,  Chiapas. 

Ortalis  vetula  intermedia  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds.  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
171,  part  (Malpaso,  Chicomuselo). 

Ortalis  vetula  vallicola  Brodkorb,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lv,  1942,  182  (Mal¬ 
paso,  Chiapas;  meas. ;  distr.;  crit.). 

ORTALIS  VETULA  PLUMBICEPS  (Gray) 

Plumbeous-caitkd  Ci-iachalaca 

Admit  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  Ortalis  vetula  jalapcnsis  but  slightly 
more  olivaceous  above,  especially  in  fresh  plumage,  and  the  tips  of  the 

40  Three  specimens  from  Quintana  Roo  and  Peten. 
a  Two  specimens  from  Quintana  Roo  and  Peten. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


41 


rectrices  bicolored,  the  basal  part  of  the  tip  being  ochraceous-tawny,  the 
distal  part  grayish  fulvescent. 

Other  plumages. — None  seen. 

Adult  vuile. — Wing  189;  tail  238;  exposed  culmen  25  ;  tarsus  66;  middle 
toe  without  claw  48  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Adult  female. — Wing  180-194;  tail  230-241 ;  exposed  culmen  23.5-24; 
tarsus  63-65 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  47  mm.42 

Range. — Resident  in  the  humid  coastal  forest  areas  of  the  southern  half 
of  British  Honduras  (Belize)  ;  Tabasco  (Teapa)  ;  eastern  Guatemala 
(Quirigua,  Gualan,  Coban,  Vera  Paz,  Los  Amates,  and  Virginia  Planta¬ 
tions  near  Puerto  Barrios)  ;  to  northwestern  Honduras  (Omoa,  Chamel- 
econ,  San  Pedro,  Progreso,  Lancetilla). 

Type  locality. — Omoa,  Honduras. 

P enclose  vetula  (not  of  Wagler)  Bonaparte,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1837,  119 
(Guatemala;  descr. ;  crit.). 

Ortalida  vetula  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  62  (Omoa,  Plonduras;  habits). 
— Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  224  (Guatemala;  habits);  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1870,  538,  part  (monogr.),  838  (San  Pedro,  Honduras). — Taylor,  Ibis, 
1860,  311  (Atlantic  slope  of  Honduras;  habits). 

[ Ortalida ]  vetula  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 

Or  tails  vetula  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  512,  part  (Teapa, 
Tabasco;  vicinity  of  Belize,  British  Honduras;  Coban,  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala)  ; 
Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  245,  part. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  280,  part  (Teapa,  Tabasco;  Belize,  British  Honduras; 
Omoa  and  San  Pedro,  Honduras ;  Coban,  Guatemala). 

[ Ortalis ]  vetula  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17,  part. 

Ortalida  plumbiceps  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  11  (British 
Honduras;  Guatemala;  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). 

[ Ortalida ]  plumbiceps  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9504. 

0[rlalida]  plumbeiceps  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  538 
(crit.). 

0[rtalis]  vetula  plumbeiceps  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  209. 

Ortalis  vetula  plumbeiceps  Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932, 
301  (Honduras;  Omoa,  Chiloma,  Lancetilla,  and  Progreso). — Deignan,  Auk, 
liii,  1936,  188  (Honduras;  La  Ceiba;  spec.;  colors  of  soft  parts). 

Ortalis  vetula  plumbiceps  Dearborn,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  125,  1907,  78 
(Gualan  and  Los  Amates,  Guatemala;  notes,  etc.). — Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk, 
xxxviii,  1921,  47  (Guatemala;  Honduras;  highlands  of  Pacific  slope  in  Nica¬ 
ragua;  crit.;  meas.). — Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929,  403  (Pro¬ 
greso,  Lancetilla,  Honduras ;  habits)  ;  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  19.— 
Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  101  (humid  coastal  forest 
areas  of  eastern  Guatemala;  spec.  Virginia  Plantation  near  Puerto  Barrios).— 
Carriker  and  de  Schauensee,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxvii,  1935, 
413  (Guatemala;  Gualan  and  Quirigua). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  172  (syn. ;  distr.). 

O  [r tails]  v[etula ]  plumbiceps  Miller  and  Griscom,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  50 
(diagnosis). 


“Two  specimens  from  Guatemala  and  Plonduras. 


42 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ORTALIS  VETULA  DESCHAUENSEEI  Bond 

Utila  Chachalaca 

Adult  male  (unique  specimen). — Similar  to  Ortalis  vetula  vetula  but 
larger ;  the  tips  of  the  outer  rectrices  ochraceous-drab  instead  of  white ; 
the  feathers  of  the  upper  throat  decidedly  blacker ;  the  lower  throat  grayer ; 
hindneck  grayish  merging  imperceptibly  with  the  dark  gray  of  the  crown 
and  occiput;  wing  208;  tail  225;  exposed  culmen  25.5;  tarsus  58;  middle 
toe  without  claw  45  mm. 

Known  only  from  the  type  locality — Utila  Island,  Spanish  Honduras.43 

Ortalis  vetula  descliauenseei  Bond,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxviii, 
1936,  356  (Utila  Island,  Spanish  Honduras;  descr. ;  meas. ;  crit.). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  173  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ORTALIS  GARRULA  CINEREICEPS  (Gray) 

Dusky-headed  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape,  hindneck,  feath¬ 
ered  parts  of  sides  of  head,  chin,  and  upper  throat  deep  mouse  gray  to 
dark  mouse  gray;  interscapulars,  scapulars,  back,  rump,  upper  wing  and 
tail  coverts,  and  inner  secondaries  raw  umber  with  a  slight  olivaceous 
wash  (in  fresh  plumage  almost  medal  bronze)  ;  primaries  hazel,  the  inner 
ones  vaguely  washed  with  olive-brown  at  the  tips ;  outer  secondaries 
olivaceous  raw  umber  with  a  fairly  broad  median  shaft  line  of  hazel 
(except  terminally)  widening  across  the  inner  webs  for  their  basal  two- 
thirds  ;  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  with  a  faint  oily  green  sheen  not 
present  on  the  back  or  interscapulars;  rectrices  olivaceous-black  with  a 
strong  dark-green  sheen,  the  middle  pair  paling  to  grayish  medal  bronze 
terminally,  the  other  pairs  broadly  tipped  (20-35  mm.)  with  pale  grayish 
fulvescent,  fading  to  almost  white  at  the  tips;  lower  throat  and  breast 
light  brownish  olive  with  a  varying  degree  of  isabelline  wash ;  abdomen 
pale  fulvescent,  washed  with  isabelline  anteriorly  and  on  thighs,  sides, 
and  flanks,  the  thighs  with  a  grayish  tone;  under  tail  coverts  grayish 
buffy  brown;  under  wing  coverts  hazel;  iris  burnt  umber  to  sepia;  bill 
pale  bluish  horn,  darker  and  more  plumbeous  on  basal  half,  including  cere ; 
bare  skin  of  face  and  throat  reddish;  naked  lores  and  orbits  dull  slate 
color ;  tarsi  and  toes  slate  color,  claws  horn  color. 

Juvenal  (only  one  chick  in  early  postnatal  molt  seen). — Upper  wing 
coverts  and  remiges  dull  bister  to  dark  sepia  edged  and  tipped  with  bright 
ochraceous-buff.  (Rest  of  specimen  still  in  downy  plumage.) 

Downy  young. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  cheeks,  auriculars,  and 
malar  area  fuscous-black,  a  little  dark  chestnut  mixed  with  the  black  on 
the  middle  of  the  crown;  hindneck  and  middle  of  back  posterior  to  the 

"Additional  material  of  this  form  is  much  to  be  desired,  but  the  unique  type  is 
remarkably  distinct  from  its  mainland  neighbor  0.  v.  plumbiceps  and,  as  indicated 
above,  from  the  nominate  race  as  well. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


43 


tail  fuscous-black,  the  feathers  of  the  hindneck  barred  with  ochraceous- 
tawny,  the  dark  middorsal  band  laterally  bordered  with  a  line  of  light 
orange-buff,  laterad  of  which  is  another  blackish  area;  wings  fuscous- 
blackish  barred  with  ochraceous-tawny ;  chin  and  upper  throat  white 
very  slightly  suffused  with  cartridge  buff ;  lower  throat  and  breast  bright 
cinnamon-brown,  paling  on  lower  breast  and  upper  abdomen  to  light 
ochraceous-buff ;  middle  of  abdomen  like  the  chin ;  sides,  flanks,  thighs, 
and  vent  ochraceous-buff  mottled  with  dusky. 

Adult  male— Wing  194-216  (204.5)  ;  tail  201-236  (218.9)  ;  exposed 
culmen  24—27  (25.3)  ;  tarsus  59-67  (65)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  47-53 
(50.2  mm.).44 

Adidt  female. — Wing  184-208  (193.7)  ;  tail  190-232  (206.3)  ;  exposed 
culmen  22-26  (23.6)  ;  tarsus  54—61  (60)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  42-46 
(44.1  mm.).45 

Range.- — -Resident  from  eastern  Nicaragua  (Chontales;  Rio  Grande; 
Muy  Muy;  Las  Canas;  Los  Sabalos;  and  Rio  Escondido)  ;  south  through 
Costa  Rica  (Atlanta;  Buenos  Aires;  Cariblanco  de  Sarapiqui ;  Cartago; 
Cuabre;  Guacimo ;  Guapiles;  Guayabo;  Jimenez;  Juan  Vinas ;  La  Palma 
de  San  Jose;  Pozo  Azul  de  Pirris ;  San  Jose;  Sibueno;  Talamanca;  Tur- 
rialba;  Volcan  de  Irazu;  and  Volcan  de  Miravalles)  ;  to  Panama,  except 
the  coastal  strip  of  Veraguas,  and  stopping  short  of  the  Caribbean  slope  of 
Darien  (Boqueron,  Chiriqui;  Canal  Zone;  Castillo;  Chapignana;  Cric- 
amola;  Cordillera  de  Tole;  Divala ;  Gatun ;  Guabo;  Lion  Hill;  Paraiso ; 
Pearl  Islands — San  Miguel,  San  Pedro,  and  Pedro  Gonzalez  Islands  in 
the  Bay  of  Panama;  and  Santiago). 

Type  locality. — “North-west  coast  of  America”  error=Pearl  Islands? 
Designated  by  Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937, 
55,  as  San  Miguel,  Pearl  Islands,  Bay  of  Panama. 

Ortalida  poliocephala  (not  Penelope  poliocephala  Wagler)  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1861',  333  (Lion  Hill,  Panama)  ;  ix,  1868,  139  (San 
Jose,  Turrialba,  and  La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica). — Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864,  371  (Panama;  crit.). — Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1867,  161  (Santiago  and  Cordillera  de  Tole,  Veraguas,  w.  Panama; 
crit.)  ;  Ibis,  1869,  318  (Costa  Rica;  crit.). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1869, 
372  (Costa  Rica). 

Ortalida  cinereiceps  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  12  (“north¬ 
west  coast  of  America”  =  Panama;  coll.  Brit.  Mus.).— Salvin,  Ibis,  1869,  318 
(Panama)  ;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  217  (Castillo,  Veraguas,  w.  Pan¬ 
ama). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  540  (localities  in 
Panama;  Costa  Rica;  monogr.),  543. — Nutting,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi, 
1884,408  (Los  Sabalos,  Nicaragua). 

[Ortalida]  cinereiceps  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9507  (Costa  Rica;  Pan¬ 
ama).- — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137  (Costa  Rica; 
Panama). 


44  Fourteen  specimens  from  Panama,  Costa  Rica,  and  Nicaragua. 

45  Seven  specimens  frojn  Panama,  Costg  Rica,  and  Nicaragua, 


44 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Ortalis  cinereiceps  Zeledon,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  112  (Costa  Rica)  ; 
Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1888,  128  (Jimenez  and  Cartago,  Costa  Rica). — 
Cherrie,  Expl.  Zool.  Merid.  Costa  Rica,  1893,  54  (Buenos  Aires,  sw.  Costa 
Rica). — Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  523  (Rio  Escondido, 
Nicaragua;  habits). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  515 
(San  Jose,  Costa  Rica;  Cordillera  de  Tole,  Castillo,  and  Paraiso,  Panama)  ; 
Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  249,  part. — Underwood,  Ibis,  1896,  448  (Volcan 
de  Miravalles,  Costa  Rica;  habits) .— Salvadori  and  Festa,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool. 
Torino,  xiv,  No.  339,  1899,  10  (Laguna  della  Pita,  Darien). — Bangs,  Proc.  New 
England  Zool.  Club,  ii,  1900,  14  (Loma  del  Leon,  Panama)  ;  Auk,  xviii,  1901, 
25,  356  (Pearl  Islands,  and  Divala,  Chiriqui)  ;  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  291  (Boruca, 
Terraba,  Costa  Rica) .— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii, 
1903,  382  (Los  Sabalos  and  Rio  Escondido,  Nicaragua;  Turrialba,  San  Jose, 
La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Jimenez,  Cartago,  Volcan  de  Irazu,  and  Volcan  de 
Miravalles,  Costa  Rica;  Divala,  Santiago  de  Veraguas,  Cordillera  de  Tole, 
Castillo,  and  Paraiso,  Panama). — Thayer  and  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
xlvi,  1905,  145  (San  Miguel  Island,  Bay  of  Panama;  crit.),  214  (Savana  de 
Panama). — Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  383  (Costa  Rica — Pozo 
Azul,  Cuabre,  Guayabo,  Miravalles,  Juan  Vinas,  etc.). — Ferry,  Publ.  Field  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  orn.  ser.,  i,  No.  6,  1910,  260  (Guayabo,  Costa  Rica;  habits;  crit.). — 
Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  383  (Guayabo,  Miravalles,  Cariblanco 
de  Sarapiqui,  Pozo  Azul  de  Pirris,  Tuan  Vinas,  and  Cuabre,  Costa  Rica;  crit.; 
habits;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1918,  242  (Panama  Canal  Zone). — Rendahl,  Ark.  Zool.,  xiii,  No.  4,  1920,  22 
(San  Miguel  Island). 

0[rtalis]  cinereiceps  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  209. 

[Ortalis]  cinereiceps  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

Ortalis  cinereiceps  cinereiceps  Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  25,  1921, 
1,  in  text  (Boqueron,  Chiriqui;  Canal  Zone,  Chapigana,  e.  Panama). — Sturgis, 
Field  Book  Birds  Panama  Canal  Zone,  1928,  28  (descr.;  Panama  Canal).— 
Kennard  and  Peters,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxviii,  1928,  446  (Boquete 
Trail,  Panama;  spec.;  colors  of  soft  parts). — Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool. 
lxxi,  1931,  297  (Guabo,  Cricamola,  Panama;  crit.). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop 
Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  12  (Hawaii;  introduced  in  1928;  not  known  to  breed). 

Ortalis  struthopus  Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  ii,  1901,  61  (San  Miguel 
Island,  Bay  of  Panama;  coll.  E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs,  now  in  coll.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  154  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.  =  Ortalis  cinereiceps  cinereiceps). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  283  (San  Pedro  and  Pedro  Gonzalez  Islands,  Bay  of 
Panama). 

Ortalis  garrula  cinereiceps  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  303 
(Panama — common  almost  throughout). — Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  53,  54,  55,  in  text  (crit.). — Hei.lmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  176  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Ortalis  cinereiceps  frantsii  Huber,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932, 
206  (northeastern  Nicaragua;  spec.;  nest;  eggs). 

Ortalida  frantsii  Cabanis,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1869,  211  (Costa  Rica;  coll.  Berlin 
Mus.). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1869,  373  (Costa  Rica). 

[Ortalida]  frantsii  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9515. 

Ortalis  garrula  frantsii  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  20. — Aldrich, 
Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  53,  55,  in  text  (crit). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  175  (syn.;  distr.). 

Ortalis  cinereiceps  saturatus  Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  25,  1921, 
1  (near  Matagalpa,  Nicaragua;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  N.  H.). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


45 


Ortalis  garrula  saturata  Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937, 
55  in  text. 


ORTALIS  GARRULA  MIRA  Griscom 

Darien  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  Ortalis  garrula  cinereiceps  but  with 
the  lower  middle  abdomen  white  and  the  under  tail  coverts  pale  brownish 
gray ;  tail  longer ;  iris  gray-brown ;  bill  blue-gray ;  tarsi  and  toes  slate 
gray ;  throat  skin  red. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  214—228  (219.7),  tail  237-265  (249.5)  ;  exposed 
culmen  23-28  (26.6);  tarsus  65-72  (70.1);  middle  toe  without  claw 
47-53  (50.6  mm.).46 

Adult  female. — Wing  204-208  (205.7)  ;  tail  232-235  (233.5)  ;  exposed 
culmen  25-26  (25.2),  tarsus  67-71  (68.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
45-52  (48  mm.) .  (4  specimens.) 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Darien,  Panama 
(Ranchon,  Port  Obaldia,  Rio  Tuicuisa). 

Type  locality. — Ranchon,  Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Panama. 

Ortalis  garrula  mira  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxii,  1932,  318  (Ranchon, 
Caribbean  slope  of  e.  Panama)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  303 
Panama;  known  chiefly  from  the  Caribbean  slope,  eastern  Darien). — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  20. — Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  56,  in  text  (Caribbean  coast  of  e.  Panama). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  178  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ORTALIS  GARRULA  OLIVACEA  Aldrich 

Azuero  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  Ortalis  garrula  cinereiceps  but  with 
wing  and  tail  longer.47 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  213-223  (219.3)  ;  tail  245-256  (249.7)  ;  exposed 
culmen  25-25.5  (25.1);  tarsus  69-74  (71);  middle  toe  without  claw 
49-50  (49.5  mm.).48 

Adult  female. — Wing  203 ;  tail  239 ;  exposed  culmen  25  ;  tarsus  67 ; 
middle  toe  without  claw  44  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality ;  possibly  other  western 
Veraguas  records  (listed  under  O.  g.  cinereiceps  in  this  work)  may  be 
of  this  form. 


46  Five  specimens  from  Darien. 

47  The  color  characters  given  by  Aldrich  (Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
vii,  1937,  53)  do  not  serve  to  differentiate  this  form  from  a  good  series  of  cinereiceps 
(which  includes  frantzii) . 

48  Three  specimens,  all  from  the  type  locality. 


46 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Type  locality. — Paracote,  50  feet,  eastern  shore  of  Montijo  Bay,  1  mile 
south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Angulo  River,  Veraguas,  Panama. 

Ortalis  garrula  olivacea  Aldrich,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1937,  53 

(Paracote,  Veraguas,  Panama;  crit.).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 

Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  177  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ORTALIS  RUFICAUDA  (Jardine) 

Rufous-tailed  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape,  suboculars, 
cheeks,  and  auriculars  dark  slate  gray,  the  forehead  and  crown  with  a 
dull  brownish  wash,  the  posterior  part  of  the  auriculars,  the  nape,  and 
the  throat  just  posterior  to  the  bare  upper  throat  paling  to  slate  gray , 
hindneck,  sides  of  neck,  interscapulars,  scapulars,  back,  rump,  upper 
wing  and  tail  coverts  dark  citrine  to  brownish  olive;  the  greater  upper 
wing  coverts  with  a  blue-green  sheen  on  their  outer  webs ,  primaries 
brownish  olive;  outer  secondaries  brownish  olive  tinged  on  the  outer 
web  with  a  blue-green  sheen,  inner  secondaries  like  the  back  but  with 
faint  transverse  striations ;  rectrices  greenish  black  with  blue-green  sheen, 
the  median  pair  uniformly  of  this  color,  the  next  pair  narrowly,  the  others 
broadly,  tipped  with  bright  chestnut ;  lower  throat  and  upper  breast  grayish 
dark  olive-buff  paling  on  the  lower  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and 
thighs  to  grayish  buff,  tinged  on  the  breast,  sides,  flanks,  and  thighs  with 
ochraceous-buff ;  under  tail  coverts  russet;  under  wing  coverts  russet, 
bare  skin  around  eye  dark  blue ;  bare  sides  of  throat  red ,  bill,  tarsi,  and 
toes  dark  blue. 

Juvenal  (one  unsexed  seen,  but  the  sexes  probably  alike).  Similar 
to  the  adult  but  the  feathering  of  the  head  and  neck  browner— dark  drab 
to  hair  brown  with  an  olivaceous  wash;  posterior  hindneck  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  with  a  dull  cinnamon-brown  wash;  upperparts  blackish  olive, 
the  feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  dull  light  buffy  olive;  the  lower  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  mixed  with  brownish  olive;  remiges  as  in 
adult;  rectrices  as  in  adult  but  without  the  chestnut  tips  (the  only  speci¬ 
men  seen  was  in  very  abraded  plumage,  however)  ;  underparts  as  in  adult. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male.— Wing  222-236  (228)  ;  tail  264-274  (269.6)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  24-27.5  (25.9)  ;  tarsus  64-71.5  (69.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
48-54  (52.2  mm.).49 

Adult  female.— Wing  20&-229  (219.3)  ;  tail  253-267  (261.6)  ;  exposed 
culmen  24-25  (24.3)  ;  tarsus  64.5-71  (68.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
47-50  (49  mm.).50 


49  Five  specimens  from  Tobago  and  Venezuela. 

00  Three  specimens  from  Tobago  and  Venezuela. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


47 


Range. — Resident  in  northern  Venezuela  (Margarita  Island,  San 
Julian,  La  Guaira,  and  Orinoco  Valley)  ;  and  the  island  of  Tobago.  Intro¬ 
duced  and  established  in  Bequia  and  Union  Islands,  Grenadines,  Lesser 
Antilles. 

Type  locality. — T obago. 

Ortalida  ruficauda  Jardine,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  xx,  1847,  374  (Tobago)  ;  Contr. 
Orn.,  1848,  16,  pi.  4. — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  534 
(monogr.).- — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  796  (Tobago). — Cory, 
List  Birds  West  Indies,  rev.  ed.,  1886,  App.  (Union  Island,  Grenadines,  intro¬ 
duced)  ;  Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  1892,  138  (Union  Island,  Grenadines). 
0[rtalida ]  ruficauda  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  144. 

[Ortalida]  ruficauda  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9510. — Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136. 

Ortalis  ruficauda  Berlepsch,  Ibis,  1884,  440  (Rio  Apure,  Venezuela;  crit.). — Cory, 
Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  1892,  96  (Union  Island,  Grenadines)  ;  Auk,  x,  1893,  220 
(Tobago)  ;  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  137,  1909,  239  (Margarita  Island, 
Venezuela;  crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  507 
(Venezuela;  Tobago;  Bequia  Island,  Grenadines)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897, 
237  (monogr.). — Robinson  and  Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxiv, 
1901,  165  (La  Guaira  and  San  Julian,  Venezuela;  habits).- — Clark,  Auk, 
xix,  1902,  261  (Margarita  Island)  ;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxii, 
1905,  245  (Bequia  and  Union  Islands,  Grenadines). — Lowe,  Ibis,  1909,  322 
(Cariaco  Peninsula,  Venezuela). — Cory,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  orn. 
ser.,  i,  1909,  239  (Margarita  Island). — Brabourne  and  Chubb,  Birds  South 
Amer.,  i,  1912,  11  (Venezuela;  Trinidad).— Cherrie,  Bull.  Brooklyn  Inst. 
Sci.,  ii,  1916,  356  (Orinoco  Valley,  Venezuela) .—Cherrie  and  Reich enberger, 
Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  27,  1921,  3,  in  text  (Venezuela;  Cristobal  Colon,  Paria 
Peninsula,  and  Tucacas,  Falcon). — Delacour,  Ibis,  1923,  138  (San  Fernando 
de  Apure,  Venezuela). — Peters,  Checklist  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  20. — 
Belcher  and  Smooker,  Ibis,  1935,  279  (Tobago;  eggs). — Bond,  Birds  West 
Indies,  1936,  402  (introduced  in  Bequia  and  Union  Islands,  Grenadines)  ;  Check 
List  Birds  West  Indies,  1940,  163—  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  180. 

0[rtalis ]  ruficauda  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  276. 

[Orta/u]  ruficauda  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

?  Ortalis  ruficauda  Robinson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xviii,  1896,  658  (Margarita 
Island). 

Ortalis  rufficauda  Cory,  Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  1892,  96  (Union  and  Grenadine 
Islands). 

Ortalida  bronzina  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  II  (Venezuela). 
[Ortalida]  bronzina  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  252,  No.  9o0 3. 

Phasianus  garrulus  Humboldt,  Obs.  Zool.  Anat.  Comp.,  i,  livr.  1,  1805,  4,  part 
(“prov.  de  Caracas  et  Nouvelle  Andalousie”)  ;  Beob.  Zool.,  i,  1806,  7,  part 
(Prov.  Caracas,  Cumana,  and  New  Barcelona,  Venezuela). 

ORTALIS  WAGLERI  WAGLERI  (Gray) 

Wagler’s  Rufous-bellied  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  hindneck  dark 
slate  with  a  brownish  tinge;  malar  band,  cheeks,  auriculars,  middle  of 
chin  and  upper  throat,  and  band  across  lower  throat  similar,  but  each 


•AS 


BULLETIN  50.  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


feather  with  a  broad  median  area  of  light  neutral  gray ;  lower  hindneck, 
sides  of  lower  neck,  scapulars,  interscapulars,  upper  wing  coveits,  back, 
rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  breast  light  brownish  olive  to  deep  olive ; 
primaries  olive-brown,  externally  washed  with  deep  olive ;  outer  seconda¬ 
ries  dark  olive  internally,  deep  olive  with  a  very  faint  oily  green  sheen 
externally,  the  inner  secondaries  deep  olive  with  an  almost  imperceptible 
oily  green  sheen;  rectrices  deep  olivaceous-black  with  a  daik  blue-gieen 
sheen,  the  middle  pair  uniformly  of  this  color,  the  next  pair  narrowly 
tipped  with  chestnut,  the  lateral  pairs  very  broadly  (35-50  mm.)  tipped 
with  chestnut ;  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  deep 
hazel  to  russet;  iris  reddish  hazel;  bill  “med(ium?)  horn”  (Batty)  ; 
tarsi  and  toes  brownish  lead ;  bare  skin  around  eye  reddish  blue,  nude 
throat  areas  red. 

Juvenal  (female  only  seen,  but  sexes  probably  alike)  .—Similar  to 
the  adult  but  the  upperparts  of  the  body  and  wings  browner,  less  olive- 
deep  Saccardo’s  umber  to  sepia;  rectrices  pointed  and  not  tipped  with 
bright  chestnut  but  merely  very  faintly  freckled  with  tawny  terminally ; 
remiges  clove  brown  externally  edged  with  sepia. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  250-289  (262.7);  tail  269-307  (287.1);  exposed 
culmen  25-28  (26)  ;  tarsus  69-80  (  74)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
53-60  (56.9  mm.).51 

Adult  female. — Wing  238-260  (252.1)  ;  tail  269-294  (281.6)  ;  ex¬ 
posed  culmen  23-27  (24.5)  ;  tarsus  69-79  (73.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  49-60  (54.8). J_ 

Range. _ Resident  from  central  and  southern  Sinaloa  (Escuinapa, 

Mazatlan,  Labrados,  and  Limoncito)  to  Durango  (Chacala  and  Savapa), 
Talisco  (Bahia  de  Banderas),  and  Nayarit  (San  Bias,  Rancho  San  Pablo, 
and  Santiago,  Tepic). 

Type  locality.— “ Western  Mexico” ;  restricted  to  San  Bias,  Nayarit 
(van  Rossem,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  431). 

Ortalida  wagleri  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  186/,  12  (w.  Mexico, 
coll.  Brit.  Mus.). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  534 
(monogr.). — Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306,  part 
(Mazatlan,  Sinaloa;  fresh  colors  of  nude  parts;  geogr.  range).— Beristain  and 
L\urencio,  Mem.  y  Lev.  Soc.  Cient.  Antonio  Alzata,  vii,  1894,  220  (Sinaloa). 
[Ortalida]  zvaglcri  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  282,  No.  9505.— Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  543;  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136. 

0[rtaJida]  waglerii  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  169  (Mexico;  common  names). 

Ortczlis  wagleri  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  507  (Presidio  de 
Mazatlan,  Sinaloa;  San  Bias  and  Santiago,  Tepic);  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii, 
1897,  237,  pi.  39  (monogr.). — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7 

"Eight  specimens  from  Durango,  Sinaloa,  and  Tepic. 

“  Seven  specimens  from  Durango,  Sinaloa,  and  Jalisco. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


49 


(1899),  219  (Limoncito,  Sinaloa). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  279,  pi.  72  (Mazatlan  and  Presidio  de  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa;  San 
Bias  and  Santiago,  Tepic).- — Miller,  Bull  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxi,  1905,  343 
(Escuinapa,  etc.,  s.  Sinaloa;  habits)  ;  xxii,  1906,  163  (Sayapa,  Durango,  2,500 
feet). — McLellan,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi,  1927,  6  (Labrados, 
Sinaloa). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  18,  part  (Sinaloa  to 
Jalisco). — Bailey  and  Conover,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  424,  in  text  (Durango,  Mexico).— 
van  Eossem,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  77  in  text  (tax.;  fig.  of  head). 

O  [r  tails}  wagleri  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  208. — Mendizabal,  Rev. 

Soc.  Mex.  Hist.  Nat.,  i,  No.  3,  1940,  180,  in  text  (Mexico). 

[ Ortalis}  ivagleri  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  17. 

Ortalis  wagleri  wagleri  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
168  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Ortalis  vctula  maccalli  (not  Ortalida  mccctlli  Baird)  Bailey,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  385 
(San  Bias,  Tepic). 

ORTALIS  WAGLERI  GRISEICEPS  van  Rossem 

Northern  Rufous-bellied  Chachalaca 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  that  of  Ortalis  wagleri  wagleri  but 
with  the  head  and  upper  hindneck  paler — ashy  neutral  gray  to  pale  slate 
gray  and  with  less  brownish  wash ;  upperparts  slightly  grayer,  especially 
in  worn  plumage ;  breast  and  lower  throat  more  grayish,  less  greenish — 
ashy  deep  grayish  olive ;  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail 
coverts  averaging  slightly  paler  than  in  the  nominate  race,  averaging 
more  hazel  than  russet. 

Juvenal.. — None  seen. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  256-272;  tail  277-279 ;  exposed  culmen  26-27; 
tarsus  67,  67 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  54—60  mm.53 

Adult  female.— Wing  248-258  (253)  ;  tail  265-288  (275)  ;  exposed 
culmen  24-26  (24.8)  ;  tarsus  67-70  (68.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
52-58  (56  mm.).54 

Range. — Resident  from  southern  Chihuahua  (Hacienda  de  San 
Rafael)  and  southern  Sonora  (Alamos)  south  into  northern  Sinaloa 
for  an  undetermined  distance. 

Type  locality. — Alamos,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Ortalida  ivagleri  (not  of  Gray,  1867)  Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii, 
1874,  306  part  (Sonora). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  18 
part  (Chihuahua  and  Sonora). 

Ortalis  ivagleri  (not  of  Gray,  1867)  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vi,  No.  19,  1931,  244  (Sonora,  Mexico). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of 
World,  ii,  1934,  18,  part. 

Ortalis  wagleri  griseiceps  van  Rossem,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  431 
(Alamos,  Sonora,  Mexico;  crit.)\ — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  167  (syn.;  distr.). 


53  Two  specimens  from  Sonora. 

Four  specimens  from  Sonora  and  Chihuahua. 


50 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Genus  PENELOPINA  Reichenbach 

Penelopina  Reichenbach,  Handb.  Orn.,  Columb.,  1861,  152.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Penelope  niger  Fraser.) 

Penelope  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  275,  part. 

Medium-sized  Cracidae  (length  about  534-635  mm.)  with  entire  chin 
as  well  as  throat  nude,  the  lower  throat  with  a  conspicuous  compressed 
lobe  or  dewlap,  the  adult  male  with  plumage  entirely  black. 

Bill  relatively  rather  small  (from  laterofrontal  antiae  about  as  long 
as  distance  from  same  point  to  middle  of  eye),  rather  compressed,  its 


depth  at  base  about  equal  to  its  height  at  same  point ;  culmen  rather 
strongly  decurved,  broadly  rounded,  decidedly  longer  than  distance  from 
its  base  to  laterofrontal  antiae;  mesorhinium  rather  narrow  anteriorly, 
much  broader  basally,  where  flattened,  its  upper  outline  straight,  gradually 
but  slightly  ascending  toward  base ;  nostrils  fusiform,  longitudinal,  their 
anterior  ends  in  contact  with  rhinotheca,  the  nasal  fossae  posterior  to  and 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


51 


underneath  posterior  half  or  more  of  nostril  occupied  by  naked  mem¬ 
brane.  Wing  rather  large,  the  longest  primaries  shorter  than  longest 
secondaries;  eighth  to  eleventh  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost) 
about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  longest ;  the  three  outermost  rather  strongly 
bowed,  or  incurved  terminally.  Tail  decidedly  longer  than  wing,  much 
rounded,  the  rectrices  (12)  broad,  firm,  with  broadly  rounded  tips.  Tarsus 
rather  long  and  slender,  about  one-third  as  long  as  wing  to  tips  of  longest 
secondaries ;  acrotarsium  with  a  single  series  of  large,  broad  scutella  on 
upper  portion  and  outer  side  and  an  additional  series  on  the  lower  half 
(approximately)  of  inner  side;  planta  tarsi  with  two  series  of  much 
smaller  scutella,  which  on  lower  portion  become  more  or  less  indistinct 
or  obsolete;  middle  toe  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  lateral 
toes  about  equal  in  length  and  extending  to  about  penultimate  articula¬ 
tion  of  middle  toe;  hallux  about  as  long  as  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe; 
claws  relatively  rather  small,  not  strongly  curved,  except  that  of  the  hallux. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  pileum  moderately  elongated 
(much  less  so  than  in  Penelope) ,  forming,  when  erected,  a  short  bushy 
crest ;  loral  region  mostly  covered  by  short  feathers,  and  orbital  region 
nude  for  a  narrow  space  beneath  and  behind  eyes ;  entire  chin  and  throat 
nude,  the  former,  however,  with  sparse,  hairlike  feathers,  the  throat  with 
a  conspicuous  median  compressed  wattle  or  dewlap ;  feathers  in  general 
distinctly  outlined,  broad,  with  rounded  tips,  except  on  rump,  abdomen, 
and  anal  region,  where  soft,  downy,  and  blended.  Adult  male  uniform 
glossy  blue-black,  the  rump,  abdomen,  and  anal  region  plain  sooty ;  adult 
female  and  immature  male  with  plumage  variously  barred  and  otherwise 
variegated  with  black,  rufous,  and  ochraceous. 

Range. — Highlands  of  Chiapas,  Guatemala,  El  Salvador,  Honduras, 
and  Nicaragua.  (Monotypic.) 

KEY  TO  THE  RACES  OF  PENELOPINA  NIGRA  (FRASER) 

a.  Plumage  black  (males). 

b.  Plumage  with  more  of  a  greenish  than  a  bluish  hue  above ;  seminude  ocular 
area  purplish  in  life  (Chiapas,  Guatemala,  sw.  El  Salvador). 

Penelopina  nigra  nigra  ( p.  52) 
bb.  Plumage  with  more  of  a  bluish  than  a  greenish  hue  above;  seminude  ocular 
area  dull  reddish  brown  in  life. 

(interior  of  El  Salvador  and  adjacent  parts  of  Honduras). 

Penelopina  nigra  dickeyi  (p.  54) 

(mountains  of  Nicaragua) . Penelopina  nigra  rufescens  (p.  54) 

cro.  Plumage  brown  (females). 

b.  General  tone  of  plumage  sandy  brown. 

c.  Ocular  area  dusky;  lower  eyelid  pink  in  life  (interior  of  El  Salvador  and 

adjacent  parts  of  Honduras) . Penelopina  nigra  dickeyi  (p.  54) 

cc.  Ocular  area  not  dusky;  lower  eyelid  apparently  dusky  in  life  (Chiapas, 

Guatemala,  sw.  El  Salvador) . Penelopina  nigra  nigra  (p.  52) 

bb.  General  tone  of  plumage  pale  rufescent-brown  (mountains  of  Nicaragua). 

Penelopina  nigra  rufescens  (p.  54) 


52 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


PENELOPINA  NIGRA  NIGRA  (Fraser) 

Guatemalan  Black  Chachalaca 

Adult  male. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  cheeks,  auriculars,  nape,  sides 
of  neck,  entire  upperparts,  wings  and  tail,  and  lower  throat  and  upper 
breast  black  with  a  dark  bluish  to  greenish  gloss,55  darkest  on  the  head, 
becoming  somewhat  greenish  on  the  scapulars,  wings,  back,  and  tail , 
lower  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  dark  fuscous- 
black,  the  sides  and  under  tail  coverts  with  a  blue-green  sheen;  under 
wing  coverts  like  the  upper  ones;  chin  and  upper  throat  bare  and  red 
in  color ;  circumocular  area  purplish ;  iris  dark  brown ;  bill  and  feet  red. 

Adult  female. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  dark  fuscous,  each 
feather  narrowly  edged  with  Brussels  brown  to  Argus  brown,  sides  of 
head,  auriculars,  sides  of  neck,  lower  throat,  and  upper  breast  fuscous 
indistinctly  barred  with  Brussels  brown ;  interscapulars,  inner,  lesser,  and 
median  upper  wing  coverts  banded  narrowly  with  fuscous-black  and 
Argus  brown,  the  two  colors  present  in  about  equal  widths ;  back,  lower 
back,  and  rump  similar  but  paler  and  duller — pale,  rather  olive-brown 
and  Brussels  brown;  scapulars,  remiges,  and  outer  and  greater  upper 
wing  coverts  dark  fuscous-black  with  an  oily  greenish  gloss  and  crossed 
■with  numerous  narrow  Brussels-brown  bands,  these  bands  nariower  than 
the  darker  interspaces  and  restricted  to  the  outer  webs  of  all  the  remiges 
except  the  innermost  secondaries  and  much  reduced  even  on  the  outer  web 
toward  the  tips  of  the  feathers,  the  under  surface  of  the  wing  being  uni¬ 
form  fuscous-black ;  upper  tail  coverts  olive-brown  with  irregular,  fairly 
broad  cross  bars  of  blackish  and  Argus  browrn ;  central  pair  of  rectrices 
bright  Argus  brown  barred  with  fuscous-black,  the  bars  not  quite  so  wide 
as  the  interspaces,  there  being  about  20—25  dark  bars  on  the  median  rec¬ 
trices,  these  bars  tending  to  break  up  laterally  toward  the  tip  of  the 
feather ;  the  other  rectrices  similar  but  with  an  increasing  resti  iction  of 
the  Argus  brown  to  the  outer  webs,  and  with  a  narrowing  of  the  same 
(widening  of  the  fuscous-black  areas)  toward  the  tip ;  lower  breast,  ab¬ 
domen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  grayish  buffy  brown,  darkening 
posteriorly  to  Saccardo’s  umber  on  the  thighs  and  under  tail  coverts,  and 
the  feathers  more  or  less  marked  with  irregular,  wavy  pale  bars  of  pale 
buffy  to  buffy  whitish,  these  bars  edged  narrowly  with  dusky.56 

Juvenal  male. — Above  similar  to  adult  female  but  with  the  rectrices 
different,  not  Argus  brown  barred  with  black,  but  blackish  with  two 
pairs  of  longitudinal,  wavy,  interrupted,  narrow  streaks  of  brownish,  one 
pair  next  to  the  shaft  (one  on  each  side)  and  one  pair  slightly  nearer 
the  outer  than  the  inner  edge  of  each  web,  this  pair  confluent  about 


05  There  may  be  some  seasonal  variation  in  the  bluish  or  greenish  sheen. 

« ln  older  birds  the  ventral  barring  is  restricted  to  thighs,  flanks,  and  under  tail 
coverts;  in  younger  birds  more  of  the  underparts  generally  are  affected. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


53 


15  mm.  from  the  tip,  which  terminal  area  is  crossed  by  three  narrow 
bars  of  brownish  ;  the  rectrices  also  very  narrowly  edged  with  pale  brown ; 
chin  and  throat  with  buffy  down ;  lower  throat  like  the  underparts  of 
the  body,  darker  and  more  barred  with  fuscous  than  in  the  adult  female. 

Juvenal  female. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  223-266  (247)  ;  tail  265-300  (282)  ;  exposed  oil¬ 
men  24.5-26.4  (25.6)  ;  tarsus  72-81  (77.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
48-54.5  (51.8  mm.).57 

Adult  female. — Wing  226-254  (240.1)  ;  tail  274-312  (289)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  22.5-26.5  (24.8)  ;  tarsus  67-79  (76.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
48.7-51  (50  mm.).58 

Range. — Resident  in  the  humid  subtropical  zone  of  the  mountainous 
areas  of  Chiapas  (Finca  Juarez,  Mount  Ovando,  Tumbala,  Santa  Rita), 
through  Guatemala  (near  Antigua,  Barrillos,  Nebaj,  Sepacuite,  La 
Primavera,  Coban,  Vera  Paz,  Volcan  de  Agua,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  El 
Pincon,  San  Marcos)  to  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  El  Salvador 
(Cerro  del  Aquila,  Volcan  de  Santa  Ana;  possibly  more  widely  ranging 
formerly  in  El  Salvador  and  since  killed  off). 

Type  locality. — Guatemala  (ex  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1934,  364). 

Penelope  niger  Fraser,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1850,  246,  pi.  29  (locality  unknown; 
type  in  coll.  Derby  Mus.). 

P[enelope]  niger  Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  194  (Coban,  Guatemala). 

Penelope  nigra  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  224  (Guatemala). — Gray,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1860,  272  (Guatemala;  monogr.). — Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1867,  160  (Volcan  de  Agua,  Guatemala). 

P[enclope ]  nigra  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  276. 

[Penelope]  nigra  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  251,  No.  9495  (Guatemala). 
P[enelopina]  nigra  Reichenbach,  Handb.  Orn.,  Columb.,  1861,  152. 

Penelopina  nigra  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  528,  543 
(monogr.;  Guatemala — Vera  Paz,  Volcan  de  Agua,  and  Volcan  de  Fuego). — 
Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  503  (Vera  Paz,  Coban,  El 
Rincon  in  San  Marcos,  and  Volcan  de  Agua,  Guatemala)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds, 
ii,  1897,  233  (monogr.). — Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  156  (Tumbala  e.  Chiapas). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  277,  part  (Santa  Rita, 
Chiapas,  Coban,  Volcan  de  Agua,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  and  El  Rincon  in  San 
Marcos,  Guatemala). — Griscom,  Bull.  Amcr.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  100 
part  (distr.  in  Guatemala). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  21,  part 
(Chiapas  and  Guatemala). — Berlioz,  Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ser.  2,  xi, 
1939,  361  (Santa  Rosa,  Chiapas;  spec.). — del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  xiii, 
No.  2,  1942,  700  (Cerro  Brujo,  Ocozocoautla,  and  Triunfo,  Chiapas;  spec.). 
[Penelopina]  nigra  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136  (Guatemala). — 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  16,  part  (highlands  of  Guatemala). 

Penelopina  nigra  nigra  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  No.  31, 
May  31,  1914,  364  (chars.,  range). — Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador, 


07  Five  specimens  from  Chiapas,  Guatemala,  and  El  Salvador. 
6S  Eight  specimens  from  Chiapas  and  Guatemala. 

653008°— 46 - 5 


54 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1938,  143  (Cerro  del  Aquila,  El  Salvador,  spec.,  seen  on  Cerro  de  Los  Naranjo 
and  main  cone  of  Volcan  de  Santa  Ana;  possibly  also  on  Volcan  de  San 
Miguel).' — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  183  (syn. ; 
distr.). 


PENELOPINA  NIGRA  DICKETI  van  Rossem 

Salvadorean  Black  Chachalaca 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  bare 
area  around  the  eye  dull  brownish  red  instead  of  purplish,  the  lower 
eyelid  paler  and  more  orange,  “iris  dark,  maroon-red ;  bill,  gular  patch 
with  wattle,  tarsi,  and  feet,  between  orange-red  and  coral-red;  ocular 
space,  dull  brownish  red,  lower  eyelid  paler;  claws  reddish-brown.”09 

Adult  female—  Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  area  about 
eye  “dusky”  and  lower  eyelid  dull  pink  in  life.  “Iris,  reddish-brown; 
tarsi  and  feet  dull,  brownish  red ;  bill  dull  brown ;  ocular  space,  dusky ; 
lower  eyelid  dusky  pink ;  gular  skin,  salmon  pink ;  claws  dull,  brownish 
red,  slightly  darker  than  toes.”59 

Juvenal  male. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Adult  male. — Wing  230-260  (245.8)  ;  tail  273-292  (282.6)  ;  exposed 
culmen  24.2-26.5  (24.8)  ;  tarsus  72-82  (77.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
49-53.5  (50.9  mm.).60 

Adult  female. — Wing  241-245  (242.7)  ;  tail  260-310  (280)  ;  exposed 
culmen  19.5-25  (23.1)  ;  tarsus  71.5-80  (75.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
49-51  (50  mm.).61 

Range. — Inhabits  the  cloud  forest  of  the  humid  Upper  Tropical  Zone 
in  the  interior  cordillera  of  El  Salvador  (Los  Esesmiles)  and  the  adjacent 
part  of  Honduras  (Cantoral  and  Montana  El  Chorro). 

Type  locality. — Los  Esesmiles,  Chalatenango,  El  Salvador. 

Penelopina  nigra  dickeyi  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1934, 
364-365  (orig.  descr. ;  Los  Esesmiles,  El  Salvador) —Dickey  and  van  Rossem, 
Birds  of  El  Salvador,  1938,  144  (habits;  nest;  El  Salvador) .—Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  184  (syn.;  distr.). 


PENELOPINA  NIGRA  RUFESCENS  van  Rossem 

Nicaraguan  Black  Chachalaca 

Adult  male—  Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Adult  female — Like  that  of  P.  n.  nigra  but  paler  and  less  sandy,  more 
rufescent,  especially  on  the  upperparts,  wings,  and  tail,  the  dark  bars 
narrower  and  the  pale  interspaces  relatively  wider. 

Juvenal.— None  seen. 

89  Ex  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  146. 

80  Eight  specimens  including  the  type  from  El  Salvador  and  Honduras. 

81  Three  specimens  from  Honduras, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


55 


Adult  male. — Wing  235-245  (239.5)  ;  tail  281-289  (286.2)  ;  exposed 
culmen  23-25  (24.1);  tarsus  75-79  (77.0);  middle  toe  without  claw 
49.2-54  (52.1  mm.).62 

Range. — Occurs  in  the  humid  forests  of  the  Upper  Tropical  Zone  in 
Nicaragua  (Ocotal  and  San  Rafael  del  Norte). 

Type  locality. — Ocotal,  Nicaragua. 

Penelopina  nigra  Salvin  and  Godman,  Ibis,  1892,  328  (Matagalpa,  Nicaragua)  ; 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  277,  part  (Matagalpa,  n.  Nicaragua). — 
Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  100,  part  (northern  Nica¬ 
ragua). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  21,  part  (Nicaragua). 
Penelopina  nigra  rufescens  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii, 
No.  31,  1934,  365  (Ocotal,  Nicaragua;  descr. ;  meas.). — Hellmayr  and  Con¬ 
over,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  184  (syn. ;  distr.). 


Genus  CHAMAEPETES  Wagler 

Chamaepetes  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1227.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Ortalida  goudotii 
Lesson.) 

Chamapetes  (emendation)  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  59. 

Penelopsis  (not  of  Bonaparte,  1856)  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  147. 
(Type,  Penelope  rufiventris  Tschudi.) 

Medium-sized  Cracidae  (length  about  520-638  mm.)  with  gular  region 
completely  feathered  and  three  outer  primaries  with  terminal  portion 
abruptly  attenuated. 

Bill  relatively  small  but  rather  elongated  (more  than  half  as  long 
as  head,  the  culmen  decidedly  longer  than  the  mesorhinium),  rather  de¬ 
pressed,  its  width  at  base  of  culmen  equal  to  or  greater  than  its  depth 
at  same  point;  culmen  broadly  rounded  (not  ridged);  nostril  relatively 
rather  large,  longitudinal,  elliptical  or  fusiform,  anteriorly  nearly  in  con¬ 
tact  with  the  rhinotheca,  a  cartilaginous  lobe  or  tubercle  distinctly  visible 
within  the  posterior  half  (more  or  less).  Entire  loral  and  orbital  regions, 
sides  of  forehead,  and  anterior  half  of  malar  region  nude,  but  with  scant, 
minute  bristles,  at  least  on  malar  region  and  sides  of  frontal  region,  but 
entire  throat  completely  feathered.  Wing  moderately  large,  relatively 
very  broad,  the  longest  primaries  extending  but  slightly  beyond  tips  of 
longest  secondaries;  sixth  to  eighth  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outer¬ 
most)  nearly  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  longest,  the  three  outer  primaries 
strongly  bowed  or  incurved,  and  with  terminal  portion  abruptly  and 
conspicuously  attenuated.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing  (about  five- 
sixths  as  long),  decidedly  to  rather  strongly  rounded,  the  rectrices  (12) 
broad,  with  broadly  rounded  tips.  Tarsus  moderately  long  (about  one- 
fourth  to  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing),  relatively  rather  slender,  the 
acrotarsium  with  a  single  series  of  large,  transverse  scutella,  the  planta 
tarsi  with  a  more  or  less  continuous  series  of  transverse  or  hexagonal 


“  Four  specimens  from  Nicaragua.  This  race  is  only  doubtfully  distinct. 


56 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


scutella  on  outer  side  (then  sometimes  large  and  regularly  obliquely 
transverse  and  bending  around  posterior  side,  almost  meeting  those  of 
acrotarsium)  ;  middle  toe  two-thirds  (C.  g.  rufiventns )  to  three-fourths 
(C.  unicolor )  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  lateral  toes  reaching  to  about  pen¬ 
ultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe  (on  the  outer  somewhat  beyond),  the 
hallux  as  long  as  or  slightly  longer  than  combined  length  of  first  two 


phalanges  of  outer  toe;  claws  moderate  in  size,  rather  strongly  curved 
(that  of  hallux  especially),  compressed. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Gular  region  completely  feathered  except 
anterior  point  and  narrow  lateral  margins  of  chin;  entire  loral  and 
orbital  regions  nude,  the  sides  of  forehead  and  anterior  half  of  malar 
region  also  nude  but  with  sparse  short  bristles;  feathers  of  pileum  but 
slightly  if  at  all  elongated;  plumage  in  general  with  feathers  moderately 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


57 


broad,  rounded,  distinctly  outlined,  except  on  rump  and  anal  region, 
where  soft,  downy,  and  blended.  Coloration  plain  blackish  or  sooty  above, 
more  or  less  glossed  with  greenish,  dusky  or  sooty  below,  in  one  species 
with  under  parts  of  body  cinnamon-rufous;  sexes  alike. 

Range. — Costa  Rica  to  Peru.  (Two  species,  only  one  in  the  area 
covered  by  this  work.) 


CHAMAEPETES  UNICOLOR  Salrin 

Black  Guan 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Entire  feathered  areas  of  head,  neck,  upper- 
parts,  wings,  and  tail  black  with  a  strong,  dark  greenish  blue  sheen,  the 
primaries  with  little  if  any  sheen,  and  washed  with  fuscous ;  upper  breast, 
thighs,  and  flanks  like  the  upperparts  but  less  glossy,  mixed  with  grayish ; 
lower  breast,  abdomen,  and  under  tail  coverts  chaetura  drab  to  fuscous 
washed  to  a  varying  degree  with  dark  grayish  olive  to  olivaceous-black, 
the  olivaceous  feathers  with  a  slight  oily  gloss ;  the  feathers  of  the  lower 
midabdomen  more  downy  in  texture  and  without  any  olivaceous  wash — 
fuscous  to  clove  brown ;  under  wing  coverts  like  the  upperparts ;  “bare 
skin  of  nasal  (cere)  and  frontal  areas  azure  blue  shading  to  ultramarine 
near  the  eyes ;  skin  of  basal  region  of  lower  mandible  azure  blue  shading 
to  ultramarine  farther  back ;  iris  wine  purple ;  tarsus  burnt  carmine 
“(W.  W.  Brown  on  label  of  M.C.Z.  No.  118923).” 

Immature. — No  specimen  or  description  seen,  but  Carriker  (Ann. 
Carnegie  Mus.,  iv,  1908,  385)  writes  that  several  young  birds  taken  on 
Volcan  Turrialba,  Costa  Rica,  and  not  saved,  had  the  feathers  of  the  lower 
parts  edged  with  rufous,  which  “even  persists  after  the  upperparts  have 
assumed  the  adult  plumage.”  Apparently  no  one  has  published  anything 
on  any  but  the  adult  plumage. 

Adult  male. — Wing  285-298  (290);  tail  295-303  (293.6);  culrnen 
from  base  of  cere  30.5-33  (31.9)  ;  tarsus  63.7-76.5  (71.7)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  5156.5  (54.4  mm.).63 

Adult  female. — Wing  264;  tail  287;  culrnen  from  base  of  cere  33.2; 
tarsus  69.6;  middle  toe  without  claw  52.1  mm.  (1  specimen,  Costa  Rica). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  subtropical  zone  in  the  mountains  of  Costa 
Rica  (La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Rancho  Redondo,  Volcan  de  Irazu,  Volcan 
de  Turrialba,  Varra  Blanca  de  Sarapiqui,  and  Ujurras  de  Terraba)  and 
western  Panama  (Calovevora,  Veraguas;  Cordillera  de  Tole;  and 
Boquete,  Chiriqui,  5,600-5,800  feet). 

Type  locality. — Veraguas,  Panama. 

ChamcEpetcs  unicolor  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  159,  160  (Calovevora, 
Veraguas,  w.  Panama;  coll.  Salvin  and  Godman,  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.)  ;  1870, 
217  (Calovevora,  Veraguas). — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ix, 


“  Five  specimens  from  Panama  and  Costa  Rica. 


58 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1868,  139  (La  Palma  de  San  Jose  and  Rancho  Redondo,  Costa  Rica).  Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  531  (monogr.) Boucard,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1878,  42  (Volcan  de  Irazu,  Costa  Rica).— Zeledon,  Cat. 
Aves  Costa  Rica,  1882,  28;  Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Rancho 
Redondo,  Costa  Rica).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxn,  1893,  522 
(San  Jose  and  Volcan  de  Irazu,  Costa  Rica;  Calovevora  and  Cordillera  de  Tole, 
w.  Panama)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  257  (monogr.) .-Bangs,  Proc.  New 
England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  22  (Boquete,  5,600-5,800  feet,  Chiriqui,  w.  Pan¬ 
ama)  — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  278,  pi.  71 
(Volcan  de  Irazu,  San  Jose,  La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  and  Rancho  Redondo, 
Costa  Rica;  Calovevora  and  Cordillera  de  Tole,  w.  Panama).  Ferry,  Publ. 
Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  146,  1910,  260  (Volcan  de  Turrialba,  Costa  Rica; 
habits). — Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  384  (Varra  Blanca  de  Sara- 
piqui,  Volcan  de  Turrialba  at  8,000-9,000  feet,  and  Ujurras  de  Terraba,  Costa 
Rica,  crit. ;  habits). 

Ch[amaepetes]  unicolor  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  277. 

[Chamm  petes]  unicolor  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  543, 
Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  136.— Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18. 

Chamaepetes  unicolor  Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  372  (Costa  Rica).— Ken- 
nard  and  Peters,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxviii,  1928,  446  (Boquete 
Trail,  Panama;  spec.;  common;  plum.) .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii  1934,  22. — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  303  (subtropical, 
zone,  mountains  of  Costa  Rica  and  w.  Panama) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat  Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  184  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Ortalida]  unicolor  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  253,  No.  9521  (Veraguas). 

Genus  OREOPHASIS  Gray 

Oreophasis  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1844,  485.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  O.  derbianus 
Gray.) 

Oreophasianus  (emendation)  Schlegel,  Handl.  Dierk.,  i,  1857,  387. 

Rather  large  Cracidae  (length  about  812-915  mm.)  with  an  upright, 
nearly  cylindrical,  nude  bony  tubercle  or  casque  springing  from  center 
of  the  nude  vertex;  cere,  mesorhinium,  forehead,  chin,  and  malar 
region  densely  covered  with  velvety  or  plushlike  feathers,  those  on 
mesorhinium  longer  and  erect,  especially  anteriorly ;  orbital  region 
and  posterior  portion  of  lores  more  or  less  covered  by  short  feathers ; 
vertex  nude,  with  a  conspicuous  erect  bony,  nearly  cylindrical,  nude 
tubercle  or  casque,  inclined  backward  at  a  decided  angle;  feathers 
of  occiput,  hindneck,  and  sides  of  neck  distinctly  outlined,  sublanceolate, 
but  with  obtuse  or  rounded  tips.  Wing  rather  large,  very  broad,  the 
longest  primaries  extending  slightly  but  decidedly  beyond  tips  of  longest 
secondaries;  fifth  primary  longest,  the  first  (outermost)  a  little  less 
than  two-thirds  as  long  and  distinctly  bowed  or  bent  inward.  Tail  a 
little  shorter  than  wing,  strongly  rounded,  the  rectnces  (12)  broad  and 
firm,  with  subrounded  tips.  Tarsus  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing, 
stout;  acrotarsium  with  a  single  series  of  about  12  large,  transverse 
scutella,  the  three  uppermost  covered  by  the  rather  elongated  feathers 
of  thigh ;  planta  tarsi  covered  on  both  sides  by  rather  small,  irregular, 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


59 


mostly  roundish  or  hexagonal  scales;  middle  toe  about  three-fourths  as 
long  as  tarsus,  the  lateral  toes  reaching  to  or  very  slightly  beyond  its 
penultimate  articulation;  hallux  shorter  than  combined  length  of  first 
three  phalanges  of  outer  toe ;  claws  rather  long,  rather  strongly  curved, 
compressed. 


60 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Plumage  and  coloration.— Feathers  of  upperparts  distinctly  outlined, 
rather  broad,  with  rounded  tips;  those  of  underpaits  more  blended 
(except  anteriorly,  where  narrower)  and  with  thickened  and  rigid  shafts, 
except  on  thighs,  where  soft  but  broad  and  rounded,  and  on  abdomen 
and  under  tail  coverts  very  soft  and  downy.  Adults  with  neck,  back, 
scapulars,  and  wing  coverts  and  upper  tail  coverts  glossy  blue-black,  rump 
dull  sooty  black,  abdomen,  under  tail  coverts  plain  sooty,  foreneck,  chest, 
and  breast  dull  white  with  blackish  shaft  streaks.  Sexes  alike  in  color. 

Range. — High  mountains  of  Guatemala  (Volcan  de  Fuego,  Cerio 
Zunil,  etc.,  mostly  above  7,000  feet)  and  adjacent  parts  of  Chiapas. 
(Monotypic.) 


OREOPHASIS  DERBIANUS  Gray 

Horned  Guan 

Adult  male. — Culmen  as  far  as  the  nostril,  forehead,  and  crown  ante¬ 
rior  to  the  cylindrical  coronal  casque,  lores,  cheeks,  auriculars,  chin,  and 
upper  throat  glossy  velvety  black ;  crown  posterior  to  the  casque,  occiput, 
hindneck,  and  sides  of  neck  black  with  a  dark  ivy-greenish  sheen ;  scapu¬ 
lars,  interscapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  and  upper  tail  coverts  black  with 
a  pronounced  dark  blue  to  dark  greenish-blue  sheen ;  remiges  black  w  ith  a 
faint  bluish  sheen  on  the  outer  and  a  faint  purplish  one  on  the  inner  webs  ; 
lower  back  and  rump  like  the  interscapulars  but  with  so  much  of  the  dark 
sepia  to  clove-brown  .buses  of  the  feathers  showing  (or  the  bluish-black 
areas  so  restricted  to  the  terminal  parts  of  the  feathers)  as  to  give  these 
areas  a  much-mottled  appearance;  rectrices  black  with  a  bluish  to  dark 
purplish-bluish  sheen,  and  crossed  by  a  broad  band  of  white  (40  mm. 
wide)  a  little  less  than  halfway  out  from  their  bases  (the  distal  border 
of  the  white  band  being  almost  at  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  tail)  ; 
middle  of  throat  almost  entirely  nude,  with  a  very  few  small  blackish 
feathers,  extreme  lower  throat,  breast,  and  anterior  abdomen  white, 
each  feather  with  a  dusky  shaft  stripe  of  chaetura  drab,  the  postero¬ 
lateral  feathers  of  this  area  washed  with  pale  Saccardo’s  umber  to  pale 
Dresden  brown,  the  shaft  streaks  broadest  on  the  lateral  feathers;  rest 
of  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  mummy  brown 
to  fuscous,  some  of  the  abdominal  feathers  with  desiccated  whitish  tips 
and  washed  and  edged  with  buffy  brown  around  the  vent,  the  sides  and 
flanks  more  or  less  glossy  with  greenish  blue ;  under  wing  coverts  dark 
mummy  brown  with  some  greenish-blue  sheen ;  the  casque  is  straight, 
slopes  backward,  and  is  fairly  slender  but  tapering  (18  mm.  in  diameter 
at  base  and  5  mm.  at  tip),  with  occasional  hairlike  blackish  feathers 
very  sparsely  scattered  over  it,  the  casque  55  mm.  high  in  front,  37  mm. 
in  back;  casque,  tarsi,  and  toes  orange-red  to  deep  vermilion;  bare  eye 
ring  purple;  bill  pale  straw  color;  iris  white. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


61 


Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  male  but  smaller,  with  the  lower  back 
and  rump  somewhat  less  mottled  with  greenish  blue,  more  sepia ;  casque 
shorter  (less  than  45  mm.  long  in  front). 

Young  (juvenal?). — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  no  or  very  little 
casque  on  the  crown,  the  area  involved  sprinkled  with  hairlike  blackish 
feathers ;  the  lower  back  and  rump  with  practically  no  greenish-blue 
sheen ;  the  outer  primaries  fuscous  with  very  little  bluish  sheen  externally. 
Natal  down. — Unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  394;  tail  350;  exposed  oilmen  21;  tarsus  83; 
middle  toe  without  claw  71  mm.64 

Adult  female. — Wing  332-378  (362)  ;  tail  300-368  (329.1)  ;  exposed 
culmen  19-23  (21.1);  tarsus  80-92  (85.1);  middle  toe  without  claw 
63-71  (67.5  mm.).65 

Range. — Resident  in  the  temperate  zone  forests  above  7,500  feet  in 
the  high  mountains  of  western  Guatemala  (above  Huehuetenango,  Chica- 
man,  Cerro  Zunil,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  Volcan  San  Lucas,  Volcan  de  Santa 
Maria,  near  Quezaltenango,  probably  also  the  Guatemala  slope  of  Tacana, 
Tajumulco),  and  adjacent  highlands  of  Chiapas  (near  Pinabete,  and 
Volcan  de  Tacana). 

Type  locality. — Guatemala. 

Oreophasis  derbianus  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1844,  485,  pi.  121 ;  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  14. — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  224  (Volcan  de  Fuego, 
Guatemala;  7,000-11,000  feet;  habits,  etc.)  ;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  541, 
543  (monogr.). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1860,  184  (Volcan  de 
Fuego). — Salvin,  Ibis,  1860,  43,  248  (Volcan  de  Fuego;  habits);  1873,  429; 
1874,  188  (Chicaman,  Guatemala). — Ogelvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  489;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  218  (Volcan  de  Fuego). — Nelson, 
Auk,  xv,  1898,  156  (Volcan  de  Santa  Maria,  Guatemala;  near  Pinabete,  Chiapas). 
— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  274  (Volcan  de 
Fuego,  Chicaman,  and  Cerro  Zunil,  Guatemala). — Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  99  (Volcan  San  Lucas,  Guatemala  spec.). — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  24. — Carriker  and  de  Schauensee,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxvii,  1935,  413  (Guatemala;  Chichoy,  10,000  feet). — 
Hellmayk  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  196  (syn. ;  distr.). 

O  [rcophasis]  derbianus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  278. 

[Oreophasis]  derbianus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  253,  No.  9522. — Sharpe,  Hand-list, 
i,  1899,  15. 

Orephasis  derbyanus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Columb.,  ii,  1837,  pi.  172,  fig.  1508. 
0[reophasis]  derbyanus  Reichenbach,  Voll.  Nat.  Tauben,  1861,  155,  pi.  270. 
f Oreophasis]  derbyanus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neolr.,  1873,  137. 
Penelope  fronticornis  Van  der  Hoeven,  Handb.  Zool.,  ii,  1852-56,  435 ;  Handb. 
Dierkunde,  ii,  1855,  664. 


04  One  specimen,  unsexed,  but  undoubtedly  a  male. 
“  Six  specimens  from  Guatemala. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Superfamily  PHASIANOIDEA:  Grouse,  Pheasants,  Turkeys 

>Gallinaceae  Nitzsch,  in  Meckel,  Deutsch.  Arch.  Phys.,  1820,  258  (includes 
Otididae !). 

=Alectoropodes  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  xi,  33.  Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.  Aves,  iii,  1902,  283. — Knowlton,  Birds  of 
the  World,  1909,  267,  in  text. 

Alectoromorphae  Huxley,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  459  (includes  Turni- 
cidae,  Pteroclidae,  Megapodidae,  Cracidae,  and  Phasianidae) . 

=Gallinae  Alectoropodes  Sclateu  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  vii,  137. 

Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  198,  in  text. 

=Gallinae  Cope,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxiii,  1889,  871,  873. 

=Phasiani  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  167 ;  ed.  3,  1910, 
134. — Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68 ;  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  x,  18. 
<Phasianidse  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  213,  in  text  (excludes  ietraonidae, 
Odontophorinae,  and  Old  World  partridges  and  quails). — Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  xi,  33,  94  (excludes  Tetraonidae). 

<Phasianinae  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  95  (excludes 
Tetraonidae,  Odontophorinae,  and  Old  World  partridges  and  quails). 
=Phasianidae  Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  49,  276. 

=Gallidae  Gadow,  Classif.  Vertebr.,  1898,  34. 

=Phasianides  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3. 
=Phasianoida  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  193k,  78. — 
Wetmore,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  6. 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  24. 

Galliform  birds  with  the  hallux  elevated  and  relatively  small,  with  basal 
phalanx  shorter  than  that  of  third  toe;  inner  notch  of  sternum  very  deep, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  sternum ;  outer  division  of  the  long  and  narrow 
posterior  lateral  process  of  sternum  slightly  expanded  on  outer  side  only, 
and  costal  process  elongated,  nearly  parallel  to  long  axis  of  sternum. 

Palate  schizognathous ;  nares  holorhinal ;  basipterygoid  processes  articu¬ 
lating  with  pterygoids  as  far  as  possible  from  quadrate ;  episternal  process 
perforated  to  receive  feet  of  coracoids;  oil  gland  tufted. 

KEY  TO  THE  AMERICAN  (NATIVE  AND  NATURALIZED)  FAMILIES  AND 
SUBFAMILIES  OF  PHASIANOIDEA 

a.  Head  and  at  least  upper  neck  naked,  the  former  usually  with  a  bony,  erect, 
vertical  helmet  or  bristly  or  curly  crest,  or  with  an  occipital  feathered  patch 
or  band;  tail  relatively  small,  drooping  (decumbent),  not  erectile  (?),  mostly 
hidden  by  coverts,  the  very  full  plumage  of  rump  presenting  a  strongly  arched 
outline ;  second  metacarpal  without  backward  process ;  costal  processes  out¬ 
wardly  inclined  . Numididae  (p.  430) 

aa.  Head  and  neck  not  naked  (except  in  Meleagrididae),  without  a  bony  vertical 
helmet  or  (except  very  rarely)  a  bristly  or  curly  crest  or  occipital  patch  or 
band;  tail  extremely  variable  but  never  (?)  decumbent,  always  erectile,  usu¬ 
ally  very  distinct  from  coverts,  the  plumage  of  rump  not  presenting  a  strongly 
arched  outline;  second  metacarpal  with  backward  processes;  costal  processes 
not  outwardly  inclined. 

b.  Head  and  upper  neck  naked  and  more  or  less  wattled  or  wrinkled,  forehead 
with  a  fleshy  tubercle  or  cylindrical  appendage,  capable  of  great  enlargement 
in  males ;  contour  feathers  truncate ;  postacetabulum  longer  than  preacetabu- 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


G3 


lum  and  longer  than  broad;  furcula  weak  and  (viewed  laterally)  straight, 

with  rodlike  hypocleideum . Meleagrididae  (p.  436) 

bb.  Head  and  upper  neck  feathered  or  mostly  so;  contour  feathers  not  truncate; 
postacetabulum  shorter  than  (in  Tetraonidae,  part,  equal  to)  preacetabulum, 
and  broader  than  long;  furcula  strong  and  (viewed  laterally)  curved,  with 
expanded  hypocleideum. 

c.  Tarsus  never  feathered  (except,  very  rarely,  extreme  upper  portion)  ;  toes 
never  pectinated  nor  feathered;  nasal  fossae  wholly  unfeathered  (except, 
sometimes,  a  narrow  strip  along  lower  posterior  portion)  ;  neck  never 
with  inflatable  air  sacs;  postacetabular  region  only  moderately  broad; 
hypocleideum  oval  in  contour ;  tarsometatarsus  more  than  half  as  long 

as  tibia  . Phasianidae  (p.  230) 

d.  Mandibular  tomium  without  serrations;  maxilla  relatively  broader  and 
more  depressed,  with  tip  more  produced ;  planta  tarsi  frequently 

spurred  . Phasianinae  (p.  232) 

dd.  Mandibular  tomium  serrated  subterminally ;  maxilla  relatively  narrower 
and  higher,  with  tip  less  produced ;  planta  tarsi  never  spurred. 

Odontophorinae  (p.  234) 

cc.  Tarsus  more  or  less  (sometimes  wholly)  feathered;  toes  with  lateral  pec¬ 
tinations  or  else  densely  feathered;  nasal  fossae  densely  feathered;  neck 
usually  with  lateral  inflatable  air  sacs ;  postacetabular  region  very  broad ; 
hypocleideum  triangular;  tarsometatarsus  less  than  as  long  as  tibia. 

Tetraonidae  (p.  63) 

Family  TETRAONIDAE:  Grouse;  Ptarmigan;  etc. 

=Tetraonim'e  Gkay,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  62. — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds, 
1872,  232;  ed.  2,  1884,  557. — Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  198,  207,  in 
text. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  170.— Knowlton, 
Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  280,  in  text. 

=Tetraoninae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  321. 

>Tetraoninae  Gadow,  in  Bronn,  Thier-Reich,  Vbg.,  ii,  1891,  172  (includes  Odon¬ 
tophorinae  and  genera  Perdix,  Caccabis,  Francolimts,  and  C olurnix !) . 
>Tctraonidae  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  232;  ed.  2,  1884,  576  (includes 
Odontophorinae). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  vii,  137  (in¬ 
cludes  Odontophorinae). — Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  321  (includes 
Odontophorinae  and  Old  World  partridges). — Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv, 
1885,  198,  in  text  (includes  Odontophorinae  and  Old  World  partridges). — Ameri¬ 
can  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  167  (includes  Odontophorinae). 
=Tetraonidae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  619. — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  Ixxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3;  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6; 
xeix,  No.  7,  1940,  6. — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4, 
1931,  78. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  24. 

=Tetraonidse  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
414. — Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68;  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  x,  18. — 
Ogii.vie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  xi,  33,  34. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  137. 

>Perdicidae  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  207,  in  text  (includes  Odonto¬ 
phorinae  and  Old  World  partridges  and  quails). 

Galliform  birds  with  nasal  fossae  completely  and  densely  feathered;  at 
least  upper  half  of  tarsus  (usually  whole  tarsus)  feathered,  and  toes  with 
lateral  pectinations  or  else  densely  feathered ;  neck  usually  with  lateral 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


inflatable  air  sacs ;  postacetabular  region  of  pelvis  very  broad ;  hypocleid- 
eum  triangular;  tarsometatarsus  less  than  half  as  long  as  tibia. 

Bill  relatively  small,  the  culmen  rounded  (not  ridged),  the  tomia 
smooth;  cere  completely  and  densely  feathered.  Wing  moderate,  very 
concave  beneath,  the  longest  primaries  much  longer  than  longest  seconda¬ 
ries;  third  or  fourth  primaries  longest  (fifth  and  third  sometimes  equal), 
the  first  (outermost)  intermediate  between  sixth  and  seventh,  seventh  and 
eighth,  or  equal  to  eighth;  primaries  rigid,  the  outer  ones  much  bowed 
or  incurved  distally.  Tail  variable  in  form,  usually  decidedly  shorter 
than  wing,  the  rectrices  16-20.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  with  claw 
(except  in  Centrocercus) ,  with  at  least  the  upper  half  densely  feathered 
(wholly  feathered  except  in  Bonasa  and  Tetrastes,  the  toes  also  feathered 
in  winter  specimens  of  Lagopus),  never  spurred;  middle  toe,  without 
claw,  shorter  than  tarsus ;  lateral  toes  about  equal,  reaching  to  or  slightly 
beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe;  hallux  shorter  (sometimes 
much  shorter)  than  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe;  claws  relatively  small, 
slightly  curved,  rather  blunt;  toes  usually  with  more  or  less  distinct 
lateral  horny  pectinations  or  comblike  or  fringelike  processes  (deciduous, 
however,  in  summer)  ;  anterior  toes  connected  at  base  by  a  web  between 
first  phalanges.  Head  completely  feathered  except,  sometimes,  a  naked 
superciliary  space. 

Of  the  characters  that  distinguish  the  Tetraonidae  from  other  Galli- 
formes  some  are  variable  in  their  development  in  different  genera.  The 
naked  superciliary  space,  for  example,  is  inconspicuous  in  the  campestrian 
genera  Tympanuchus ,  Pedioecetes,  and  Centrocercus  but  is  conspicuously 
developed  in  Lagopus,  Dendragapus,  and  Canachites,  especially  the  first, 
and  is  brightly  colored  (red,  orange,  or  yellow)  during  the  breeding 
season.  Many  genera  possess,  in  the  male,  an  inflatable  air  sac  on  the 
side  of  the  neck,  this  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Tympanuchus, 
in  which  the  sac  when  inflated  is  of  nearly  the  size  and  color  of  a  small 
orange.  The  males  of  some  genera  also  possess  an  ornamental  erectile 
tuft  of  feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  Tympanuchus  having  elongated, 
rigid,  narrow  feathers  inserted  immediately  above  the  air  sacs,  while 
Bonasa  has,  in  nearly  the  same  position  (the  air  sacs,  however,  being 
absent)  very  broad,  soft,  nearly  truncated  feathers.  The  tail  is  extremely 
variable  in  form  and  development.  It  is  short  and  rounded  in  Lagopus 
and  Tympanuchus ;  much  longer  and  more  or  less  fan-shaped  in  Bonasa, 
Dendragapus,  and  Canachites;  very  short  and  graduated,  with  the  middle 
rectrices  projecting  considerably  beyond  the  others,  in  Pedioecetes ;  and 
considerably  elongated,  excessively  graduated,  with  narrowly  acuminate 
rectrices  in  Centrocercus ;  while  in  the  Palearctic  genus  Tetrao  the  tail 
is  forked,  with  the  lateral  rectrices  curved  or  curled  outward  in  the  males. 
The  feathering  of  the  tarsus  extends  nearly,  if  not  quite,  to  the  base  of 
the  toes,  except  in  Bonasa  and  Tetrastes,  in  which  only  about  the  upper 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


65 


half  is  feathered.  The  extent  and  development  of  this  feathering  vary 
greatly  with  the  season,  being  denser  and  longer  in  winter,  when,  in 
Lagopus,  the  toes  themselves  are  densely  clothed  with  long  feathers,  while 
in  the  northern  forms  of  Pedioecctes  the  feathers  on  the  lower  portion 
of  the  tarsus  are  so  long  as  to  almost  conceal  the  toes.  The  “purpose” 
of  this  dense  feathering  of  the  feet  seems  to  be  to  enable  the  birds  to 
walk  more  easily  upon  soft  snow,  the  fringelike  processes  along  the  sides 
of  the  toes  in  some  genera  possibly  serving  the  same  purpose,  for  in 
summer,  when  there  is  no  need  of  “snowshoes,”  the  toes  of  Lagopus  be¬ 
come  quite  nude.  At  the  same  time  the  claws,  which  during  winter  are 
large,  broad,  and  concave  beneath,  like  inverted  spoons,  are  also  shed.66 

The  geographic  range  of  the  Tetraonidae  embraces  practically  the  en¬ 
tire  North  Temperate  Zone.  North  America  possesses  six  peculiar 
genera  ( Bonasa ,  Canachites,  Dendragapus,  Tympanuchus,  Pedioecetcs, 
and  Centrocercus) ,  while  the  Palearctic  Region  has  only  four  genera 
( Tctrao ,  Urogallus,  Falcipennis,  and  Tetrastes) .  One  genus  ( Lagopus ) 
is  circumpolar.  Two  of  the  Old  World  species  ( Tetrao  lyrurus  and 
Urogallus  urogallus )  have  been  introduced  into  North  America  but  seem 
not  to  have  become  established. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  TETRAONIDAE 

a.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing,  not  graduated  (or  else  middle  rectrices 
abruptly  longer  than  rest  and  with  rounded  tips),  rectrices  rounded  (some¬ 
times  nearly  truncate)  at  tips ;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  without  claw ; 
feathers  of  neck  without  spiny  shafts ;  portion  of  culmen  between  feathered 
nasal  fossae  less  than  half  as  long  as  apical  portion ;  stomach  a  muscular 
gizzard. 

b.  Tarsus  with  lower  half  (approximately)  naked,  scutellate;  tail  more  than 
two-thirds  as  long  as  wing. 

c.  Rectrices  18-20;  sides  of  neck  with  a  conspicuous  erectile  tuft  of  broad, 
soft,  decumbent  feathers,  capable  of  being  expended  into  a  ruff ;  sexes 

alike  in  coloration . Bonasa  (p.  153) 

cc.  Rectrices  16;  sides  of  neck  without  tufts  or  with  these  rudimentary;  sexes 

different  in  coloration . Tetrastes  (extralimital)61 

bb.  Tarsus  densely  feathered  to  or  nearly  to  base  of  toes. 

c.  Tail  more  or  less  forked  (deeply  emarginate  to  lyre-shaped). 

Lyrurus  (extralimital)68 


66  See  Stejneger,  On  the  shedding  of  the  claws  in  ptarmigans  and  allied  birds. 
Amer.  Nat.,  xviii,  1884,  774— 776. 

67  Bonasia  (not  of  Bonaparte,  1827)  Kaup,  Skizz.  Entw.-Gesch.  Eur.  Thierw., 
1829,  193  (type,  by  monotypy  and  tautonymy,  Tetrao  bonasia  Linnaeus). — Tetrastes 
Keyserling  and  Blasius,  Wirbelth.  Eur.,  lxix,  1840,  109,  200  (type,  by  monotypy, 
Tetrao  bonasia  Linnaeus). — Hartert,  Vog.  Pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1887. — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  37.  Palearctic  Region  (Europe  to  Kamchatka,  Japan, 
etc.).  Two  species  with  10  subspecies. 

'“Tetrao  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  159  (type,  by  subsequent  designation, 
Tetrao  urogallus  Linnaeus)  (type,  by  tautonymy,  according  to  Opinion  16  Internatl. 
Nomencl.  Comm.,  1910,  is  Tetrao  tetrix  Linnaeus,  but  this  is  not  accepted). — 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cc.  Tail  not  at  all  forked  (rounded,  truncate,  or  even  graduated). 

d.  Tail  rounded  or  truncate,  with  middle  pair  of  rectrices  not  projecting 
beyond  next  pair. 

e.  Larger  (wing  275  mm.  or  more)  ;  adult  males  with  feathers  of  throat 

elongated  and  plumage  partly  metallic . Tetrao  (extralimital)00 

ee.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  255  mm.)  ;  adult  male  with  feathers  of  throat 
not  elongated  and  plumage  without  any  metallic  colors. 

f.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing;  no  elongated  feathers  on 
sides  of  neck  and  air  sac,  if  present  (usually  absent  or  not  ob¬ 
vious),  relatively  small. 

g.  Tail  more  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing  with  longer  coverts  fall¬ 
ing  far  short  of  its  tip;  toes  never  feathered  and  plumage  never 
wholly  or  mostly  white. 

h.  Rectrices  20 ;  males  with  a  distinct  cervical  air  sac ;  larger  (wing 
more — usually  much  more — than  218  mm.). 

Dendragapus  (p.  67) 

hh.  Rectrices  16;  males  without  a  cervical  air  sac;  smaller  (wing 
less  than  190  mm.). 

i.  Outermost  primaries  of  normal  form . Canachites  p.  136) 

it.  Outer  primaries  falcate . Falcipennis  (extralimital)70 

gg.  Tail  less  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  with  longer  coverts 
reaching  to  its  tip ;  toes  densely  feathered  in  winter ;  plumage 
entirely  or  for  much  the  greater  part  white  in  winter. 

Lagopus  (p.  90) 


Tetrao  (emendation)  Ledru,  Vog.  Teneriffe,  i,  1810,  184.— Tetroa  (lapsus  or  typog. 
error)  Richardson,  Parry’s  Journ.  Second  Voy.,  Appendix,  1825  (1827),  347  — 
Lyrurus  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer,  ii,  1831  (1832),  342.  497 
(type  by  monotypy,  Tetrao  tetrix  Linnaeus);  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921, 
1872;’ Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  26.— Lyurus  (lapsus?)  Gould, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1837  (1838),  132.— Lyura  (emendation)  Giebel,  Thes. 
Om.,  ii,  1875,  512. — Tetrix  Morris,  in  W.  Woods’  Naturalist,  ii,  No.  9,  June  1837, 
126  ’(type,  by  tautonymy,  Tetrao  tetrix  Linnaeus) .—Lagopotetrix  Malm,  Vet- 
Akad.  Forh.,  1880,  No.  7,  7,  30  (type,  by  monotypy,  L.  dicksoni  Malm=hybrid  of 
Tetrao  tetrix  and  Lagopus  scoticus).  Palearctic  Region  (western  Europe  to  west¬ 
ern  Siberia).  Two  species. 

The  type  species,  the  black  cock  or  black  game,  of  Europe  (L.  tetrix),  has  been 
introduced  into  North  America  but  seems  not  to  have  become  established. 

60  Tetrao  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  159  (type  by  subsequent  designa¬ 
tion,  Tetrao  urogallus  Linnaeus,  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  62) .  Urogallus 
Scopoli,  Introd.  Nat.  Hist.,  1777,  478  (type,  by  tautonymy,  Tetrao  urogallus  Lin¬ 
naeus)  .—Capricalea  “Niles[son]”  S.D.W.,  Analyst,  iii,  No.  14,  Jan.  1836,  206 
(type,  by  tautonymy,  C.  arborea  S.D.W.=7Wrfl0  urogallus  Linnaeus).  Palearctic 
Region.  Two  species. 

The  type  species  of  this  genus  also,  the  capercaille,  wood  grouse,  or  cock-of- 
the-woods  ( Tetrao  urogallus) ,  has  been  liberated  in  North  America  but  seems 
not  to  have  become  established.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  grouse,  the  adult  male 
nearly  if  not  quite  equaling  a  hen  turkey  in  bulk  and  weight. 

70  Falcipennis  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23  (type,  by  mono¬ 
typy,  F.  hartlaubii  Elliot=  Tetrao  falcipennis  Hartlaub). 

This  monotypic  genus  of  northeastern  Asia  is  the  Palearctic  representative  of 
Canachites,  from  which  it  seems  to  differ  chiefly  in  its  falcate  outer  primaries. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


67 


//.  Tail  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing;  males  with  a  conspicuous  tuft 
of  elongated  feathers  and  a  large  inflatable  air  sac  on  each  side  of 

neck . Tympanuchus  (p.  206) 

dd.  Tail  strongly  graduated,  with  middle  pair  of  rectrices  projecting  con¬ 
spicuously  beyond  the  next  pair . Pedioecetes  (p.  187) 

aa.  Tail  nearly,  to  quite,  as  long  as  wing,  strongly  graduated,  rectrices  (20)  nar¬ 
row,  acuminate,  and  rigid;  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw;  feathers 
of  chest  very  rigid,  with  spiny  shafts ;  portion  of  culmen  between  nasal 
fossae  much  longer  than  terminal  portion ;  stomach  membranous. 

Centrocercus  (p.  223) 

Genas  DENDRAGAPUS  Elliot 

Dendragapus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23.  (Type,  as  desig¬ 
nated  by  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  1874,  Tetrao  obscurus  Say.) 
Dendrogapus  (emendation)  Giebel,  Thesaurus  Orn.,  ii,  1874,  33. 

Tympanuchus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320,  part. 

Medium-size  or  rather  large  wood  grouse  (length  about  432-584  mm.) 
with  tarsi  feathered  to  or  beyond  base  of  toes ;  tail  more  than  two-thirds 
as  long  as  wing,  rounded  to  truncate,  of  20  rectrices;  side  of  neck  with 
an  inflatable  air  sac  but  without  tufts;  the  adult  males  with  underparts 
mostly  plain  grayish. 


Bill  relatively  small,  its  length  from  nostril  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  head,  about  as  deep  as  wide  at  frontal  antiae;  the  culmen  rounded  (not 
distinctly  ridged),  the  rhamphotheca  completely  smooth,  the  maxillary 


68 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


tomium  moderately  concave,  slightly  indexed.  Wing  moderately  large, 
with  longest  primaries  exceeding  longest  secondaries  by  nearly  one-third 
the  length  of  wing ;  fourth  primary  longest,  but  third  and  fifth  nearly  as 
long,  the  first  (outermost)  intermediate  between  seventh  and  eighth.  Tail 
about  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing  or  slightly  more,  moderately  rounded 
to  truncate,  the  rectrices  (20)  broad,  with  broadly  rounded  to  truncate 
tips.  Tarsus  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  wing,  completely  clothed  (except 
on  heel)  with  dense,  soft,  hairlike  feathers,  these  extending  over  greater 
part  of  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe  on  each  side;  middle  toe  decidedly 
shorter  than  tarsus,  the  inner  toe  reaching  to  penultimate  articulation  of 
middle  toe,  the  outer  toe  very  slightly  longer ;  hallux  slightly  shorter 
than  basal  phalanx  of  inner  toe ;  upper  surface  of  toes  with  a  continuous 
single  series  of  very  distinct  transverse  scutella,  on  each  side  of  which 
is  a  single  series  of  rather  small,  subquadrate  scutella,  edged  with  short, 
more  or  less  indistinct,  marginal  pectinations  (these  sometimes  obsolete)  ; 
claws  relatively  short,  slightly  curved,  and  blunt. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Plumage  in  general  compact,  the  feathers 
distinctly  outlined,  except  on  anal  region,  where  soft,  downy,  and  blended ; 
feathers  of  crown  but  slightly  elongated,  forming,  when  erected,  an  in¬ 
conspicuous  crest ;  no  elongated  feathers  on  sides  of  neck,  but  a  moderate 
sized  inflatable  air  sac  present  in  males.  Adult  males  with  upperparts 
grayish  or  dusky,  more  or  less  vermiculated,  the  tail  plain  dusky  with 
or  without  a  lighter  gray  terminal  band,  the  underparts  mostly  plain  sooty 
grayish,  variegated  on  sides  and,  especially,  flanks  with  white ;  adult 
females  more  barred  and  more  brownish  in  general  coloration. 

Range. — Coniferous  forests  of  western  North  America,  from  high 
mountains  of  California  and  Arizona  to  upper  Yukon  and  Mackenzie 
River  Valleys.  (One  species.)71 

71  There  is  wide  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  whether  the  forms  of  this  genus  are 
all  conspecific  or  are  more  properly  to  be  treated  as  two  species,  one  containing 
the  forms  fuliginosus,  sierrae,  howardi,  and  sitkensis,  and  the  second,  ob scums  and 
richardsonii.  The  birds  when  studied  in  the  museum  certainly  give  a  picture  of 
conspecificity  throughout,  but  against  this  must  be  weighed  the  fact  that  the 
people  most  conversant  with  these  birds  in  life  are  convinced  of  the  reality  of  two 
specific  groups.  The  characters  by  which  they  separate  the  two  are  as  follows: 
(1)  The  downy  young  are  yellow  below  in  the  fuliginosus  group,  white  in  the 
obscurus  group;  (2)  the  hooting  sacs  of  the  male  in  the  breeding  season  are  thick, 
large,  tuberculate,  and  deep  yellow  in  color  in  fuliginosus ;  not  thick  or  tuberculate 
and  are  purplish  in  obscurus;  (3)  the  hooting  noise  of  the  courting  male  is  uttered 
from  the  ground  and  is  audible  for  less  than  a  hundred  yards  in  obscurus ,  while 
in  fuliginosus  it  is  given  from  high  up  in  trees  and  carries  audibly  for  several 
miles;  (4)  in  fuliginosus  the  tail  of  the  adult  male  is  rounded,  the  feathers  also 
rounded  at  the  tip;  while  in  obscurus  the  tail  of  the  adult  male  is  nearly  square, 
the  feathers  terminally  truncate. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


69 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  (ADULTS)  OF  DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  (SAY) 

a.  Top  of  head,  nape,  and  interscapulars  uniform,  unbarred  (males). 

b.  Rectrices  usually  with  no  grayish  terminal  band  (or  terminal  band  very 
dark,  not  conspicuously  different  from  rest  of  rectrices). 

c.  Under  tail  coverts  blackish  tipped  with  white  (s.  Yukon  to  Idaho  and  nw. 

Wyoming) . Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  (p.  82) 

cc.  Under  tail  coverts  grayish  chaetura  drab  tipped  with  white  (mountains  of 
e.  Washington,  ne.  Oregon,  se.  to  c.  Nevada). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  pallidus  (p.  88) 
bb.  Rectrices  with  a  distinct  grayish  terminal  band. 

c.  Terminal  gray  band  on  tail  broader  (20-35  mm.  broad). 

d.  lail  longer  (average  189  mm.)  (coniferous  forests  Kern  to  Calaveras 

Counties,  Calif.) . Dendragapus  obscurus  howardi  (P.  80) 

dd.  Tail  shorter  (average  170  mm.). 

e.  Terminal  band  much  speckled  with  black  (sc.  Washington  to  ne.  Cali¬ 
fornia  and  w.  Nevada) . Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  (p.  77) 

ee.  Terminal  band  not  or  only  slightly  speckled  with  black  (Rocky  Mountains 
from  s.  Montana  to  n.  Arizona  and  wc.  New  Mexico). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  (p.  85) 
cc.  Terminal  gray  band  on  tail  averaging  narrower  (15-22  mm.  broad)  (moun¬ 
tains  of  extreme  w.  North  America  from  sw.  Yukon  to  nw.  California). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  (p.  74) 
(islands  and  coast  of  se.  Alaska  to  Queen  Charlotte  Islands). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  (p.  70) 
act.  Top  of  head,  nape,  and  interscapulars  barred  (females). 

b.  Rectrices  with  no  distinct  grayish  terminal  band. 

c.  Under  tail  coverts  dark  fuscous  tipped  with  white  (s.  Yukon  to  Idaho  and 

nw.  Wyoming) . Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  (p.  82) 

cc.  Under  tail  coverts  grayish  banded  with  chaetura  drab  and  tipped  with  white, 
(mountains  of  e.  Washington,  ne.  Oregon,  se.  to  c.  Nevada). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  pallidus  (p.  88) 
bb.  Rectrices  with  a  distinct  grayish  terminal  band, 
c.  Terminal  gray  band  on  tail  broader  (20-35  mm.). 

d.  Tail  longer  (average  153  mm.)  (coniferous  forests  Kern  to  Calaveras 

Counties,  Calif.) . Dendragapus  obscurus  howardi  (p.  80) 

dd.  Tail  shorter  (average  144  mm.  or  less). 

e.  Sides  and  flanks  with  conspicuous  white  marks  (Rocky  Mountains  from 
s.  Montana  to  n.  Arizona  and  wc.  New  Mexico). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  (p.  85) 
ee.  Sides  and  flanks  with  no  or  little  white  (sc.  Washington  to  ne.  California 

and  w.  Nevada) . Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  (p.  77) 

cc.  Terminal  gray  band  on  tail  narrower  (10-20  mm.  broad). 

d.  Upperparts  with  a  distinct  rufescent  tone  (islands  and  coast  of  se.  Alaska 
to  Queen  Charlotte  Islands). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  (p.  70) 
dd.  Upperparts  not  distinctly  rufescent,  but  grayish  (mountains  of  extreme 
w.  North  America  from  sw.  Yukon  to  nw.  California). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  (p.  74) 


fftw  C 

pvcrw-  A.  #•*■# 


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fr-{y  &  UaVu 


633008°—  4G- 


6 


70 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  SITKENSIS  Swarth 

Sitka  n  Dusky  Grouse 

Adult  wuxle. — F orehead  and  anterior  part  of  crown  very  dark,  rich 
chestnut-brown  merging  gradually  into  fuscous  or  grayish  fuscous  on  the 
posterior  crown,  occiput,  nape,  and  anterior  interscapulars  mterscapu 
Sirs  and  upper  back  dark  bister  to  dark  clove  brown,  the  feathers  vermicu- 
lated  to  a  varying  degree  with  Saccardo’s  umber  to  sepia  (sometimes 
entirely  without  vermiculations  but  usually  with  vermiculations  on  the 
more  posterior  feathers  at  least)  ;  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  very  vanable 
sometimes  Dresden  brown  to  Prout’s  brown  abundantly  vermiculated 
with  blackish,  in  other  birds  much  more  grayish  except  at  their  extreme 
bases— hair  brown,  likewise  vermiculated  with  blackish;  median  upper 
wing  coverts  sepia  to  very  dark  clove  brown,  greater  upper  wing  coverts 
and  remiges  similarly  dark  clove  brown,  but  the  greater  coverts 
narrowly  edged  and  tipped  with  dusky  mouse  gray  to  dark  drab,  and  tie 
innermost  secondaries  with  their  inner  webs  terminally  broadly  gray  or 
drab  vermiculated  with  dark  bister  or  clove  brown ;  some  of  the  remiges 
with  flecks  of  drab  on  their  outer  webs;  feathers  of  the  rump  and  upper 
tail  coverts  sepia  to  clove  brown  becoming  deep  mouse  gray  terminally 
vermiculated  with  blackish,  and  proximally  to  the  grayish  areas  they  are 
much  washed  with  snuff  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber,  also  vermiculated 
with  blackish;  rectrices  fuscous  to  clove  brown,  tipped  with  mouse  gray 
to  light  quaker  drab,  this  terminal  band  15-22  mm.  broad  on  median  pair 
of  rectrices  ;  the  tail  only  slightly  rounded ;  all  the  rectrices  broad  and  fan  y 
blunt  at  their  tips;  lores,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  fuscous  to  dark  clove 
brown  paling  on  the  chin  and  throat  to  clove  brown  in  some  birds  and 
to  very  dusky  wood  brown  with  clove-brown  edges  to  the  feathers  m 
other  specimens ;  upper  throat  with  a  varying  amount  of  the  white  bases 
of  the  feathers  showing ;  lower  throat  often  slightly  darker  than  upper 
throat ;  breast  and  abdomen  dusty  drab  gray  to  deep  quaker  drab,  with 
a  general  tinge  of  drab  to  wood  brown,  due  largely  to  the  amount  of  the 
basal  and  median  portions  of  the  feathers  exposed,  as  the  more  grayish 
color  is  largely  a  matter  of  broad  edges  and  tips;  side  and  flanks  like 
the  abdomen  but  the  feathers  with  white  tips  and  the  more  lateral  of  the 
side  feathers  (i.e.,  more  up  away  from  the  under  surface  of  the  body) 
are  sepia  to  clove  brown  vermiculated  with  blackish  and  with  white  shafts 
terminally  broadening  into  wedge-shaped  white  marks ;  thighs  like  abdo¬ 
men  but  some  of  the  feathers  tipped  with  white lower  abdomen  and 
vent  like  abdomen  but  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  under  tail 
coverts  similar  but  darker  and  broadly  tipped  with  white,  subtermmally 
crossed  by  two  narrow  grayish  bands  margined  with  blackish;  under 
winu  coverts  like  the  lesser  upper  coverts;  axillars  largely  white  with 
some  of  the  feathers  with  grayish  centers.  In  the  breeding  season,  the 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


71 


males  have  a  distensible  sac  on  either  side  of  the  neck,  the  feathers  sur¬ 
rounding  which  are  largely  white  broadly  tipped  with  dark  sepia;  the 
sacs  deep  yellow,  carunculated,  iris  Vandyke  brown;  orbital  skin  dull 
yellow,  supraorbital  “comb”  deep  orange-yellow;  bill  blackish,  feet  light 
brownish  gray ;  claws  blackish  brown.72 

Adult  female. — Very  different  from  the  male:  Forehead  and  crown 
fuscous-black  tipped  and  basally  banded  with  tawny  to  amber  brown,  the 
brown  color  more  noticeable  than  the  black,  occiput  and  nape  similar 
but  with  the  brown  tips  paler  and  lighter — pale  tawny-olive  and  with  the 
black  areas  reduced  to  narrow  bands,  each  feather  having  three  brown 
bands,  giving  somewhat  the  appearance  of  dusky  vermiculations  on  the 
pale  brown  ground ;  interscapulars  and  upper  back  barred  black  and  cin¬ 
namon,  each  feather  with  four  cinnamon  bands  (including  the  terminal 
one)  ;  the  feathers  of  the  lower  back  with  the  bands  reduced  in  number 
and  restricted  to  the  terminal  third  or  less,  only  two  black  bands  and 
these  doubly  concave  distally  and  the  terminal  area  much  washed  with 
grayish,  especially  posteriorly  (in  the  feathers  of  the  posterior  part  of 
the  lower  back  these  gray  areas  are  almost  pure  gray  with  a  fine  sub¬ 
terminal  wavy  black  line)  ;  lesser  and  median  upper  wing  coverts  cin¬ 
namon  to  tawny  mottled  and  subbasally  broadly  marked  with  black,  and 
with  the  tips  of  the  shafts  white  broadening  into  whitish  wedges,  which 
spread  laterally  to  form  in  some  cases  a  narrow  terminal  band  on  either 
side;  greater  upper  coverts  clove  brown  narrowly  edged  and  distally 
mottled  with  cinnamon;  remiges  (except  inner  secondaries)  clove  brown 
tipped  with  pale  tawny,  the  outer  webs  of  the  primaries  mottled  with  pale 
cinnamon ;  the  inner  secondaries  tipped  with  white,  this  area  proximally 
narrowly  edged  with  black,  the  rest  of  the  feathers  black  both  broadly 
and  narrowly  crossed  by  tawny  areas,  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  lower 
back;  median  rectrices  cinnamon  to  tawny  crossed  by  broad  blackish 
blotches  and  by  irregular  fine  black  lines,  the  tips  grayer,  banded  irregu¬ 
larly  with  fine  black  lines ;  the  rest  of  the  rectrices  deep  clove  brown  to 
fuscous  tipped  with  dusky  neutral  gray,  this  area  on  the  pair  next  to  the 
brown  median  rectrices  breaking  up  proximally  into  a  series  of  irregular 
flecks  which  become  brownish  basally;  tail  slightly  rounded  as  in  the 
male ;  lores  white  flecked  with  blackish ;  feathers  of  malar  area,  cheeks, 
auriculars,  and  gular  area  white  basally,  tawny  to  amber  brown  distally, 
edged  and  tipped  with  black ;  chin  lightly  washed  with  tawny  and  the 
feathers  edged  with  black ;  upper  throat  white,  each  feather  with  a  V- 
shaped  terminal  blackish  band,  these  edgings  becoming  broader  postero- 
laterally,  where  the  white  centers  tend  to  disappear;  breast  and  upper 
abdomen  clove  brown  to  fuscous,  banded  with  pale  cinnamon,  tipped  with 
grayish  pale  cinnamon,  and  with  the  white  shafts  enlarging  terminally  to 


”  Colors  of  soft  parts  from  manuscript  note  by  Allan  Brooks. 


72 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


form  white  wedges ;  center  of  abdomen  as  in  the  male ;  sides,  flanks,  vent, 
thighs  and  under  tail  coverts  as  in  the  male  but  with  the  white  tips 
far  more  developed  and  (on  the  sides  and  flanks)  with  the  brown  and  black 
markings  much  coarser,  less  like  vermiculations,  and  the  brown  pale 
tawny  not  sepia ;  under  wing  coverts  like  the  lesser  upper  ones  but  wit 
much  more  white;  supraorbital  “comb”  dull  orange-yellow;  iris  brown, 
bill  blackish ;  feet  varying  from  pale  brownish  gray  to  pale  greenish  gray, 
soles  and  back  of  tarsi  yellowish ;  claws  pale  horn  gray. 

Immature  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  rectrices  narrowei 
and  more  pointed  at  the  tip;  body  plumage  often  retaining  some  of  the 
juvenal  plumage,  especially  the  innermost  secondaries  and  in  the  head 
and  neck  regions  which  are  the  last  to  molt,  except  for  the  innermost 
secondaries  (tertials). 

Immature  female.— Similar  to  the  adult  but  differing  from  it  m  the 
same  way  that  the  immature  and  adult  males  diffei . 

luvenal  (sexes  alike) . — Similar  to  that  of  the  adult  female  but  with 
the  feathers  of  the  upperparts,  wing,  and  tail  with  conspicuous  shaft 
streaks  of  white  (more  or  less  tinged  with  tawny)  ;  the  recti  ices  bi  own 
to  the  tips  (no  terminal  gray  band)  ;  the  chin  and  upper  throat  moie 
extensively  whitish;  the  breast  and  abdomen  paler— huffy  whitish  to 
pale  tawny  whitish,  the  dark  sepia  to  clove  brown  markings  broken  so 
as  to  appear  more  like  spots  than  bars ;  no  median  abdominal  gray  area 
as  in  adult;  iris  pale  sepia;  bill  grayish  brown;  feet  light  olive-green, 
claws  pale  brown  to  horn  color. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike)  .—Above  between  buckthorn  brown  and 
ochraceous-tawny,  paler  and  more  yellowish  on  the  forehead  and  mter- 
scapular  area;  the  forehead,  crown,  and  sides  of  head  with  fuscous  to 
dark  sepia  elongated  blotches,  and  with  smaller,  less  conspicuous  dark 
marks  on  the  lower  back;  lores,  chin,  throat,  and  abdomen  amber  yellow, 
the  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  similar  but  with  an  ochraceous  wash ,  it  is 
pale  gray-brown;  bill  brownish,  tipped  flesh  color;  feet  yellow,  claws 

horn  color. 

Adult  male.— Wing  208-224  (217.1)  ;  tail  131-160  (151.7)  ;  exposed 
culmen  19.2-22  (20.1)  ;  tarsus  43.1-47  (45.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
42.3^49.5  (45.9  mm.).73 

Adult  female.— Wing  178-205  (194.7) ;  tail  116-131  (121.1) ;  exposed 
culmen  16.6-22.8  (19.4);  tarsus  39.8-42.9  (41.1);  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.2-42.8  (39.8  mm.).74 

Range. — Resident  in  the  islands  of  southeastern  Alaska  except  Prince  of 
Wales  Island  (Admiralty,  Baranof,  Chichagof,  Coronation,  Douglas, 
Etolin,  Kupreanof,  Mitkof,  Wrangell  Islands)  and  immediately  adjacent 


73  Six  specimens  from  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  and  Alaska. 
14  Nine  specimens  from  Alaska. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


73 


mainland  (Glacier  Bay,  Juneau)  ;  south  to  Porcher  Island  and  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia. 

Type  locality. — Kupreanof  Island,  southeastern  Alaska. 

Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci., 
i,  1869,  28 7  (Sitka,  Alaska).— Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Bremen,  iii,  1872,  61 
(Sitka,  Alaska).— Coues,  Check  List  North  American  Birds,  1873,  No.  381, 
part. — Schalow,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1891,  258  (Kittlitz  specimen  from  Alaska). 
[ Tetrao ]  obscurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Canace  obscura,  var.  fuliginosa  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  199,  part  (Sitka). 
Ccmace  obscura  fuliginosa  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part; 
Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  471a,  part.— Coues,  Check  List  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  559,  part. 

Canace  obscurus,  var.  fuliginosus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  425,  part  (Sitka). 

C[anace]  o[bscura ]  fuliginosa  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  580,  part. 
Tetrao  obscurus  .  .  .  var.  fuliginosa  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
App.,  133,  No.  381b  (Sitka  only). 

Tetrao  obscurus  fuliginosus  Hartlaub,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1883,  275  (Portage  Bay, 
Alaska) .— Schalow,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1891,  258  in  text. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355, 
part.— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  297a,  part; 
ed.  2,  1895,  No.  297a,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  138,  part. — Bendire,  Auk,  vi,  1889, 
32,  part  (Sitka);  Life  Hist.  North  Ather.  Birds,  i,  1892,  43,  part  (Sitka).— 
Bishop,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  19,  1900,  71,  part  (above  Glacier,  Alaska).— 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  198,  part  (Sitka). — Osgood,  North  Amer. 
Fauna,  No.  21,  1901,  42  (Cumshewa  Inlet  and  adjacent  mountains  up  to  3,000 
feet;  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia) .—Bailey,  Handb.  Birds 
Western  United  States,  1902,  125,  part.— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can. 
Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  216,  part  (Sitka). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zook, 
v,  1909,  203  (Admiralty,  Baranof,  and  Chichagof  Islands  and  Glacier  Bay,  se. 
Alaska;  crit. ;  habits;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ. 
Zook,  vii,  1911,  56  (Kuiu,  Kupreanof,  Mitkof,  Coronation,  and  Etolin  Islands, 
Boca  de  Quadra,  and  Thomas  Bay,  se.  Alaska;  absent  from  island  s.  south 
of  Sumner  Strait  and  west  of  Clarence  Strait;  habits).— Brooks,  Bulk  Mus. 
Comp.  Zook,  lix,  1915,  366  (Point  Gustavus,  Glacier  Bay,  se.  Alaska). 
D[endragapus]  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
196,  part  (Sitka). 

D[endragapus]  o[bscurus ]  fuliginosus  Chapman,  Bulk  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xx,  1904,  160,  part  (Sitka,  Alaska). 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75, 
part  (Sitka). 

[Dendragapus]  fuliginosus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20,  part  (Sitka). 

[• Dendragapus  obscurus]  subsp.  a.  Dendragapus  fuliginosus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 

Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75,  part  (Sitka). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  Swarth,  Condor,  xxiii,  1921,  59  (Kupreanof  Island, 
25  miles  south  of  Kaka  Village,  se.  Alaska;  coll.  Mus.  Vert.  Zook);  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zook,  xxiv,  1922,  205  (Mitkof  Island,  se.  Alaska). — Ober- 
holser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  246  (se.  Alaska). — Brooks,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  220 
(Porcha  Island,  British  Columbia;  crit.).— Bailey,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  197  (se. 
Alaska — Kupreanof  Island;  Douglas  Island;  near  Juneau;  Oliver  Inlet; 
Wrangell;  Point  Couverton;  Berg  Bay;  Mount  Robert;  McGinnis  Creek; 
Salmon  Creek;  Seymour  Canal;  Point  Retreat;  habits). — Cumming,  Murrelet, 


74 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


xii,  1931,  16  (British  Columbia;  Queen  Charlotte  Islands).— Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  28  (range). 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus  sitkensis  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx, 
1926,  81,  in  text  (fig.  of  tail  feathers),  84  in  text.— Brooks,  Auk,  xlvi,  1929, 
113  (rev.,  crit.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931, 
79  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  119  (habits;  plumage; 
etc.).— Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  153  in  text  (Queen  Charlotte  Islands 
and  islands  of  south  Alaska) .— Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  589,  pi.  19,  fig.  5 
(downy  young;  col.  fig.;  descr.).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  199  (syn.;  distr.). 

D[endragapus ]  fuliginosus  sitkensis  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx, 
1926,  74  in  text  (map;  distr.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  munroi  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  71,  1923,  1  (Queen 
Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia;  coll.  L.  L.  Sanford) —Oberholser,  Auk, 
xli,  1924,  593,  594  (syn.). 

DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  FULIGINOSUS  (Ridgway) 

Sooty  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus 
sitkensis. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  but 
less  reddish  in  general  coloration,  the  upperparts  being  duller  brown  with 
a  great  deal  of  black  showing  through  and  with  the  brownish  areas  every¬ 
where  speckled  with  blackish  or  grayish.  This  grayish  color  is  predomi¬ 
nant  on  the  hindneck,  upper  tail  coverts,  rectrices,  breast,  and  sides,  and 
to  a  lesser  extent  the  flanks.  The  brown  on  the  forehead  varies  from 
Saccardo’s  umber  to  sepia  (tawny  to  amber  brown  in  sitkensis),  and  the 
brownish  bars  and  markings  on  the  occiput,  interscapulars,  and  back, 
besides  being  much  more  reduced  than  in  sitkensis,  are  paler  avellaneous 
to  light  pinkish  cinnamon ;  in  the  tail  feathers  only  the  central  pair  has 
any  appreciable  cinnamon-buff  mottling,  the  other  rectrices  having  theii 
mottlings  grayish  to  light  drab ;  the  feathers  of  the  flanks,  lower  abdomen, 
and  under  tail  coverts  have  the  white  tips  smaller  than  in  sitkensis,  and 
have  the  upper  and  central  abdomen  slightly  darker  and  very  slightly 
more  brownish  than  in  sitkensis. 

Immature  male.— Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  rectrices  narrower 
and  more  pointed  terminally  and  with  the  body  plumage  often  retaining 
some  of  the  juvenal  tertials  and  some  of  the  coronal  and  occipital  feathers. 
Practically  indistinguishable  from  the  corresponding  stage  of  Dendraga¬ 
pus  obscurus  sitkensis,  except  by  such  juvenal  feathers  as  may  be  present. 

Immature  female.— Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  differing  from  it 
in  the  narrower  rectrices  and  the  retention  (in  some  cases)  of  juvenal 
tertials  and  head  feathers. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike).— Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
Dendragapus  obscurus  sitkensis  but  less  rufescent  generally  (sepia  to 
Saccardo’s  umber)  ;  similar  to  the  adult  female  of  the  present  subspecies 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


75 


but  with  the  feathers  of  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  upper  back,  lower 
throat,  breast,  upper  abdomen,  and  sides  with  white  shaft  streaks ;  chin 
and  upper  throat  more  whitish,  less  heavily  marked  with  brown  and  the 
brown  feather  tips  paler;  breast  and  abdomen  paler — buffy  whitish  to 
pale  tawny  white,  the  breast,  sides  of  abdomen,  and  flanks  spotted  with 
dusky  and  pale  buff;  rectrices  narrower  and  more  pointed,  mottled  like 
the  feathers  of  the  back  and  with  no  gray  terminal  band ;  remiges  barred, 
and  with  no  gray  terminal  band ;  remiges  barred,  mottled,  or  flecked  with 
pale  grayish  buff  on  the  outer  webs.75 

Downy  young  (sexes  presumably  alike). — Forehead,  cheeks,  chin, 
throat,  and  the  underpart  of  body  vary  from  ivory  yellow  to  straw 
yellow,  the  crown  mottled  with  fuscous-black  and  strongly  washed  with 
pale  ochraceous-tawny ;  auriculars  sparsely  blotched  with  fuscous-black; 
the  back  is  pale  ochraceous-tawny  mottled  with  fuscous  and  ochraceous- 
buff ;  iris  brown ;  bill  flesh  color  with  duskier  culmen ;  feet  yellow  with 
dusky  claws. 

Adult  male. — Wing  214-238  (221.1);  tail  131-171  (149.1);  exposed 
culmen  18.1-21.3  (19.1);  tarsus  42.6-46.3  (44.1);  middle  toe  without 
claw  40.8-45.4  (43.2  mm.).76 

Adult  female.— Wing  188-226  (204.4);  tail  111-140  (127.4);  ex¬ 
posed  culmen  16.4-21.8  (19.4)  ;  tarsus  38.7-42.7  (40.2)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  36.2-42  (38.9  mm.).77 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coastal  mountains  of  the  North  American 
mainland  from  the  border  between  southwestern  Yukon,  Canada,  and 
Alaska  (Skagway;  White  Pass),  south  through  southeastern  Alaska, 
through  coastal  British  Columbia  and  Vancouver  Island  (Alta  Lake 
Region ;  Beecher  Bay,  Chilliwak,  Coldstream,  Klippan  River  Valley, 
Lund),  western  Washington  (Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sount,  Mount 
Rainier,  Mount  Stewart,  Tacoma,  Flannegan  Pass,  Cat  Creek,  Beaver 

'““The  juvenal  remiges  are  molted  during  July  and  August;  the  molt  begins  as 
soon  as  the  last  of  these  feathers  are  fully  grown,  or  even  before  that ;  and  the  body 
molt  into  the  first  winter  plumage  (=  immature  plumage  in  this  book)  is  continuous 
from  August  to  October.  The  postjuvenal  molt  is  complete,  except  that  the  outer 
pairs  of  primaries  are  retained  for  a  full  year”  (ex  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  108).  This  accounts  for  the  paucity  of  true  juvenal  specimens  in  collections, 
as  this  plumage  is  begun  to  be  shed  before  it  is  hardly  complete. 

Van  Rossem  has  demonstrated  that  the  juvenal  rectrices  are  shed  at  a  very  early 
age  beginning  with  the  outermost  pair  and  progressing  medially.  These  feathers  are 
shed  when  the  chicks  are  scarcely  more  than  two  or  three  weeks  old,  and  then  the 
slow-growing  immature  tail  feathers  begin  to  appear  beyond  the  tips  of  the  coverts. 
The  immature  tail  is  more  rounded  (owing  to  the  lesser  relative  length  of  the  lateral 
rectrices)  than  the  adult  tail.  Most  of  these  rectrices  are  replaced  during  the  follow¬ 
ing  winter,  spring,  and  summer  in  a  gradual  molt,  but  often  the  outermost  pair  are 
retained  until  the  following  autumn. 

Eleven  specimens  from  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon. 

"  Twenty-one  specimens  from  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon. 


76 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Creek,  etc.)  ;  western  Oregon  (Coast  Ranges,  Willamette  Valley,  Cas¬ 
cade  Mountains,  and  intervening  ranges  to  Siskiyou)  ;  south  to  the  semi- 

humid  northwestern  corner  of  California  (Hayfork  and  Kuntz,  Trinity 

County,  and  Seaview,  Sonoma  County). 

Type  locality. — Cascade  Mountains  at  foot  of  Mount  Hood,  Oreg.,  and 

Chiloweyuck  Depot,  Wash.  (—Mount  Hood). 

Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857, 
90,  part  (Cascade  Moutains).— Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  620, 
part  (Cascade  Moutains;  Fort  Dalles;  Clikatet;  Fort  Steilacoom,  St.  Marys 
Pass  ?)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  459,  part  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California, 
Land  Birds,  1870,  526,  part  (Oregon;  Coast  Range  south  nearly  to  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  Bay) . — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  236  (Vancouver  Island; 
crit.). — Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  x,  pt.  4,  No.  2,  1859,  61,  part 
(“pine  regions”  of  Oregon)  .—Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv., 
xii  book  2,  pt.  3,  1860,  219,  part  (Cascade  Mountains,  Oreg.,  and  Washington).— 
Lord,  Proc.  Roy.  Artil.  Inst.  Woolwich,  iv,  1864,  122  (British  Columbia).— 
Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  423  (Vancouver  Island)  .—Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1873,  No.  381,  part. 

[Tetrao]  obscurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Canace  obscura  Henshaw,  Rep.  Orn.  Spec.  Wheeler’s  Surv.,  1876,  266,  part  (Coast 
Range,  n.  California). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  198,  part  (sw.  Brit.  Colom¬ 
bia).— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  124  part.— Macoun 
and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  216  (British  Columbia). 

Canace  obscura ,  var.  fuliginosa  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex.  Inst.,  v,  1873,  199  (Cascade 
Mountains,  Oreg.;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Canace  obscurus,  var.  fuliginosus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  425,  part  (Cascade  Mountains,  Oreg.;  Chiloweyuck  Depot, 
Wash.). 

Canace  obscura  fuliginosa  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  m,  1880,  196,  part;  Norn. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  471c,  part.— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  559,  part. 

C[anace]  o[bscura]  fuliginosa  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  580,  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355, 
part.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  297a,  part;  ed.  2, 
1895,  No.  297a,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  138,  part.— Bendire,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  32,  part 
(Cascade  Range;  habits,  etc.)  ;  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  43,  part.— 
Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iii,  1890,  133  (Vancouver  Island; 
habits).—  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  38  (British  Co¬ 
lumbia  w.  of  Cascade  Range) .—Dawson,  Wils.  Bull.,  iii,  1896,  1  (Okanogan, 
Wash  •  habits)  ;  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  172  (Okanogan,  Wash.;  up  to  7,000  feet)  ;  Birds 
California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1589  (genl.;  California). -Bishop,  North  Amer. 
Fauna,  No.  19,  1900,  71  (heights  above  Skagway,  se.  Alaska).  Macoun,  Cat. 
Can  Birds.  1900,  198,  part  (Brit.  Columbia,  west  of  coast  range) .— Grinnell, 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  30  (California;  common  east  of  humid  coast 
belt)  ;  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California) ;  No.  11,  1915,  60  (Hayfork  and  Kuntz, 
Trinity  County,  in  semihumid  nw.  corner  of  California).  Woodcock,  Oregon 
Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  26  (Oregon;  range).— Bowles,  Auk,  xxiu,  1906, 
142  (Tacoma,  Wash.). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909, 
216,  part  (Vancouver;  coastal  British  Columbia) .—Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds 
Washington,  ii,  1909,  571  (Washington;  habits;  distr.) .— Swarth,  Rep.  Birds 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


77 


and  Mammals  Vancouver  Island,  1912,  19  (Vancouver  Island;  habits,  etc.); 
Condor,  xxiii,  1921,  59  in  text  (syn.;  crit.) —Brooks,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917,  37 
(Chilliwack,  British  Columbia). — Shelton,  Univ.  Oregon  Bull.,  new  ser.,  xiv, 
No.  4,  1917,  20,  26  (west-central  Oregon;  breeds). — Grinnell,  Bryant,  and 
Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  552  (distr.  in  California;  descr.;  habits).— 
Kacey,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  321  (Alta  Lake  region,  British  Columbia). — Alford, 
Ibis,  1928,  197  (Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia)  .—Burleigh,  Auk,  xlvi, 
1929,  509  (Kirkland,  Tacoma,  Wash.;  breed.).— Jewett,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932, 
191  (hybrid  between  this  form  and  ring-necked  pheasant). — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  28  (range).— Harthill,  Murrelet,  xvi,  1935,  40  (Wash¬ 
ington;  Clallam  County;  habits). 

D[endragapus]  obscurus  juliginosus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
196,  part. 

D[endragapus]  o[bscurus ]  juliginosus  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  125,  part. 

Dendragopus  obscurus  juliginosus  Anthony,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  164  (Washington 
County,  Oreg. ;  habits) —Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  164  in  text 
(w.  of  Cascade  and  Coast  Range  Divide;  descr.) 

[Dendragapus  obscurus]  subsp.  a  Dendragapus  juliginosus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75,  part  (Vancouver  Island;  Deschutes  River, 
Oreg.;  Round  Valley,  Mendocino  County,  Calif.). 

[Dendragapus]  juliginosus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20,  part. 

Dendragapus  juliginosus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75, 
part  (coastal  British  Columbia). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  239  in  text 
(number  of  eggs)  ;  241  in  text  (eggs  in  mixed  sets). 

Dendragopus  juliginosus  Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  153  in  text  (distr.) ;  Can. 
Water  Birds,  1939,  165. 

Dendragapus  juliginosus  juliginosus  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zook,  xxx, 
1926,  83  in  text  (fig.  of  tail  feathers),  84  in  text. — Brooks,  Auk,  xlvi,  1929, 
112  in  text  (crit.;  rev.) .—American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed. 
4,  1931,  79  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  103  (habits; 
distr.).— Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  7  (Vancouver,  British  Columbia).— 
Alcorn,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  94,  in  text  (Mount  Rainier). — Hall,  Murrelet, 
xiv,  1933,  33,  35  in  text  (Puget  Sound)  ;  64,  69  (hist.)  ;  xv,  1934,  10  in  text 
(Washington;  dist. ) . — Miller,  Murrelet,  xvi,  1935,  57  (Washington,  San  Juan 
Islands). — Griffee  and  Rapraeger,  Murrelet,  xviii,  1937,  16  (Portland,  Oreg.; 
nesting  habits) .— Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  589,  pi.  19,  fig.  6  (downy  young;  col. 
fig.). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  208  (Oregon;  descr.; 
distr.;  habits;  photo). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  199  (syn.;  distr.). 

Dendragopus  jxdiginosus  juliginosus  Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  153  in  text. 

Dendragapus  j[idiginosus]  juliginosus  Johnson,  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  291  in  text  (habits ; 
photos;  Mount  Rainier). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding 
biology). — Kitchin,  Murrelet,  xx,  1939,  29  (Mount  Rainier;  common). 

D[endragapus]  j[uliginosus]  juliginosus  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zook, 
xxx,  1926,  74  in  text  (map;  distr.). 

DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  SIERRAE  Chapman 

Sierra  Dusky  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus  juliginosus  but 

averaging  paler  above,  the  feathers  being  more  noticeably  vermiculated 

(owing  to  the  slightly  paler  ground  color),  with  the  terminal  gray  tail 


78 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


band  usually  broader  (20—30  mm.)  and  speckled  with  blackish,  undei- 
parts  averaging'  slightly  paler  than  in  juliginosus,  chin  and  upper  throat 
averaging  slightly  more  whitish  than  in  the  latter ;  naked  skin  above  and 
below  eye  light  orange ;  iris  hazel  brown ;  bill  dusky  .  .  .  feet  light 
gray  or  olive  drab  .  .  .  nails  dusky”  ( ex  Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer)  ; 
hooting  sacs  said  to  be  orange,  large,  and  carunculated  during  the  breed¬ 
ing  season. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  state  of  Dendragapus 
obscurus  juliginosus  but  more  grayish,  less  brownish  above  and  below, 
much  paler  on  the  abdomen,  the  gray  terminal  tail  band  averaging  broader. 

Immature  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  differs  in  having  nar¬ 
rower  rectrices,  and  often  some  juvenal  inner  secondaiies  and  head 
feathers. 

Immature  female. — Differs  from  the  adult  of  its  sex  in  the  same  way 
as  the  immature  male  differs  from  the  adult. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike).— Very  similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus 
juliginosus,  but  the  feathers  of  the  upperparts  more  tipped  with  grayish, 
and  the  light  brown  areas  of  these  feathers  paler  and  slightly  grayer 
grayish  avellaneous  to  grayish  light  buffy  brown. 

Downy  young. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  juliginosus  but  paler,  especially 
on  the  sides  of  the  head,  chin,  throat,  and  underparts  of  the  body,  which 
are  between  ivory  yellow  and  Marguerite  yellow.78 

Adult  male. — Wing  196-248  (226.5);  tail  136-181  (160.5);  exposed 
culmen  18.8-23  (20.7)  ;  tarsus  40.2M5  (42.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
39.7-46.6  (43.3  mm.).79 

Adult  female. — Wing  199-234  (209.4)  ;  tail  118-143  (127.5)  ;  exposed 
culmen  17.4-22.9  (19.8);  tarsus  36.6-41.4  (38.9);  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.5-41.8  (38.2  mm.).80 

Range. — Resident  in  Canadian  and  Upper  Transition  Zone  evergreen 
forests  from  central-southern  Washington  (Husum),  and  the  southern 
Cascade  Mountains  and  the  Warner  Mountains,  Lake  and  Klamath 
Counties,  Oreg.,  to  northern  California  from  Modoc  County,  Lassen 
County,  Shasta  County,  and  Trinity  County  to  Eldorado  County,  Cala¬ 
veras  County,  and  Madera  County,  and  to  adjacent  western  Nevada 
(Washoe  County,  Ormsby  County,  Esmeralda  County;  Sierra  Nevada 
and  White  Mountains). 

Type  locality — Echo,  El  Dorado  County,  Calif. 

Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  1857,  90, 
part  (Sierra  Nevada). — Bridges,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1858,  1  (Sierra 
Nevada  4,000-6,000  feet;  Trinity  Mountains;  Yosemite  Valley,  near  headwaters 
of  Merced  River). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1858,  1  (Trinity  Moun- 

,sNone  seen  in  the  present  study;  this  description  based  on  Moffitt’s  excellent  col¬ 
ored  plate  (Auk,  lv,  1938,  pi.  19,  opp.  p.  589). 

7S  Three  specimens  from  Oregon  and  California. 

80  Fourteen  specimens  from  southern  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


79 


tains,  n.  California).— Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  pt.  vi,  1859,  61, 
part  (“pine  regions  of  California”) .—Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land 
Birds,  1870,  526,  part  (Sierra  Nevada  south  to  about  lat.  38°). — Coues,  Check 
List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1873,  No.  381,  part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  522,  part  (Cisco,  6,000  feet,  Emigrant  Gap, 
5,800  feet,  etc.,  and  up  to  9,000  feet,  Sierra  Nevada). 

[Tetrao]  obscurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  283,  part. 

Canace  obscura  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1874,  174  (e.  slope  Sierra  Nevada, 
near  Carson,  Nev.)  ;  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  598,  part  (e.  slope  Sierra  Nevada, 
near  Carson,  Nev.);  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Norn.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  471,  part. — Mearns,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879, 
197  (Fort  Klamath,  se.  Oregon). — Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i  1879,  438 
(summit  of  Sierra  Nevada,  lat.  39° ;  Big  Trees  of  Calaveras  County,  Calif.,  etc. ; 
habits).- — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  557,  part. 

C[anace ]  obscura  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  No.  579,  part. 

Canace  obscurus  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1877,  137,  part  (Camp 
Harney,  se.  Oregon;  habits,  etc. ;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). 

Canace  fuliginosus  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  163  (Camp 
Harney,  Oreg.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  (not  Canace  obscura,  var.  fuliginosa  Ridgway) 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  297a,  part;  ed.  2, 
1895,  No.  297a,  part. — Townsend,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1887,  200  (Mount 
Shasta;  Mount  Lassen). — Merrill,  Auk,  v,  1888,  145  (Fort  Klamath,  se. 
Oregon). — Bendire,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  32,  part  (range,  breeding  habits,  etc.)  ;  Life 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  43,  part,  pi.  1,  figs.  16-19).— Ray,  Auk, 
xx,  1903,  182  (Lake  Valley,  centr.  Sierra  Nevada,  6,500  feet). — Stone,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1904,  580  (Mount  Sanhedrin,  Mendocino  Count}', 
Calif .) .—Ferry,  Condor,  x,  1908,  40  (Yolla-Bolly  Mountains,  n.  California). — 
Kellogg,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xii,  1916,  380  (Hay  Ford,  n.  California). 

D[endragapus]  obscurus  fuliginosus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
196,  part. 

[Dendragapus  obscurus ]  subsp.  a.  Dendragapus  fuliginosus  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75,  part  (Fort  Klamath,  Oreg. ;  North  Honey 
Lake,  Calif.). 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  75, 
part. 

[Dendragapus]  fuliginosus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20,  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sierra  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xx,  1904, 
159  (Echo,  El  Dorado  County,  Calif.;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  412;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  138. — 
Ray,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  365  in  text,  366  (centr.  Sierra  Nevada  at  7,500  feet). — 
Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  part  (Sierra  Nevada,  Calif.). — 
Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States,  1925, 
88  (descr.). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxviii,  1932,  268  (type 
loc. ;  crit. ). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43  (sw. 
California). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California)  ;  No. 
11,  1915,  60,  part  (Coast  Range  from  Mount  Shasta  to  Mount  Sanhedrin,  and 
Sierra  Nevada;  Warner  Moutains,  Modoc  County,  Calif.). — Kellogg,  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zool.,  xii,  1916,  380  (Callahan,  North  Fork  Coffee  Creek,  Sum¬ 
merville,  head  of  Rush  Creek,  head  of  Bear  Creek,  etc.,  n.  California;  crit.). — 
Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  544,  part  (descr.; 
habits,  distr.  in  California;  col.  plate). — Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxv, 
1923,  168  (crit.). — Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1590  (genl.; 


80 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


California) .—Grinnell  and  Storer,  Animal  Life  in  Yosemite,  1924,  272  (descr.; 
distr.;  habits;  Yosemite).— Richards,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  99  (Grass  Valley 
district,  Calif omia)  —Michael,  Condor,  xxvii,  1925,  110  (Yosemite).— Mail- 
liard,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi,  No.  10,  1927,  295  (Modoc  County, 
Calif.). — Grinnell,  Dixon,  and  Linsdale,  Univ.  of  California  Publ.  Zool., 
xxxv,  1930,  200  (distr.;  Lassen  Peak  region,  n.  California).  Gabrielson,  Con¬ 
dor,  xxxiii,  1931,  112  (Grants  Pass,  Winona,  Evans  Creek,  and  Gold  Hill, 
Oreg.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  29  (range). 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus  sierrae  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926, 
82  in  text  (figs,  of  tail  feathers),  84  in  text.— Brooks,  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  113 
(rev.;  crit.) .—American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  79 
(range).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  114  (habits,  etc.).— DeGroot, 
Condor,  xxxvi,  1934,  6  (abundant  at  Echo  Lake,  Calif.).— Linsdale,  Pacific 
Coast  Avif  No  23,  1936,  47  (w.  Nevada;  resident  in  Sierra  Nevada  and  White 
Mountains). -Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  589,  pi.  19,  fig.  4  (downy  young;  col. 
fig.;  descr.).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  212  (Oregon; 
descr.;  distr.;  habits). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  200  (syn. ;  distr.). — Dixon,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  208  (Kings  Canyon  Na¬ 
tional  Park,  Calif.).  . 

D[endragapus ]  f[uliginosus ]  sierrae  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx, 

1926,  74  in  text  (map;  distr.). 

Canace  richardsoni  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  163  (Camp 

Harney,  Oreg.).  „ 

Tetrao  California  (not  Shaw  and  Nodder)  May,  California  Game  ‘Marked  Down 
(Southern  Pacific  Co.),  1896,  41,  fig.  (Lake  Tahoe  region  on  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
El  Dorado  County,  Calif.).— Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxvui, 
1932,  268  (type  loc.;  crit.). 

DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  HOWARDI  Dickey  and  Van  Rossem 

Mount  Pinos  Dusky  Grouse 

Adult  male.— Very  similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  dbscurns  sierrae  but 
with  the  vermiculations  on  the  feathers  of  the  upperparts  heavier  and 
more  conspicuous,  the  ground  color  of  these  feathers  very  slightly  paler, 
more  grayish,  than  in  sierrae;  tail  decidedly  longer  and  much  more  gradu¬ 
ated,  with  the  gray  terminal  band  averaging  broader. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae  but  with  the  tail  longer 
and  more  graduated  and  with  the  gray  terminal  band  averaging  broader. 

Immature. — None  seen,  but  undoubtedly  the  immature  birds  of  either 
sex  differ  from  their  respective  adult  plumages  in  having  narrower  rec- 
trices  and  usually  some  juvenal  feathers  on  the  head  and  inner  part  of 

the  wing.  _  . 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Very  close  to  that  of  sierrae  from  which  it 

cannot  be  separated  with  certainty  but  apparently  averaging  slightly  more 

sandy  in  general  color  above. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike). — Like  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae  but  slightly 
paler,  sandier  above  and  on  the  wings.81 

81  None  seen;  description  based  on  Moffitt’s  plate,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  pi.  18,  fig.  3. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


81 


Adult  male.— Wing  230-240  (234.7)  ;  tail  172-201  (187.7)  ;  exposed 
culmen  21.1-24.5  (22.8)  ;  tarsus  42.7-45.9  (43.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  44.5-46.8  (  45.6  mm.).82 

Adult  female.— Wing  209-222  (216);  tail  147-159  (153);  tarsus 
38-41.3  (39.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  37. 3 — 41 .4  (39.4  mm.).83 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coniferous  forests84  from  Mount  Pinos,  Kern 
County,  Calif.,  east  through  the  Tehachapi  Range  north  in  the  main 
Sierra  Nevada  to  about  36°  N.,  and  to  Bloods,  Calaveras  County,  Calif. 
Type  locality. — Mount  Pinos,  Kern  County,  Calif. ;  altitude  7,500  feet. 

Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870, 
526,  part  (s.  Sierra  Nevada). 

Canace  obscura  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  No.  10,  1874,  174  (e.  slopes  Sierra 
Nevada,  California).— Henshaw,  Rep.  Orn.  Spec.  Wheeler’s  Surv.,  1876,  276, 
part  (s.  Sierra  Nevada,  including  Mount  Whitney). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fuliginosus  (not  Canace  obscura,  var.  fuliginosa  Ridgway) 
Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893,  30  (White  Mountains,  Nev. ; 
Menache  Meadows,  Independence  Creed,  and  Bishop  Creek,  e.  slope  s.  Sierra 
Nevada;  head  of  Owens  Valley,  Sequoia  National  Park,  Kings  River  Canyon, 
etc.,  w.  slope  s.  Sierra  Nevada). — Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  21,  1933, 
48  (in  syn.) . 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrce  (not  of  Chapman)  Grinnell,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  382 
(Mount  Pinos,  Ventura  County,  Calif.;  habits). — Willett,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  part  (Mount  Pinos,  Ventura  County). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  10, 
part  (Puite  Mountains,  and  Mount  Pinos,  Kern  County;  White  Mountains, 
Mono  County,  Calif.).— Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California, 
1918,  544,  part  (descr. ;  distr. ;  and  habits,  California). — Willett,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  21,  1933,  48  (in  syn.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  hoivardi  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  No.  5,  1923,  168 
(Mount  Pinos,  Kern  County,  Calif.,  7,500  feet;  coll.  D.  M.  Dickey)  ;  xxvi, 
1924,  36  (range;  corr.).— Oberholser,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  592  (add.  A.O.U.  Check¬ 
list). — Grinnell,  Condor,  xxvii,  1925,  76  (added  to  California  list);  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxviii,  1932,  268  (type  loc. ;  crit.).— Brooks,  Auk, 
xlvi,  1929,  113  (rev.  crit.). — Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  21,  1933,  48 
(in  syn.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  29  (range). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  201  (syn.;  distr.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  .  .  .  howardi  Pemberton,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  347  in  text 
(nesting,  Kern  County,  Calif.). 

Dendragapus  o[bscurus]  howardi  Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  283  in  text 
(patronymics) . 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus  howardi  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx, 
1926,  84  in  text. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931, 
79  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  117  (habits,  etc.).— 


“Four  specimens  from  Mount  Whitney,  Tehachapi  Peak,  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
Bloods,  Calaveras  County,  Calif. 

83  All  measurements  for  females  ex  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxv,  1923, 
168,  as  no  fully  adult  material  of  this  sex  was  available  to  me  in  the  present  connec¬ 
tion.  These  authors  give  the  following  data  on  culmen  length  for  this  series,  mea¬ 
sured,  however,  from  the  base,  and  therefore  not  comparable:  27-30.8  (28.8  mm). 

84  Silver-fir  association,  according  to  Dickey  and  van  Rossem. 


82 


BULLETIN’  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No,  21,  1933,  48  (sw.  California;  nest  and  egg;, 
Mount  Pinos  J . — Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  589,  pi,  19,  fig.  3  (oowny,  young, 
descr. ;  col.  fig.). 

D[endragapus]  f[uliginosus ]  howardi  Swart h,  Urriv.  California  Publ.  Zoo!.,  xxr, 
1926,  74  in  text  (map,  distr.),  82  in  text  (fig.  of  tail  feathers). 


OENDRAGAPU3  0BSCUBU8  EICHAEDSONII  (Dongl**) 

Richardson’s  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscunis  sitkensis  but 
lacking  the  gray  terminal  band  on  the  tail  feathers  for,  at  mod,  v,  -th 
this  band  so  dark  as  to  be  hardly  distinct  from  the  rest  of  the  feathers), 
the  rectrices  more  truncate  terminally,  the  tail  outline  squarer,  and  v.  itn 
more  whitish  on  the  chin  and  throat;  the  cervical  air  sacs,  or  hooting 
sacs,  are  smaller  and  deep  purplish,  instead  of  yellow  as  in  the  coastal 
forms,  and  its  skin  is  not  thickened  and  carunculated  in  the  present  form ; 
iris  bister;  “coinb”  deep  yellow;  eyelid  dull  greenish  yellow  ,  bill  blacki~h , 
feet  brownish  gray. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae  but  much  darker  above, 
the  broad  dark  bars  and  bands  being  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  (as 
against  dark  sepia  to  clove  brown  in  sierrae),  with  no  gray  terminal 
band  on  the  tail,  and  the  breast  and  abdomen  slightly  duskier ;  iris  hazel 
brown;  “comb”  deep  dull  yellow;  bill  grayish  black;  the  lower  mandible 
yellowish  flesh  color  basally;  feet  horn  gray,  claws  brown. 

Immature  male. — Like  the  adult  but  with  narrower  rectrices,  tne  ta.l 
less  squarish,  more  graduated;  and  with  occasional  ju\enal  featnets  on 
the  head  and  nape  and  inner  edge  of  wing. 

Immature  female. — Differs  from  its  adult  in  tr.e  same  way  that  the 
immature  male  does  from  its  corresponding  adult  state. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike) —Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae  but  much  darker, 
less  tawny ;  the  general  dorsal  coloration  Saccardo  s  umber  to  cinnamon- 
brown  (instead  of  och raceous -tawny  as  in  sierrae)  and  the  dusky  vermicu- 
lations  and  black  bars  more  conspicuous. 

Downy  young. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae,  but  with  the  forehead, 
superciliaries,  and  breast  and  abdomen  whitish  instead  of  buffy ;  chin  and 
upper  throat  washed  with  pale  buffy. 

Adult  male. — Wing  201-241  (224.5) ;  tail  134-176  (158.2)  ;  exposed 
culmen  18.3-22.6  (20.9)  ;  tarsus  41-47.8  (44.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw' 
39.1-45.1  (41.8  mm.).85 

Adult  female. — Wing  193-224  (207.9)  ;  tail  121-147  (133.7)  ;  exposed 
culmen  17.4-21.9  (19.4)  ;  tarsus  38.2-44  (40.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
36-43.3  (38.4  mm.).86 

85  Twenty-seven  specimens  from  Mackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Idaho, 
Montana,  and  Wyoming. 

“Thirty-five  specimens  from  Idackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Idaho,  Mon¬ 
tana,  and  Wyoming. 


EIP.D3  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


83 


Range. — Resident  in  coniferous  forests  from  southern  Yukon  (Lake 
Tesiin),  the  Stikine  region  of  Alaska,  southwestern  Mackenzie,  south 
through  British  Columbia  feast  of  the  range  of  D.  o.  fuliginosus,  south 
to  the  Okanagan  Valley)  and  Alberta  feast  as  far  as  Liard  River,  Fort 
Simpson,  Henry  House,  Jasper  House,  Moose  Pass,  etc.)  to  all  of 
Idaho,47  the  western  half  or  so  of  Montana  fBelt  Mountains;  Judith 
Mountains ;  west  side  of  Rocky  Mountains ;  Gallatin  County)  ;  and  to 
northwestern  Wyoming  (Yellowstone  Park,  Teton  Pass,  Jackson,  Big 
Horn  Mountains,  Salt  River  Mountains,  Kendall,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — “  .  .  .  subalpine  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

in  lat.  523  X.,  long.  115°  W.  .  .  .  the  mountainous  districts  of  the 
Columbia  in  lat.  4 8C  X.,  long.  118°  W.”;  restricted  to  vicinity  of  Ket¬ 
tle  Falls,  Stevens  County,  Washington,  by  Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  Jan¬ 
uary  1934,  9. 

T[etrao]  richardsonii  Douglas,  Trans.  Linr.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  141  (“subalpine 
regions  of  the  rocky  Mountains  in  lat.  £2''  N.,  long.  115''  W.”  .  .  .  “mountainous 
districts  of  the  river  Columbia  in  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  118°  W.”;  ex  Sabine,  manu¬ 
script;  crit). 

Tetrao  richardsonii  Wilson,  IHustr.  ZooL  1831,  pis  30,  31. — Loan,  Proc  Roy.  Artil. 
Inst.  Woolwich,  i,  1863,  122. — Gba y,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae, 
1867,  86  (For*.  Halketc ;  Fort  Simpson). — Ea;p,o,  in  Cooper,  Orn  California, 
La.-.d  Bi'ds.  1870,  £28  (crit.),  part. — Merriam,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur/., 
1873,  711  (Teton  Canyon,  Idaho;  breeding). 

[ Tetrao ]  richardsonii  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  Xo.  9824. 

Tetrao  richardsoni  Lesson,  Traite  d’Om.,  1831,  £02. 

[Tetrao]  richardsoni  Baird,  Ibis,  1867,  271. 

Dendragapus  richardsoni  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Mat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  18 64,  23; 
Mcmogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  8,  and  text. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  76  (Fort  Halkett;  Fort  Simpson;  Fort  Dufferin;  Teton  Canyon, 
and  Chief  Mountain  Lake,  Mont.). — Ebooks  (A.),  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  252 
(Selkirk  Range  and  Rocky  Mountains,  British  Columbia;  crit,), — Palmer, 
Condor,  xxx,  1928,  227,  in  text. 

[Dendragapus]  richardsoni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  29,  part. 

Dendragapus  richardsonii  Jewett,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  5  (Baker  County,  Oreg. ; 
abundant;  nests  in  April  and  May). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsoni  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  via,  1885, 
355. — Preble,  North  Arr.er.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  336  Ofount  Thu-on-thu, 
near  mouth  of  Nahami  River;  foothills  west  of  Fort  Simpson;  mountains 
along  Liard  River;  Fort  Halkett;  Fort  Simpson;  Jasper  House,  A.lberta;  Henry 
House;  Fort  Providence). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Che^k-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  138,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  79,  part  (distr.). — Dice,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910, 
217  (Snake  River,  Wash.;  not  uncommon). — Rile*/',  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912, 
55  (Moose  Pa;s,  British  Columbia;  plum.;  food). — Grave  and  Walker  Birds 
Wyoming,  1913,  89  (Wyoming). — Munbo,  Auk,  xxxvi,  1919,  65  Okanagan 
Valley,  British  Columbia;  abundant  resident;  habits,  etc.). — Burleigh,  Auk, 
xxxviii,  1921,  553  (Warland,  Mont.;  scarce). — Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  14,  1921,  55  (Montana;  in  the  mountains). — Brooks,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  281 
in  text,  pis.  x-xi  (courtship  habits) ;  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  112  in  text  (tax  ,  crit.). — 

"In  western  Idaho  the  bird  are  jor.-.ewhat  intermediate  between  this  form  and 
pallidus,  the  females  tending  toward  pallidus  and  the  males  being  closer  to  richardsoni 


84 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Kelso,  Ibis,  1926,  701  (Arrow  Lakes,  British  Columbia;  resident).— Skinner, 
Wils.  Bull,  xxxix,  1927,  208  in  text  (Yellowstone  Park) ICemsies,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  203  (Yellowstone  Park,  Wyo.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull. 
162,  1932,  96  (habits,  distr.,  etc.).— Ransom,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  51,  in  text 
(Idaho;  Harrison;  flight). — Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  9,  14  (Washington; 
Kettle  Falls,  Stevens  County;  spec.).— Ulke,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1934-35 
(1936),  79  (Yoho  Park,  Canada;  summer,  fairly  common) .—Moffett,  Auk, 
lv,  1938,  589,  pi.  19,  fig.  2  (downy  young;  descr.;  col.  fig.).— Cowan,  Occ. 
Papers  British  Columbia  Prov.  Mus.,  No.  1,  1939,  26  (Peace  River  district, 
British  Columbia) . 

Dendragopus  obscurus  richardsoni  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  164  in 
text  (distr.  in  Canada;  habits)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  152  in  text. 

Dendragapus  o\bscurus]  richardsoni  Stenhouse,  Scottish  Nat.,  1930,  81  (spec,  ex 
Franklin’s  Exped.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list, 
No.  297b,  part,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  297b,  part.— Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  iii,  1890,  133  (interior  British  Columbia;  habits) —Merriam,  North 
Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891,  93  (Sawtooth,  Pashimeroi,  and  Salmon  River  Moun¬ 
tains  and  upper  part  of  Henry’s  Fork  of  Snake  River,  Idaho).  Bendike,  Life 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  50,  part.— Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  1893,  38  (British  Columbia,  east  of  Cascade  Range) .—Merrill, 
Auk,  xiv,  1897,  352  (Fort  Sherman,  Idaho) .— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900, 
199  (range). — Brooks,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  281  (Cariboo  district,  Brit.  Columbia). 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  217  (range;  nest  and  eggs 
at  Revelstoke,  Brit.  Col.). — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926, 
77  in  text  (fig.  of  tail  feathers),  84  in  text.— Skinner,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  237 
(Yellowstone  Park,  winter). — Fuller  and  Bole,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  i,  1930,  51'  (observ. ;  Wyo.)  .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934, 
29  (distr.).— Hellm ayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  198 
(syn. ;  distr.). 

Dendragapus  o[bscurus]  richardsonii  Brooks,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  167,  in  text  (hybrid 
chick;  Osoyoos,  British  Columbia). 

D[endragapus]  obscurus  richardsonii  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
196,  part. 

D[cndragapus]  o[bscurus]  richardsonii  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  U.  S.,  1902, 
126. — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926,  74  in  text  (map:  distr.). 

[Tetrao  obscurus ]  Var.  richardsonii  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Tetrao  obscurus  .  .  .  var.  richardsonii  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
No.  381a,  part. 

Tetrao  obscurus,  var.  richardsonii  Merriam,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  1873, 
698  (Teton  Canyon  at  North  Fork,  Idaho). 

Tetrao  obscurus  richardsoni  Coues,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull.  4,  1878,  639 
(Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana,  lat.  48°).— Williams,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
vii,  1882,  63  (Belt  Mountains,  Mont.;  habits). 

Tetrao  obscurus  var.  richardsoni  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  400  (west  side  of 
Rocky  Moutains  [in  Montana];  Yellowstone  River;  Teton  Canyon  and  North 
Fork  of  Snake  River,  Idaho;  crit.). 

[Canace  obscura]  var.  richardsoni  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  199  in  text. 

Canace  obscurus,  var.  richardsoni  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  427,  part. 

Canace  obscura  richardsonii  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part. 

Canace  obscura  richardsoni  Ridgway,  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  47lb, 
part. — Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  558,  part. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


85 


C[anace ]  o[bscura ]  richardsoni  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  579, 
part. 

Canace  richardsoni  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii, 
1874,  pi.  59,  fig.  4,  part. — Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875, 
163  (Camp  Harney,  Oreg.). 

Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- Amer., 
ii,  1831  (1832),  344,  pis.  59,  60. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  446,  pi.  361, 
part;  Synopsis,  1839,  203,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  89,  pi.  295, 
part. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  620,  part  (spec.  No.  2859)  ; 
Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  459,  part. — Blakiston,  Ibis,  1862,  8  (east 
base  Rocky  Mountains  near  Belly  River)  ;  1863,  121  (Rocky  Mountains,  mv. 
Canada). — Grinnell,  in  Ludlow,  Rep.  Recon.,  1876,  84  (Judith  Mountains  to 
Yellowstone  Park,  Mont.;  habits). 

(?)  Canace  obscurus  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  137,  part? 
(Camp  Harney,  south-central  Oregon;  crit.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  225  (St.  Joe  National  Forest, 
Idaho). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  Saunders,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  35,  part?  (Gallatin 
County,  Mont.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  198  (syn. ;  distr.,  part). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  fidiginosus  Bendire,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  32,  part  (Bitterroot 
Mountains,  Mont.;  near  Fort  Lapwai,  Idaho). — Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  14,  1921,  55  (Montana). 

Dendragapus  o[bscurus]  fuliginosus  Merriam,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891, 
93  in  text  (Idaho — Boise  Mountains,  foothills  of  Wiser  Valley  Mountains, 
and  mountains  near  Fort  Lapwai). 

Canace  fuliginosus  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  163  (Camp 
Blarney,  Oreg.). 

Dendragapus  obscurus  flemingi  Taverner,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  385,  (near  Teslin 
Lake,  s.  Yukon;  coll.  Mus.  Geol.  Surv.,  Dept.  Mines,  Canada);  Can.  Dept. 
Mines  Mus.  Bull.  7  (biol.  ser.),  1914,  2. — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool., 
xxiv,  1922,  203  (Doch-da-on  Creek  and  Kirk’s  Mountain,  Stikine  region,  south 
Alaska;  crit.);  xxx,  1926,  73  (crit.;  rev.;  plum.;  distr.),  84  in  text;  Condor, 
xxix,  1927,  169  in  text  (corr.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xi, 
1923,  517  (east  Yukon  and  southwest  Mackenzie  to  north  British  Columbia; 
Check-list,  No.  297d) ;  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  79  (distr.). — Brooks,  Condor, 
xxix,  1927,  113  (crit.);  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  112  in  text  (crit.;  tax.). — Bent, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  102  (habits,  plumage;  etc.). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  197  (syn.;  distr.). 

D[endragapus]  obscurus  flemingi  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx, 
1926,  74  in  text  (map;  distr.),  75  in  text  (fig.  of  tail  feathers). 

Dendragopus  obscurus  flemingi  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  165  in 
text  (north  interior  of  Canada) ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  152  in  text. 

T[ympanuchus]  richardsoni  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320. 

DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  OBSCURUS  (Say) 

Dusky  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus  sierrae  but  with 

a  much  broader  and  clearer,  unmarked,  gray  terminal  band  on  the  tail  ; 

somewhat  paler  above  and  clearer  gray,  less  brownish,  below ;  more  white 

on  the  chin  and  throat,  and  with  the  under  tail  coverts  gray  banded  with 


653008°— 46 - 1 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


chaetura  drab  and  tipped  with  white  (sometimes  the  dark  bands  are 
wanting)  ;  cervical  sac  in  breeding  season  purplish  and  only  slig  t  y 

carunculated.  ,  a  . 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  sierrae,  but  the  sides  and  flanks 

are  very  much  more  marked  with  white  (tips,  bars,  and  shafts  of  the 
feathers)  and  with  a  much  broader  and  clearer  gray  terminal  band  on 

the  rectrices. 

Immature  male.— Like  the  adult  but  with  narrower  retrices,  more 
graduated  tail,  and  often  with  some  juvenal  feathers  running  on  the 
head,  nape,  and  wings. 

Immature  female.— Like  the  adult  but  with  narrower  rectrices,  more 
graduated  tail,  and  often  with  some  juvenal  feathers  remaining  on  the 

head,  nape,  and  wings.  _  . 

luvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  palhdus,  from  which  it 

is  not  certainly  distinguishable. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike).— Like  that  of  D.  o.  richardsonn  but 

slightly  more  ochraceous-tawny  above.88 

Adult  male. — Wing  221-243  (232.5)  ;  tail  148-192  (1687)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  18.3-23.1  (21.2)  ;  tarsus  41.1-46.8  (43.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  38.4-46.5  (44.8  mm.).89 

Adult  female.- Wing  197-229  (212.1)  ;  tail  123-153  (142.3)  ;  exposed 
culmen  16-23.8  (18.9)  ;  tarsus  36.6^1.5  (39.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

36-41  (38.8  mm.).90 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Rocky  Mountan  region  from  southern  Mon¬ 
tana,  central  Wyoming,  western  South  Dakota  and  northern  Colorado 
south  through  northeastern  Nevada,  and  Utah  to  northern  Arizona  and 
west-central  New  Mexico. 

Type  locality.— “Debit  Creek,”  about  20  miles  north  of  Colorado 
Springs,  Colo. 

Tetrao  obscurus  Say,  in  Long’s  Exped.  Rocky  Mountains,  ii,  1823,  14  (near 
“Defile  Creek”  about  20  miles  north  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colo.).  Bonaparte, 
Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  127;  ii,  1828,  442;  Contr 
Maclurian  Lyc.,  i,  1827,  23;  Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1828,  27,  pi.  18;  Geogr.  and 
Comp  List  1838,  43. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  503.  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn. 
United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  666;  ed.  2,  1840,  809,-Wood- 
house,  Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuni  and  Colorado  R.,  1853,  96  (mountain  near 
Santa  Fe  N.  Mex.). — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  6_0,  part 
(Black  Hills  and  Laramie  Peak,  Wyo.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No. 
459  part— Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  86,  part.— Allen, 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  164  (Mount  Lincoln,  Colo.),  170  (Wahsatch 
Mountains,  Utah,  near  Ogden),  181,  part  (mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah).— 


88  See  col.  fig.,  Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  pi.  19,  fig.  1.  . 

80  Sixteen  specimens  from  Wyoming,  Utah,  Colorado,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico, 

and  Arizona.  ,  .  . 

“’Ten  specimens  from  Montana,  Colorado,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


87 


Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  1873,  No.  381,  part)  ;  Birds  Northwest, 
1874,  395,  part  (Deer  Creek,  Bitter  Cottonwood  Creek,  and  Laramie  Peak, 
Wyo.). — Henshaw,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  xi,  1874,  10  (Utah).— 
Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  347  (Salt  Lake  City, 
Utah). — Drew,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881,  142  (San  Juan  County,  Colo.). 

[Tetrao]  obscurus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  215,  figs. 
1887-1889. — Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9823,  part. — Coues,  Key  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Canace  obscura  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlv,  1857,  428. — Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex 
Inst.,  v,  1873,  186  (Colorado;  pine  region);  vii,  1875,  22  (e.  slope  E.  Humboldt 
Mountains),  34  (Parleys  Peak,  Wahsatch  Mountains),  39  (Nevada)  ;  Orn.  40th 
Paral.,  1877,  598,  part  (Wahsatch  and  Uintah  Mountains,  Utah)  ;  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  471,  part. — 
Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  557,  part. — Henshaw, 
Auk,  iii,  1886,  80  (upper  Pecos  River,  N.  Mex.). 

C[anace]  obscura  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  579,  part. 

Canace  obscurus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
pi.  59,  figs.  1,  2. — Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  137  (se. 
Oregon;  common;  habits;  eggs). 

Canace  obscurus,  var.  obscurus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  422,  part  (except  from  Sierra  Nevada). 

Canace  obscura  obscura  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  310. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23;  Monogr. 
Tetraon.,  1865,  pi.  7  and  text. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
No.  29 7,  part,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  297,  part. — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi 
Valley,  1888,  103  (Black  Hills)  ;  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37, 
1897,  70  (Colorado);  Bull.  56,  1900,  202  (Colorado;  breeds;  Breckenridge). — 
Mearns,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  52  (White  Mountains,  east-central  Arizona). — Ben- 
dire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  41,  part. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  74,  part  (excl.  synonym}',  part,  and  specimens,  part). — - 
Mitchell,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  307  (San  Miguel  County,  N.  Mex.,  breeding  at  10,000 
feet). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  198  (Montana  and  Idaho). — Cary, 
Auk,  xviii,  1901,  232  (Black  Hills,  Wyo.). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western 
United  States,  1902,  124,  part;  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  351  (upper  Pecos  River,  N.  Mex.; 
food,  etc.). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  41—44,  part. — Gilman, 
Condor,  ix,  1907,  153  (n.  slope  La  Plata  Mountains,  sw.  Colo.). — Henderson, 
Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zool.,  vi,  1909,  228  (Boulder  County,  Colo.,  in  moun¬ 
tains). — Visher,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  145  (hills,  w.  South  Dakota;  fairly  com¬ 
mon). — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  of  Colorado,  1912,  145  (Colorado;  resident).— 
Tanner,  Condor,  xxix,  1927,  197  (Pine  Valley  Mountains,  Utah). — Palmer, 
Condor,  xxx,  1928,  295  in  text. — Lee,  Condor,  xxxviii,  1936,  122  in  text 
(female  with  5  chicks,  near  Paradise,  Utah;  July). — Monson,  Condor,  xli, 
1939,  117  (Lukachukai  Mountains,  N.  Mex.,  Oct.  26,  1937;  pair  seen;  rare). 

Dendragopus  obscurus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  164,  pi.  21  B  (fig.; 
descr. ;  distr.  w.  Can.)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  152  in  text  (distr.)  ;  Can.  Water 
Birds,  1939,  164. — Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942, 
313  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage). 

D[endragapus)  obscurus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  195,  part. 

[Dendragapus]  obscurus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20,  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  138,  ed.  4,  1931,  78  (distr.). —  (?)  Saunders,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911, 
35  (Gallatin  County,  Mont.;  crit.). — Betts,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zool.,  x, 
1913,  191  (Boulder  County,  Colo.). — Grave  and  Walker,  Birds  Wyoming, 


88 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1913  39  (Wyoming;  common  in  south). -Rock well  and  Wetmore,  Auk,  xxxi, 

1914  314  (Lookout  Mountain,  Colo.).— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avi  .,  o.  , 
1914  22  (Arizona;  White  Mountains,  San  Francisco  Mountains) .-Over  and 
Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  75  (Black  Hills). -Jensen,  Auk,  xi,  1923 
454  (n.  Santa  Fe  County,  N.  Mex.,  9,000  feet  to  timberlme  . -Wyman  ami 
Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States, _  1925,  88  (desci.) 
Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926,  79  in  text  (fig-  °f  1 
feathers)  84  in  text.— Neilson,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  99  (Wheatland,  Wyo.). 
Bailey  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  196  (genl.,  New  Mexico). -Brooks,  Auk, 
xlvi,  1929,  111  (crit,  tax.,  syn.). -Hayward,  Proc.  Utah  Acad  Sci.,  vm, 
1931,  151  (Uintah  Mountains,  Utah). -Bent,  U.  S  Nat  Mus.  Bull.  1 62,  193 
91  (habits,  distr.,  etc.).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  u,  > 
(distr.).— McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935  129  m  tex  (se. 
Wyoming,  res.) .— Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  23,  1936,  23,  4  (  eva  a, 
res.  on  several  mountain  ranges  in  ne.  part  of  State). -Huey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlviu, 
1936  122  (White  Mountains,  Ariz. ;  nest. ;  not  uncommon).— Alexander,  Uni  . 
Colorado  Studies,  Zool.,  xxiv,  1937,  91  (Boulder  County  Colo. ;  spec.) l-Phil- 
lIPs  Auk  liv  1937,  203  in  text  (8  miles  se.  Lukachukai,  Apache  Country,  Ar  . , 
8,800  feet’;  pair  seen).-MoEETTr,  Auk,  Iv,  1938,  589,  pi  17  fig.  1  (downy  young ; 
col.  fig.).— Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain  Park,  1939,  59 
(Denver  area,  Colo.).— Bond,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  220  (Lincoln  County,  ev. , 
Wilson  Peak,  8,000-8,500  feet;  also  Geyser  Ranch,  8,000-9,000  feet).  Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  198  (syn.;  distr. ).-Behle, 
Bull.  Univ.  Utah,  xxxiv,  No.  2,  1943,  24,  37  (Pine  Valley  Mountain  Region, 
Washington  County,  Utah)  ;  Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  71  (Utah). 

Dendragapus  o[bscurus]  obscurus  Lincoln,  Auk,  xxxvu,  1920,  65  (Clear  UreeK 
district,  Colorado;  late  summer  and  full). -Stanford,  Proc  U  ah  Acad_  Sci 
ix,  1932,  73  (n.  Utah;  Mill  Hollow) .— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  u,  1957,  too 

(data  on  breeding  biology).  .  . 

D[endragapus ]  o[bscurus]  obscurus  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Bubl.  Zool.,  xxx, 

1926,  74  in  text  (map;  distr.).  _  ^  ^ 

T[ympanuchus]  obscurus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320. 


DENDRAGAPUS  OBSCURUS  PALLIDUS  Swarth 

Swarth’s  Dusky  Grouse 

Adult  male.— Very  similar  to  that  of  Dendragapus  obscurus  richard- 
sonii  but  averaging  slightly  paler  above  and  below  and  with  the  under 
tail  coverts  averaging  paler— chaetura  drab  (instead  of  fuscous-black) 

and  with  broader  white  tips.  . 

Adult  female.- Very  similar  to  that  of  D.  o.  richardsonn  but  with  paler 

under  tail  coverts— grayish  banded  with  chaetura  drab  (instead  of  so  i 
fuscous-black) — and  with  broader  white  tips. 

Immature  male.-Ukt  the  adult  male  but  with  narrower  rectnces 
more  graduated  tail,  and  often  some  juvenal  feathers  remaining  on  iea 

and  wings. 

Immature  female. -Like  the  adult  female  but  with  narrower  rectnces 
more  graduated  tail,  and  often  some  juvenile  feathers  remaining  on  head 

and  wings. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


89 


Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Like  that  of  D.  o.  richardsonii ;  possibly 
averaging  paler  but  not  certainly  distinguishable  from  it. 

Downy  young. — None  seen;  probably  like  that  of  D.  o.  richardsonii. 

Adult  male. — Wing  212-244  (233.8)  ;  tail  142-180  (166.4)  ;  exposed 
culrnen  18.6-23.8  (20.7)  ;  tarsus  41.2-48.3  (44.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  40-47.5  (42.9  mm.).91 

Adult  female. — Wing  196-221  (208.7)  ;  tail  125-139  (131.8)  ;  exposed 
culrnen  18-20.5  (19.5)  ;  tarsus  38.6-43.8  (40.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
35.6-42  (39.1  mm.).92 

Range.- — Resident  in  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  (Mazama, 
Winthrop,  Twisp,  Bly,  Loomis,  Walla  Walla,  Fort  Benton,  Tunk  Moun¬ 
tain,  etc.),  and  south  to  the  northeastern  quarter  of  Oregon  (Wallowa, 
Baker,  Union  Counties;  northern  Malheur  and  Blarney  Counties;  eastern 
Crook,  Grant,  and  Wheeler  Counties ;  southern  Morrow  County,  and 
southern  and  eastern  Unatilla  County),93  southeast  to  central  Nevada 
(Toyabe,  Toquima,  and  Monitor  Mountains). 

Type  locality. — Cornucopia,  Baker  County,  Oreg. 

Tetrao  richardsonii  (not  Douglas)  Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds, 
1870,  528  (crit.),  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsonii  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list, 
1886,  No.  297b;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  297b,  part. — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  i,  1892,  50,  part. — Woodcock,  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  26 
(Camp  Harney  and  Sparta,  Oreg.). 

D[endragapus]  obscurus  richardsonii  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  196, 
part. 

[ Dendragapus ]  richardsoni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20,  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  richardsoni  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  138,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  79,  part. — Dice,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  44  (Blue 
Mountains,  Butte  Creek,  and  near  Twin  Buttes  Ranger  Station,  se.  Washing¬ 
ton). — Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  555  (near  Memaloose  Ranger  Station,  Wal¬ 
lowa  County,  Oreg.). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  207  (Ore¬ 
gon;  descr. ;  distr. ;  habits). 

[Tetrao  obscurus]  var.  richardsonii  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 
Tetrao  obscurus  .  .  .  var.  richardsonii  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
1874,  No.  381a,  part. 

Canace  obscurus,  var.  richardsoni  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  427,  part. 

Canace  obscura  richardsonii  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part. 
Canace  obscura  richardsoni  Ridgway.,  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  471b, 
part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  558,  part. 
C[anace]  o[bscura]  richardsoni  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  579, 
part. 

Canace  richardsoni  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
pi.  59,  fig.  4,  part. 


01  Sixteen  specimens  from  Washington  and  Oregon. 

02  Thirteen  specimens  from  Washington  and  Oregon. 

02  Birds  from  northeastern  Washington  are  intermediate  between  D.  o.  richardsonii 
and  D.  o.  pallidus. 


90 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tetrao  obscurus  (not  of  Say)  Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  446,  pi.  361,  part; 
Synopsis,  1839,  203,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo.  ed.,  v,  1842,  89,  pi.  295,  part.— Baird, 
Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  620,  part  (e.  Oregon  and  Washington)  ;  Cat. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  459,  part. 

Dendragapus  obscurus  pallidus  Swarth,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xx, 
1931,  4  (descr. ;  crit. ;  range).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  29 
(range). — Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  23,  1936,  23,  47  (Nevada;  res.; 
Toyabe,  Toquima,  and  Monitor  Mountains)  ;  Amer.  Midi.  Nat.,  xix,  1938,  51 
(Toyabe  Mountains,  Nev. ;  res.;  habits;  weight;  color  of  soft  parts).  Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  199  (syn. ;  distr.). 
Dendragopus  obscurus  pallidus  Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  152  in  text. 
[Dendragapus  obscurus ]  pallidus  Moffitt,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  590  in  text  (mountains 
of  eastern  Oregon  and  possibly  Washington;  not  in  British  Columbia). 

Genus  LAGOPUS  Brisson 

Lagopus  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1760,  26,  181.  (Type,  by  tautonymy,  Lagopus  Brisson= 
Tetrao  lagopus  Linnaeus.) 

Lagophus  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Atti  Congr.  Scienz.  Ital.  [Napoli],  i,  1844, 
Zool.,  8. 

Oreicts  Kaup,  Skizz.  Entw.-Gesch.  Eur.  Thierw.,  1829,  177,  193.  (Type,  by  mono- 
typy,  Tetrao  scoticus  Latham.) 

Oreas  (emendation)  Agassiz,  Index  Zool.,  1846,  263. 

Attagen  Kaup,  Skizz.  Entw.-Gesch.  Eur.  Thierw.,  1829,  170,  193.  (Type,  by  original 
designation,  “Tetrao  montanus  and  islandicus.”) 

Acetinornis  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  May,  1856,  8S0.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Lagopus  persicus  Gray =Tetrao  persicus  Latham.) 

Keron  “Montin”  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  278.  (Type,  as  designated  by  Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Tetrao  mutus  Montin  [ Keron  Montin,  Physiogr.  Salsk.  Handl.,  i,  1776, 
155,  is  not  a  systematic  but  a  vernacular  name.] ) 

Medium-sized  to  small  Tetraonidae  (length  about  305-430  mm.)  with 
toes,  as  well  as  tarsi,  densely  feathered  in  winter  (more  sparsely  in  sum¬ 
mer)  ;  tail  more  than  half  but  less  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  very 
slightly  rounded  or  nearly  truncate,  the  rectrices  (16)  moderately  broad, 
rounded  at  tips;  neck  without  air  sacs  or  elongated  feathers;  all  the 
American  and  most  of  the  Palearctic  species  white  in  winter,  the  remiges 
white  in  summer. 

Bill  varying  from  stout  to  rather  slender  but  always  much  shorter  (from 
frontal  antiae)  than  distance  from  base  to  anterior  angle  of  eye,  its  depth 
at  frontal  antiae  sometimes  slightly  less,  sometimes  much  greater  than 
its  width  at  same,  point;  culmen  rounded  or  very  indistinctly  ridged; 
maxillary  tomium  more  or  less  strongly  concave  or  arched,  slightly  in¬ 
flected  ;  rhamphotheca  smooth.  Wing  moderate,  strongly  concave  beneath, 
the  longest  primaries  exceeding  longest  secondaries  by  between  one- 
fourth  and  one-third  the  length  of  wing;  third  and  fourth  primaries 
longest,  the  first  (outermost)  equal  to  seventh  or  intermediate  between 
sixth  and  seventh;  outer  primaries  only  moderately  bowed  or  incurved, 
four  or  five  outer  ones  with  inner  webs  distinctly  sinuated.  Tail  be¬ 
tween  one-half  and  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  very  slightly  rounded 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


91 


to  nearly  truncate,  the  rectrices  (16)  not  wider  distally  than  tips,  more 
or  less  rounded.  Tarsus  slightly  less  than  one-sixth  to  a  little  more  than 
one-fifth  as  long  as  wing,  completely  and  densely  clothed  with  long,  hair¬ 
like  feathers,  in  winter  plumage,  with  much  shorter  feathers,  the  planta 
tarsi  nude,  in  summer ;  middle  toe  decidedly  shorter  than  tarsus,  com¬ 
pletely  feathered  (the  feathering  even  sometimes  concealing  claws)  in 
winter,  in  summer  nude  except  basally,  their  upper  surface  without 
distinct  transverse  scutella  except  on  terminal  phalanx,  being  elsewhere 
covered  with  small,  rounded,  rather  indistinct  scales ;  claws  relatively 
broad,  very  concave  beneath,  long  in  winter,  much  shorter  in  summer. 


Plumage  and  coloration. — A  more  or  less  extensive  nude  superciliary 
space,  brightly  colored  (red)  and  fringed  in  summer;  neck  with  neither 
air  sacs  nor  elongated  feathers;  plumage  in  general  rather  soft  (except 
remiges  and  rectrices),  the  feathers  relatively  broad,  rounded,  and  dis¬ 
tinctly  outlined,  except  on  lower  abdomen,  anal  region,  and  legs,  where 
soft,  hairlike,  and  blended.  In  winter  plumage  entirely  white  except  tail 
(in  part)  and,  sometimes,  a  black  stripe  on  side  of  head — the  tail  also 
entirely  white  in  one  species.94  In  summer  the  plumage,  more  or  less 
extensively  mottled  or  .barred  or  spotted  with  black,  brown,  dusky,  gray, 
or  ochraceous;  the  remiges,  however,  always  remaining  white  (except 
in  L.  scoticus). 

•*  In  L.  scoticus  the  plumage  is  entirely  blackish  and  brown  or  rarely  mottled, 
even  in  winter,  even  the  primaries  being  wholly  dusky. 


92 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Range. — Arctic  and  cold-temperate  portions  of  Northern  Hemisphere; 
in  North  America  south  to  northern  border  of  United  States  and  along 
higher  part  of  western  mountain  ranges  to  Colorado  and  to  northern  New 
Mexico.  (Four  species  with  many  races). 

KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  FORMS  (ADULTS)  OF  THE  GENUS  LAGOPUS 

a.  Tail  feathers  white  ( Lag  opus  leucurus). 

b.  Bill  longer  and  more  decurved,  the  exposed  oilmen  over  16  mm.  in  length 

(chord)  (Vancouver  Island) . Lagopus  leucurus  saxatilis  (p.  132) 

bb.  Bill  shorter  and  less  decurved,  the  exposed  culmen  under  15  mm.  in  length 
(chord). 

c.  Wing  longer,  averaging,  in  males,  over  185  mm. ;  in  females,  over  180  mm. 
(Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana  to  New  Mexico). 

Lagopus  leucurus  altipetens  (p.  134) 

cc.  Wing  shorter,  averaging,  in  male,  not  over  181  mm.;  in  female,  not  over 
170  mm. 

d.  Entire  plumage  white  (winter  plumage)  : 

(northern  Rocky  Mountains)  ...Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  (p.  127) 

(Mount  Rainier) . Lagopus  leucurus  rainierensis  (p.  133) 

(south-central  Alaska) . Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  (p.  131) 

dd.  Entire  plumage  not  white. 

e.  Plumage  of  upperparts  finely  vermiculated  brown  and  gray  (autumn 
plumage) . 

f.  General  tone  of  upperparts  browner— usually  tawny-olive  mottled 
with  gray  (northern  Rocky  Mountains  from  northern  Washington 

to  northern  Alaska) . Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  (p.  127) 

ff.  General  tone  of  plumage  usually  grayer— the  tawny-buff  being  defi¬ 
nitely  less  noticeable  than  the  gray  : 

(Mount  Rainier) . Lagopus  leucurus  rainierensis  (p.  133) 

(south-central  Alaska)  .  .Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  (p.  131) 

ee.  Plumage  of  upperparts  coarsely  barred  black,  buff,  and  whitish  (sum¬ 
mer  plumage). 

/.  Pale  markings  darker— pinkish  buff  to  light  pinkish  cinnamon  (north¬ 
ern  Rocky  Mountains  from  northern  Washington  to  Alaska). 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  (p.  127) 
ff.  Pale  markings  paler — whitish  to  pale  pinkish  buff;  only  the  broader 
ones  slightly  darker — pinkish  buff. 

g.  The  dark  areas  deep  pure  black  (Mount  Rainier  district). 

Lagopus  leucurus  rainierensis  (p.  133) 
gg.  The  dark  areas  black  with  a  slight  brownish  tinge  (south-central 
Alaska) . Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  (p.  131) 

aa.  Tail  feathers  black. 

b.  Bill  heavier,  broader,  and  higher,  its  height  at  angle  of  gonys  usually  over 
9.5  mm.;  in  winter  (white)  plumage  with  no  black  loreal  mark  ( Lagopus 

lagopus) . 

c.  Shafts  of  primaries  broadly  dusky,  often  widening  terminally;  basal  half 
of  shafts  of  secondaries  usually  dusky  (Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alleni  (p.  108) 

cc.  Shafts  of  primaries  whitish  or  narrowly  dusky,  dark  color  becoming  nar¬ 
rower  terminally ;  basal  half  of  shafts  of  secondaries  usually  white. 

d.  Shafts  of  primaries  usually  white  or  nearly  so  (Arctic  islands  from 
"  Baffin  Island  northward) . Lagopus  lagopus  leucopterus  (p.  107) 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


93 


dd.  Shafts  of  primaries  usually  dusky. 

e.  Bill  slenderer,  width  at  gape  averaging  about  12  mm.  (nw.  Mackenzie 

to  Quebec) . Lagopus  lagopus  albus  (p.  100) 

ee.  Bill  broader,  width  at  gape  averaging  13  mm.  or  more. 

f.  Bill  very  broad,  the  width  at  gape  averaging  14.3  mm.  in  males,  13.6 
mm.  in  females. 

g.  Wings  longer,  averaging  199.2  mm.  in  males,  194  mm.  in  females. 

Lagopus  lagopus  koreni  (extralimital)'* 
gg.  Wings  shorter,  averaging  193  mm.  in  males,  184  mm.  in  females. 

h.  Bill  longer,  from  nostril  to  tip  averaging  11.8  mm.  in  males,  10.7 
mm.  in  females  (northern  Quebec  and  Labrador). 

Lagopus  lagopus  ungavus  (p.  106) 
hh.  Bill  shorter,  from  nostril  to  tip  averaging  10.9  mm.  in  males, 
10.1  mm.  in  females  (northern  Alaska  to  the  Kenai  Peninsula). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alascensis  (p.  97) 

//.  Bill  not  so  broad. 

g.  Plumage  entirely  white  except  for  tail. 

Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus,  winter  (extralimital)1"1 
Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrae,  winter  (southeastern  Alaska)  (p.  104) 


05  Lagopus  lagopus  koreni. — Tetrao  lagopus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Pallas,  Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat.,  ii,  1826,  56,  part. — Lagopus  lagopus  Stejneger,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull. 
29,  1885,  194  (Kamchatka;  e.  Asiatic  references);  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  40,  part  (Tobolsk  and  Omsk,  Siberia)  ;  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xxi,  1905,  242  (Gichiga,  etc.,  ne.  Siberia;  habits). — Lagopus  lagopus 
lagopus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  30,  part. — Lagopus  albus  Mid- 
dendorff,  Sibir.  Reise,  ii,  1883,  190 ;  Schrenck,  Reise  Amurland,  i,  1860,  395 ;  Radde, 
Reisen  Siid.  Ost.  Sibir.,  1863,  294;  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Taczanowski,  Journ. 
fur  Orn.,  1873,  98  (e.  Siberia)  ;  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1876,  242;  Orn.  Fauna 
Vost.  Sibir.,  1877,  47;  Seebohm,  Ibis,  1879,  148  (Siberia;  habits;  crit.)  ;  Bogdanow, 
Consp.  Av.  Ross.,  i,  1884,  32. — Tetrao  albus  Seebohm,  Ibis,  1888,  347  (Great  Liakoff 
Island,  Siberia;  descr.  eggs  and  young). — Lagopus  lagojrus  albus  Riley,  Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  191b,  233,  part  (e.  Siberia). — Lagopus  alpinus  (not  Tetrao 
alpinus  Nilsson)  Nelson,  Cruise  Corwin  in  1881  (1883),  82  (n.  coast  Siberia). — 
Lagopus  lagopus  koreni  Thayer  and  Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  v, 
1914,  4  (Nijni  Kalymsk,  Kolyma,  e.  Siberia;  coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.)  ;  Riley,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  liv,  1918,  606  (Little  Annuj  River,  Nijni  Kolymsk,  Kolyma  Delta, 
ne.  Siberia;  measurements).— ( ?)  Lagopus  lagopus  okadai  Momiyama,  Annot.  Orn. 
Orient,  i,  1928,  236  (Nairo,  Nairo-mura,  Sisuka-gun,  Sisuka  Prefect.-district,  s. 
Sakhalin). — Lagopus  lagopus  kamtschatkensis  Momiyama,  Annot.  Orn.  Orient.,  i, 
1928,  238  (Koshegofschenski,  w.  coast  of  Kamchatka)  ;  Bergman,  Kenntn.  Nordo- 
stasiat.  Vdg.,  1935,  153  (Kamchatka;  habits). 

t"1  Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus.—  [Tetrao]  lagopus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i, 
1758,  159  (Lapland;  cites  Fauna  Suecica,  169;  etc.);  ed.  12,  1766,  274;  Briinnich, 
Orn.  Bor.,  1764,  59;  Latham,  Synopsis  Birds,  Suppl.,  i,  1787,  290;  Index  Orn., 
ii,  1790,  639,  part  (Europe;  Siberia);  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  749  — 
Tetrao  lagopus  Temminck,  Cat.  Syst.,  1807,  154;  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso-Asiat.,  ii, 
1826,  63,  part;  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  501;  Yarrell,  Hist.  Brit.  Birds,  ii,  1843, 
322—  Lagopus  lagopus  Hartert,  Ibis,  1892,  511  (Dingken,  Germany)  ;  Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  40,  part.— [Lagopus]  lagopus  Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18,  part  (n.  Europe). — Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus  Clark,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  52,  in  text  (Norway;  crit.);  American  Ornitholo¬ 
gists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington, 


94 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


gg.  Plumage  not  white. 

h.  Upperparts  dark  reddish  brown  narrowly  marked  with  whitish 
and  buff. 

i.  Lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  more  reddish— Prout’s 

brown  to  argus  brown  (southeastern  Alaska). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrae,  male,  summer  (p.  104) 

ii,  Lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  less  reddish  Dres¬ 

den  brown  abundantly  cross-barred  with  blackish. 

Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus,  male,  summer  (extralimital) 
hh.  Upperparts  not  dark  reddish  brown,  but  narrowly  barred  buffy 
brown  and  black,  many  of  the  feathers  with  white  tips  (south¬ 
eastern  Alaska). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrae,  female,  summer  (p.  104) 
Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus,  female,  summer  (extralimital) 

xxiv,  1911,  233,  in  text  (Europe)  ;  Hartert,  Vdg.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1859 
(monogr.)  ;  Ramsay,  Guide  to  Birds  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  1923,  323  (descr. , 
distr.)  ;  Bianchi,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1926,  456  (n.  Russia)  ;  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel, 
i,  1932,  618,  619  (data  on  body  weight)  ;  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii, 
1934,  30,  part. — Lagopus  l[agopus]  lagopus  Hortling  and  Baker,  Ibis,  1932,  127 
(Lapland)  ;  Kratzig,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1940,  139  (young). —  [Tetrao]  albus  (not  of 
Gmelin)  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  639,  part  (Lapland).  Tetrao  albus  Naumann, 
Nat.  Vdg.  Deutschl,  vi,  1833,  381,  pi.  159 ,—L[agopus]  albus  Keyserling  and  Blasius, 
Wirbelth.  Eur.,  1840,  lxiii,  199.— [Lagopus]  albus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  Gal- 
linaceae,  iii,  1848,  pi.  213b,  figs.  1858-1862.— Lagopus  albus  Brandt,  in  Hofmann, 
N.  Ural  Exped.,  ii,  App.  1856,  68;  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  text  &  pis. 
17,  18,  part;  Degland  and  Gerbe,  Orn.  Eur.,  ii,  1867,  37;  Fritsch,  Nat.  Vog.  Eur., 
1870,  278,  pi.  20,  figs.  1,  4;  Collett,  Forh.  Vid.  Selsk.  Christiania,  1868,  159;  1872,  237 
(n.  Norway)  ;  Pearson  and  Bidwell,  Ibis,  1872,  233  (n.  Norway,  breeding)  ,  Alston 
and  Brown,  Ibis,  1873,  66  (Archangel,  n.  Russia)  ;  Dresser,  Birds  Eur.,  v,  1874, 
183,  pis.  483,  484,  part;  Palmen,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1876,  42  (Finland)  ;  Seebohm  and 
Brown,  Ibis,  1876,  220  (lower  Petchova  River,  Russia;  habits)  ;  Taczanowski,  Bull. 
Soc.  Zool.  France,  ii,  1877,  153  (Poland)  ;  Seebohm,  Ibis,  1879,  148  (Yenesei  River, 
Siberia)  ;  1882,  379  (Archangel,  n.  Russia)  ;  Brandt,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1880,  240 
(St.  Petersburg;  Helsingfors)  ;  Bogdanow,  Consp.  Av.  Ross.,  i,  1884,  32;  Pearson, 
Ibis,  1896,  216  (Kolguez,  Russia;  descr.  egg). — [Tetrao]  lappomcus  Gmelin,  Syst. 
Nat’.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  751  (Lapland);  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  640.— Tetrao  lap- 
ponicus  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiii,  1819,  ASS.— Lagopus  lapponicus 
Stephens,  in  Shaw  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  2%.— Tetrao  rehusak  Bonnaterre,  Tabl. 
Encycl.  Meth,  i,  1791,  204  (ex  Montin  and  Pennant)  —Tetrao  cacliinnans  Retzius, 
Fauna  Suecica,  1800,  210  (Sweden,  Lappland ).— Tetrao  saliceti  Temminck,  Pig.  et 
Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  207,  709,  part;  Man.  d’Orn.,  ii,  1820,  471;  Schinz,  Nat.  Abbild. 
Vog.,  1833,  pi.  105;  Godman,  Ibis,  1861,  85  (Bodo)  ;  Bree,  Birds  Eur,  iii,  1867,  212, 
pi. —Lagopus  saliceti  Gould,  Birds  Eur,  iv,  1837,  pi.  255  and  text;  Cabanis,  Journ. 
fur  Orn,  1886,  348  (Germany).— Tetrao  sub-alpinus  Nilsson,  Orn.  Suec,  i,  1817, 
307  (n.  Scandinavia  and  Finland)  —Lagopus  subalpinus  Brehm,  Handb.  Vdg. 
Deutschl,  1831,  517;  Nilsson,  Skand.  Fauna,  Fogl,  ii,  1858,  93;  Olphe-Galliard, 
Faun.  Orn.  Eur.  Occ,  fasc.  37^ 10,  1886,  55 .—Lagopus  subalpina  Nilsson,  Ill.  Skand. 
Faun,  i,  1832,  pis.  6,  7;  Sundevall,  Ofv.  Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  Fugl,  1856,  pi.  35, 
figs.  5,  6;  Collin,  Skand.  Fugle,  1877,  421,  Suppl.  pi.  5 .—Lagopus  brachydactylus 
Gould!  Birds  Eur,  iv,  1837,  pi.  256  and  text ;  Olphe-Galliard,  Faun.  Orn.  Eur.  Occ, 
fasc.  37-40,  1886,  61. — Tetrao  brachydactylus  Temminck,  Man.  d’Om,  1840  ed,  iv, 
328.— (?)  Lagopus  lagopus  kapustini  Sserebrowsky,  Journ.  fur  Orn,  1926,  512 
(Lapland). 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


95 


bb.  Bill  smaller,  shorter,  and  narrower,  its  height  at  angle  of  gonys  usually  under 
8.5  mm. ;  in  winter  (white)  plumage  with  a  black  loreal  band  in  males, 
none  in  famales  {Lagopus  mutus) . 

c.  Plumage  entirely  white  except  for  black  tail  and  black  loreal  stripe. 

Lagopus  mutus,  all  races” 


cc.  Plumage  not  entirely  white. 

d.  Upperparts  and  throat  and  breast  coarsely  banded  with  blackish  (sum¬ 
mer  females). 

c.  General  color  of  paler  areas  decidedly  more  grayish  than  brownish. 

/.  Lower  back  and  rump  barred  with  pale  bars  about  as  noticeable  as 
dark  ones  (Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  mutus  welchi,  summer,  female  (p.  126) 
ff.  Lower  back  and  rump  with  the  paler  bars  much  reduced,  much  less 
noticeable  than  the  dark  areas  (northern  Canada). 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris,  summer,  female  (p.  122) 
ec.  General  color  of  paler  areas  decidedly  more  brownish  than  grayish. 
f.  Blackish  bars  on  breast  heavier,  usually  4-5  mm.  in  width : 

(Attu  Island)  Lagopus  mutus  evermanni,  summer,  female  (p.  109) 

(Alaska) . Lagopus  mutus  nelsoni,  summer,  female  (p.  117) 

(se.  Alaska) . Lagopus  mutus  dixoni,  summer,  female  (p.  120) 

(Amchitka)  Lagopus  mutus  gabrielsoni,  summer,  female  (p.  116) 
ff.  Blackish  bars  on  breast  narrower,  usually  under  3  mm.  in  width : 

(Tanaga) . Lagopus  mutus  sanfordi,  summer,  female  (p.  113) 

(Kiska) . Lagopus  mutus  townsendi,  summer,  female  (p.  Ill) 

(Atka  Island) Lagopus  mutus  atkhensis,  summer,  female  (p.  115) 
(A dak  Island) 

Lagopus  mutus  chamberlaini,  summer,  female  (p.  114) 
dd.  Upperparts  and  throat  and  breast  finely  barred  or  vermiculated,  some¬ 
times  almost  solidly  colored  (males). 

e.  General  tone  of  upperparts  dark,  sepia  or  darker,  and  not  noticeably 
rufescent. 

/.  Upperparts  very  dark,  the  upper  back  largely  black. 

g.  Feathers  of  the  back  abundantly  mottled  or  barred  with  dark  fer¬ 
ruginous. 

Lagopus  mutus  ridgwayi,  summer,  male  (extralimital)98 


07  The  subspecies  are  not  distinguishable  in  this  plumage  (no  winter  specimens  of 
L.  m.  evermanni  appear  to  have  been  collected  or  described). 

*"  Lagopus  mutus  ridgwayi. —  Tetrao  lagopus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Pallas,  Zoogr. 
Rosso-Asiat.,  ii,  1826,  63,  part. — Lagopus  albus  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Stejneger, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1883,  72  (Bering  Island). — Lagopus  alpinus  (not  of  Midden- 
dorff)  Dybowski,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1883,  368. — Lagopus  ridgwayi  Stejneger, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  i,  1884,  98  (Bering  Island,  Commander  Group,  Kam¬ 
chatka;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  Zeitschr.  ges.  Om.,  i,  1884,  89,  pi.  5;  Amer.  Nat., 
xviii,  1884,  774;  Ibis,  1885,  50;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  29,  1885,  194;  Palmen,  Vega- 
Exped.,  1887,  301  (Bering  Island);  Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  56 
(Commander  Islands)  ;  Brooks,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lix,  1915,  365  (Copper 
Island). —  [Lagopus]  ridgwayi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18. — Lagopus  rupestris 
subsp.  insularis  Bogdanow,  Consp.  Av.  Ross.,  1884,  34  (Bering  Island).— Lagopus 
mutus  ridgwayi  Hartert,  Vogel  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1871  (Bering  and  Copper 
Island)  ;  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  33  (Commander  Islands).— 
L[agopus]  m[utus]  ridgwayi  Steinbacher,  Erganzungsband  to  Hartert,  Vogel  pal. 
Fauna,  Heft  6-7,  1938,  516  in  text. 


96 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


gg.  Feathers  of  the  back  not  abundantly  mottled  or  barred  with  dark 
ferruginous,  but  more  solidly  blackish  (Attu  Island). 

Lagopus  mutus  evermanni,  summer,  female  (p.  109) 

//.  Upperparts  not  so  dark,  upper  back  not  largely  blackish.  Upperparts 
fairly  dark — general  color  sepia  or  darker,  with  or  without  a  gray¬ 
ish  tone. 

g.  Brownish  markings  bright  ochraceous-tawny  (mainland  of  Alaska). 

Lagopus  mutus  nelsoni,  summer,  male  (p.  117) 
gg.  Brownish  markings  pale  and  much  reduced  in  size  and  number  (se. 

Alaska) . Lagopus  mutus  dixoni,  summer,  male  (p.  120) 

ee.  General  tone  of  upperparts  paler — not  darker  than  bright  sayal  brown 
or  tawny-olive,  often  with  a  pronounced  mixture  of  pale  ashy  gray. 

f.  Upperparts  very  pale  and  ashy. 

g.  General  ground  color  of  upperparts  browner — lower  back  and  rump 
pale  tawny-olive  (Atka  Island). 

Lagopus  mutus  atkhensis,  summer,  male  (p.  US) 
gg.  General  ground  color  of  upperparts  more  grayish — lower  back  and 
rump  isabella  color. 

h.  Lower  throat  and  breast  slightly  paler— brownish  feathers  cin¬ 
namon-buff  to  pale  tawny-olive  (Tanaga  Island). 

Lagopus  mutus  sanfordi,  summer,  male  (p.  113) 
hh.  Lower  throat  and  breast  slightly  darker— brownish  feathers  cin¬ 
namon-buff  to  very  pale  tawny-olive  (Adak  Island). 

Lagopus  mutus  chamberlaini,  summer,  male  (p.  114) 90 
ff.  Upperparts  not  so  pale  and  not  noticeably  ashy. 

g.  General  tone  of  upperparts  grayish — no  bright  tawny  markings, 
brownish  markings  dull  and  mixed  with  grayish. 

h.  Upperparts  with  many  blackish  blotches  and  with  heavy  blackish 
vermiculations. 

i.  With  considerable  brownish  in  the  upperparts  (northern 

Canada) .  .Lagopus  mutus  rupestris,  summer,  male  (p.  122) 

ii.  With  little  or  almost  no  brownish  in  the  upperparts  (Newfound¬ 

land)  . Lagopus  mutus  welchi,  summer,  male  (p.  126) 

hh.  Upperparts  with  very  few  blackish  blotches  and  finely  vermicu- 
lated  with  blackish  (northern  Canada). 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris,  autumn,  male  (p.  122) 
gg.  General  tone  of  upperparts  brownish — with  bright  tawny  markings. 

h.  General  tone  of  upperparts  bright  rufescent. 

i.  Throat  and  breast  with  few  blackish  bars  or  vermiculations 

(Tanaga  Island). 

Lagopus  mutus  sanfordi,  autumn,  male  (p.  113) 

ii.  Throat  and  breast  with  many  blackish  bars  or  vermiculations. 
/•  Upper  back  with  many  broad  black  bars  (Amchitka). 

Lagopus  mutus  gabrielsoni,  autumn,  male  (p.  116) 
jj.  Upper  back  with  few  broad  black  bars  (Kiska  and  Little 
Kiska  Islands). 

Lagopus  mutus  townsendi,  autumn,  male  (p.  Ill) 
hh.  General  tone  of  upperparts  not  bright  rufescent. 

i.  Broadly  barred  with  blackish  above  and  on  breast  and  upper 
tail  coverts  (Amchitka). 

Lagopus  mutus  gabrielsoni,  summer,  male  (p.  116) 

90  The  differences  between  chamberlaini  and  sanfordi,  being  very  small,  are  almost 
impossible  to  express  in  a  key. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


97 


ii.  Narrowly  barred  with  blackish  above  and  on  breast,  upper  tail 
coverts  merely  vermiculated  (Kiska  and  Little  Kiska 
Islands) .  .Lagopus  rnutus  townsendi,  summer,  male  (p.  Ill) 

LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  ALASCENSIS  Swarth 

Alaska  Willow  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Feathers  around  nostrils  to  base  of 
maxilla  and  of  mandible  and  chin  white  or  black  (  !)  with  more  or  less 
chestnut ;  eye  ring  white ;  forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  bright  hazel 
to  chestnut,  each  feather  with  an  incomplete  subterminal  broad  black 
cross  bar ;  nape,  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  upper  back  slightly  darker, 
dark  chestnut  narrowly  banded  with  fuscous-black  to  blackish  and  nar¬ 
rowly  tipped  with  huffy  white ;  back,  rump,  and  inner  upper  wing  coverts 
similar  but  with  a  white  feather  here  and  there ;  upper  tail  coverts  similar 
but. brown  areas  paler — hazel  to  pale  hazel;  a  line  of  anterior  scapulars, 
the  outer  upper  wing  coverts  and  the  remiges  white,  the  shafts  of  the 
primaries  dusky  becoming  white  terminally ;  rectrices  dark  fuscous  tipped 
with  white  (the  white  tips  broadest  on  the  inner  feathers),  except  the 
median  pair  which  are  like  the  upper  coverts  but  with  finer  bars  and 
vermiculations ;  sides  of  head,  throat,  and  upper  breast  bright  hazel  to 
chestnut  becoming  darker  on  the  lower  breast  where  the  feathers  are 
barred  with  fuscous-black ;  rest  of  underparts  white  with  an  occasional 
chestnut  feather  on  the  sides ;  “comb”  scarlet ;  bill  bluish  black ;  claws 
brownish  basally  becoming  white  on  the  distal  half  or  so. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  russet 
to  hazel,  each  feather  subterminally  blackish  and  with  a  terminal  median 
spot  of  pale  hazel ;  nape,  scapulars,  interscapulars,  back,  rump,  and  upper 
tail  coverts  russet  to  hazel,  each  feather  crossed  by  several  wavy  blackish 
to  fuscous-blackish  bars,  the  next  to  the  subterminal  one  usually  the 
heaviest,  followed  by  a  paler,  much  huffier  pale  area  which  is  distally 
narrowly  edged  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-brown;  tips  of  feathers  white, 
the  tips  wearing  off  quickly,  however ;  outer  upper  wing  coverts  and 
remiges  white,  the  primaries  with  partly  dusky  brownish  shafts  (some 
with  white  shafts)  innermost  upper  wing  coverts  like  the  back;  rectrices 
dark  fuscous  except  the  median  pair  which  are  hazel  to  russet  mottled 
and  irregularly  barred  with  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous-black;  lores  and 
sides  of  head,  chin,  and  upper  throat  hazel,  eye  ring  white ;  lower  throat 
and  breast  slightly  darker  hazel ;  upper  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under 
tail  coverts  hazel  irregularly  and  incompletely  barred  with  fuscous  to 
fuscous-black  and  tipped  with  white;  center  of  abdomen  to  vent,  thighs, 
and  feathers  of  feet  white;  under  wing  coverts  white;  “comb”  less  promi¬ 
nent,  more  shriveled  than  in  summer  plumage. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — Entire  plumage  pure  white  except  for 
all  but  the  median  pair  of  rectrices,  which  are  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous- 
black,  and  for  the  shafts  of  the  primaries,  which  are  dusky  except  at  the 


98 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


tip ;  the  crown  feathers  are  blackish  in  their  concealed  basal  portions , 
feathers  of  toes  longer  and  denser  than  in  summer. 

Adult  female ,  summer  plumage. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape,  inter 
scapulars,  scapulars,  inner  upper  wing  coverts,  back,  rump,  and  upper 
tail  coverts  ochraceous-tawny  to  tawny-olive,  each  feather  barred  (and 
in  the  case  of  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  upper  back  often  broadly 
blotched)  with  fuscous-black,  and  tipped  with  pale  tawny  to  pale  olive- 
buff,  and  occasionally  to  almost  white ;  rest  of  upper  wing  coverts  and 
the  remiges  white,  the  primaries  with  dusky  brown  shafts,  which  are 
white  terminally ;  rectrices  dark  fuscous  tipped  with  white ;  lores  and 
sides  of  head  cinnamon-buff  to  light  ochraceous-buff,  the  feathers  with 
small  fuscous  transverse  spots ;  chin  and  upper  throat  similar  but  often 
with  no  or  almost  no  dusky  markings ;  lower  throat,  breast,  upper  ab¬ 
domen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  ochraceous-buff  to  light 
ochraceous-tawny  heavily  barred  with  wavy  bands  of  clove  brown  to 
fuscous ;  middle  of  abdomen  to  vent,  and  thighs  slightly  paler  and  without 
dark  bands;  under  wing  coverts  white;  “comb”  pale  vermilion;  bill  dull 
blackish,  dull  flesh  color  below  at  extreme  base  of  lower  mandible ;  claws 
dark  brown,  whitish  on  terminal  third. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  the  male  but  slightly 
more  grayish  on  the  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts,  the  tips  of  the 
feathers  being  more  ashy  and  the  other  brownish  bars  slightly  less  ru- 
fescent;  the  throat  and  breast  paler — bright  tawny,  and  the  extent  of 
this  color  on  the  sides  much  reduced  compared  with  the  male ;  the  white 
of  the  abdomen  correspondingly  more  extensive.  In  this  plumage  there 
usually  is  a  sprinkling  of  feathers  left  over  from  the  summer  plumage, 
especially  on  the  lower  breast  and  sides. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage. — Like  the  corresponding  plumage  of  the 
male,  but  the  bases  of  the  feathers  of  the  crown  are  more  grayish. 

First  winter  plumage  (sexes  alike). — Indistinguishable  from  the  adult 
female  winter  plumage.  (Females  are  therefore  not  separable,  but  first- 
winter  males  have  the  bases  of  the  crown  feathers  more  grayish,  less 
blackish  than  in  adults.) 

First  autumn  plumage  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  summer  plumage 
of  the  adult  female  but  with  the  brownish  bars,  edges,  and  tips  of  the 
feathers  of  the  upperparts  paler  and  yellower — cinnamon-buff  to  honey 
yellow,  the  dark  marks  on  the  throat  and  breast  and  upper  abdomen 
smaller,  usually  some  of  the  rectrices  retained  from  the  juvenal  plumage 
— narrow,  pointed,  tipped  with  white,  otherwise  fuscous-black  barred  and 
edged  with  cinnamon-buff  to  honey  yellow,  and  with  the  outermost  two 
remiges  also  retained  from  the  juvenal  plumage;  lower  abdomen  and 
thighs  grayish  white. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  first  autumn  plumage  but  with 
all  but  the  outermost  two  remiges  chaetura  drab  to  clove  brown,  bordered 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


99 


narrowly  and  barred  incompletely  on  the  outer  web  with  pale  pinkish 
buff ;  all  the  upper  wing  coverts  like  the  back ;  the  general  tone  of  the 
dorsal  feather  bars  and  edges  richer,  more  orange — raw  sienna  to  antique 
brown,  and  the  abdomen  more  buffy ;  thighs  buffy  also. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  sides  of  crown  and  occiput, 
sides  of  head  chamois  to  cream  buff;  with  a  black  loreal  spot  and  a 
median  frontal  line,  and  a  postauricular  wavy  line  of  chaetura  black ;  the 
median  frontal  line  bifurcating  to  enclose  most  of  the  crown  and  occiput 
which  are  deep  auburn  to  deep  chestnut  bordered  by  blackish,  the  lateral 
borders  uniting  again  posteriorly  to  form  a  broad  but  much  interrupted 
spinal  stripe,  which  bifurcates  on  the  lower  back  and  the  branches  of 
which  meet  again  at  the  base  of  the  tail;  wings  and  middle  of  back 
cinnamon-buff  to  clay  color;  sides  of  back  (lateral  to  the  blackish  lines) 
and  underparts  straw  yellow,  washed  on  the  breast  with  pale  orange- 
yellow. 

Adult  male. — Wing  18^205  (195.6);  tail  114-135  (122.9);  bill 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.7-11.7  (10-9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape 
13-14.3  (13.7)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  10.2-11.5  (10.8  mm).1 

Adult  female. — Wing  174—192  (185)  ;  tail  103-125  (112.6) ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8.8-10.8  (10.1)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.7— 
14.4  (13.1)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9.4—11.1  (10.2  mm.).2 

Range. — Breeds  from  northern  Alaska  (Point  Barrow,  Cape  Lisbourne, 
Wainwright,  Smith  Bay,  Demarcation  Point,  Humphrey  Point,  Camden 
Bay,  etc.)  south  throughout  most  of  Alaska  to  Nushagak  on  the  west 
coast  and  to  the  Kenai  Peninsula  and  Mount  McKinley,  farther  to  the  east. 

Winters  throughout  its  breeding  range  north  as  far  as  Nunivak  Island, 
Nulato,  Kutuk  River,  Miller  Creek,  Kotzebue  Sound. 

Type  locality.— Kowak  River  Delta,  Alaska. 

Lagopus  lagopus  Stejneger,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  20,  part. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  301,  part,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  301, 
part. — Turner,  Contr.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  152  (St.  Michael,  etc.,  Alaska; 
habits). — Nelson,  Rep.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  1887,  131,  pi.  5,  fig.  3  (habits). — 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  69,  part. — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  40,  part  (Point  Barrow,  Kotzebue  Sound, 
St.  Michael,  Kegiktouik,  and  Nushagak,  Alaska)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896, 
36,  part. — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  1,  1900,  32,  75  (Kowak  River, 
Kotzebue  Sound  area;  common;  habits;  plum.;  nests  and  eggs). — Macoun,  Cat. 
Can.  Birds,  1900,  205,  part  (Alaska)  .—Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  xvi,  1902,  235,  part  (Homer  and  Kenai  Mountains,  Alaska;  habits). — 
Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  24,  1904,  65  (Alaska  Peninsula;  habits).— 
Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  44-46,  part  (range,  food,  etc.). — Macoun 
and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  223,  part  (Alaska).— Anderson,  Rep. 
Dept.  Mines  Canada  for  1914  (1915),  165  (Alaska,  Collinson  Point  and  Endicott 
Mountains;  spec.).— Hill,  Condor,  xxiv,  1922,  105,  in  text  (habits;  breeding, 


1  Twenty-one  specimens  from  northern  and  north-central  Alaska. 

*  Twenty  specimens  from  northern  Alaska. 


100 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


etc.,  near  Nome,  Alaska). — Laing  and  Taverner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada 
for  1927  (1929),  75  (Chitina  River  region,  Alaska). — Shortt,  Contr.  Roy. 
Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  17,  1939,  12  (Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska;  spec.;  downy 
young). 

L[agopus]  lagopus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  199,  part. 

[. Lagopus ]  lagopus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3, 
1910,  140,  part. — Hersey,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxvi,  No.  2,  1916,  26  (n.  to  Cape 
Espenberg,  Alaska). — Dice,  Condor,  xxii,  1920,  179  (Tanana,  Cosna  River,  and 
North  Fork  Kuskokwim  River,  Alaska;  habits;  food). — Conover,  Auk,  xliii, 
1926,  316  (Hooper  Bay,  Alaska;  habits). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  30,  part. —  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
201,  part. 

Lagopus  albus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pis.  17,  18,  text  part. — Dall  and 
Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1869,  287,  part  (Fort  Yukon,  Alaska, 
to  Bering  Sea;  habits;  molts). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  457,  part  (habits;  distr. ;  descr.). — McLenegan,  Cruise 
Corwin,  1884,  119  (Kowak  River,  Hotham  Inlet,  and  Kotzebue  Sound,  nw. 
Alaska)  ;  Cruise  Corwin,  1885  (1887),  78  (Noatak  River,  Alaska). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  201,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

L[agop:us]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  586,  part. 

[Lagopus]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  albus  Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  53  in  text, 
part  (n.  Alaska,  Point  Barrow,  Kotzebue  Sound,  Cape  Lisbourne,  Kowak  River ; 
crit.). — Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  1911,  233,  part  (n.  Alaska). — 
Brooks,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  lix,  1915,  363  (Camden  Bay,  Humphrey  Point, 
and  Demarcation  Point,  n.  Alaska;  habits). — Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917, 
200,  part  (Alaska). — Bailey,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  121  (nw.  Alaska;  distr.; 
habits) . 

Lagopus  lagopus  alascensis  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zook,  xxx,  No.  4, 

1926,  87  (Kowak  River  Delta,  Alaska;  descr.;  crit.)  ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No. 
22,  1934,  25  (Nunivak  Island,  Alaska;  spec.;  crit.). — Dixon,  Condor,  xxix, 

1927,  213  (life  hist.;  photos). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  4,  1931,  82  (distr.).- — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bulk  162,  1932,  200  (habits). — - 
Hurley,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  38  (Bristol  Bay,  Alaska;  eggs). — Bailey,  Brower, 
and  Bishop,  Progr.  Activ.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  No.  2,  1933,  24  (Point 
Barrow,  Alaska). — Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxiv,  1934,  237 
(Cape  Denbeigh,  Norton  Sound)  ;  xxxi,  1941,  407  (Cape  Prince  of  Wales, 
Alaska). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breed,  biol.). — Dixon, 
Condor,  xlv,  1943,  54  (Arctic  Alaska;  Humphrey  Point;  abundant;  nests). 

L[agopus ]  l[agopus]  alascensis  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74, 
in  text  (crit.). 

Tetrao  saliceti  (not  of  Temminck)  Adams,  Ibis,  1878,  436  (St.  Michael,  Alaska; 
habits,  etc.). 

LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  ALBUS  (Gnielin) 

Keewatin  Willow  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  Lagopus  lagopus 

alascensis  but  generally  slightly  darker  above  and  on  the  throat  and 

breast,  less  brightly  rufescent,  and  the  bill  slenderer,  the  width  at  the 

gape  averaging  about  12  mm. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA  101 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but 
slightly  grayer  above,  the  terminal  band  of  the  feathers  being  ashy  to 
wood  brown  and  the  bill  slenderer. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but  the 
bill  slenderer. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis 
but  with  less  rufescent  tone,  the  black  areas  larger  and  the  brown  mark¬ 
ings  somewhat  duller,  the  feather  edgings  more  grayish  and  the  bill 
slenderer. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but 
darker,  more  grayish  above,  and  the  bill  slenderer. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage.- — Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage 
of  L.  1.  alascensis  but  the  bill  slenderer. 

First  zvinter  plumage  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis 
but  the  bill  slenderer. 

Juvenal  plumage  (sexes  alike). — Like  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but 
very  slightly  less  brightly  orange-brown,  slightly  more  grayish,  and  with 
the  dark  markings  on  the  underside  more  broken  into  spots,  not  forming 
fairly  complete  bars. 

Downy  young.— Indistinguishable  from  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis. 

Adult  male. — Wing  178-201  (190.9);  tail  112-126  (120);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9-11.5  (10.4)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.5-13 
(12.2)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9-11.2  (9.8  mm.).3 

Adult  female. — Wing  168-203  (180)  ;  tail  94-121  (106.8)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8.5-11.2  (9.7)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.6-13.5 
(12)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  8.3-10.1  (9.5  mm.).4 

Range. — Breeds  from  northwestern  and  central  Mackenzie  (Franklin, 
Great  Bear  and  Great  Slave  Lakes,  Fort  Resolution,  Fort  Simpson,  Fort 
Anderson)  and  Yukon  (head  of  Coal  Creek)  to  northeastern  Manitoba 
(Churchill),  northern  Ontario  and  south-central  Quebec  to  Anticosti 
Island,  south  through  northern  and  central  British  Columbia  (inter¬ 
grading  in  northwestern  British  Columbia  with  Lagopus  lagopus  alcx- 
andrae ),  central  Alberta,  central  Saskatchewan,  and  central  Ontario. 

Winters  throughout  most  of  its  breeding  range  and  south  to  Cumber¬ 
land  House  and  Fort  Carleton,  Saskatchewan;  Norway  House  and  Grand 
Rapids,  central  Manitoba;  Cochrane  and  Martin  Falls,  central  Ontario; 
Lake  St.  John,  Maniwaki,  and  Bonne  Esperance,  Quebec. 

Casual  in  Montana  (Midvale,  Glacier  National  Park)  ;  North  Dakota 
(Killdeer  Mountains,  Dunn  County)  ;  Minnesota  (Sandy  Island,  Lake  of 
the  Woods)  ;  Wisconsin  (Racine)  ;  ?  Michigan  (Keweenaw  Point)  ;  New 

3  Twenty-two  specimens  from  Yukon,  Mackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  and 
Hudson  Bay. 

4  Twenty-three  specimens  from  Mackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  and  Hud¬ 
son  Bay. 

663008°— 46 - 8 


102 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


York  (Watson,  Lewis  County)  ;  Nova  Scotia;  and  Maine  (Kenduskeag) 
Type  locality.— Western  side  of  Hudson  Bay. 


Tetrao  ...  lag  opus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Forster,  Philos.  Trans.,  lxii,  1772  390 
Tetra°  lagopus  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds  1832 
671;  ed.  2,  1840,  813  (Melville  Island;  Churchill  River)  ’  ’ 

7  [ etrao]  lagopus  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  3,  1829,  146  (Rocky 
Mountains,  lat.  54°  and  northward ;  “on  the  northwest  coast  .  .  .  as  low  as 
45  7  ,  the  position  of  Mount  Hood”). 

Logopus  lagopus  Stejneger,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  20,  part.-AMERicAN 
Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list,  No.  301,  part,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895  No.  301 
part.— Seton,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  153  (e.  shore  Lake  Winnipeg;  Norway  House).— 
Macfarlane,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv,  1891,  430  (Fort  Anderson,  lower  Ander- 
son  River  etc.,  Mackenzie;  habits;  descr.  nest  and  eggs).— Thompson,  Proc. 
1SO?'iA9  ^^U/S'’  Xm’  1891,  514  ( Manit°ba) .  Hatch,  Notes  Birds  Minnesota, 
S  in2’  457  Te;  dlStr':  s^ec'^  *  Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i, 
1892,  69  part.-MERRiLL,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  300  (Kenduskeag,  Maine,  1892)  — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  40,  part  (North  American 

iroa1^5’  except  Alaska  ^  Fort  Chimo,  Ungava)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i, 
1896  36,  Part.— Clark,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  177  (spec,  from  Nova  Scotia  with  rose- 
tinted  plumage). -Ames,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  411  (Whitby,  Ontario,  May  IS  1897) 
-Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  26  (winter  visitor  in  Ontario) .- 
acoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  205,  part  (Hudson  Bay  westward).— Preble 
North  Amer  Fauna,  No.  22,  1902,  103  (50  miles  n.  of  York  Factory  northward ;’ 
localities  in  keewatm).— Kumlien  and  Hollister,  Bull.  Wisconsin  Nat  Hist 
r,°C”  \9?3’57  (rare  straggler  to  Wisconsin ).-Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull. 

u’i  fT  (diStr'i  f°°d;  ete')-[NASH],  Check  List  Vert.  Ontario: 

irds,  1905,  35  (Ontario;  winter;  spec.) .—Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club 
No  3,  1905,  202,  203  in  text  (Essex  County,  Massachusetts;  accid.).— Fleming 

fons  on;1VVu07;  (Whltby'  °ntari0’  May  15’  1397). -Knight,  Birds  Maine,’ 
1908,  205  (Kenduskeag,  Maine,  April  23,  1892).-Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat. 

an.  Birds,  1909,  223,  part  (Hudson  Bay  westward)  .—Cory,  Publ.  Field  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  No.  131,  1909,  438  (Racine,  Wis.,  2  spec.,  Dec.  1840;  formerly 
winter  vishant  to  extreme  ne.  Illinois  ?). -Eaton,  Birds  New  York,  i,  1910 
75  (Watson,  Lewis  County,  N.  Y.,  1  spec.).— Dexter,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  269 
Green  Lake,  Saskatchewan,  4  spec.,  Dec.  1920)  .-Taverner,  Birds  Western  Can¬ 
ada,  1926,  168  (fig.;  descr.;  habits;  distr. ;  w.  Canada).— Taverner  and  Sutton 
Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiii,  1934,  30  (Churchill,  Manitoba;  breeds  abundantly’ 
habits).— Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  pt.  1, 
1936,  29  (Ontario,  only  along  extreme  northern  edge;  prob.  fairly  common  in 
summer;  two  breeding  records). — Ulke,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1934-35  (1936), 
79  (Yoho  Park,  Canada;  summer;  very  rare).—  ?  Brassard  and  Bernard,  Auk, 
bv,  1937,  514  in  text  (n.  Quebec;  food;  captivity  studies). -Shortt  and  Waller’ 
Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  10,  1937,  18  (Lake  St.  Martin  region’ 
Manitoba;  common;  winter;  spec.) .—Ricker  and  Clarke,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  Zool.,  No.  16,  1939,  8  (Lake  Nipissing,  Ontario)  .—Clarke,  Nat.  Mus. 
Canada  Bull.  96,  1940,  48  (Thelon  Game  Sanctuary,  nw.  Canada) .— Hawksley 
Auk,  lix,  1942,  436  (Churchill,  Manitoba). 


Llagopus]  lagopus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  199,  part.— Reichenow 
Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  323,  part. — Taverner,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  50  1928  92 
(near  Belvedere,  Alberta). 

[Lagopus]  lagopus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18,  part. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


103 


Lagop-us  lagopus  lagopus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  113;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part. — Barrows,  Michigan  Bird  Life,  1912,  228  — 
Stanford,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  399  (near  Midvale,  Mont.,  in  New  Glacier  Park).— 
Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  5,  1920,  97  (Essex  County,  Mass.). — 
Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1921,  58  (Montana;  Glacier  National 
Park;  spec.).— Wood,  Misc.  Publ.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  10,  1923,  35 
(Killdeer  Mountains,  Dunn  County,  N.  Dak.,  Oct.,  1909)  .—Mitchell,  Can. 
Field  Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  not  common  winter  visitant; 
spec.). — Racey,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  321  (near  Red  Mountains,  Alta  Lake  region, 
British  Columbia)  .—Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167,  in  text 
(distr.).— Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other  New  England  States,  ii, 
1927,  37  (descr.,  habits,  New  England). —  ?  Lewis,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  64  (nesting; 
8  miles  e.  of  Romaine,  Labrador  Peninsula).— Sutton,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  157 
(w.  coast  Hudson  Bay). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  30,  part. — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  201,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Tetrao]  albus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  750  (Hudson  Bay;  based  on 
Lagopede  de  la  Baye  Hudson  BufTon,  Ois.,  ii,  276,  pi.  9;  White  Partridge  Ellis, 
Huds.,  i,  pi.  1 ;  Edwards,  Av.  pi.  72 ;  White  Grous  Pennant,  Arctic  Zool.,  ii, 
308). — Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  639,  part  (Hudson  Straits). 

Tetrao  albus  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  501. — Vigors,  Zool.  Voy.  Blossom,  1839,  26 
nomencl.). — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1840,  816. 

Lagopus  albus  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xvii,  1817,  203. — Stephens,  in 
Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  292,  pi.  20.— Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp. 
List,  1838,  44,  part. — Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  207;  Birds  America,  8vo  ed., 
v,  1842,  114,  pi.  299. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  633,  part  (Red 
River;  Nelson  River;  Hudson  Bay);  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  467, 
part.- — Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1861,  227  (Labrador)  ;  Proc. 
Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  41  (Maine — rare  in  winter;  Essex  County,  Mass.;  spec, 
(supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  Labrador?))  ;  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1874,  No.  386,  part;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  568,  part;  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
iii,  1878,  41  (Lewis  County,  N.  Y.,  1  spec.,  May  22,  1876). — Verrill,  Proc. 
Essex  Inst.,  iii,  1862,  157  (n.  Maine  in  winter). — Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae, 
1865,  pis.  17,  18,  and  text,  part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  457,  part,  pi.  61,  fig.  8,  pi.  62,  figs.  1-3. — Brewer,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  12  (New  England;  accid.). — Gibbs,  U.  S. 
Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  5,  1879,  491  (Upper  Peninsula,  Mich.). — 
Merrtam,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881,  233  (Lewis  County,  N.  Y. ;  in 
winter);  vii,  1882,  238  (Point  de  Monts,  Quebec). — Brewster,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1883,  383  (Anticosti  Island,  breeding). — Groebbels,  Der 
Vogel,  ii,  1937,  240,  in  text  (eggs  in  mixed  sets),  383,  in  text  (runt  eggs). 

L[agopus]  albus  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  x,  1874,  382  (Cook 
County,  ne.  Illinois,  formerly  in  winter). — Hatch,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  1874,  62  (Minnesota;  rare). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  122 
(no  longer  occurring  in  ne.  Illinois). — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2, 
1884,  586,  part. 

[Lagopus]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  albus  Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  53  in  text, 
part. — Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  1911,  233,  part  (w.  side 
Hudson  Bay)  ;  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  58  (Moose  Pass  branch  of  Smoky 
River,  Alberta;  crit. ;  habits). — Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917,  200,  part. — 
Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1862  (monogr.). — Swartii,  Univ.  California 
Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  No.  4,  1926,  86  (Atlin  region,  British  Columbia;  crit.). — 


104 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  82  (distr.) . — Bent, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  178  (habits;  distr.) .—Roberts,  Birds  Minne¬ 
sota,  i,  1932,  384  (distr.;  habits,  Minn.). — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  158, 
in  text. — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding  biology)  ;  318, 
in  text  (egg  color — postmortem  changes). — MacLulich,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  ZooL,  No.  13,  1938,  2  (Algonquin  Prov.  Park,  Ontario;  rare  in  winter). 
L[agopus\  lagopus  albus  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  ZooL, 
No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29  in  text  (Ontario). 

L[agopus]  l[agopus]  albus  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74,  in 
text  (crit.). 

Tetroa  saliceti  (not  Tetrao  saliceti  Temminck)  Richardson,  in  Appendix  to  Parry’s 
Journ.  Second  Voy.,  1825  (1827),  347. 

T[etrao ]  saliceti  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  147  (“Rocky  Mts.”). 
Tetrao  saliceti  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832, 
674,  part. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  528,  pi.  191. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus)  saliceti  Swainson  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  351. 

LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  ALEXANDRAS  J.  Grinnell 

Alexander’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  Lagopus  lagopus  alascensis 
but  with  slenderer  bill  and  the  brown  areas,  especially  on  the  upperparts, 
averaging  darker.* * * 5 

Admit  male,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  I,  alascensis  but 
with  slenderer  bill  and  more  uniformly  dark  brown  dorsally,  less  ru- 
fescent;  the  throat  and  breast  dark  cinnamon  to  dark  cinnamon-tawny. 

Adults  in  winter  plumage. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  in  the 
same  plumage  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but  with  slenderer  bill. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis 
but  slenderer  bill. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. —Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but 
with  slenderer  bill. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Like  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike). — Like  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis. 

Adult  male.— Wing  185-205  (192.8)  ;  tail  112-127  (117.7)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.4—12.2  (10.5)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12.4— 
14.5  (13.8)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9.7-10.8  (10.1  mm.).6 

Adult  female. — Wing  171-191  (181)  ;  tail  96-112  (106.1)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.2-10.4  (9.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12.6-13.6 
(13.1);  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9.3-10.3  (9.8  mm.).7 

“In  some  specimens  of  both  sexes  the  shafts  of  the  primaries,  secondaries,  and 

greater  upper  coverts  are  almost  as  dusky  as  in  the  Newfoundland  race,  L.  1.  allcni, 

but  not  in  the  majority. 

“  Twenty-two  specimens  from  Shumagin  Islands,  Kodiak  Island,  and  south  to 

Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska. 

7  Twenty  specimens  from  southeast  Alaska  from  the  Shumagin  Islands  and  the 
base  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula  and  Kodiak  Island. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


105 


Range. — Inhabits  the  islands  off  the  coasts  and  the  adjacent  mainland 
of  southern  and  southeastern  Alaska  from  the  Shumagin  Islands, 
Unalaska,  Unimak,  Atka  and  adjacent  islands  of  the  Aleutian  Chain, 
Kodiak,  and  the  base  of  the  Aleutian  Peninsula,  south  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales  Archipelago,  and  to  Porcher  Island,  British  Columbia;  intergrading 
with  Lagopus  lagopus  albus  in  the  Skeena  River  area  of  northwestern 
British  Columbia  and  with  Lagopus  lagopus  alascensis  just  north  of  the 
base  of  the  Aleutian  Chain  (Nushagak,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — Mountain  at  Bear  Bay,  Baranof  Island,  Alaska. 

Lagopus  albus  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pis. 
17,  18,  and  text,  part. — Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i, 
1869,  287,  part  (Sitka  and  Kodiak,  Alaska;  habits;  molts). — Dall,  Proc. 
California  Acad.  Sci.,  advance  reprint  1873,  4,  part;  v,  pt.  1,  1873,  38,  part;  v, 
1874,  273  (Shumagin  Islands  to  Unalaska,  Alaska). — Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  v,  1882,  163  (Unga  Island,  Shumagin  group;  crit.). — Hartlaub,  Journ. 
fur  Orn.,  1883,  276  (Chilcoot,  Alaska). 

L[agopus ]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amcr.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  586,  part. 

[Lagopus]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Tetrao  lagopus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Schalow,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1891,  258  (Aleutian 
Islands) . 

Lagopus  lagopus  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1902,  235,  part  (Popof 
Island,  Alaska;  habits). 

Lagopus  alexandrae  Grinnell  (J.),  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  v,  No.  2,  1909, 
204  (mountain  at  Bear  Bay,  Baranof  Island,  se.  Alaska;  coll.  Univ.  California, 
Mus.  Vert.  Zool.). — Bailey,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  198  (Glacier  Bay;  Beardslee 
Islands;  Sandy  Cove;  etc.;  se.  Alaska;  habits). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrce  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xxvi,  No.  3, 
1909,  275  (Check-list  No.  301b)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  141.— Clark,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  51-54,  part  (mountains  of  se.  Alaska  to  Kodiak; 
crit.). — Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  1911,  233  (sw.  coast 
Alaska). — Brooks  (W.S.),  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lix,  1915,  364  (Portage 
Bay,  Alaska  Peninsula). — Brooks  (A.),  Auk,  xl,  1923,  221  (Porcher  Island, 
British  Columbia). 

Lagopus  lagopus  alexandrae  Willett,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  128  (Kalu,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Decatur,  Selemez,  San  Juan,  Dall,  and  Long  Islands,  se.  Alaska). — 
Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1863  (crit.). — Taverner,  Birds  Western 
Canada,  1926,  169  in  text;  Birds  Canada  1934,  158,  in  text. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  83  (distr.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  194  (habits). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii, 
1934,  31  (distr.). — Friedmann,  Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  No.  3,  1935,  31 
(Kodiak  Island;  spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  203  (syn. ;  distr.). — Clark,  Smiths.  War  Background  Stud.  No.  21,  1945, 
78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

Lagopus  l[agopus ]  alexandrae  Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  264,  in  text  (patro¬ 
nymics). — Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  22,  1934,  25,  in  text  (Unalaska; 
Atka;  spec.). 

L[agopus ]  l[agopus]  alexandrae  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74, 
in  text  (crit.). 


106 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  UNGAVUS  Riley 

Uncava  Ptarmigan 

Adults,  all  plumages. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of  Lagopus 
lagopus  alascensis  but  with  the  bill  heavier — its  outline,  when  viewed  from 
above,  more  swollen. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but  bill  wider 
at  gape. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike).- — Similar  to  that  of  L.  1.  alascensis  but 
with  the  blackish  markings  reduced  in  width  and  the  general  body  color 
slightly  tinged  with  pale  orange-buff. 

Adult  male.— Wing  182-203  (193);  tail  110-130  (121.4);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  10.9-13  (11.8)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  13-15.8 
(14.3)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  10.8-12.2  (11.6  mm.).8 

Adult  female.— Wing  176-191  (184)  ;  tail  101-119  (106.7)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  10.1-11.6  (10.7)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12.2 — 
14. 1  (13.3);  height  of  .bill  at  angle  of  gonys  10.1—11.1  (10.6  mm.).9 

Range. — Inhabits  northern  Quebec  (Fort  Chimo)  and  Labrador 
(Okkak)  ;  southern  limits  not  known. 

Type  locality. — Fort  Chimo,  Ungava. 

Lagopus  albus  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1868, 
633,  part  (Labrador)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  467,  part. — Coues, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1861,  227  (Labrador)  Check  List  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  386,  part;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  568,  part. — Elliot,  Monogr. 
Tetraonidae,  1865,  pis.  17,  18,  and  text,  part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  457,  part  (habits;  descr. ;  distr.). — Turner, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  245  (Fort  Chimo,  Ungava;  breeding). — 
Stearns,  Bird  Life  in  Labrador,  n.  d.  ca.  1890,  48  (Labrador;  habits). — 
Hantszch,  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xlii,  1928,  12,  13  (Cumberland  Sound,  Labrador). 
L[agopus]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  586,  part. 

\Lagopus]  albus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  (not  Tetrao  lagopus  Linnaeus)  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  40,  part  (Fort  Chimo)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  36,  part. — 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  205,  part  (Labrador). — Macoun  and  Macoun, 
Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1909,  223,  part  (Labrador). 

Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus  Hantzsch,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1908,  365  (ne.  Labrador). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part. — Clark, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  53  in  text,  part  (n.  Labrador). —  ?  Lewis, 
Auk,  xlv,  1928,  228  (breeding  near  Bluff  Harbor,  Labrador). —  ?  Austin, 
Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74  (habits,  descr.;  Newfoundland,  Labra¬ 
dor). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  30,  part. — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  201,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  ungavus  Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxiv,  1911,  233  (Fort 
Chimo,  Ungava;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).— American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Auk,  xxix,  1912,  381;  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  82  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  197  (habits). 


8  Thirteen  specimens  from  northern  Ungava. 

*  Ten  specimens  from  northern  Ungava. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


107 


?  Lapogus  lapogus  ungavus  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1863  (crit.). 
L[agopus]  l [ago pus]  ungavus  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74, 
in  text  (crit.) . 


LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  LEUCOPTERUS  Taverner 
Baffin  Island  Ptarmigan 

Adults. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  and  plumage  of  Lag  opus 
lagopus  alascensis,  but  with  the  shafts  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries 
almost  always  white;  only  occasionally  is  one  partly  dusky. 

Juvenal. — None  seen;  apparently  unknown. 

Downy  young. — None  seen;  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  197-216  (206.1)  ;  tail  116-125  (121.3)  ;  length  of 
bill  from  anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.9-12.5  (11.5)  ;  width  of 
bill  at  gape  13.6-14.9  (14.3);  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9.6- 
10.7  (10.4  mm.).10 

Adult  female. — Wing  188-214  (196.4)  ;  tail  107-139  (116.7)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9-12.3  (10.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12.1-12.8 
(12.6)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  9.1-10  (9.6  mm.).* 11 

Range. — Inhabits  the  Arctic  islands  of  America  from  southern  Banks 
Island  and  the  mainland  adjacent  to  Dolphin  and  Union  Straits  to 
Southampton  and  southern  Baffin  Islands ;  indefinitely  northward.  One 
record  for  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Type  locality. — Camp  Kungovik,  western  coast  of  Baffin  Island, 
lat.  65°  35'  N. 

Lagopus  lagopus  Taverner,  Canada’s  Eastern  Arctic,  1934,  119,  text  (Lancaster 
Sound;  Melville  Island)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  157,  in  text,  part. 

Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus  Soper,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada,  Bull.  53,  1928,  104  (s.  Baffin 
Island). 

Lagopus  lagopus  leucopterus  Taverner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  for  1930 
(1932),  87  (Camp  Kungovik,  w.  coast  of  Baffin  Island,  lat.  65°35'  n.). — 
Sutton,  Mem.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xii,  1932,  88  (Southampton  Island;  spec.;  meas. ; 
habits). — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  158  in  text. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
of  World,  ii,  1934,  31  (distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,202  (syn. ;  distr.). — Bray,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  516  (Southampton  Island; 
Baffin  Island;  Melville  Peninsula). 

L[agopus]  l[agopus ]  leucopterus  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74 
in  text  (crit.). — Taverner,  Canada’s  Eastern  Arctic,  1934,  119,  in  text  (distr.; 
chars.). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan, 
1939,  265,  in  text  (molt). 


10  Fourteen  specimens  from  Baffin  Island,  Victoria  Land,  and  Southampton  Island. 

11  Eleven  specimens  from  Banks  Island,  Baffin  Island,  Southampton  Island,  and 
Victoria  Land. 


108 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  ALLENI  Stejneger 

Allen’s  Ptarmigan 

All  adult  plumages. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  ones  of  Lagopus 
tagopus  albus  but  with  the  shafts  of  the  primaries  usually  chaetura  drab 
to  fuscous,  broadening  terminally,  and  the  distal  portion  of  the  temiges 
often  mottled  with  the  same;  the  shafts  of  the  secondaries  and  of  the 
greater  upper  coverts  also  frequently  similarly  dark.1" 

Juvenal  and  downy  young. — Similar  to  those  of  L.  I.  albus. 

Adult  male. — Wing  187—205  (199.2)  ;  tail  108—127  (119.3)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  10.2—11  (10.7)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  13—13.3 
(13.1)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  10-10.2  (10.1  mm.).13 

Adult  female.— Wing  183-193  (189);  tail  98-119  (109);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  10.2-11.8  (11);  width  of  bill  at  gape  12-12.8 
(12.4)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  10-10.2  (10.1  mm.).14 
Range. — Resident  in  Newfoundland. 

Type  locality. — Newfoundland. 

Lagopus  albus  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858, 
633,  part  (St.  John’s,  Newfoundland)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  467, 
part. — Maynard,  Birds  North  Amer.,  1881,  348,  part  (Newfoundland). 
[Sclater],  Ibis,  1889,  261  (Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  alba  alleni  Stejneger,  Auk,  i,  1884,  369  (Newfoundland;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.). 

Lagopus  lagopus  Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  223,  part 
(Newfoundland) . 

Lagopus  lagopus  alleni  Stejneger,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  20. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  301a,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  301a; 
ed.  3,  1910,  141 ;  ed.  4,  1931,  82.— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892, 
75.— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  206  (Newfoundland) .—Macoun  and 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  225  (Newfoundland)  .—Clark,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  52  in  text  (crit.) .— Henninger,  Wils.  Bull., 
xxii,  1910,  119  (descr.  eggs) .— Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1863 
(monogr.). — Griscom,  Ibis,  1926,  672  (w.  Newfoundland).  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  191  (habits;  distr. ;  etc.).— Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934, 
158,  in  text.— Rooke,  Ibis,  1936,  865  (Newfoundland). — Brooks,  Auk,  liii,  1936, 
343'  (Avalon  Peninsula,  Newfoundland) .— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166 
(data  on  breeding  biology) —Aldrich  and  Nutt,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1939,  19  (e.  Newfoundland) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  203  (syn. ;  distr.). 

L[agopus]  lagopus  alleni  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  199. 

L[agopus]  l[agopus]  alleni  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  745. 
Townsend,  Mem.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  203,  in  text.— Austin,  Mem. 
Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  74,  in  text  (crit.).— Salomonsen,  Moults  and 


u  Freshly  killed  October  and  November  birds  are  said  to  have  a  faint  pinkish  flush 
on  the  white  feathers,  but  this  quickly  fades  and  is  not  to  be  seen  in  the  dried  skins 
in  the  National  Museum. 

13  Six  specimens  from  Newfoundland. 

14  Seven  specimens  from  Newfoundland. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


109 


Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  263  in  text  (Newfoundland; 
molts  and  plumages). 

L[agopus ]  l[agopus]  alleni  Taverner,  Birds  Eastern  Canada,  1919,  110  in  text 
(Newfoundland) . 

[Lagopus  lagopus ]  subsp.  a.  Lagopus  alleni  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus. 

xxii,  1893,  44,  557  (spec.  Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  alleni  Ogilvie-Grant,  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  38,  in  text  (New¬ 
foundland;  crit.). 

[ Lagopus ]  alleni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18. 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  EVERMANNI  Elliot 

Evermann’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer. — Anterior  forehead  white  with  a  faint  huffy  wash ; 
rest  of  forehead  and  the  short  supraorbital  marks  white ;  crown,  occiput, 
nape,  and  upper  interscapulars  fuscous-black  finely  barred  with  tawny- 
olive  to  Saccardo’s  umber ;  rest  of  interscapulars  deep  chaetura  black 
narrowly  tipped  with  tawny-olive;  the  back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts, 
inner  secondaries,  and  some  of  the  inner  lesser  and  median  upper  wing 
coverts  fuscous-black  faintly  vermiculated  with  tawny-olive  to  Saccardo’s 
umber;  some  of  these  dorsal  feathers  darker — deep  chaetura  drab — and 
without  any  tawny ;  outer  upper  wing  coverts  and  some  of  the  inner  ones 
as  well,  the  primaries  and  all  but  the  innermost  secondaries  pure  white, 
the  primaries  (except  the  outermost  one)  with  dusky  shafts;  rectrices 
plain  fuscous-black  to  chaetura  black;  loreal  band  blackish;  auriculars 
and  cheeks  fuscous-black,  the  feathers  tipped  with  white  and  faintly  banded 
with  tawny-olive ;  chin,  throat,  and  lower  sides  of  head  white ;  upper  breast 
deep  chaetura  black  narrowly  tipped  with  white;  sides  similar  but  with 
some  white  feathers  mixed  in  lower  breast,  abdomen,  flanks,  thighs,  under 
tail  coverts,  under  wing  coverts,  and  feathering  of  feet  white;  bill  and 
claws  black ;  comb  bright  scarlet. 

Adult  female,  summer. — Feathers  covering  nostrils  white  with  a  faint 
huffy  wash;  forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape,  scapulars,  interscapulars, 
back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  inner  secondaries,  and  some  of  the  inner 
upper  wing  coverts  deep  chaetura  black,  each  feather  with  wavy  bars  of 
ochraceous-buff,  and  tipped  with  white  or  buffy  white ;  rest  of  upper  wing 
coverts,  primaries,  outer  secondaries,  and  under  wing  coverts  white,  the 
primaries,  except  the  outermost  one  with  pale  brownish  shafts;  sides  of 
head,  chin,  and  throat  pale  ochraceous-buff,  each  feather  with  a  fuscous- 
black  to  blackish  median  streak,  these  streaks  widening  terminally  in 
the  feathers  of  the  lower  throat ;  feathers  of  breast,  sides,  flanks,  and  under 
tail  coverts,  chaetura  black  broadly  tipped  and  banded  with  ochraceous- 
buff  ;  abdomen  similar  but  with  a  great  many  white  feathers  mixed  in  ; 
thighs  and  feathering  of  feet  white ;  bill  and  claws  black. 


110 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male,  winter. — Pure  white  except  for  black  tail  and  loreal  stripe.15 

Other  plumages. — Unknown.  It  may  however,  be  assumed  that  the 
female  also  has  a  white  winter  plumage,  because  summer  birds  have  an 
irregular  sprinkling  of  white  feathers  on  the  wings  and  underparts.  In¬ 
complete  and  inconclusive  evidence  also  seems  to  indicate  that  the  male 
in  autumn  is  more  vermiculated  with  tawny-olive  above  than  in  the  sum¬ 
mer  plumage.  This  is  in  keeping  with  the  known  tendency  of  the  plumage 
sequence  in  this  group.  Similarly,  an  undated,  unsexed  specimen  exam¬ 
ined  appears  to  be  a  female  in  autumn  plumage.  It  differs  from  the 
summer  female  in  having  the  ochraceous  marks  on  the  scapulars,  back, 
rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  breast,  and  sides  narrower  and  darker — 
ochraceous-tawny  instead  of  ochraceous-buff.  However,  at  present  it 
cannot  be  proved  that  this  is  an  autumn  bird  rather  than  an  aberrant 
summer  specimen,  although  it  has  a  scattering  of  new  white  feathers  in 
the  colored  areas  suggesting  the  start  of  the  molt  into  the  winter  plumage. 

Adult  male. — Wing  182-193  (187.8);  tail  103-113  (108-1);  oilmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostrils  9.5-10.8  (9.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12-13.1 
(12.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 1-8.6  (7.8  mm.).15 

Adult  female. — Wing  166-185  (176.3);  tail  96-99  (97.3);  culmen 
from  anterior  tip  of  nostril  9. 5-9.7  (9.6)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.6-12 
(11.7)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6.7-7. 5  (7.1  mm.).16 

Range. — Known  only  from  Attu  Island,  the  westernmost  of  the  Aleu¬ 
tian  Islands. 

Type  locality. — Attu  Island. 

Lagopus  albus  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Dall,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  1874, 
274,  part  (Attu  Island,  Aleutian  Chain). 

Lagopus  rupestris,  var.  Turner,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  157  (Attu  Island). 

Lagopus  rupestris  atkhensis  Turner,  Contr.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  155-156  (Attu 
Island;  plentiful). — Nelson,  Rep.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  1887,  139,  part  (Attu 
Island,  ex  Dali). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  208,  part  (Attu  Island). — 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  227,  part  (Attu  Island). 
Lagopus  evermatvni  Elliot,  Auk,  xiii,  1896,  25,  pi.  3  (Attu  Island,  Aleutian  Chain, 
Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xiv, 
1897,  119  (Check-list  No.  302.1)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  142. — Macoun,  Cat. 
Can.  Birds,  1900,  208  (Attu  Island). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Canadian 
Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  228  (Attu  Island) .—Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii, 
1910,  55  (Attu  Island). — Laing,  Victoria  Mem.  Mus.  Bull.  40,  1925,  30  (Attu 
Island;  spec.;  plum.). 

L[agopus ]  evermanni  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  749  (Attu 
Island.;  descr.). 

[ Lagopus ]  evermanni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19. 


15  This  plumage  is  worn  until  late  in  April,  according  to  Laing,  who  collected  two 
specimens  on  April  21,  just  beginning  the  prenuptial  molt  (Victoria  Mem.  Mus. 
Bull.  40,  1925,  30). 

10  Seven  specimens  including  the  type. 

19  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


111 


Lagopus  mutus  evermanni  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  33  (Attu  Island) .— Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence 
of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  208  (syn. ;  descr.) —Clark,  Smiths.  War  Back¬ 
ground  Stud.  No.  21,  1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

Lagopus  rupestris  evermanni  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4, 
1931,  84.— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  230  (habits,  range). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  TOWNSENDI  Elliot 

Townsend’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Forehead  huffy  white  speckled  and 
mottled  with  fuscous-black ;  crown,  occiput,  nape,  scapulars,  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  between  cinnamon-buff  and  clay  color,  each  feather  heavily 
barred  with  wavy  marks  of  .black  and  narrowly  tipped  with  whitish ;  the 
feathers  of  the  crown  with  the  subterminal  black  area  so  wide  it  almost 
hides  the  clay-colored  parts ;  back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  inner  sec¬ 
ondaries,  and  inner  upper  wing  coverts  tawny-olive  (brightest  on  the 
rump)  finely  banded  (sometimes  some  of  the  feathers  blotched)  and 
vermiculated  with  black  and  narrowly  tipped  with  white,  many  of  the 
feathers  of  the  back  with  a  light  grayish-olive  tone  instead  of  the  more 
frequent  tawny-olive,  giving  a  somewhat  ashy  sprinkling  to  the  upper- 
parts  ;  outer  upper  wing  coverts,  all  the  primaries,  and  all  but  the  inner 
secondaries  pure  white,  the  primaries  with  dusky  shafts ;  rectrices  dark 
clove  brown,  narrowly  white  basally  and  narrowly  tipped  with  huffy  white ; 
lores  blackish  spotted  with  white  (the  tips  of  the  feathers  being  white)  ; 
auricles  and  upper  cheeks  cinnamon-buff  to  clay  color  narrowly  banded 
with  black  and  tipped  with  white ;  chin  and  upper  throat  white ;  lower 
throat  cinnamon-buff  to  clay  color  banded  with  black,  the  huffy  inter¬ 
spaces  wider  than  the  black  marks;  breast  tawny-olive  more  narrowly 
banded  with  black,  the  bands  and  the  interspaces  nearly  equal  in  width ; 
sides  and  flanks  similar  but  with  the  dark  marks  finer  becoming  mere 
vermiculations ;  abdomen,  thighs,  feathering  of  tarsi  and  toes,  and  under 
wing  coverts  white ;  under  tail  coverts  tawny-olive  barred  with  black ; 
bill  and  claws  black ;  comb  scarlet. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Forehead  and  lores  light  ochraceous- 
buff  somewhat  speckled  with  black ;  crown,  occiput,  nape,  scapulars,  inter¬ 
scapulars,  back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  all  but  the  outer  upper 
wing  coverts  bright  ochraceous-buff  barred  with  black  and  the  feathers 
narrowly  tipped  with  white  or  huffy  white,  the  black  marks  being  very 
broad  on  the  interscapulars  and  back  and  on  the  crown,  much  narrower 
on  the  occiput,  nape,  upper  wing  and  tail  coverts,  and  rump;  the  nape 
is  often  somewhat  tinged  with  pale  ashy  gray;  outermost  upper  wing 
coverts,  primaries,  and  all  but  the  innermost  secondaries  white,  the  pri¬ 
maries  with  dusky  shafts;  rectrices  clove  brown  narrowly  tipped  with 
whitish,  and  vermiculated  with  tawny-olive  on  the  basal  two-thirds  or  so 


112 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


of  the  outer  web,  the  very  base  itself  white;  cheeks  and  auriculars  light 
ochraceous-buff  sparsely  flecked  with  dusky  fuscous ;  chin  whitish  mixed 
with  light  ochraceous-buff,  which  color  without  the  white  extends  over 
the  throat  as  well,  the  throat  feathers  with  narrow  terminal  dusky  shaft 
streaks ;  breast,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  under  tail  coverts,  and  all  but 
the  median  part  of  the  abdomen  .bright  ochraceous-buff  barred  with  clove 
brown  to  fuscous,  the  dark  bars  narrower  than  the  paler  interspaces  and 
becoming  more  widely  spaced  posteriorly;  middle  of  abdomen,  some  of 
the  under  tail  coverts,  and  the  feathering  of  the  tarsi  and  toes  white ;  bill 
and  claws  black. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Above  like  the  summer  plumage  but 
much  more  ochraceous,  the  back  without  any  ashy  feathers  and  with  the 
black  markings  deeper  and  broader  especially  on  the  rump  and  upper 
tail  coverts  and  also  the  upper  wing  coverts ;  below  quite  different  from 
the  summer  plumage;  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  and  of  neck  ochra¬ 
ceous-buff,  the  feathers  crossed  by  narrow  bars  of  fuscous,  the  dark  bars 
much  narrower  than  the  buffy  interspaces ;  lower  throat,  breast,  upper 
abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  somewhat  darker,  between 
clay  color  and  dark  ochraceous-buff  finely  banded  and  vermiculated  with 
clove  brown  to  fuscous,  the  dark  bars  .becoming  broader  on  the  sides, 
flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts ;  middle  of  abdomen  and  thighs  white, 
feathering  of  feet  much  sparser  than  in  summer  plumage. 

Female,  autumn  plumage. — Like  the  corresponding  plumage  of  the 
male  but  paler  and  slightly  buffier,  less  rufescent. 

Adult  male ,  winter  plumage. — Completely  white  except  for  a  black 
loreal  stripe  which  continues  for  a  short  distance  behind  the  eye ;  and 
for  the  tail  feathers,  which  are  dark  clove  brown  narrowly  tipped  with 
white;  feathering  of  the  tarsi  and  toes  much  denser  and  longer  than  in 
summer  plumage. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage.- — Like  that  of  the  male  but  without  the 
black  loreal  stripe. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  181-196  (188);  tail  98-113  (104);  culmen  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  9-10.5  (9.8)  ;  width  of  bill  a,t  gape  12.1-13.5 
(12.7)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7.3-S.2  (7.7  mm.).17 

Adult  female. — Wing  169-180  (175.3)  ;  tail  93-98  (95.5)  ;  culmen  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  8.4-9.4  (8.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11-12.4  (11.6)  ; 
height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7-7.6  (7.3  mm.).18 

Range. — Inhabits  Kiska  and  Little  Kiska  Islands  in  the  Aleutians, 
Alaska. 

Type  locality.— Kiska  Island. 

17  Sixteen  specimens  from  Kiska  and  Little  Kiska  Islands. 

18  Four  specimens  from  Kiska  and  Little  Kiska  Islands. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


113 


Lagopus  alb  us  (not  Tetrao  albus  Gmelin)  Dall,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  v, 
1874,  274,  part  (Kiska  Island,  Aleutian  Chain). 

Lagopus  rupestris  townsendi  Elliot,  Auk,  xiii,  No.  4,  1896,  26,  part  (type  from 
Kiska  Island,  Aleutian  Chain,  Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).— American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  119,  part  (Check-list  North  Amer. 
Birds,  No.  302d,  part)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  142;  ed.  4,  1931,  84.— Macoun, 
Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  208  (Kiska  and  Adak  Islands).— Macoun  and  Macoun, 
Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  227  (Kiska  and  Adak  Islands) .—Bent,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  220  (distr. ;  habits). 

Lagopus  rupestris  townsendi  ?  Laing,  Victoria  Mem.  Mus.  Bull.  40,  1925,  30 
Kiska  Island). 

[ Lagopus ]  townsendi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part  (Kiska  Island). 

Lagopus  rupestris  atkhensis  Nelson,  Birds  Alaska,  1887,  139,  part  (Kiska  Island). 
Lagopus  mutus  townsendi  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  33  (distr.). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  208  (syn. ;  distr.). — 
Clark,  Smiths.  War  Background  Stud.,  No.  21,  1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  SANFOUDI  Bent 

Sanford’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage.- — Like  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
L.  m.  chamberlaini  but  paler,  the  brownish  feathers  cinnamon-buff  to  pale 
tawny  and  with  more  ashy  grayish  feathers  on  the  upperparts. 

Adult  female ,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  chamberlaini  but 
averaging  very  slightly  paler ;  not  certainly  distinguishable. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — -Like  that  of  L.  m.  tozvnsendi  but  much 
more  rufescent,  the  general  tone  being  bright  ochraceous-tawny  and  the 
dark  bars  greatly  reduced ;  the  upper  tail  coverts  buckthorn  brown  with 
fine  dusky  vermiculations. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  male  but  with  the 
dark  bars  much  broader  and  blacker  and  with  some  of  the  feathers  with 
blackish  blotches;  the  central  pair  of  upper  tail  coverts  pale  ochraceous- 
buff  abundantly  marked  with  broad  fuscous  oblique  bars,  the  other  upper 
tail  coverts  more  narrowly  and  more  transversely  (less  obliquely)  barred 
with  blackish. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  190—199  (195.2)  ;  tail  101—121  (110.1)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostrils  9.7— 11.7  (10.5)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12.1-13.2 
(12.8)  ;  height  of  .bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7.8-S.5  (8.1  mm.).19 

Adult  female.— Wing  181-195  (188.1);  tail  101-111  (105.6);  bill 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  8.5—10.8  (9.5)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.6—12.3 
(11.6)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7.4-8  (7.8  mm.).20 

Range. — Resident  on  Tanaga  and  Kanaga  Islands,  in  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  Alaska. 

Type  locality. — Tanaga  Island. 

18  Ten  specimens  from  Tanaga  Island. 

”  Ten  specimens  from  Tanaga  Island. 


114 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lagopus  rupestris  sanfordi  Bent,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lvi,  No.  30,  1912,  1  (Tanaga 
Island,  Aleutian  Chain,  Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull. 
162,  1932,  225  (habits). —  [Editor]  Rev.  Fran?.  d’Orn.,  ii,  1912,  346,  in  text;  409, 
in  text. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517  (Check-list, 
No.  302g)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  84. 

Lagopus  mutus  sanfordi  Oberholser,  Auk.  xxxix,  No.  2,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  33  (Tanaga  Island). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and 
Sequence  of  Plumages  in  the  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  208  (syn. ;  distr.). — Clark, 
Smiths.  War  Background  Stud.  No.  21,  1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  CHAMBERLAINI  A.  H.  Clark 

Chamberlain’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  Lagopus  mutus 
townsendi  but  the  brownish  areas  paler,  more  grayish,  the  lower  back 
and  rump  isabella  color  to  ashy  wood  brown,  the  dark  vermiculations 
averaging  slightly  finer;  the  feathers  of  the  lower  throat  and  breast  cin- 
namon-bufif  to  very  pale  tawny-olive. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Not  certainly  separable  from  that  of 
Lagopus  mutus  townsendi,  but  usually  with  more  pronounced  grayish 
edges  to  the  dorsal  feathers. 

Adults  in  winter. — Like  those  of  L.  m.  townsendi,  judged  by  birds 
partly  in  this  plumage. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  185-202  (193.5);  tail  97-112  (104.6);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  10.1-11.7  (10.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12-13 

(12.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 5-8. 6  (8  mm.).21 

Adult  female. — Wing  183-189  (185.4)  ;  tail  95-102  (98.3)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  9.1-10.3  (9.8);  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.1-11.8 

(11.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 1-7.2  (7.1  mm.).22 

Range. — Resident  in  Adak  Island,  Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska. 

Type  locality. — Adak  Island. 

Lagopus  rupestris  townsendi  Elliot,  Auk,  xiii,  1896,  26,  part  (Attu  Island).— 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  119,  part  (Adak  Island). 
L[agopus ]  r[upestris]  townsendi  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  748 
(Adak  Island). 

[ Lagopus ]  townsendi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  247,  part  (Adak  Island). 

Lagopus  rupestris  chamberlaini  Clark  (A.  H.),  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxii,  1907, 
479  (Adak  Island,  Aleutian  Chain,  Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  295  (Check-list  No.  302e)  ;  Check¬ 
list,  ed.  3,  1910,  142;  ed.  4,  1931,  84.— Laing,  Victoria  Mem.  Mus.  Bull.  40,  1925, 
29  (Adak  Island;  spec.;  plum.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  221 
(distr.,  habits). 

Lagopus  mutus  chamberlaini  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  33  (Adak  Island). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and 


21  Twenty-three  specimens  from  Adak  Island. 

22  Nine  specimens  from  Adak  Island. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


115 


Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). — Heixmayr  and 

Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  207  (syn.,  distr.) — Clark,  Smiths. 

War  Background  Stud.  No.  21,  1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  ATKHENSIS  Turner 

Turner’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — There  seem  to  be  two  fairly  distinct 
color  phases  of  this  plumage  in  this  race,  as  follows : 

1.  Reddish  phase:  Similar  to  the  summer  male  of  L.  m.  sanfordi  but 
the  brownish  areas  with  less  of  the  ashy  tinge  and  with  the  general  ground 
color  darker  brown,  the  lower  back  and  rump  pale  ochraceous  tawny 
olive;  differs  from  L.  m.  townsendi  in  having  more  ashy  and  in  being 
somewhat  paler  and  more  tawny. 

2.  Olive-brown  phase:  Similar  to  the  reddish  phase  but  with  the 
ground  color  Saccardo’s  umber  to  pale  olive-brown  extensively  tinged 
with  ashy. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  towns endi.  This 
is  perhaps  the  most  variable  plumage  of  any  of  the  island  races  of  this 
species.  Probably  some  of  the  differences,  especially  in  the  longer  upper 
tail  coverts,  may  eventually  be  found  to  be  a  matter  of  age ;  but  in  our 
present  state  of  knowledge,  this  is  mere  conjecture. 

Autumn  adults. — Not  yet  known. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — All  white  except  for  the  black  loreal 
stripe  which  continues  behind  the  eye  for  a  short  distance,  and  for  the 
dark  clove  brown  rectrices  narrowly  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  male  but  without  the 
black  loreal  stripe. 

Juvenal. — Unknown. 

Doivny  young,  male. — Marguerite  yellow,  slightly  washed  with  pale 
ochraceous  on  the  breast  and  abdomen,  and  marked  above  with  blackish 
and  russet  as  follows :  Narrow  median  line  of  black  runs  from  the  base 
of  the  culmen  to  the  crown  where  it  divides  to  encircle  a  large  russet 
coronal  patch,  and  meets  again  in  a  broader  dorsal  band  on  the  nape  and 
upper  back ;  it  divides  on  the  lower  back  to  form  two  parallel  bands  which 
come  almost  together  at  the  tail  end,  enclosing  a  spinal  tract  of  Marguerite 
yellow  much  suffused  with  pale  russet ;  in  addition  to  these  marks  there 
is  a  blackish  femoral  band  on  each  side,  as  well  as  two  wavy  ones  on  each 
wing  and  a  very  narrow  line  from  the  bill  through  the  eyes  to  the  hind 
end  of  the  auriculars. 

Adult  male. — Wing  185-197  (191.2)  ;  tail  98-112  (109.6)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.7-11.3  (9.3)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  12—13.1 
(12.7)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7.3-8. 5  (8  mm.).23 

”  Twenty-six  specimens. 


116  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Adult  female. — Wing  175-188  (181.6)  ;  tail  91-101  (96.6)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.7-10.7  (10.2)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.1— 
12.3  (11.6)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 3-8. 2  (7.8  mm.).24 

Range. — Resident  in  Atka  Island,  Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska. 

Type  locality. — Atka  Island. 

Lagopus  mutus  atkhensis  Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1882,  230,  231  (Atka 
Island,  Aleutian  Chain,  Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Ridgway,  Bull.  Nuttall 
Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  258. — Reichenow  and  Schalow,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1883,  409 
(reprint  of  orig.  descr.). — Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1871. — Ober- 
holser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34 
(Atka  Island). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock 
Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  207  (syn. ;  distr.). — Clark,  Smiths.  War  Background  Stud.  No.  21, 
1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

[ Lagopus ]  m[utus]  atkhensis  Salomonsen,  Medd.  GrjAiland,  cxviii,  No.  2,  1936, 
31  in  text  (Atka  Island). 

Lagopus  rupestris  atkhensis  Stejneger,  Zeitschr.  Ges.  Orn.,  i,  1884,  92. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  302c,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  302c;  ed.  3, 
1910,  141 ;  ed.  4,  1931,  83. — Turner,  Contr.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  155,  pis. 
3,  4. — Nelson,  Rep.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  1887,  139. — Bendire,  Life  Hist. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  81. — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  208,  part  (Atka 
Island). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  227,  part  (Atka 
Island). — Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  55  (habits). — Laing, 
Victoria  Mem.  Mus.  Bull.  40,  1925,  28  (Atka  Island;  spec.;  habits;  plum.).— 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  218  (Atka  Island;  habits). — Eyerdam, 
Murrelet,  xvii,  1936,  50  (Atka  Island;  abundant). 

L[agopus]  rupestris  atkhensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  201. 
L[agopus ]  r[upestris]  atkhensis  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903, 
747  (Atka  Island) . 

[Lagopus]  atkensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19. 

Lagopus  rupestris  occidentals  (not  Lagopus  rupestris,  var.  occidentals  Sundevall) 
Nelson,  Cruise  of  Corwin  in  1881  (1883),  82  (Atka  Island,  Aleutian  Chain, 
Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Lagopus  rupestris  (not  Tetrao  rupestris  Gmelin)  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  527,  part. 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  GABRIELSONI  Murie 

Amchitka  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  townsendi  but  the 
upperparts  with  the  blackish  barring  heavier  and  darker,  and  the  brown¬ 
ish  ground  color  slightly  less  tawny. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  nelsoni. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  townsendi  but 
darker,  the  general  tone  of  the  brownish  parts  being  dark  buckthorn 
brown  with  an  ochraceous  tinge,  and  with  many  more  blackish  bars. 


’‘Fourteen  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


117 


agreeing  in  its  abundance  of  bars  with  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
L.  m.  sanfordi. 

Juvenal,  unsexed. — Similar  above  to  the  adult  male  in  autumn  plumage 
but  paler,  more  ochraceous-tawny,  the  blackish  bars  on  the  interscapulars, 
scapulars,  and  upper  back  and  on  the  upper  wing  and  upper  tail  coverts 
broader,  below  much  paler,  the  chin  and  throat  light  pinkish  cinnamon 
darkening  to  pinkish  cinnamon  on  the  breast  and  upper  abdomen  and 
sides;  the  breast,  upper  abdomen,  and  sides  barred  fairly  broadly  with 
black ;  rest  of  abdomen  pale  pinkish  buff,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail 
coverts  light  pinkish  cinnamon  irregularly  barred  with  fuscous. 

Other  plumages  unkown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  182-189  (186.3)  ;  tail  100-110  (105.3)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  7.9-9. 8  (9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.4—12.2 
(11.7)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 2-8. 2  (7.7  mm.).25 

Adult  female. — Wing  171-179  (174.3);  tail  85-93  (88.3);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  9.4;  width  of  bill  at  gape  9.8-11.4  (10.8)  ;  height 
of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6. 7-7.2  (7  mm.).26 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality,  Amchitka  Island,  Aleutian 
Islands,  Alaska. 

Lagopus  rupestris  atkhensis  Turner,  Contr.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  155-156,  part 
(Amchitka,  plentiful). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  208,  part  (Amchitka). 
— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  227,  part  (Amchitka). 
Lagopus  mutus  gabrielsoni  Murie,  Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  121  (Amchitka  Island,  Aleu- 
tion  Islands;  descr. ;  crit.). — Clark,  Smiths.  War  Background  Stud.  No.  21, 
1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  NELSONI  Stejnegcr 

Nelson’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage.- — Similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  toumsendi 
but  the  brownish  areas  much  darker  and  without  any  grayish-dark  Sac- 
cardo’s  umber  crossed  by  fine  bars  and  venniculations  of  clove  brown 
to  dark  fuscous,  the  central  elongated  upper  tail  coverts  almost  as  dark 
as  the  rectrices. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage.- — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  L.  m. 
evermanni. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  the  summer  plumage  but 
very  slightly  paler,  the  feathers  of  the  upper  parts  with  narrow  whitish 
tips ;  below  like  the  autumn  male  of  L.  m.  toumsendi. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  the  summer  female  but 
with  the  ochraceous-tawny  much  more  extensive  below,  extending  over 
the  throat,  chin,  and  a  large  part  of  the  abdomen;  above,  the  feathers 
more  finely  barred  and  vermiculated,  not  so  broadly  barred  with  blackish. 

”  Three  specimens. 

*'  Three  specimens. 

9 


653008°— 41 


118 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


/Idult  mule,  winter  plumage. --—Entirely  white  except  for  the  black 
loreal  stripe  through  the  eye  and  the  dark  clove  brown  tail;  feathers  of 
tarsi  and  toes  longer  and  denser  than  in  summer. 

/Idult  female,  svinter  plumage Like  the  winter  male  but  without  the 
black  loreal  stripe. 

First  autumn  plumage  (unsexed). — Like  the  autumn  plumage  of  the 
adult  but  paler  and  huffier  with  some  of  the  back  feathers  with  concentric 
longitudinal  dusky  marks;  the  outer  primaries  more  pointed  and  often 
more  mottled  than  dusky. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Like  the  adult  female  in  summer  plumage  but 
with  the  light  brownish  areas  brighter  and  slightly  more  rufescent ;  the 
primaries  are  not  white,  however,  but  dark  brown  mottled  with  tawny. 
Females  seem  to  have  slightly  more  black  above  than  males,  but  this 
may  be  individual  and  not  definitely  sexual,  as  only  a  few  specimens  have 
been  seen. 

Downy  young. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  atkhensis  but  the  pale  areas  above 
darker,  washed  with  pale  tawny-olive;  below  less  yellowish,  faintly  tinged 
with  cinnamon -buff. 

Adult  male. — Wing  179-197  (189.5);  tail  101-121  (108);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8.5-10.6  19.6)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11 .1-13.2 
112.1 )  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6. 1-9.6  17.6  mm.).27 

Adult  female.— Wing  171-190  (181.7);  tail  89-107  (98.2)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8-10  (9);  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.5-12.2 
1 1 1 .4)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6.6-9.4  (7.4  mm.).28 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  Aleutian  Chain  (Unalaska, 
Arnaknak,  Unimak,  Kagamil,  Chuginadak,  and  Umnak  Islands,  and  the 
mainland  of  Alaska  south  to  the  base  of  the  Alaskan  Peninsula  and  Kodiak 
Island,  Hinchinbrook  Island,  Dolgoi  Island,  and  Ushagat  in  the  Barren 
Islands,  north  to  Point  Barrow  and  the  Arctic  Ocean;  intergrades  with 
L.  m.  rupeslris  in  the  interior  of  Alaska  and  northern  Northwest  Ter¬ 
ritory.  On  Kodiak  Island  it  approaches  A.  m.  dixoni  in  its  characters. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  form  of  the  Jamal  Peninsula  and  the  adjacent  tundra 
of  northeastern  Siberia,  but  no  specimens  from  there  have  been  seen. 

Winters  throughout,  but  chiefly  in  the  southern  part  of,  its  breeding 
range  and  possibly  beyond. 

Type  locality. — Unalaska  Island. 

Tetrao  la'/apus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Kittlitz,  Denkwiincl,  i,  1858,  289  (Arnaknak 
Island,  near  Unalaska). 

"  Forty* six  specimens  from  Unalaska,  Arnaknak,  Unimak,  Kagamil,  Chuginadak, 
arid  Umnak  Islands  in  the  Aleutian  Chain,  and  on  the  mainland  of  Alaska  south 
to  the  Alaska  Peninsula  and  Kodiak  Island,  north  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

“Thirty-one  specimens  from  Unalaska  and  Arnaknak  Islands,  Aleutian  Chain, 
Kodiak  Island,  and  the  Alaska  mainland  north  to  Point  Barrow. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


119 


Lagopus  rupestris  Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1869,  289 
(Gens  de  Large  Mountains  and  Fort  Yukon,  Alaska). — Nelson.  Bull.  Nutall 
Om.  Club,  iii,  1878,  38,  part  (Unalaska  Island,  Akutan  Island,  and  St.  Michael, 
Alaska)  ;  Cruise  Corwin  in  1881  (1883),  81  (Unalaska)  ;  Kept.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll. 
Alaska,  1887,  136,  part  (Alaska  mainland), — McLenegan,  Cruise  Corzvin,  188-1, 
119  (Kowak  River,  nw.  Alaska). — Murdoch,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  63  (Point  Barrow, 
Alaska)  ;  Rep.  Int.  Polar  Exped.  Point  Barrow,  1885,  108. — Turner,  Contr.  Nat. 
Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  154,  part  (Unalaska  and  Alaska  mainland). — Ogii.vie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  48,  part  (Golsova  River,  Kegitowik,  Nulata, 
and  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska). — Grinnei.l,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  1,  1900,  35, 

75  (Kotzebue  Sound  region  and  Kowak  Valley  Alaska;  habits;  plum.;  breed.). 
— Bishop,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  19,  1900,  72  (summit  of  White  Pass, 
Alaska;  breed.;  Kuskokwim  River). — Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  21, 
1901,  75  (mountains  on  n.  side  Bear  Creek,  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska)  ;  No.  30,  1909, 
37  (mountains  at  head  of  Seward  Creek,  east-central  Alaska) ;  60  (Ogilvie 
Range,  Yukon  Territory)  ;  87  (Russell  Mountains,  Macmillan  River  region, 
Yukon;  habits). — Judd,  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.,  No.  24,  1905,  46,  part  (food,  range, 
etc.) — Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  347,  part  (localities  in  Alaska). 
— Anderson,  Rep.  Dept.  Mines  Canada  for  1914  (1915),  195  (Collinson  Point, 
Alaska;  spec.),  for  1916  (1917),  (?)  379  (Arctic  coast  of  Northwest  Territory; 
spec.). — Laing  and  Taverner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  for  1927  (1629), 

76  (Chitina  River,  Alaska). — Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxi, 
1941,  407  (Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  Alaska;  bones). 

L[agopus]  rupestris  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxvii,  1937,  436 
(Unalaska) . 

Lagopus  rupestris  nelsoni  Stejneger,  Auk,  i,  1884,  226  (Unalaska  Island,  Aleutian 
Chain,  Alaska;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.);  Zeitschr.  Ges.  Orn.,  i,  1884,  91. — 
American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  No.  302b,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895, 
No.  302b;  ed.  3,  1910;  ed.  4,  1931,  83,  141. — Townsend,  Cruise  Conoin  in  1885 
(1887),  100  (Unalaska).— Nelson,  Rep.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  1887,  131, 
138,  pi.  10. — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  80. — Macoun, 
Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  208  (Unalaska  eastward). — Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna, 
No.  24,  1904,  66  (Portage  Mountain,  between  head  of  Chulitna  River  and  Swan 
Lake;  mountains  of  Kanatak  Portage  and  about  Cold  Bay;  food;  crit. ) . — 
McGregor,  Condor,  viii,  1906,  119  (Unalaska). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat. 
Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  227  (Unalaska  eastward). — Clark,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  xxxviii,  1910,  55  (Unalaska).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932, 
215  (habits,  etc.). — Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  22,  1934,  20  (Alaska; 
Akutan  and  Unalaska  Islands;  spec.). — Eyerdam,  Murrelet,  xvii,  1936,  50 
(distr. ;  spec.). 

L[a0o/>uj,']  rupestris  nelsoni  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  201. 
L[cigopus]  r\upestris]  nelsoni  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  747 
(Unalaska). — Hantzsch,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1908,  367,  in  text;  Can.  Field  Nat., 
xlii,  192S,  14. 

Lagopus  rupestris  subsp.  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxiv,  1934, 
237  (Cape  Danbeigh,  Norton  Sound;  Alaska;  bones). 

[ Lagopus ]  nelsoni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18. 

Lagopus  mutus  nelsoni  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1871. — Oberhoi.ser, 
Auk,  xxxix,  1822,247. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34  (Unimak, 
Unalaska,  and  Amaknak  Islands). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence  of 
Plumages  in  the  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). — Clark,  Smiths.  War  Back¬ 
ground  Stud.  No.  21,  1945,  78  (list  birds  Aleutians). 


120 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lagopus  rupestris  kelloggae  Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  v,  1910,  383 
(Kaikoff  Bay,  Montague  Island,  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska,  1,600  feet 
altitude;  coll.  Univ.  California  Mus.  Vert.  Zool.) Oberholsek,  Auk,  xxxiv, 
1917,  200. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  84 
(distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  227  (habits,  etc.).— Bailey, 
Brower,  and  Bishop,  Progr.  Activ.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  1933,  24  (Point 
Barrow,  Alaska). — Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  22,  1934,  26  (Nunivak 
Island,  Alaska;  spec.). — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  159  in  text. — Friedmann, 
Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxiv,  1934,  235  (Kodiak  Island;  bones);  Bull. 
Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  1935,  No.  3,  31  (Kodiak  Island)  ;  Journ.  Washington 
Acad.  Sci.,  xxvii,  1937,  433  (Kodiak  Island;  bones). — Bray,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  516 
(Southampton  Island;  Baffin  Island;  Melville  Peninsula). — Dixon,  Condor, 
xlv,  1943,  55  (Arctic  Alaska;  Camden  Bay;  Demarcation  Point). 

L[agopus]  r[upestris]  kelloggae  Taverner,  Canada’s  Eastern  Arctic,  1934,  119,  in 
text  (Arctic  islands  and  coast  regions  of  nw.  mainland  of  Canada). 

Lagopus  mutus  kelloggae  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34  (nw.  North  America  from  Alaska  east  along 
Arctic  coast  and  adjoining  islands  to  ca.  100°  W.,  south  to  Alaskan  Peninsula, 
and  s.  Alaska  to  ca.  60°  N.). — Salomonsen,  Medd.  Gr^nland,  cxviii,  No.  2, 
1936,  34  (syn. ;  diag. ;  distr.). — Steinbacher,  Erganzungsband  to  Hartert’s  Vug. 
pal.  Fauna,  1938,  515,  part  (Alaska  and  North  Amer.  at  least  to  Bathurst  Inlet). 
— Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939, 
10  (spec.). 

L[agopus ]  m[utus]  kelloggae  Salomonsen,  Medd.  Gr^nland,  cxviii,  1936,  4  in  text, 
22  in  text  (Alaska  and  Northwest  Territory  east  to  Coronation  Gulf  and  to 
Bathurst  Inlet). 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris  (not  of  Gmelin)  Grote,  Falco,  Sonderheft,  1925,  201 
(Jenissei  region,  Siberia). — Bailey,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  122  (nw.  Alaska; 
distr.;  habits. — Sserebrowsicy,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1926,  694  in  text  (spec.; 
Alaska) . 

Lagopus  mutus  americanus  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  205,  part  (syn.;  distr.). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  DIXONI  J.  Grinnell 

Dixon’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  nelsoni  but  with  the 
brownish  markings  less  ochraceous-tawny,  duller  and  much  reduced  in 
size  and  number,  making  the  bird  much  darker,  approaching  in  this  char¬ 
acter  L.  m.  evermanni,  hut  with  more  tawny  to  hazel  vermiculations  on 
the  breast  and  back.  Above,  general  color  of  all  but  the  white  areas, 
sooty  bister ;  whole  crown  and  occiput  sooty,  minutely  and  rather  sparsely 
barred  with  tawny-olive  to  hazel ;  breast  barred  with  tawny,  the  bars 
becoming  narrower  posteriorly  and  practically  disappearing  on  the  lower 
breast. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Like  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
L.  m.  evermanni. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage.— Like  the  male  in  summer  plumage  but 
paler,  more  grayish  above — dark  hair  brown  with  a  grayish  “bloom,”  the 
blackish  areas  greatly  reduced. 


BIKDS  OF  NOUTII  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


121 


Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — Like  the  autumn  male  with  the  black 
bars  and  vermiculations  more  pronounced  and  without  the  grayish 
“bloom.” 

Female,  first  autumn  plumage. — Like  the  adult  female  in  autumn,  but 
outer  primaries  more  pointed  and  the  pale  bars  decidedly  more  ochraccous- 
tawny  and  broader,  above  and  on  the  breast.20 

Juvenal  (unsexed). — Like  the  females  in  first  autumn  plumage  but 
with  the  remiges  dull  hair  brown  externally  mottled  with  buffy;  entire 
underparts  barred  like  the  breast,  the  dark  bars  somewhat  paler  on  the 
abdomen. 

Downy  young. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  172-195  (181.7)  ;  tail  101-120  (107.8)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9-10.2  (9.6)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  11.2-12 
( 1 1.6)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6.S-7.4  (7.2  mm.).30 

Adult  female. — Wing  163-179  (172);  tail  91-107  (97.7);  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8. 8-9.8  (9.3)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.7-11.8 
( 1 1.2)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6.3-7. 2  (6.9  mm.).31 

Range. — Resident  in  the  islands  and  coastal  mainland  of  the  Glacier 
Hay  region  of  Alaska,  south  to  Baranof  Island,  and  inland  for  an  un¬ 
determined  distance,  intergrading  with  L.  m.  rupestris  in  central  northern 
British  Columbia  (Ingenika,  Chapa-atan,  and  Sheslay  Rivers). 

In  winter  the  birds  wander  southward  from  the  northern  parts  of  the 
range  but  do  not  seem  to  go  south  beyond  the  limits  of  the  breeding 
range.  It  is  possible  that  in  winter  some  of  the  birds  in  the  northern 
mainland  part  of  the  range  of  this  race  actually  belong  to  the  forms 
nelscmi  or  rupestris,  but  there  is  no  way  to  tell  them  apart  in  winter 
plumage,  other  than  size  (which  is  only  an  average  character). 

Type  locality. — Near  Port  Frederick,  2,700  feet,  Chichagof  Island, 
Alaska. 

Lag o I'm  dixoni  Grinnell  ( J.) ,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  v,  1909,  207  (moun¬ 
tains  near  Port  Frederick,  Chichagof  Island,  s.  Alaska,  2,700  feet  alt.;  coll. 
Univ.  California  Mus.  Vert.  Zool.). 

Lag  opus  rupestris  dixoni  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xxvi,  No.  3, 
1909,  296  (Check-list  No.  302f)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  142;  ed.  4,  1931,  84. — 
Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  vii,  1911,  59  (Port  Snettisham,  s.  Alaska; 
cr it. ) . — Brooks,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lix,  1915,  365  (Muir  Inlet,  Glacier 
Bay,  Alaska). — Bailey,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  200  (near  Juneau,  se.  Alaska;  habits). — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  223  (habits,  etc.). 

I.ago pus  mutus  dixoni  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
of  World,  ii,  1934,  34  (islands  and  adjacent  mainland  of  the  Glacier  Bay  region, 
Alaska,  s.  to  Baranof  Island). — Salomonsen,  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumage 
in  the  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). 

No  first  autumn  males  seen. 

!"'  Nine  specimens  from  Juneau  and  near  Sitka,  Alaska. 

31  Six  specimens  from  Juneau,  Sitka,  and  Kruzof  Island,  Alaska. 


122 


IIULLETIN  50,  UNITED  .STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


L[ar;opus]  m\utus\  dixoni  Salomonsen,  Medd.  Gr^nland,  cxviii,  No.  2,  1936,  4  in 
text. 

Lag  opus  mutus  americcMus  Hbu.mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
205,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Lagopus  rupeslris  Shortt,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  17,  1939,  12  (Alaska; 
Yakutat  Bay  region). 

LAGOPUS  MUTUS  RUPESTK1S  (Gmelin) 

Rock  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  dixoni,  but  paler 
and  grayer,  the  brown  markings  hair  brown  to  dull  grayish  olive-brown. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  dixoni  but 
upperparts  more  grayish,  the  general  appearance  being  more  grayish 
than  brownish  and  with  the  black  blotches  much  larger.  In  worn  plumage 
some  of  these  birds  are  almost  black  above.  Breast,  sides,  and  upper 
abdomen  whitish  or  only  very  pale  ochraceous-buff  barred  with  heavy 
black  bars.  Occasional  specimens  are  found,  especially  in  the  far  north¬ 
ern  part  of  the  range,  that  arc  not  to  be  distinguished  from  L.  m.  nelsoni, 
having  more  of  the  brownish  color,  but  most  of  these  brown  specimens 
are  first-year  birds. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  the  summer  male  but  slightly 
browner,  the  vermiculations  averaging  finer,  giving  an  appearance  of 
greater  uniformity  to  the  upperparts  and  breast. 

Adult  female,  autumn  plumage. — More  hair  brown,  less  marked  with 
black  than  summer  females ;  many  of  the  dorsal  feathers  only  vermicu- 
lated  with  blackish.  Apparently  this  plumage  is  never  (?)  fully  present, 
as  by  the  time  many  of  the  black  summer  feathers  have  been  replaced 
by  the  vermiculated  hair  brown  ones,  the  white  feathers  of  the  winter 
plumage  begin  to  appear  as  well. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — Entirely  white  except  for  the  blackish 
loreal  stripe  extending  through  and  behind  the  eye,  and  the  rectrices, 
which  are  dark  clove  brown;  feathering  of  tarsi  and  toes  longer  and 
denser  than  in  summer  plumage. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage. — Similar  to  the  winter  male  but  without 
the  black  loreal  stripe. 

Female,  first  autumn  plumage. — Browner  and  more  narrowly  barred 
with  blackish  above  and  on  the  breast  than  the  adult  female  in  autumn; 
outer  primaries  more  pointed  and  often  with  one  or  more  of  the  juvenal 
remiges  retained. 

Juvenal  (unsexed). — Differs  from  the  female  in  first  autumn  plumage 
in  having  the  upperparts  with  bright  ochraceous  edges  and  bars  on  the 
otherwise  blackish  feathers;  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  ochraceous-buff, 
brightest  on  the  breast,  barred  with  fuscous;  remiges  dark  hair  brown 
to  grayish  clove  brown  externally  mottled  with  pale  huffy. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


123 


Dozvny  young  (unsexed). — Similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  atkhensis  but  back 
and  rump  generally  russet  with  the  black  bifurcated  spinal  stripe  wanting 
or  reduced  to  dark  brownish,  disconnected  markings,  and  the  yellowish 
areas  slightly  darker  and  more  ochraceous. 

Adult  male. — Wing  183-200  (191.5);  tail  102-115  (109.5)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  8.7-10  (9.4;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.8-11.9 
(11.3)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7. 1-7.9  (7.6  mm.).32 

Adult  female.— Wing  175-198  (182.9) ;  tail  90-115  (100.4)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  6-10.4  (8.4)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.5-12.8 
(11.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  6. 3-9. 6  (7.3  mm.).33 

Range.- — Breeds  in  northern  North  America  from  east-central  Alaska 
and  central  Northwest  Territories  (where  it  intergrades  with  L.  m. 
nelsoni)  eastward,  including  Melville,  Victoria,  Ellesmere  and  Baffin 
Islands,  to  Labrador  and  northwestern  Greenland,  north  of  latitude  66°, 
south  to  the  mountains  of  Vancouver  and  of  central  northern  British 
Columbia  (Ingenika,  Chapa-atan,  and  Sheslay  Rivers,  where  it  inter¬ 
grades  with  L.  m.  dixoni),  Great  Slave  Lake,  Great  Whale  River,  and 
the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle. 

Winters  throughout  but  probably  mostly  in  the  southern  part  of  its 
breeding  range  and  possibly  (rarely)  farther  south. 

Type  locality. — Hudson  Bay. 

Tetrao  lagopus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Fabricius,  Fauna  Groenlandica,  17S0,  114. — 
Sabine,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xii,  1818,  530  (Flare  Island)  ;  Suppl.  Parry’s 
First  Voy.,  1824,  197  (s.  of  Barrow  Straits). 

Lagopus  mutus  (not  Tetrao  mutus  Montin)  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2, 
1819,  287,  part  (Greenland).— Kneeland,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857, 
237  (Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior). 

[Tetrao]  rupestris  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  751  (Hudson  Bay;  based  on 
Rock  Grouse,  Pennant,  Arctic  Zool.,  ii,  312).- — Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  640. 
Tetrao  rupestris  Sabine,  Suppl.  Parry’s  First  Voyage,  1824,  195. — Richardson, 
App.  Parry’s  Second  Voy.,  1824,  348. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and 
Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  610;  ed.  2,  1840,  818. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838, 
483,  pi.  368. — Vigors,  Zool.  Voyage  Blossom,  1839,  26. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus)  rupestris  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831 
(1832),  354. 

Lagopus  rupestris  Leach,  Zool.  Misc.,  ii,  1817,  290. — Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen. 
Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  290  (Hudson  Bay).— Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  pi.  64. — Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838, 
44. — Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  208;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo.  ed.,  v,  1842,  122,  pi.  301. — 
Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Survey,  ix,  1858,  635 ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859, 
No.  468. — Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1861,  229  (coast  Labra¬ 
dor)  ;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  387 ;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  569. — 
Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863,  127  (Mackenzie  River). — Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae, 
1865,  pi.  23  and  text. — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  92. — 
Harting,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1871,  111,  117  (Melville  Island;  w.  coast 


83  Fourteen  specimens  from  Ungava,  Ellesmereland,  and  Northwest  Territories. 


124 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Greenland). — Dresser,  Birds  Europe,  vii,  pt.  28,  1874,  175,  pis.  477  (fig.  2),  480, 
481. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  62, 
figs.  4,  5  (Labrador). — Feilden,  Ibis,  1877,  405  (Feilden  Peninsula;  Smith 
Sound;  n.  to  lat.  83°6'  Greenland)  ;  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1877,  29-31  (Dob¬ 
bin  Bay;  North  Polar  Basin  to  lat.  82°46'N. — Stejneger,  Zeitschr.  Ges.  Orn., 
i,  1884,  90  (crit.). —  Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  245  (Ungava). — 
Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  221  (Anticosti  Island). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  1886;  No.  302,  part  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  302,  part. — Stearns, 
Bird  Life  in  Labrador,  n.d.  ca.  1890,  50  (Labrador). — Clarke,  Auk,  vii,  1890, 
321  (Fort  Churchill,  Keewatin). — Macfarlane,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv, 
1891,  431  (Barren  Grounds  from  Horton  River  to  Franklin  Bay;  habits;  descr. 
nest  and  eggs). — Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  38  (Clinton, 
Lake  La  Hache,  high  Cascades,  Field,  Hector,  and  Ottertail,  high  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,  British  Columbia,  descending  to  4,000  ft.  in  winter). — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  48,  part  (Hudson  Bay;  Fort  Resolution; 
Lichtenfels,  Musk  Ox  Bay,  Hare  Ravine,  Ritenbank,  and  Discovery  Bay,  and 
lat.  82°31',  Greenland;  Northumberland  Sound,  Port  Bowen,  Cockburn  Island), 
557,  part  (Feilden  Peninsula,  Grinnell  Land,  May.) — Bigelow,  Auk,  xix,  1902, 
29  (coast  ne.  Labrador,  n.  of  Hamilton  Inlet). — Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna, 
No.  22,  1902,  104  (Fort  Churchill,  Keewatin,  in  winter  only)  ;  No.  27,  1908, 
347,  part  (localities  in  Mackenzie). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905, 
46,  part  (food,  range,  etc.). — Etfrig,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  239. — Kermode,  [Visitors’ 
Guide]  Provincial  Mus.,  1909,  41  (Atlin,  British  Columbia,  common). — Taver¬ 
ner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  169,  part  (fig.;  descr.;  habits;  distr. ;  w. 
Canada;  Canada’s  Eastern  Arctic,  1934,  119  in  text  (north  Ellesmere  Island 
s.  to  mainland  to  east  and  west)  ;  Birds  of  Canada,  1934,  158  in  text  part  (distr.; 
characters),  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  170  (Canada;  genl.). — Brooks,  Condor, 
xxix,  1927,  113  (crit.). — Hantzsch,  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xlii,  1928,  13,  14  (Baffin 
Island). — Taverner  and  Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiii,  1934,  31  (Churchill, 
Manitoba;  winter  visitor;  irregularly  common). — Dalgety,  Ibis,  1936,  590 
(Baffin  Land  to  Greenland). — Clarke,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  96,  1940,  48 
(Thelon  Game  Sanctuary,  northwestern  Canada). 

L[agopus]  rupestris  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  587;  ed.  5,  1903,  ii, 
745. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  200. — Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i, 
1913,  323. 

[Lagopus\  rupestris  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  213b,  figs. 
1876-1878. — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  236.' — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i, 
1899,  18  (Arctic  America;  n.  Asia  west  to  Ural  Mountains  ?). 

Attagen  rupestris  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.,  Vog.  1851,  xxix. 

Lagopus  rupestris  rupestris  Hantzsch,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1908,  366  (ne.  Labrador; 
crit.). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  v,  1910,  383,  384,  in  text. — Amer¬ 
ican  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  113;  ed.  3,  1910,  141 ;  ed.  4, 
1931,  83. — Brooks,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lix,  1915,  364  (Camden  Bay,  Alaska, 
to  Mackenzie  River  delta;  near  Herschel  Island;  Humphrey  Point;  Demarcation 
Point;  East  Cape,  Siberia  ?;  habits). — Hersey,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxvi,  No.  2, 
1916,  27  (Cape  Lisburne  and  near  Nome,  Alaska). — Gianini,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917, 
399  (mountains  near  Stepovak  Bay,  Alaska  Peninsula).- — Dice,  Condor,  xxii, 
1920,  180  (Tanana,  head  of  North  Fork  of  Kuskokwim  River,  Mount  Sischu, 
etc.,  Alaska). — Conover,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  317  (habits;  breeding;  Hooper  Bay, 
Alaska). — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  170,  in  text;  Birds  Canada, 
1934,  159,  in  text). — DeMille,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  516  (Bonaventure  Island). — 
Swartii,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  No.  4,  1926,  94  (Atlin  region, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


125 


British  Columbia;  distr.;  crit. ;  habits;  plum.).— Soper,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull. 
S3,  1928,  104  (southern  Baffin  Island;  breeding) .— Hantzsch,  Can.  Field  Nat., 
xlii,  1928,  13,  14  (northeastern  Labrador). — Sutton,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  157 
(Chesterfield,  Hudson  Bay)  ;  Mem.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xii,  1932,  94  (Southampton 
Island;  habits). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  202  (habits;  distr.).— 
Gross,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  22  (Button  Islands,  Labrador,  Cape  Chidley,  and  Eclipse 
Harbor;  common;  breeding;  food  habits;  meas.),  41  (parasites). —  (?)  Cum- 
ming,  Murrelet,  xvi,  1935,  39  (Vancouver,  British  Columbia;  spec.;  food). 

Lagopus  r[upestris ]  rupestris  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding 
biology) . 

L[agopus]  r[upestris ]  rupestris  Taverner,  Canada’s  Eastern  Arctic,  1934,  119  in 
text  (interior  of  Northwest  Territories  and  Ungava,  north  to  south  Baffin 
Island) . 

Tctrao  ( Lagopus )  mutus  (not  Tetrao  mutus  Montin)  Swainson  and  Richardson, 
Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  350. — Ross,  Arct.  Exp.,  1835,  28. 

Tetrao  mutus  Audubon,  Orn.  Biog.,  v,  1839,  196,  pi.  418,  fig.  1. 

Lagopus  mutus,  var.  rupestris  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  462. 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris  Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1882,  228,  part  (Barren 
Grounds;  Fort  Yukon,  Gens  de  Large  Mountains,  and  Arctic  coast  east  of  Port 
Anderson). — Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  No.  1,  1921,  1871  (monogr.). — 
Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. — Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7, 
1932,  77  (distr.;  habits;  Newfoundland,  Labrador) —Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i, 
1932,  619  (body  weight). — Peters,  Check -list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34  (nw. 
North  Amer.  [except  area  occupied  by  kelloggae],  including  Melville,  Victoria, 
Ellesmere  and  Baffin  Islands,  south  to  mountains  of  British  Columbia,  Great 
Slave  Lake,  Great  Whale  River,  and  Belle  Isle  Straits ;  nw.  Greenland  north  of 
66°N.). — Salomonsen,  Medd.  GrjzSnland,  cxviii,  No.  2,  1936,  32  (syn. ;  meas.; 
descr. ;  distr.)  ;  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumage  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  11 
(spec.). — Steinbacher,  Erganzungsband  to  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  1938, 
516  (British  Columbia  and  Yukon  to  Baffin  Island  and  Labrador,  west  and  south 
Greenland).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  206 
(syn.;  distr.). 

L[agopus ]  m[iUus]  rupestris  Salomonsen,  Medd.  Gr^nland,  cxviii,  No.  2,  1936,  4, 
in  text,  16,  17  in  tables  (wing  lengths),  22  in  text  (Canadian  islands  and  the 
mainland  from  British  Columbia  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Labrador) . 

Lagopus  rupestris  reinhardtii  Hantzsch,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1908,  367,  in  text  (Green¬ 
land;  crit.). 

Lagopus  rupestris,  var.  occidentalis  Sundevall,  Ofv.  Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  No. 
3,  1874,  20  (Groenlandia  et  America  maxime  boreali). 

Lagopus  mutus  reinhardti  Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1882,  229  (w.  Green¬ 
land;  Niantalik,  Cumberland  Gulf). — Ridgway,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii. 
1882,  258. — Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  247. 

Lagopus  groenlandicus  Brehm,  Naumannia,  1855,  287 ;  Vogelf,  1855,  264,  footnote 
(w.  Greenland). 

[Lagopus]  (rupestris)  kelloggae  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34, 
footnote  (Anticosti  Island). — Gross,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  22  in  text  (Button  Islands, 
Labrador) . 

Lagopus  alpinus  (not  Tetrao  alpinus  Nilsson)  Finsch,  Zweite  Deutsche  Nord- 
Polfahrt,  ii,  1874,  195,  part  (synonymy,  part). 

Lagopus  Reinhardi  macruros  Schiller,  Dansk.  Orn.  Tidskr.,  xix,  1925,  114  (nw. 
coast  of  Greenland,  ex  label  on  2  skins  in  Brehm  Coll.). 


126 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tetrao  ruesptris  (typog.  error  or  lapsus)  Ross,  in  Parry’s  Journ.  Third  Voy„  1826, 
Appendix,  99. 

Lagopus  dispar  Ross,  Voy.  Discovery,  ed.  2,  ii,  1819,  168  (Disko,  Greenland). 

Lag  opus  americanus  Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  207  (Melville  Island;  Churchill 
River,  Keewatin)  ;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo.  ed.,  v,  1842,  119,  pi.  300  (Churchill 
River).— Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv,  ix,  1858,  637  (Baffin’s  Bay);  Cat. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  470. 

Lagopus  mutus  americanus  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  205  (syn. ;  distr.)  part. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  var.  occidentalis  Sundevall,  Ofv.  Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh. 
1874,  No.  3,  19,  part. 

Lagopus  rupestris  reinhardi  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed  2 
1895,  No.  302a;  ed.  3,  1910,  141. 

Tetrao  reinhardti  Walker,  Ibis,  1860,  166  (Godhavn,  Greenland). 

Tetrao  reinhardtii  Reinhardt,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1854,  440,  part  (Greenland). 

Lagopus  reinhardti  Brehm,  Naumannia,  1855,  287  (Greenland).— Reinhardt,  Ibis 
1861,  9  (Greenland;  crit.). 

[Lagopus]  reinhardti  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  18  (Greenland;  “Labrador”). 

Lagopus  rupestris  reinhardti  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  302a.  Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  78. — Schalow, 
Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1895,  471  (Ikerasak,  nw.  Greenland;  crit.;  descr.  eggs). — 
Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xii,  1899,  241  (Disko  Island,  Nuwatak, 
and  Bowdoin  Range,  Greenland).— Gibson,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  361  (Inglefield 
Gulf,  near  Cape  Cleveland,  and  Five  Glacier  Valley,  n.  Greenland,  April). 

L[agopus]  rupestris  reinhardti  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  200. 

L[agopus]  r[upestris ]  reinhardti  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903, 
747  (Ungava). 


LAGOPUS  MUTUS  WELCIII  Brewster 

Welch’s  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male ,  summer  plumage. — Very  similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  rupestris 
but  averaging  less  brownish,  the  brownish  areas  of  the  latter  being  largely 
grayish  in  the  present  subspecies.  Above  dark  brownish  gray,  vermicu- 
lated  and  coarsely  spotted  with  black,  many  of  the  feathers  tipped  with 
white;  breast  and  sides  similar  but  without  the  black  central  blotches 
to  the  feathers ;  head  and  neck  more  coarsely  barred  with  black,  grayish 
white,  and  pale  grayish  buff,  the  lores  almost  entirely  blackish ;  throat, 
remiges,  except  the  innermost  secondaries,  abdomen,  and  thighs  white; 
under  tail  coverts  dusky  grayish  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  jemale,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  m.  rupestris 
but  with  still  less  brownish,  being  largely  .black  and  grayish  white  above, 
slightly  suffused  with  buffy  below. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage—  Slightly  more  brownish  and  less 
blotched  with  black  than  the  summer  male. 

Adult  jemale,  autumn  plumage. — Like  the  adult  female  in  summer  but 
slightly  buffier,  the  pale  bars  above  finer;  below  more  strongly  tinged 
with  buffy. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  rupestris. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


127 


Adult  female,  winter  plumage. — Like  that  of  L.  m.  rupestris. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  173—196  (186.3) ;  tail  97-125  (115.8)  ;  bill  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tip  9.6-10.4  (9.9)  ;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.6-11.4 
(11.1)  ;  height  of  bill  at  angle  of  gonys  7.9-7. 9  (7.9  mm.).34 

Adult  female— Wing  174—182;  tail  96-98;  bill  from  anterior  end  of 
nostril  to  tip  8-8.9;  width  of  bill  at  gape  10.4-11.5 ;  height  of  bill  at  angle 
of  gonys  7. 8-7.9  mm.35 

Range. — Resident  in  the  highest  diorite  and  syenite  rock  barrens  of 
the  alpine  summits  of  Newfoundland. 

Type  locality. — Newfoundland. 

Lagopus  welchi  Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  194  (Newfoundland;  coll.  W.  Brewster). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  303,  1886,  ed.  2,  1895,  No. 
303;  ed.  3,  1910,  142. — Palmer,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiii,  1890,  261  (Cloud 
Hills,  Canada  Bay,  Newfoundland). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
i,  1892,  82. — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  209  (Newfoundland). — Macoun 
and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  228  (Newfoundland). — Griscom, 
Ibis,  1926,  672  (Newfoundland). — Henninger,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxii,  1910,  119 
(descr.  eggs). — Arnold,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  76. — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
lxx,  No.  4,  1930,  155  (type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zook). 

L[agopus]  welchi  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  201. — Coues,  Key  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  748. 

[Lagopus]  welchi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19. 

Lagopus  rupestris  welchi  Elliot,  Gallin.  Game  Birds  North  Amer.,  1897,  157, 
207. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  83. — Taverner, 
Birds  Canada,  1934,  159  in  text. — Brooks,  Auk,  liii,  1936,  343  (Avalon  Penin¬ 
sula,  Newfoundland). — Aldrich  and  Nutt,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  iv,  1939,  19  (e.  Newfoundland). 

L[agopus ]  r[upestris]  welchi  Hantzsch,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1908,  367,  in  text;  Can. 
Field  Nat.,  xlii,  1928,  14  (Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  mutus  welchi  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  No.  2,  247.- — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  34  (Alpine  summits  of  Newfoundland). — Salo- 
monsen.  Moults  and  Sequence  of  Plumages  in  Rock  Ptarmigan,  1939,  10  (spec.). 
Lagopus  rupestris  (not  Tetrao  rupestris  Gmelin)  [Sclater],  Ibis,  1889,  261  (New¬ 
foundland). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  48,  247,  part 
(Newfoundland) . 

Lagopus  rupestris  rupestris  Taverner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  for  1928 
(1929),  37,  38,  part  (Newfoundland). 

Lagopus  mutus  rupestris  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1. 
1942,  206,  part  (Newfoundland;  syn.). 

LAGOPUS  LEUCURUS  LEUCURUS  (Swninson) 

White-tailed  Ptarmigan 

Adult  male,  summer  plumage. — Forehead,  crown,  nape,  occiput,  inter¬ 
scapulars,  inner  upper  wing  coverts  and  scapulars,  back,  rump,  upper 

64  Four  specimens. 

30  Two  specimens. 


128 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


tail  coverts,  and  central  pair  of  rectrices  black  to  dark  fuscous-black 
coarsely  vermiculated,  barred,  and  irregularly  mottled  with  cream  buff, 
dull  grayish  buff  and  whitish  (the  white  largely  restricted  to  the  narrow 
tips  of  the  feathers),  the  buffy  tones  richest  and  darkest  on  the  lower 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts;  remiges  and  all  but  the  inner  upper 
wing  coverts  white;  all  but  the  median  pair  of  rectrices  white;  entire 
underparts  whiter  than  the  dorsum;  the  feathers  of  the  throat  and  sides 
of  head,  the  breast,  upper  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts 
pale  cream  buff  to  cream  buff  heavily  barred  with  dark  fuscous-black  and 
tipped  with  white ;  center  of  abdomen,  thighs,  and  a  varying  amount  of 
the  flanks  unbarred  white ;  under  wing  coverts  white ;  feathers  of  tarsi 
and  toes  white  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  buffy;  iris  dark  brown;  bill 
black ;  supraorbital  “comb”  vermilion ;  toes  and  claws  brownish  gray. 

Adult  female,  summer  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  the  male  but  with, 
on  the  average,  a  richer,  more  ochraceous-buffy  tone  in  the  buffy  areas. 

Adult  male,  autumn  plumage. — Remiges,  all  but  the  innermost  upper 
wing  coverts,  the  under  wing  coverts,  all  but  the  median  pair  of  rectrices, 
abdomen  (except  for  narrow  sides  and  to  some  extent  flanks)  and  under 
tail  coverts  pure  white ;  head,  nape,  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  inner¬ 
most  upper  wing  coverts,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  with  a 
ground  color  of  pale  tawny  to  fulvous-buff  (in  one  very  dark  specimen, 
Dresden  brown)  mixed  with  grayish,  finely  vermiculated  and  freckled 
with  fuscous-black,  these  dark  markings  heavier  and  forming  more 
regular  bars  on  the  head  and  nape,  and  becoming  smaller  and  scarcer 
(i.e.,  leaving  more  of  the  tawny  fulvous-buff  exposed)  on  the  scapulars, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts ;  sides  of  head,  chin,  and  throat  white  nar¬ 
rowly  barred  with  dull  sepia  to  clove  brown ;  breast  similar  but  with  the 
brown  areas  broader ;  sides  and  upper  flanks  tawny-buff  coarsely  mottled 
and  speckled  with  dull  sepia ;  feathers  of  tarsi  and  toes  white  more  or 
less  tinged  with  buffy. 

Adult  female,  autumn  or  tutelar  plumage.- — Similar  to  that  of  the  male, 
but  upperparts  and  throat  and  breast  much  more  ochraceous — the  gen¬ 
eral  appearance  being  isabelline  to  cinnamon-buff  only  sparingly  mixed 
with  gray,  and  with  the  blackish  vermiculations  somewhat  heavier  and 
more  widely  spaced  than  in  the  males ;  some  of  the  remiges  occasionally 
with  dusky  shafts. 

Adult  male,  winter  plumage. — Entirely  white,  the  feathering  of  the 
tarsi  and  toes  much  longer  and  denser  than  in  the  summer  or  autumn 
plumages ;  supraorbital  “comb”  reduced  or  absent. 

Adult  female,  winter  plumage. — Similar  to  the  male. 

First  autumn  plumage  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  female  in 
autumn  plumage,  but  slightly  less  isabelline,  more  grayish ;  the  tail  and 
wings  very  different;  in  the  tail  the  median  two  pairs  being  isabelline 
narrowly  barred  with  dark  clove  brown,  the  next  pair  with  the  inner 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


129 


web  the  same,  but  the  outer  web  largely  white,  and  the  remaining  pairs 
white  narrowly  and  rather  faintly  edged  with  brownish  mottlings ;  in  the 
wing  only  the  two  outer  primaries  are  white,  the  remainder  dark  hair 
brown,  the  secondaries  edged  with  dusky  isabelline  vermiculations. 

Juvenal  plumage  ( sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  first  autumn  plumage 
but  with  the  top  of  the  head  mottled  and  barred  with  buff,  white,  and 
black,  and  a  number  of  feathers  on  the  back  and  rump  having  large  blackish 
and  whitish  blotches ;  chin  and  upper  throat  unspotted  white ;  iris  dark 
horn;  bill  black;  toes  brownish  gray,  soles  greenish;  claws  gray,  tips 
pale  brownish. 

Downy  young. — Center  of  crown  and  occiput  cinnamon-brown  bordered 
with  black,  forehead  and  lores  white  with  black  spots;  sides  of  head 
white  with  a  black  line  through  the  eye  and  a  somewhat  broken  blackish 
malar  stripe ;  center  of  hind  neck,  posteriorly  widening  to  include  the 
interscapular  region,  sepia;  broad  middle  of  back  and  rump  to  tail  pale 
cinnamon  brown  barred  and  laterally  margined  with  blackish  brown; 
scapulars  and  wings  cinnamon-buff  barred  and  mottled  with  dark  sepia; 
rest  of  upperparts  dirty  pale  buffy  white  to  grayish  white ;  underparts 
pale  grayish  white,  washed  with  buffy  on  the  breast  and  faintly  so  on 
the  abdomen;  sides  and  flanks  mottled  with  sepia  and  cinnamon-brown. 

Adult  mule.— Wing  164-188  (174.2)  ;  tail  8^104  (96)  ;  exposed  oil¬ 
men  10.4-14.1  (12.4)  ;  tarsus  30.5-33.4  (31.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.8-25.4  (24.6  mm.).36 

Adult  female. — Wing  155—179  (168)  ;  tail  84-92  (88.4)  ;  exposed  oil¬ 
men  10.7-14.4  (12.3)  ;  tarsus  29.8-32.6  (31.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.6-26.3  (24.9  mm.).37 

Range. — Resident  above  timber  line  (Alpine-Arctic  Zone)  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  area  from  northwestern  Mackenzie  and  adjacent  Yukon 
(head  of  Coal  Creek,  Ogilvie  Mountains,  La  Pierre  House;  Nahanni 
Mountains),  all  of  mainland  British  Columbia  and  central  Alberta  south 
to  the  northern  border  of  the  United  States  (nw.  Washington  Skagit, 
Puget  Sound).  In  British  Columbia  it  has  not  been  recorded  from  the 
coast  ranges  nearest  the  coast,  but  is  known  from  the  Cascades ;  absent 
in  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands;  replaced  by  an  allied  race  in  Vancouver 
Island.  In  northern  British  Columbia  it  probably  descends  into  the 
lowlands  occasionally  in  winter.38 

Type  locality. — Rocky  Mountains,  latitude  54°  N. 

Tetrao  ( Lag  opus )  leucurus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Ror.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  356,  pi.  63  (Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  54°  N.).— Nuttai.t., 
Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  612;  ed.  2,  1840, 
820,  part  (“lofty  ridges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains”). 

30  Twelve  specimens  from  Alberta  and  British  Columbia. 

31  Twenty-four  specimens  from  Alberta  and  British  Columbia. 

38  According  to  Brooks  and  Swarth. 


130 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tetrao  leucurus  Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  v,  1839,  200,  pi.  418,  fig.  2. 

Lagopus  leucurus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii, 
183 B  (1832),  pi.  63,  part.— Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44  part.— 
Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  208,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  125,  part, 
pi.  302.— Baird,  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  469,  part;  ?  in  Cooper,  Orn! 
California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  542,  part  (British  Columbia). — Blakiston,  Ibis, 
1863,  128,  part  (Rocky  Mountains  north  to  Arctic  Circle) .—Elliot,  Monogr! 
Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  25  and  text,  part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1874,  No.  388,  part;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  570,  part;  Birds  Northwest,  1874, 
425,  part  (Rocky  Mountains  from  Arctic  Ocean;  British  Columbia?).— Baird! 
Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  464,  part,  pi.  62,’ 
fig.  6.— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.’  304,  rev.  ed.! 
1889,  No.  304,  part  (Liard  River;  British  Columbia);  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  304.— 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  83,  part.— Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  38,  part  (Kicking  Horse  Pass,  Hector,  and  near 
Clinton,  British  Columbia).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
52,  part  (British  Columbia;  Fort  Halkett) .— Macoun,  Cat.  Birds,  pt.  1,  1900,  209! 
part  (Mackenzie  River  to  La  Pierre  House ;  summits  of  most  mountains  in  main¬ 
land  of  British  Columbia).— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
129,  part  (descr. ;  distr.) .— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  47,  48! 
part  (geogr.  range,  food,  etc) —Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908, 
348  (Liard  River;  Fort  Simpson;  Fort  Halkett;  La  Pierre  House;  etc.).— 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  228,  part.— Rac’ey,  Auk, 
xliii,  1926,  321  (between  Red  Mountain  and  Mount  Whistler,  British  Colum- 
hia) .  J averner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  1/0  (fig.;  descr.;  habits;  distr  ■ 
w.  Canada);  Birds  Canada,  1934,  159  in  text  (distr.;  char.);  Water  Birds! 
1939,  170,  part.— Laing  and  Taverner,  Ann.  Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  for  1927 
(1929),  76  (Chitina  River  region,  Alaska) .— Stenhouse,  Scottish  Nat.,  1930, 
81  (type  spec.;  Roy.  Scottish  Mus.). 

L[agopus ]  leucurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  588,  part.— Ridg¬ 
way,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  202,  part. — Reichenow,  Die  Vogel  i 
1913,323.  ’  ’ 

[Lagopus]  leucurus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Aves,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  213b, 
fig.  1879.  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  236,  part. — Sharpe,  Hand¬ 
list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Lagopus  leucura  Stejneger,  Zeitschr.  ges.  Orn.,  i,  1884,  92,  part. 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  ed.  3 
1910,  142,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  85,  part.— Riley,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  59 
(Henry  House,  at  Moose  Pass  branch  of  Smoky  River,  Alberta;  habits; 
crit.).— Wheeler,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  202  (w.  of  Conghia  Ti,  n.  of  Great  Slave 
Lake,  Mackenzie,  June  4).— Brooks,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917,  37  (Chilliwack,  British 
Columbia,  on  higher  Eastern  Cascade  range). — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ. 
Zool.,  xxiv,  1922,  208  (mountains  above  Doch-da-on  Creek,  Stikine  River,  s. 
Alaska;  food;  etc.) ;  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926,  103  (Atlin  region, 
British  Columbia,  plum.) .—Taverner,  Birds,  Western  Canada,  1926,  171,  in  text 
(distr.  in  w.  Canada) ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  160,  in  text  part.— Bent,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  Bull.,  162,  1932,  232  (habits;  distr.).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of 
World,  ii,  1934,  35,  part  (range,  except  Vancouver  Island) .— Cowan,  Condor, 
xli,  1939,  82  in  text  (crit.).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.  i’ 
No.  1,  1942,  209  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Lagopus  l[eucurus ]  leucurus  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  184  (alt.  distr.)  ;  739 
in  text  (limiting  distr.  factors). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


131 


Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  30,  1909,  60 
Ogilvie  Range,  Yukon;  crit. ;  voice). 

LAGOPUS  LEUCURUS  PENINSULARIS  Chapman 

Kenai  White-tailed  Ptarmigan 

Adults  in  summer  plumage—  Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
the  nominate  form  but  with  the  blackish  areas  more  extensive,  the  buff 
areas  paler — whitish  to  pale  pinkish  buff,  only  the  broader  marks  slightly 
darker — pinkish  buff. 

Adults  in  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
the  nominate  form  but  with  the  general  tone  of  the  plumage  usually 
grayer,  the  buff  being  definitely  less  noticeable  than  the  gray  (exceptions 
do  occur,  however). 

Adults  in  winter  plumage.- — Like  that  of  the  nominate  form. 

First  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but 
averaging  grayer. 

Juvenal  plumage.- — Like  that  of  the  typical  race, 

Dozvny  young. — Like  that  of  the  typical  race. 

Adult  male. — Wing  168-180  (174)  ;  tail  92-103  (95)  ;  exposed  oilmen 
12-14.5  (13.4)  ;  tarsus  32.4-34  (33.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24.4—27  (25.6  mm.).  39 

Adult  female. — Wing  164—171  (167.8)  ;  tail  85-93  (90)  ;  exposed  oil¬ 
men  13.4—13.9  (13.7);  tarsus  32.5-33.6  (33);  middle  toe  without  claw 
24.1-27.3  (25.2  mm.).40 

Range. — Resident  in  the  alpine  summits  from  south-central  Alaska 
(Mount  McKinley)  south  to  the  Kenai  Peninsula  (Bear  Creek,  Lake 
Clark,  Cook  Inlet,  White  Pass,  Glacier  Bay,  Seward,  Kenai  Mountains). 

Type  locality. — Kenai  Mountains,  Alaska. 

(?)  Lagopus  leucurus  Hartlaub,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1883,  277  (Alaska;  crit.). 
Lagopus  leucurus  ( Tetrao  leucurus  Swainson)  Bishop,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No. 
19,  1900,  72  (summits  of  cliffs  above  Glacier,  Alaska;  breeding). — Osgood, 
North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  21,  1901,  75  (head  of  Bear  Creek,  Cook  Inlet,  breed¬ 
ing)  ;  No.  24,  1904,  67  mountains  on  nw.  side  Lake  Clark,  Alaska  Peninsula). — 
Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  129,  part. 

L[agopus]  leucurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  749,  part 
(Alaska). 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  Brooks,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lix,  1915,  366  (Muir 
Inlet,  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska). — Bailey,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  201  (valley  of  Granite 
Creek  Basin,  se.  Alaska). 

Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1902, 
236  (Kenai  Mountains,  Alaska;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.);  Ibis,  1903,  267, 
in  text  (crit.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  346;  Check¬ 
list,  ed.  3,  1910,  143;  ed.  4,  1931,  84. — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds  ed.  2, 


30  Five  specimens  from  Kenai  area,  Alaska. 

40  Six  specimens  from  the  Kenai  area,  Alaska. 


132 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1909,  229  (Kenai  Mountains,  Bear  Creek,  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska). — Riley,  Can. 
Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  60,  in  text  (crit.) . — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932, 
234  (habits,  etc.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  35.- — Hell- 
mayer  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  209  (syn. ;  distr.). 

LAGOPUS  LEUCURUS  SAXATILIS  Cowan 

Vancouver  Ptarmigan 

Adults  in  summer  plumage. — Said  to  be  like  those  of  the  typical  race 
but  larger,  with  longer  tail  and  larger,  more  decurved  bill;  head  and 
neck  black  and  white  without  or  almost  without,  buffy  wash,  shafts  of 
primaries  black.  41 

Adult  male  in  autumn  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  but 
larger,  with  longer  .bill  and  tail,  buffy  areas  of  back  and  flanks  less 
grayish,  more  brownish,  and  with  little  or  no  buffy  on  head  and  neck. 

Adult  female  in  autumn  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race 
but  with  the  ground  color  of  the  upperparts  and  sides  of  the  breast  more 
brownish,  less  grayish. 

Juvenal. — Differs  from  that  of  the  typical  race  in  having  the  head 
and  neck  barred  black  and  white,  and  in  the  longer  more  decurved  bills. 

Downy  young. — Apparently  not  known. 

Adult  male.- — Wing  178-187  (181);  tail  100-106  (104);  exposed 
culmen  16-18  (17.4);  nostril  to  tip  10.5-11  (10.9);  depth  of  bill 
8-9  (8.7  mm.).42 

Adidt  female. — Wing  172,  exposed  culmen  18,  nostril  to  tip  11.2 ;  depth 
of  bill  7.6  mm.43 

Range. — Resident  in  the  alpine  peaks  of  Vancouver  Island  (Mount 
Arrowsmith,  Crown  Mountain,  Upper  Campbell  Lake,  Cowichan  Lake, 
mountains  south  of  Alberni;  mountains  north  of  Great  Central  Lake. 

Type  locality. — Mount  Arrowsmith,  Vancouver  Island,  6,000  feet. 

Lagopus  leucurus  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  209,  part  (breeding,  Mount 
Arrowsmith,  Vancouver). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909, 
228,  part  (breeding,  6,000  feet,  Mount  Arrowsmith,  Vancouver). 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  x,  1912,  23 
(Vancouver  Island:  all  the  higher  peaks) .—Brooks  and  Swarth,  Pacific 
Coast  Avif.,  No.  17,  1925,  52  part  (Vancouver  Island,  Mount  Arrowsmith; 
mountains  south  of  Alberni,  and  mountains  north  of  Great  Central  Lake). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  85,  part. — Bent, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  232  (habits;  distr.;  Mount  Arrowsmith). — 
Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  160,  in  text,  part.— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of 
World,  ii,  1934,  35,  part. 

Lagopus  leucurus  saxatilis  Cowan,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  82  (Mount  Arrowsmith, 
Vancouver;  descr. ;  distr.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  210  (syn.;  distr.). 

u  All  descriptions  ex  Cowan,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  82. 

4S  Five  specimens,  all  measurements  ex  Cowan. 

13  One  specimen,  ex  Cowan. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


133 


LAGOPUS  LEUCURUS  RAINIERENSIS  Taylor 

Mount  Rainier  Ptarmigan 

Adults  in  summer  plumage. — Very  similar  to  the  corresponding  plu¬ 
mage  of  Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis,  but  with  the  dark  areas  deep  black 
without  a  slight  brownish  tinge  found  in  the  Kenai  form. 

Other  adult  plumages  identical  with  the  Kenai  subspecies,  but  with 
longer  wings  on  the  average;  the  young  plumages  not  distinguishable 
from  those  of  Lagopus  leucurus  peninsularis. 

Adult  'male. — Wing  177-187  (180.3);  tail  85-106  (98.2);  exposed 
culmen  13.1-14.9  (14.1);  tarsus  33.8-35.0  (34.3);  middle  toe  without 
claw  26.8-28.5  (27.7  mm.).44 

Adult  female. — Wing  171-183  (174.6);  tail  87-92  (87.5);  exposed 
culmen  12.2-14.2  (13.4);  tarsus  34.4—34.7  (34.6);  middle  toe  without 
claw  27.2-28.3  (26.3  mm.).45 

Range. — Resident  on  the  alpine  summits  of  Washington  from  Barron 
(6,000  feet,  near  Windy  Pass,  Whatcom  County)  to  Mount  Rainier  south 
to  Mount  St.  Helens.46 

Type  locality. — Pinnacle  Peak,  6,200  feet,  Mount  Rainier,  Wash. 

Tetrao  ( Lagopus )  leucurus  (not  of  Swainson)  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States 
and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  ed.  2,  1840,  820,  part  (“snowy  peaks  of  the  Columbia 
River”). 

Lagopus  leucurus  Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  542,  part 
(“highest  peaks  of  Washington  Territory”). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  464,  part  (Cascade  Mountains,  Washington 
and  Oregon).- — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  570. — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  304,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No. 
304,  part  (mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon). — Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  38,  part  (Mount  Tacoma,  Wash.). — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  British  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  52,  part  (Oregon,  Washington). — Dawson, 
Wils.  Bull.,  iii,  1896,  3  (Okanogan  County,  Wash.,  9,000  feet)  ;  Auk,  xiv, 
1897,  173  (same). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  1-29, 
part. — Woodcock,  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  27  (Oregon  range). — 
Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  47,  48,  part  (range,  food,  etc.). — 
Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  590  (descr.,  habits,  etc., 
Washington) . 

L[agopus ]  leucurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  588,  part. — - 
Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  202,  part  (high  mountains  of  Oregon 
and  Washington). 

[Lagopus]  leucurus  Sharpe,  Pland-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3, 
1910,  142,  part  (Washington;  nw.  Montana  ?). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds 
Oregon,  1940,  602  (no  definite  Oregon  records). 


44  Six  specimens  from  Washington. 

45  Five  specimens  from  Washington. 

411  In  Whatcom  and  Skagit  Counties,  northwestern  Washington,  this  form  and  the 
nominate  race  meet,  and  the  individual  specimens  may  resemble  either  race. 


003008“— 4  G- 


10 


134 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lagopus  leucurus  rainierensis  Taylor,  Condor,  xxii,  1920,  146  (Pinnacle  Peak, 
Mount  Rainier,  Wash.,  at  6,200  feet;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Oberholser, 
Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  266. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4, 
1931,  85.— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  240  (habits).— Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  35. — Cowan,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  82,  83  in  text  (crit.). — 
Kitchin,  Murrelet,  xx,  1939,  30  (Mount  Rainier  National  Park;  resident; 
spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  209  (syn. ; 
distr.). 

LAGOPUS  LEUCURUS  ALTIPETENS  Osgood 

Southern  White-tailed  Ptarmigan 

Adults  in  summer  plumage.- — Like  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus,  but  with  longer  wings  and  tail. 

Adults  in  autumn  plumage. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
the  nominate  race  but  with  longer  wings  and  the  general  color  above 
paler,  in  some  specimens  more  brownish  buff — tawny-olive  to  sayal  brown 
and  in  others  with  very  little  buff  and  that  little  pale  and  ashy. 

Adults  in  winter  plumage. — Distinguished  from  those  of  the  nominate 
race  only  by  the  longer  wings  of  the  present  subspecies. 

First  autumn  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  typical  race  but  averaging 
more  tawny-buff. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  the  typical  race. 

Downy  young. — Similar  to  that  of  the  typical  race. 

Adult  male.— Wing  178-194  (187.5);  tail  98-109  (104);  exposed 
oilmen  11.7-14.9  (13.8);  tarsus  30.2-3 3.7  (31.8);  middle  toe  without 
claw  23.3-26.3  (25.1  mm.).47 

Adult  female. — Wing  173-192  (181.6)  ;  tail  93-98  (95.6)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  12.5-14.3  (13.6);  tarsus  31.3-33.4  (32.1);  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.1-26.1  (25.1  mm.).48 

Range. — Resident  in  the  alpine  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from 
Montana  (Lewis  and  Clark,  Teton,  and  Carbon  Counties)  through 
Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  northern  New  Mexico  (Sangre  de  Cristo 
Mountains,  Taos  Mountains,  Truchas  Peaks,  Culebra  Mountains,  Wheeler 
Peak,  Costilla  Peaks). 

Type  locality. — Mount  Blaine,  Colo. 

Telrao  ( Lagopus )  leucurus  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land 
Birds,  1832,  612,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  820,  part  (“lofty  ridge  of  the  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,”  part). 

Lagopus  leucurus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor. -Amer.,  ii, 
1831  (1832),  pi.  63,  part. — Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44,  part.— 
Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  208,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  125,  part. — 
Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  636  (west  side  of  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,  near  Cochetopa  Pass,  lat.  39°)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  469, 


47  Eleven  specimens  from  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

48  Five  specimens  from  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


135 


part. — Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863,  128,  part  (Rocky  Mountains  south  to  lat.  39°). — 
Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  25  and  text,  part. — Coues,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1866,  94  (Cantonment  Burgwyn,  N.  Mex.)  ;  Check 
List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  388,  part;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  570,  part; 
Birds  Northwest,  1874,  425,  part  (Rocky  Mountains  south  to  lat.  37°)  ;  U.  S. 
Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  5,  ser.  2,  1879,  263-266  (breeding  habits ; 
descr.  nest  and  eggs ;  Colorado) . — Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  186 
(Colorado;  alpine  summits). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  464,  part,  pi.  62,  fig.  6.- — Drew,  Auk,  i,  1884,  392  (shedding 
of  claws;  plumage  note). — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  304,  part ;  ed.  2,  1889,  No.  304,  part  (New  Mexico,  etc.). — Bendire,  Life  Hist. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  83,  part. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  British  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  52,  part  (New  Mexico,  Colorado;  spec.). — Cooice,  Colorado  State 
Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  70  (Colorado)  ;  ibid.,  Bull.  56,  app.,  1900,  202  (breeds  at 
Breckenridge,  Colo.). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  47,  48,  part  (geogr. 
range;  food;  etc.). — Henderson,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zook,  vi,  1909,  228 
(Boulder,  Colo.,  above  8,500  feet). — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  145 
(Colorado;  resident). 

L[agopus]  leucurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  588,  part;  ed.  5, 
1903,  ii,  749,  part. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  202,  part. 

[Lagopus]  leucurus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  236,  part. — Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Lagopus  leucura  Stejneger,  Zeitschr.  ges.  Orn.,  i,  1884,  92,  part. 

Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3, 
1910,  142,  part. — Grave  and  Walker,  Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  39  (Wyoming; 
alpine  areas). — Betts,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zool.,  x,  1913,  192  (Boulder 
County,  Colo.,  above  9,000  feet). — Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14, 
1921,  58  (Montana;  Bitterroot  Mountains;  St.  Marys  Lake;  Glacier  National 
Park;  Teton,  Lewis  and  Clark,  and  Carbon  Counties). — Jensen,  Auk,  xl, 
1923,  454  (Sangre  de  Cristo  Mountains,  N.  Mex.). 

Lagopus  leucurus  altipetens  Osgood,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  189  (“Mount  Blaine,”  i.e., 
Summit  Peak,  s.  Colorado;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Bailey,  Auk,  xxi,  1904, 
351  (upper  Pecos  River,  N.  Mex.,  9,300-13,300  feet)  ;  xxii,  1905,  316  (Taos 
Mountains,  New  Mexico,  above  timberline). — Henshaw,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  315, 
in  text  (correction  of  type  locality). — Warren,  Condor,  x,  1908,  20  (Boreas 
Pass,  Colo.). — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517  (Check¬ 
list  No.  304b)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  85. — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada, 
1926,  171,  in  text  (distr.)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  160,  in  text. — Bailey, 
Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  202  (genl. ;  New  Mexico). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Bull.  162,  1932,  234  (habits;  distr.;  etc.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  35. — McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  129  in  text  (se. 
Wyoming;  resident). — Ulke,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1934-35  (1936),  79  (Yoho 
Park,  Canada;  summer;  common). — Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.,  xxiv, 
1937,  91  (Boulder  County,  Colo.,  moderately  common,  above  timberline  in  sum¬ 
mer,  down  to  9,000  feet  in  winter;  spec.). — Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds 
Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939,  61  (not  common  resident;  habits;  Colorado). 
— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  210,  (syn;  distr.). — 
Behle,  Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  72  (Utah). 

[Lagopus]  leucurus  altipetens  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  238  in  text  (care  of 
eggs). 

L[agopus]  l[cucurus]  altipetens  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
129  (Colorado). 


136 


BULLETIN  GO,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Genus  CANACHITES  Stejneger 

Canace  (not  of  Curtis,  1838)  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vbg.,  1853,  xxix. 
( Type,  by  monotypy,  Tctrao  canace  Linnaeus,  which  here  =  T.  canadensis 
Linnaeus.) 

Canachiles  Stejneger,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  410.  (Type,  by  original 
designation,  Telrao  canadensis  Linnaeus.) 

Tympanuchus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320,  part. 

Small  wood  grouse  (length  about  165-187  mm.)  with  a  general  re¬ 
semblance  in  form  to  Dendragapus  but  with  only  16  (instead  of  usual  20) 
rectriccs,  and  adult  males  without  an  inflatable  air  sac  on  sides  of  neck ; 
coloration  very  different. 

Bill  relatively  small,  its  length  from  frontal  antiae  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  head,  its  depth  at  same  point  about  equal  to  its  width; 
culmen  very  indistinctly  ridged;  rhamphotheca  smooth  throughout;  maxil¬ 


lary  tomium  distinctly  but  not  strongly  concave  or  arched.  Wing  moder¬ 
ate  or  rather  small,  with  longest  primaries  projecting  beyond  tips  of 
longest  secondaries  between  one-fourth  and  one-third  the  length  of  wing , 
third  and  fourth  primaries  longest  (the  fifth  nearly  as  long),  the  first 
(outermost)  intermediate  between  seventh  and  eighth;  inner  webs  of 
three  outer  primaries  slightly  emarginate  or  sinuate.  Tail  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  wing,  more  or  less  rounded,  the  rectrices  (16)  broad, 
with  tips  broadly  rounded  ( C .  canadensis )  or  nearly  truncate  (C. 
franklin#).  Tarsus  less  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing,  completely  and 
densely  clothed  with  soft,  hairlike  feathers,  except  on  heel,  the  basal 
phalanx  of  middle  toe  also  feathered  along  each  side  (except  in  sum¬ 
mer)  ;  middle  toe  very  slightly  shorter  than  tarsus ;  lateral  toes  about 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


137 


equal,  extending  to  slightly  beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  middle 
toe ;  hallux  slightly  shorter  than  second  phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  upper 
surface  of  toes  with  a  continuous  series  of  transverse  scutella,  margined 
along  each  side  by  a  row  of  rather  small  more  or  less  quadrate  scales ; 
edges  of  toes  distinctly  fringed  or  pectinated  in  winter,  but  not  in 
summer. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  crown  slightly  elongated,  form¬ 
ing  a  moderate  crest  when  erected ;  a  nude  superciliary  space,  larger  and 
brightly  colored  in  adult  males  in  summer ;  no  tufts  nor  air  sac  on  side 
of  neck;  plumage  in  general  rather  compact,  with  feathers  distinctly  out¬ 
lined,  except  on  anal  region,  where  soft,  downy,  and  blended.  Adult 
males  barred  with  black  and  grayish  above,  the  tail  plain  blackish,  some¬ 
times  tipped  with  cinnamon-rufous;  throat,  cheek,  breast,  etc.,  black, 
the  former  margined  with  white  spotting,  the  feathers  along  sides,  etc., 
and  under  tail  coverts  (sometimes  upper  tail  coverts  also)  broadly  tipped 
with  white.  Adult  females  barred  above  with  blackish  and  rusty  or 
huffy,  beneath  everywhere  barred  and  spotted  with  blackish,  huffy, 
and  white. 

Range. — Northern  coniferous  forests  of  North  America  (Hudsonian 
and  Canadian  Zones).  (Two  species.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  (ADULTS)  OF  THE  GENUS  CANACHITES'1" 

a.  Throat  and  breast  black  (males). 

b.  Rectrices  not  broadly  tipped  with  pale  brownish ;  upper  tail  coverts  with 
broad  white  tips  (se.  Alaska  to  c.  Alberta  and  nw.  Wyoming). 

Canachites  franklinii  (p.  138) 
bb.  Rectrices  broadly  tipped  with  pale  brownish ;  upper  tail  coverts  with  no 
white  tips. 

c.  Grayish  edges  of  feathers  of  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts 
usually  lightly  tinged  with  olivaceous  (coast  of  s.  Alaska). 

Canachites  canadensis  atratus  (p.  150) 
cc.  Grayish  edges  of  feathers  of  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts 
clear  grayish,  not  tinged  with  olivaceous  (n.  North  America  from  c. 

Alaska  to  Labrador) . Canachites  canadensis  canadensis  (p.  143) 

(s.  Canada  from  Manitoba  s.  to  Wisconsin  and  n.  New  England). 

Canachites  canadensis  canace  (p.  147) 
(Gaspe,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick). 

Canachites  canadensis  torridus  (p.  151) 
aa.  Throat  and  breast  tawny  to  whitish  barred  with  dark  brown  (females). 

b.  Upper  tail  coverts  tipped  with  white  (se.  Alaska  to  c.  Alberta  and  nw. 

Wyoming)  . Canachites  franklinii  (p.  138) 

bb.  Upper  tail  coverts  not  tipped  with  white. 

c.  Above  predominantly  fuscous  and  gray,  brownish  bars  pale  and  largely 
restricted  to  hindneck  and  upper  back.  (n.  North  America  from  c. 
Alaska  to  Labrador) . Canachites  canadensis  canadensis  (p.  143) 


■‘9  The  races  atratus,  canace,  and  torridus  are  quite  poorly  defined.  Inasmuch  as 
it  has  been  found  possible  to  see  their  characters  in  series,  they  have  been  main¬ 
tained,  but  no  great  loss  would  result  if  they  were  all  united  under  canadensis. 


138 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cc.  Above  decidedly  brownish  or  brownish  gray  barred  with  dark. 

d.  Pale  tips  of  dorsal  feathers  suffused  with  pale  olive-brown  (coast  of 

s.  Alaska) . Canachites  canadensis  atratus  (p.  ISO) 

dd.  Pale  lips  of  dorsal  feathers  clear  grayish. 

c.  Brownish  areas  more  extensive  and  brighter  in  color — ochraceous-buff 
to  ochraceous-salmon  (Gaspe,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick). 

Canachites  canadensis  torridus  (p.  151) 
ec.  Brownish  areas  less  extensive  and  paler  in  color — light  ochraceous-buff 
(s.  Canada  from  Manitoba  s.  to  Wisconsin  and  n.  New  England). 

Canachites  canadensis  canace  (p.  147) 

CANACHITES  FRANKLINII  (Douglas) 

Franklin’s  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Sttpranarial  feathers  black  posteriorly  bordered  with 
white  (interrupted  medially)  ;  feathers  of  forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape, 
and  interscapulars,  dark  olive-brown  to  ashy  mummy  brown  narrowly 
barred  with  fuscous-black,  the  tips  becoming  slightly  paler  on  the  nape 
and  interscapulars,  even  whitish  on  a  few  posterolateral  interscapulars, 
the  dark  subterminal  band  becoming  much  broader  on  the  interscapulars, 
which  are  much  more  blackish  than  olive-brown ;  back,  lower  back,  and 
rump  like  the  interscapulars  but  with  the  dark  areas  narrower,  the  paler 
interspaces  more  numerous ;  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  like  the  back  but 
paler,  the  dark  areas  less  intense  and,  except  for  the  subterminal  band, 
the  markings  more  crescentic  and  the  brown  areas  mottled  with  dusky; 
median  and  greater  upper  wing  coverts  dark  olive-brown,  indistinctly 
mottled  and  submarginally  irregularly  marked  with  paler — snuff  brown 
to  light  olive-brown ;  secondaries  like  the  greater  upper  coverts  but  with 
the  paler  color  restricted  to  the  outer  margins  and  the  tips  of  the  feathers ; 
the  innermost  few  pairs  with  the  pale  tips  extending  backward  along  the 
shaft  in  a  proximally  pointed,  distally  expanded  white  wedge-shaped 
mark ;  primaries  dark  olive-brown  to  fuscous,  the  outer  webs  of  the 
second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  pairs  (from  the  outside)  largely  whitish; 
short  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  rump  but  with  grayer  tips;  long  upper 
tail  coverts  fuscous,  laterally  mottled  and  vermiculated  with  pale  olive- 
brown,  and  broadly  tipped  with  white,  the  feathers  graduated,  increas- 
ing  in  length  centripetally,  so  that  in  the  closed  tail  the  white  tips 
form  a  longitudinal  series  of  white  blotches;  rectrices  deep  fuscous,  the 
median  pair  very  narrowly  tipped  with  white,  the  others  either  without 
pale  tips  or  very  faintly  tipped  with  snuff  brown;  chin,  upper  throat, 
cheeks,  and  lower  auriculars  black,  the  whole  area  bounded  by  a  narrow 
white  line  beginning  below  the  eyes,  forming  a  circle  open  only  in  front 
of  the  eyes  (and,  in  many  specimens,  this  is  continued  to  the  bill  by  a 
narrow  white  subloreal  line)  ;  sides  of  neck  and  lower  throat  like  the 
nape  but  the  feathers  of  the  midventral  line  blacker,  and  with  whitish 
terminal  edges;  breast  and  an  area  extending  dorsally  to  a  point  over 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


139 


and  in  front  of  the  bend  of  the  wing,  blackish  with  a  faint  bluish  sheen, 
the  brownish  basal  areas  often  showing  also ;  this  blackish  area  extending 
caudally  along  the  midline  of  the  upper  abdomen,  giving  this  area  a  poste¬ 
riorly  convex  outline ;  the  extreme  dorsal-lateral  feathers  of  the  black  area 
narrowly  tipped  with  bright  snuff  brown  to  pale  tawny,  the  lateral  ones 
with  broad  white  tips ;  lower  abdomen  blackish  but  with  the  white  tips 
much  broader  and  with  some  white  bars  and  subterminal  shaft  spots 
making  the  area  as  much  white  as  blackish ;  sides  and  flanks  grayish 
Sayal  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber  with  a  series  of  concentric  irregular 
bands  of  dark  olive-brown  and  with  a  medioterminal  white  wedge-shaped 
mark,  the  dark  olive-brown  bands  becoming  transverse  bars  on  the  flank 
feathers,  which  also  have  the  white  wedges  reduced  and  flattened  into 
terminal  bands ;  thighs  narrowly  barred  dusky  olive-brown  and  pale 
grayish  snuff  brown ;  under  tail  coverts  black,  very  broadly  tipped  with 
white,  the  feathers  graduated  so  that  in  the  closed  tail  the  white  tips 
appear  almost  like  a  broad  longitudinal  band,  while  in  the  open  tail  they 
form  a  circle  incomplete  only  at  the  base ;  under  wing  coverts  dark  olive- 
brown  to  fuscous,  some  with  whitish  tips  and  narrow  white  outer  edges ; 
those  near  the  bend  of  the  wing  with  pale  snuff -brown  edges ;  iris  Van¬ 
dyke  brown;  bill  black;  “comb”  scarlet-vermilion;  feet  gray,  soles  tinged 
yellow. 

Adult  female,  gray  phase. — Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  barred  black, 
smoke  gray,  and  ochraceous-buff ;  nape  similar  but  with  the  gray  pre¬ 
dominant  at  the  expense  of  the  ochraceous-buff ;  interscapulars,  upper 
back,  and  scapulars  black  conspicuously  barred  with  ochraceous-buff  and 
inconspicuously  tipped  with  grayish;  feathers  of  the  back,  lower  back, 
and  rump  blackish  tipped  with  smoke  gray  and  with  a  usually  concealed 
pale  ochraceous-buff  bar  about  two-thirds  of  the  way  from  the  base  to 
the  tip,  these  bars  occasionally  showing;  wings  as  in  male  but  less  brown¬ 
ish,  the  feather  edgings  hair  brown  with  a  faint  tawny  wash,  the  dark 
areas  fuscous ;  the  light  outer  edges  of  primaries  2  to  5,  inclusive,  some¬ 
what  mottled  with  dusky,  and  all  the  remiges  very  narrowly  tipped  with 
whitish,  this  being  least  noticeable  on  the  outer  primaries ;  upper  tail 
coverts  black  tipped  with  white  (the  white  tips  less  than  half  as  wide 
as  in  the  males)  and  banded  with  pale  grayish  ochraceous-buff;  rectrices 
blackish  narrowly  tipped  with  white  and  abundantly  but  irregularly 
crossed  and  mottled  with  cinnamon-buff  to  tawny-olive,  these  markings 
largely  restricted  to  the  outer  edges  of  the  outer  webs  of  the  lateral 
feathers  and  extending  across  both  webs  in  the  more  median  ones ;  lores, 
postocular  stripe,  chin,  and  upper  throat  white  speckled  or  barred  with 
dark  fuscous ;  auriculars  tawny-olive  spotted  with  dark  fuscous ;  lower 
throat  and  breast  pale  ochraceous-buff  heavily  banded  with  fuscous-black, 
the  feathers  of  the  breast  more  extensively  black  than  ochraceous-buff, 
the  latter  color  brighter  there  than  on  the  lower  throat ;  abdomen  sharply 


140 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


distinct,  white,  instead  of  ochraceous-buff  and  the  dark  fuscous-black  bands 
more  continuous,  less  broken  than  on  the  breast  feathers ;  sides,  flanks, 
and  thighs  as  in  the  male — but  more  ochraceous ;  under  tail  coverts  as 
in  the  male  but  with  more  white  bars  (not  only  the  terminal  one  as  in 
the  males);  iris  Vandyke  brown;  “comb”  vermilion;  bill  blackish;  feet 
pale  brownish  gray,  claws  blackish. 

Adult  female,  rufous  phase. — Similar  to  the  gray  phase  but  with  the 
ochraceous-buff  extending  over  the  whole  underparts  from  the  chin  to  as 
far  as  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  and  brighter,  slightly  more  ochraceous- 
tawny  as  well ;  a,bove  the  ochraceous  color  more  pronounced  on  the  head, 
nape,  interscapulars,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts ;  the  pale 
markings  on  the  wings  more  buffy — pale  grayish  clay  color ;  rectrices 
often  with  narrow  buffy  tips  or  subterminal  blotches. 

Immature  male. — Like  the  adult  but  with  the  juvenal  outer  primaries 
(narrowly  marked  with  buff  on  the  outer  webs  instead  of  whitish  as  in 
adults)  and  with  the  rectrices  more  often  tipped  very  narrowly  with 
whitish. 

Immature  female.- — Like  the  adult  of  the  corresponding  phase  but  with 
the  juvenal  outer  primaries;  not  readily  distinguishable  in  many  cases. 

luvenal  (sexes  alike). — Above  similar  to  the  adult  female,  rufous 
phase,  but  with  the  scapulars  and  inner  secondaries  with  white  terminal 
shaft  streaks  and  these  feathers  abundantly  marked  with  concentric  longi¬ 
tudinal  as  well  as  transverse  ochraceous-buff  irregular  bands;  the  inter¬ 
scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  with  small  medioterminal  white  marks ; 
the  chin  and  upper  throat  largely  devoid  of  buffy-white  speckled  with 
blackish;  and  the  lower  abdomen,  flanks,  and  thighs  dirty  smoke  gray 
indistinctly  barred  with  dusky ;  iris  Vandyke  brown ;  “comb”  pale  ver¬ 
milion;  lower  mandible  yellowish  beneath  at  base,  brownish  elsewhere. 

Downy  young  (sexes  alike).— Forehead,  sides  of  head,  and  entire 
underparts  mustard  yellow  to  Naples  yellow ;  a  black  line  from  the  bill 
through  the  eye  to  the  sides  and  back  of  the  nape;  another  black  spot 
on  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  and  another  fuscous-black  line  bordering 
the  crown  and  occiput,  which  are  amber  brown  to  Sanford’s  brown; 
wings,  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  like  the  crown  and  occiput,  from 
which  they  are  separated  in  color  by  an  intrusion  of  the  yellow  of  the 
sides  of  the  head  across  the  interscapulars;  an  irregular  blackish  line 
from  the  flanks  around  the  lower  back  to  the  tail. 

Adult  male.— Wing  172-192  (182.3);  tail  118-144  (129.3);  exposed 
culmen  14-20.7  (16.9);  tarsus  31.8-37.2  (34.9);  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.3-40.2  (35.4  mm.).  60 

60  Forty-six  specimens  from  Alberta,  British  Columbia,  Saskatchewan,  Washington, 
Idaho,  and  Montana. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


141 


Adult  female. — Wing  171-190  (179.2)  ;  tail  94-119  (107.9) ;  exposed 
culmen  12.7-19.7  (15.8)  ;  tarsus  32-35.8  (34.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
32.5-36.8  (34.2  mm.).51 

Range.- — Resident  in  spruce  forests  and  swamps  of  northwestern 
United  States  and  southwestern  Canada,  from  southeastern  Alaska 
(Prince  of  Wales  Island,  Warren  Island,  Zarembo  Island,  and  Kasaan 
Bay)  ;  north-central  British  Columbia  (Yellowhead  Pass;  Hudson’s  Hope 
on  the  Peace  River ;  40  miles  north  of  Hazelton ;  Ingenika  River,  Thudade, 
and  Kluetantan  Lake;  etc);  and  central  Alberta  (Athabasca  River; 
Edmonton;  Banff;  Henry  House,  Jasper  House,  Siffleur  and  Pipestone 
Rivers)  ;  south  through  the  interior  of  Washington  (Yakima  Pass, 
Nachess  Pass,  Pasayten  River,  Hidden  Lakes,  Cascade  Mountains)  to 
northeastern  Oregon  (Wallowa  County  and  extreme  northern  Baker 
County)  ;  central  Idaho  (Baker  Creek,  Sawtooth  City,  Resort,  Fort 
Lapwai,  Fort  Sherman,  Blue  Mountains)  ;  western  Montana  (St.  Marys 
Lake,  Belton,  Poala,  Mount  McDonald,  Belt  Mountains,  Bitterroot 
Mountains,  Belly  River,  Rock  Creek)  ;  and  to  northwestern  Wyoming 
(Yellowstone  Park). 

Accidental  in  Colorado  (Palmer  House). 

Type  locality. — Rocky  Mountains  from  latitude  50°-54°,  near  the 
source  of  the  Columbia  River,  restricted  to  Athabasca  Pass  region,  Brit¬ 
ish  Columbia,  by  Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  January  1944,  11. 

Tetrao  canadensis,  var.  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1828,  47,  pi.  10. 

Tetrao  canadensis  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  346. 

Tetrao  canadensis  “T.  franklinii  Doug.  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  pi.  61. 

Tetrao  canadensis  “T.  franklinii  Doug.  9”  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831,  pi.  62. 

T[etrao]  franklinii  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  139  (“Valleys 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  latitude  50°  to  54°,  near  the  sources  of  the 
Columbia  River”  ).” 

Tetrao  franklinii  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.  ii,  1831  (1832), 
pi.  61. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  623  (St.  Marys  “Rocky  Mts.,” 
i.e.  Montana  ?)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  461;  in  Cooper,  Orn.  Cali¬ 
fornia,  Land  Birds,  1870,  529  (crit.). — Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  xii,  book  2,  pt.  3,  1860,  221  (Rocky  and  Bitterroot  Mountains,  Mont. ; 
near  Yakima  Pass,  Cascade  Mountain,  Wash.). 

Tetrao  franklini  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  502.— Blakiston,  Ibis,  1862,  8  (w. 
side  Rocky  Mountains,  lat.  49°)  ;  1863,  122  (Kootenay  Pass  to  valley  of  Flat- 
head  River).— Lord,  Proc.  Roy.  Artil.  Inst.  Woolwich,  ix,  1864,  123  (British 
Columbia). 

“  Thirty-nine  specimens  from  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Washington,  and 
Montana. 

“  “Sparingly  seen  ...  on  the  high  mountains  which  form  the  base  or  platform 
of  the  snowy  peaks  ‘Mount  Hood,’  ‘Mount  St.  Helena,’  and  ‘Mount  Baker.’  ” 


142 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Canace  jranklinii  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23;  Monogr. 
Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  10  and  text. 

Canace  frmklini  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
pi.  59,  fig.  3. 

[ Tetrao  canadensis ]  var.  franklini  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848, 
pi.  215,  fig.  1886. 

Tetrao  canadensis  .  .  .  var.  franklini  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
No.  380a. 

Tetrao  canadensis  var.  franklini  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  394  (synonymy 
under  “b.  franklini”) . 

Tetrao  canadensis  franklini  Coues,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  4,  1878, 
628  (Rocky  Mountains,  Mont.,  lat.  49°). — Williams,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
vii,  1882,  61  (Belt  Mountains,  Mont.). 

[Tetrao  canadensis.]  Var.  franklinii  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233. 

Canace  canadensis,  var.  franklini  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  419. — Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  140 
(Blue  Mountains,  near  Fort  Lapwai,  Idaho). 

?  Canace  canadensis  var.  franklini  Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875, 
364  (Nevada  City,  Calif.). 

Canace  canadensis  franklini  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196;  Nom. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  472a. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  579. 

C[anace ]  c[anadensis]  franklini  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  579. 

Dendragapus  franklini  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355. — Merriam, 
North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891,  93  (Sawtooth  Mountains,  Idaho). — Allen, 
Auk,  x,  1893,  126. 

Dendragapus  franklinii  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  No.  299, 
1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  299. — Rhoads,  Auk,  x,  1893,  17  (Washington);  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  38  (Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains,  British 
Columbia,  s.  to  Nachess  Pass,  Wash.). — Dawson,  Wils.  Bull.,  iii,  1896,  3 
(Okanogan  County,  Wash.;  descr.  nest;  measurements  of  eggs);  Auk,  xiv, 
1897,  173  (Okanogan  County,  Wash.). — Merrill,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  352  (Fort 
Sherman,  Idaho). 

Dendrophagus  franklini  Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  12  in  text  (in  synonymy). 

[ Canachites ]  franklini  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19. 

Canachites  franklini  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Bird  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  893,  71  (descr.; 
range). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  40  (range,  food,  etc.). — Preble, 
North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  339  (about  headwaters  of  the  Athabasca 
River;  Banff,  Alberta,  Henry  House;  Jasper  House). — American  Ornitholo¬ 
gists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  139;  ed.  4,  1931,  80. — Swarth,  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zook,  vii,  1911,  58  (Prince  of  Wales,  Warren,  and  Zarembo 
Islands,  se.  Alaska). — Riley,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  55,  pis.  1,  2  (Moose 
River,  East  Fork  Moose  River,  and  3  miles  e.  of  Moose  Lake,  British  Columbia ; 
crit. ;  habits). — Grave  and  Walker,  Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  89  (Wyoming;  one 
record).— Bergtold,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  246  (Palmer  Lake,  Colo.,  1896). — Saun¬ 
ders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1-921,  57  (Montana;  common;  habits). — 
Burleigh,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  656  (Clarks  Ford,  Idaho;  habits). — Gabrielson, 
Auk,  xli,  1924,  555  (Lick  Creek  Ranger  Station ;  Memaloose  Ranger  Station, 
Wallowa  County,  Oreg.).- — Kelso,  Ibis,  1926,  701  (Arrow  Lakes,  British  Colum¬ 
bia;  resident).- — Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  277. — Kemsies,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii, 
1930,  203  (Yellowstone  Park,  Wyo.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932, 
136  (habits;  plum.;  distr. ;  etc.). — Hall,  Murrelet,  xiv,  1933,  69  (Idaho;  moun¬ 
tains)  ;  xv,  1934,  11  (Athabasca  Pass,  British  Columbia). — Taverner,  Birds 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


143 


Canada,  1934,  154,  in  text  (distr. ;  descr.)  ;  Canad.  Water  Birds,  1939,  166  (field 
chars.)- — Ulke,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1934-35  (1936),  79  (Yoho  Park,  Canada; 
common).- — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  213  (Oregon;  distr. ; 
descr.;  habits). 

C[anachites]  franklini  Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  315, 
in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage). 

[ Canachites ]  franklini  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  71,  in  text 
(distr.). 

Canachites  franklinii  American  Orthologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107. — Grin- 
nell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  b,  1900,  31,  in  text. — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
1900,  201  (distr.). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  126 
(descr.;  habits;  distr.).- — Brooks,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  281  (Cariboo  District,  British 
Columbia:  abundant). — Edson,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  438  (Bellingham  Bay  Region, 
Wash.;  hypothetical). — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  578 
(distr.,  habits;  Washington). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2, 
1909,  219  (distr.). — Racey,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  321  (Nita  and  Alpha  Lakes,  British 
Columbia). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  36  (distr.). — Hand, 
Condor,  xliii,  194 h,  225  (St.  Joe  National  Forest,  Idaho). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  213  (syn. ;  distr.). 

(?)  Tetraa  fusca  Ord,  in  Guthrie’s  Geogr.,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  ii,  1815,  317  (based  on 
Small  Brown  Pheasant,  Lewis  and  Clark,  ii,  182). 

T[ympanuchus ]  franklini  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320. 

CANACHITES  CANADENSIS  CANADENSIS  (Linnaeus) 

FIudsonian  Spruce  Partridge 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Canachites  franklinii  but  rectrices  with 
broad  ochraceous-tawny  tips  and  upper  tail  coverts  without  broad  white 
tips  (tips  usually  not  more  than  4  mm.  wide,  as  opposed  to  10  mm.)  in 
franklinii,  and  usually  gray,  not  white,  and  when  white  very  seldom  with¬ 
out  a  grayish  tinge)  ;  general  color  of  upper  parts  variable,  terminal  mar¬ 
gins  of  the  feathers  varying  from  gull  gray  to  grayish  drab ;  the  margins  of 
the  upper  wing  coverts  from  buffy  hair  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber; 
sides  and  flanks  likewise  varying  from  huffy  hair  brown  to  Saccardo’s 
umber53 ;  bill  dark  gray  or  blackish ;  feet  dusky ;  iris  brown. 

Adult  female. — Like  that  of  the  same  phase  of  Canachites  franklinii 
but  without  tips  to  the  longer  upper  tail  coverts  and  with  the  rectrices 
tipped  with  ochraceous-buff. 

Immature  male.- — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  juvenal  outer 
primaries. 

Immature  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  corresponding  phase  but 
with  the  juvenal  outer  primaries. 

luvenal  (sexes  alike). — Like  the  adult  female  of  the  rufous  phase 
but  still  more  rufescent,  the  crown  varying  from  cinnamon-rufous  to 

53  The  palest  bird  seen  is  from  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie;  the  darkest  ones  are 
from  British  Columbia  and  Labrador.  A  careful  study  of  these  variations,  how¬ 
ever,  bears  out  Uttal’s  contention  that  there  is  not  enough  constant  geographic  varia¬ 
tion  to  warrant  the  recognition  of  the  supposedly  paler  Yukon- Mackenzie  race 
named  osgoodi  by  Bishop  in  1900. 


144 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


hazel  marked  with  black ;  the  .back  and  upper  wing  coverts  vary  from 
ochraceous-tawny  to  bright  tawny  with  black  bars  or  blotches,  and  with 
wide  buffy  shaft  stripes  expanding  into  whitish  wedge-shaped  tips ;  remiges 
sepia,  the  primaries  narrowly  marked  with  buff ;  the  innermost  secondaries 
and  the  scapulars  irregularly  barred  and  speckled  with  ochraceous-tawny ; 
rectrices  more  pointed  than  in  adults  and  fuscous  barred,  speckled,  and 
irregularly  vermiculated  with  ochraceous-tawny;  abdomen  grayish  white 
indistinctly  barred  or  spotted  with  dusky  and  sometimes  with  a  faint 
yellowish  wash ;  chin  and  throat  white  with  a  buffy  yellowish  wash. 

Downy  young. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Cancichites  franklinii  but  with 
the  upper  back  more  extensively  cream  buff,  the  rest  of  the  back  between 
amber  brown  and  antique  brown,  more  or  less  diluted  with  buffy. 

Adult  male. — Wing  165—194  (180.4);  tail  108—142  (121.9);  exposed 
culmen  12.3-19  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  32.5-38.8  (35.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
33-10.1  (36.2  mm.).64 

Adult  female.— Wing  164-191  (177.1)  ;  tail  97-116  (106.7)  ;  exposed 
culmen  12.8-18.9  (15.4)  ;  tarsus  31.7— 37.4  (34.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  30.6-36.5  (33.9  mm.).65 

Range. — Resident  chiefly  in  spruce  forests,  from  the  Yukon,  Kowak 
River,  and  Mount  McKinley  areas  of  Alaska  (McKinley  Park,  Nulato 
River,  Kowak  River,  Happy  River,  Tanana,  Circle,  etc.)  to  Yukon 
(60°  40'  N)  ;  Mackenzie  (Mackenzie  River,  Gros  Cape,  Fort  Simpson, 
etc.)  ;  northern  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  (Smith  Landing,  Athabasca, 
etc.)  ;  northern  Manitoba  (Fort  Churchill,  York  Factory)  ;  northern 
Ontario  (Fort  Severn)  ;  northern  Quebec  (Fort  Chimo,  Ungava,  etc.)  ; 
and  Labrador  (Okkak,  Paradise  River)  ;  south  to  central  and  to  south¬ 
eastern  British  Columbia  (Atlin,  Telegraph  Creek,  Bennett,  Fort  Hud¬ 
son’s  Hope;  Laurier  Pass,  Cypress  Creek,  Goat  Mountain);  central  Al¬ 
berta  (Simpson  Pass,  Blueberry  Hills,  etc.)  ;  northern  Ontario;  northern 
Quebec;  Ungava;  and  Labrador  to  Newfoundland  Labrador. 

Type  locality. — Hudson  Bay. 

[ Tctrao ]  canadensis  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  159  (Canada;  based  on 
Urogallus  maculatus  canadensis  Edwards,  Av.,  118,  pi.  118;  and  Urogallus  minor 
americanus  Edwards,  Av.,  71,  pi.  71)  ;  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  274.— Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat., 
i,  pt.  2,  1788,  749.— Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  637.— Gray,  Hand-list,  ii, 
1870,  276,  No.  9825,  part.— Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 
Tetrao  .  .  .  canadensis  Forster,  Philos.  Trans.,  lxii,  1772,  389  (Severn  River). 

Tetrao  canadmsis  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  275.— Vieillot, 
Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiii,  1819,  457  (cites  PI.  Enl.,  131,  132).— Bonaparte,’ 
Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  pt.  i,  1826,  127,  part;  ii,  1828,  442,  part; 
Contr.  Maclurian  Lyc.,  i,  1827,  23;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44,  part.— 


"  Seventy-five  specimens  from  Alaska,  Mackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Yukon, 
Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  Ungava,  and  Labrador. 

"Fifty-five  specimens  from  Alaska,  Yukon,  Mackenzie,  British  Columbia,  Alberta. 
Saskatchewan,  Ungava,  and  Labrador. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


145 


Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  346,  part. — 
Lesson,  Traite  d’Om.,  1831,  SOI,  part. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States 
and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  664,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  811,  part. — Jardine,  Nat. 
Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  125,  part,  pi.  IS. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  437,  part, 
pi.  176;  v,  1839,  563,  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  203,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v, 
1842,  part,  pi.  294. — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  225, 
figs.  1883-1885. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacif.  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  622,  part;  Cat.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  460,  part. — Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1861,  226  (Labrador)  ;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  380,  part. — 
Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863,  122  (Fort  Carleton;  Saskatchewan  River;  Mackenzie 
River). — Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1869,  287  (Nulato, 
Alaska). — Stenhouse,  Scottish  Nat.,  1930,  77,  in  text  (spec,  ex  Franklin’s 
First  Exped.). 

T[etrao ]  canadensis  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  147  (e.  base  of 
Rocky  Mountains  near  source  of  Athabasca  River,  lat.  55° ;  Lesser  Slave  Lake; 
wood  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  streams  flowing  into  Hudson  Bay). 

Canace  canadensis  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vog.,  1851,  xxix. — Elliot,  Monogr. 
Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  9  and  text,  part. — Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii, 
1880,  9,  part,  196,  part;  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  472,  part. — Coues, 
Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  555,  part.— McLenegan,  Cruise 
Corwin,  1884,  118  (Kowak  River,  nw.  Alaska). — Stearns,  Bird  Life  in  Labra¬ 
dor,  n.  d.,  ca.  1890,  46  (Labrador;  habits;  distr.). 

C[anace\  canadensis  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  578,  part. 

Canace  canadensis,  var.  canadensis  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  416,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  canadensis  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  310,  part. 

Dcndragapus  canadensis  Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  245  (Fort 
Chimo,  Ungava)  ;  Contr.  Nat.  Plist.  Alaska,  1886,  152  (Yukon  Valley). — Ridg¬ 
way,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355,  part.— American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  No.  298,  part,  1886;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  298,  part.— Townsend, 
Auk,  iv,  1887,  12  (Kowak  River,  nw.  Alaska,  breeding)  ;  Cruise  Corwin  in  1885 
(1887),  92  (middle  Kowak  River). — Clarke,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  321  (Fort  Churchill, 
Keewatin). — Macfarlane,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv,  1891,  430  (wooded  region 
s.  of  Fort  Anderson). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  51, 
part,  pi.  1,  figs.  20-23. 

D[endragapus]  canadensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  196,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  69,  part 
(Nulato  and  Fort  Reliance,  Alaska;  Mackenzie;  Fort  Simpson;  Jasper  House; 
Repulse  Bay;  Fort  Chimo  and  Ungava  Forks,  Ungava). — American  Orni¬ 
thologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107,  part.— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900, 
200,  part  (distr.). — Norton,  Proc.  Portland  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1901,  151  (Eskimo 
Island  and  Cul  de  Sac,  Labrador;  crit.— Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  22, 
1902,  102  (Mackenzie  and  Alberta;  Oxford  House;  Hayes  River;  Hill  River; 
Echimamish;  Severn  River;  Trout  Lake;  York  Factory;  Fort  Churchill;  Moose 
Factory). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  38-40,  part  (range,  food, 
etc.).— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  2  ed.,  1909,  218  (distr.). — 
Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  165,  pi.  22  A  (col.  fig.;  descr. ;  distr.; 
habits;  w.  Canada);  Nat.  Mus.  Canada,  Bull.  50,  1928,  91  (Alberta);  Birds 
Canada,  1934,  153  in  text,  pi.  18  A  (col.  fig.;  descr.;  distr.)  ;  Canada’s  Eastern 
Arctic,  1934,  120,  in  text  (Hudson  Bay,  Ungava).— Laing  and  Taverner,  Ann. 
Rep.  Nat.  Mus.  Canada,  for  1927,  1929,  75  (Chitna  River,  Alaska;  spec.).— 
Taverner  and  Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiii,  1934,  30  (Churchill,  Mani¬ 
toba;  very  rare). — Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook, 


146 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


No.  8,  1936,  27,  part  (extreme  northern  Ontario).- — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii, 
1937,  139  in  text  (courtship),  402  in  text  (parental  care). — Lack,  Condor,  xlii, 
1940,  270  in  text,  273  in  text  (pairing  habit). — Clarke,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull. 
96,  1940,  48  (Thelon  Game  Sanctuary,  northwestern  Canada). 

L Canachites]  canadensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  canadensis  Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club.,  i,  1899, 
48.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  139,  part;  ed. 
4,  1931,  80  (distr.) .- — Riley,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  SS,  pi.  1,  fig.  2  (Brule 
Lake  and  Henry  House,  Alberta). — Fleming,  Ibis,  1920,  401  (Lake  !le-a-la- 
Crosse  and  Cochrane  River,  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba).- — Taverner,  Birds  West¬ 
ern  Canada,  1926,  165  in  text  (distr.)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  154  in  text  (distr. ; 
Labrador  w.  to  base  of  Rocky  Mountains  near  Jasper  Park). — Bent,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  120  (habits;  distr.). — Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn. 
Club,  No.  7,  1932,  71  (distr.;  habits;  Newfoundland,  Labrador) .—Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  36. — Gross,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  22  (Labrador, 
Assisez  Island;  Nain,  Anaktalak  Bay). — Cowan,  Occ.  Pap.  British  Columbia 
Prov.  Mus.,  No.  1,  1939,  26  (Peace  River  Distr.,  Brit.  Columbia;  habits;  young ; 
food;  spec.). — Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  460  (syn. ;  range;  descr. ;  spec.;  crit.). 

PIellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  211. 

Canachites  c[anadensis]  canadensis  Stenhouse,  Scottish  Nat.,  1930,  81  (spec.  Fort 
Franklin,  Nov.  1825,  in  Roy.  Scot.  Mus.). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166 
(data  on  breeding  biology). 

[Canachites]  canadensis  canadensis  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  1936,  27  in  text  (Ontario;  breeds  in  northern  part). 

[Canachites  canadensis]  canadensis  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932, 
71  in  text  (distr.) . 

Canachites  canadensis  labradorius  Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  i,  1899, 
47  (Rigoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador;  coll.  E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs.  See 
Norton,  Proc.  Portland  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1901,  151). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can. 
Birds,  1900,  200  (Rigoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador). — Grinnell,  Pacific 
Coast  Avif.  No.  1,  1900,  30,  75  (Kowak  Valley,  Alaska;  habits). — Hantzsch, 
Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1908,  364  (ne.  Labrador)  ;  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xlii,  1928,  12  (ne. 
Labrador).— Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  155  (type  in  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.;  not  a  valid  race). — Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  461  in  text  (crit.). 

Canachites  canadensis  osgoodi  Bishop,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  114  (Lake  Marsh,  Yukon 
Territory;  coll.  L.  B.  Bishop)  ;  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  19,  1900,  71  part  (Lake 
Marsh,  Lake  Labarge,  Rampart  City,  Tatchun  River,  Kuskokwim  River,  Thirty 
Mile  River). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  218  (Yukon, 
Alaska;  localities).— Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  30,  1909,  36  (Mission 
Creek,  10  miles  w.  of  Circle,  Alaska)  ;  86  (Macmillan  River,  Yukon). — Ameri¬ 
can  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  139;  ed.  4,  1931,  80.— Grin¬ 
nell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  v,  1910,  380,  in  text. — Dice,  Condor,  xxii, 
1920,  178  (Fairbanks,  Tanana,  Takotna,  Akiak,  etc.,  Alaska;  resident). — 
Swartli,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxiv,  1922,  205  (Glenora,  Stikine  region, 
s.  Alaska;  crit.)  ;  xxx,  1926,  84  (Atlin  region,  British  Columbia;  crit.). — Bailey, 
Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  121  (Kotzebue,  Kobuk,  and  Noatak  Rivers,  Alaska).— 
Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  165  in  text  (distr.)  ;  Birds  Canada, 
1934,  154  in  text  (central  Alaska,  the  Yukon,  northern  British  Columbia,  and 
Mackenzie  Valley). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  129  (habits;  etc.).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  36. — PIellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  212,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

C[anachites]  c[anadensis]  osgoodi  Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  461  in  text  (crit.;  not 
valid  form). 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


147 


f Canachites  canadensis ]  osgoodi  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  72 

in  text  (distr.). 

T[ympanuchus]  canadensis  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320. 

CANACHITES  CANADENSIS  CANACE  (Linnaeus) 

Canadian  Spruce  Partridge 

Adult  male. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Adult  female  (gray  phase). — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  more 
brownish,  the  dorsal  brown  markings  light  ochraceous-buff,  as  are  also 
those  of  the  breast,  sides,  and  flanks ;  upper  wing  coverts  darker,  with 
their  edges  more  tawny-buff,  less  hair  brown. 

Adult  female  (rufous  phase). — Not  distinguishable  with  certainty  from 
that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  usually  with  the  light  markings  on  the 
upper  wing  coverts  and  inner  remiges  brighter — antique  brown  to  tawny 
(as  against  pale  grayish  clay  color  in  the  nominate  race). 

Immature  male. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Immature  female. — Not  distinguishable  with  certainty  from  that  of  the 
nominate  form. 

Juvenal. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  typical  race. 

Downy  young. — Like  that  of  the  typical  race. 

Adult  male. — Wing  166-183  (174.1)  ;  tail  107-130  (120.7)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  13.6-18.4  (15.7);  tarsus  33.7-37.2  (35.2);  middle  toe  without 
claw  35.7-39.4  (37  mm.).56 

Adult  female. — Wing  163-176  (172.1);  tail  96-111  (103);  exposed 
oilmen  14.2-18.6  (15.5);  tarsus  33-34.2  (33.9);  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.8-36  (34.6  mm.).57 

Range. — Resident  from  southern  Manitoba;  northwestern  Minnesota; 
southern  Ontario  (Port  Arthur)  ;  southern  Quebec  (Charlevoix,  Kama- 
rooska,  Saguenay,  and  western  Gaspe  Counties)  ;  south  locally  in  Minnesota 
(from  eastern  Marshall  County  to  Lake  Superior;  formerly  to  Wadena 
and  Mille  Lacs  Counties)  ;  northern  Wisconsin  (where  only  casual)  ; 
Michigan  (south  to  Ogemaw  County)  ;  northern  New  York  (Adiron- 
dacks,  now  largely  extirpated)  ;  northern  New  Hampshire  (northern 
Coos  County;  White  Mountains,  south  to  Mount  Passaconaway)  ;  ex¬ 
treme  northern  Vermont  and  northern  Maine,  except  the  extreme  eastern 
part  adjacent  to  New  Brunswick. 

Accidental  in  Massachusetts  (Gloucester  and  Roxbury). 

Type  locality.— C anada;  restricted  to  City  of  Quebec  (Uttal,  Auk, 
lvi,  1939,  462). 

[Tetrao]  canace  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  275  (Canada;  based  on  Bonasia 
canadensis  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  203,  pi.  20,  figs.  1,  2). — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2, 
1788,  749). 

60  Thirteen  specimens  from  Michigan,  Quebec,  and  Maine. 

"  Eleven  specimens  from  Michigan  and  Quebec. 


148 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Canachites  canadensis  canace  Norton,  Proc.  Portland  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1901,  151, 
152,  in  text.— Allen,  Proc.  Manchester  Inst.  Sci.  and  Arts,  iv,  1902,  92  (New 
Hampshire,  resident  in  Canadian  Zone). — Kumlien  and  Hollister,  Bull.  Wis¬ 
consin  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  iii,  1903,  56  (Wisconsin;  habits). — Townsend,  Mem. 
Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  201  (Essex  County,  Mass.;  accidental). — Hall, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xviii,  1906,  124  (w.  Adirondack^,  New  York). — Knight,  Birds 
Maine,  1908,  198  (n.  and  e.  Maine). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1909,  219,  part  (n.  Minnesota,  n.  New  England). — Cory,  Publ.  Field  Mus. 
Nat.  Plist.,  No.  131,  1909,  435  (Wisconsin). — American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  139,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  80,  part  (distr.). — Eaton,  Birds 
New  York,  i,  1910,  365,  pi.  41  (Adirondacks). — Barrows,  Michigan  Bird  Life, 
1912,  221.— Forbush,  Game  Birds,  Wild-fowl,  and  Shore  Birds,  1912,  375  (his¬ 
tory). — Mousley,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  66  (Hatley,  Quebec;  rare). — Wood,  Occ. 
Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  50,  1918,  6  (Alger  County,  Mich.,  rare). — 
Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  5,  1920,  96  (Essex  County,  Mass.).— 
Johnson,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  544  (Lake  County,  Minn.,  breeding). — Jackson, 
Auk,  xl,  1923,  481  (Mamie  Lake,  etc.,  n.  Wisconsin). — Soper,  Auk,  xi,  1923,  497 
(Wellington  and  Waterloo  Counties,  Ontario).— Christy,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii, 
1925,  210  (Huron  Mountain,  Mich.,  hypothetical). — Taverner,  Birds  Western 
Canada,  1926,  165  in  text  (distr.)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  154,  part  (Manitoba  n. 
to  head  of  big  lakes,  s.  Ontario,  etc.). — Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other 
New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  23,  pi.  34  (fig.;  descr. ;  habits;  distr.  in  New 
England) .— Cahn,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxix,  1927,  27  (summer,  Vilas  County,  Wis¬ 
consin).  Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xvi,  1928,  258  (Lake  Nipigon  region, 
Ontario).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  131,  part  (habits;  distr.  ; 
etc.).— Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  367,  pi.  20,  24,  part  (col.  fig.;  descr.; 
distr.;  habits  in  Minnesota).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  36.— 
Olsen,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  100  (Michigan,  5  seen  Superior  State  Forest,  Luce 
County,  Aug.  31,  1934).—Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  137  in  text  (dis¬ 
play  of  male).— Beebe,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlix,  1937,  34  (Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan; 
formerly  common).— Van  Tyne,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379, 
1938,  11  (Michigan;  local;  breeds).— Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  462  (crit. ;  distr.; 
descr.;  type  loc.  designated  as  Quebec.).— Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii, 
1940,  126  (Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Superior,  Ontario;  very  local  permanent  resident ; 
never  plentiful).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  211 
(syn. ;  distr.). 

[Canachites]  canadensis  canace  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus 
Zool.,  No.  8,  1936,  27,  in  text  (Ontario;  breeds  in  southern  and  central  parts). 

C[anachites]  c[anadensis]  canace  Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  461  in  text  (crit.)  ;  lix, 
1942,  432,  in  text  (Somerset  County,  Maine). 

[Canachites  canadensis ]  canace  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  71 
in  text  (distr.). 

Tetrao  canadensis  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  127,  part;  ii,  1828,  442,  part;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44, 
part.— Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  501,  part.— Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United 
States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  667,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  811,  part. — Audubon, 
Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  437,  part,  pi.  176;  v,  1839,  563,  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  203, 
part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  83,  part,  pi.  294.— Barry,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  1854,  9  (Wisconsin;  extreme  northern  part). — Putnam, 
Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  i,  1856,  224  (Gloucester,  Mass.). — Kneeland,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  237  (Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior). — Baird,  Rep. 
Pacif.  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  622,  part  (n.  United  States;  Selkirk  Settlement, 
Manitoba) ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  460,  part.— Verrill,  Proc.  Essex 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


149 


Inst.,  iii,  1862,  152  (Maine;  Oxford  County;  rare;  near  Lake  Umbagog,  com¬ 
mon). — Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  39  (n.  New  England;  spec.)  ;  Check 
List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  380,  part.— Maynard,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiv,  1872,  383  (White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire).— Mer- 
riam,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iii,  1878,  53  (Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  Y., 
breeding). — Allen,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  x,  1878,  22  (Massachusetts;  accidental). — 
Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  43  (descr.  young  and  chick). — 
Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull.  5,  1879,  491  (Michigan; 
common  near  Mackinaw). 

T[etrao]  canadensis  Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1871,  118  (Minnesota;  abun¬ 
dant;  breeds). 

[Tetrao]  canadensis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9825,  part. — Coues,  Key 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1869,  pi.  9  and  text,  part. — 
Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  61,  fig.  5 
(Maine). — Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  12  (New  Eng¬ 
land). — Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  9,  196,  part;  Nom.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No,  472,  part.— Merriam,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881, 
233  (Lewis  County,  N.  Y.,  resident).— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  555,  part. 

C[anacc]  canadensis  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  578,  part. 

Canace  canadensis,  var.  canadensis  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  416,  part. 

Dendragapus  canadensis  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  3c5,  part. 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  298,  part,  1886;  ed.  2, 
1895,  No.  298,  part. — Ralph  and  Bagg,  Trans.  Oneida  Hist.  Soc.,  iii,  1886,  116 
(Greig,  Lewis  County,  N.  Y.).— Chadbourne,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  103  (White  Moun¬ 
tains,  N.  H.,  at  3,500  feet).— Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  103 
(Minnesota,  from  Minneapolis  north,  and  at  White  Earth;  Racine,  Wis.).— 
Thompson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiii,  1891,  507  (n.  and  e.  Manitoba,  resi¬ 
dent). — Hatch,  Notes  Birds  Minnesota,  1892,  158,  455  (Minnesota;  distr. ; 
habits)  .—Nutting,  Bull.  Iowa  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1893,  265  (Lower 
Saskatchewan  River;  spec.;  plum.)  .—Roberts,  in  Wilcox,  Hist.  Becker 
County,  Minn.,  1907,  170  (coniferous  forests). 

Dcndragopus  canadensis  Seton,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  153  (n.  of  Fort  Pelly  and  about 
Lake  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  abundant). 

D[cndragapus]  canadensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  196,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  69,  part 
(St.  Croix  River  and  Lake  Sebowis,  Maine;  Lake  Terror  and  Watson, 
N.  Y.).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107,  part.— 
Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  26  (Ontario ;  common)  ;  Check  List 
Vert.  Ontario,  Birds,  1905,  35  (Ontario).— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24, 
1905,  38^40,  part  (range,  food,  etc.).— Wood  (W.C.),  Wils.  Bull.,  xix,  1907,  27 
(mainland  off  Marquette  Island,  Mich.).— Mitchell,  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xxxviii, 
1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  common) .—Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  153  in 
text,  pi.  18a,  part  (col.  fig.;  descr.;  distr.);  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  167.— 
Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  8,  1936,  27, 
part  (central  and  southern  Ontario;  breeds). — Shortt  and  Waller,  Contr. 
Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  10,  1937,  17  (Lake  St.  Martin  region,  Manitoba; 
not  uncommon;  spec.). — Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxii,  1938,  185 
(Western  Rainy  River  Distr.,  Ontario).— Ricker  and  Clarke,  Contr.  Roy. 
Ontario  Mus.  Zook  No.  16,  1939,  8  (Lake  Nipissing,  Ontario).— Petrides, 


653008°— 46 - 11 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  315,  in  text  (age  indicators  in 
plum.) . 

[Canachites]  canadensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  subsp.  ?  MacLulich,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No. 
13,  1938,  11  (Algonquin  Prov.  Park,  Ontario;  permanent  resident;  breeds  in 
small  numbers;  records;  spec.). 

CANACHITES  CANADENSIS  ATRATUS  J.  Grinnell 

Valdez  Spruce  Partridge 

Adult  male. — Very  similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  with  the 
edges  of  the  feathers  of  the  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts 
usually  lightly  tinged  with  olivaceous. 

Adult  female.- — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  with  the  pale  tips 
of  the  dorsal  feathers  suffused  with  pale  olive-brown,  giving  the  upper 
parts  generally  a  brownish-gray  appearance  (barred  with  fuscous-black) 
as  compared  with  the  predominantly  grayish  and  blackish  of  the  typical 
form. 

Immature  male. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 
Immature  female.- — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 
Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate 
race. 

Downy  young. — None  seen;  probably  indistinguishable  from  that  of 
the  nominate  race. 

Adult  male.— Wing  176-189  (181.4);  tail  111-125  (120.4);  exposed 
culmen  14.1-19.1  (16.1)  ;  tarsus  33.7-38.8  (36.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  36.4-40.1  (37.7  mm.).58 

Adult  female. — Wing  173—184  (178.6)  ;  tail  102—111  (106)  ;  exposed 
culmen  14.3—17.1  (15.8)  ;  tarsus  33.7—36.6  (35.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.8-36.8  (35.5  mm.).59 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coast  region  of  southern  Alaska  from  Bristol 
Bay  to  Cook  Inlet,  Kodiak  Island,  and  Prince  William  Sound. 

Type  locality. — Cedar  Bay,  Hawkins  Island,  Prince  William  Sound, 
Alaska. 

Tetrao  canadensis  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  501,  part.— Swainson  and  Richard¬ 
son,  Fauna  Bor. -Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  346,  part. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United 
States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1S32,  664,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  811,  part.— 
Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  437,  part;  v,  1839,  563,  part;  Synopsis,  1839, 
203,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo.  ed.,  v,  1842,  83,  part.— Baird,  Cat.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1859,  No.  460,  part. 

[ Tetrao ]  canadensis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9825,  part.— Coues,  Key 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

(?)  Tetrao  canadmsis  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Harti.aub,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1883,  276, 
Portage  Bay  and  Chilkat,  Alaska). 

cs  Twelve  specimens  from  Alaska. 

“  Eight  specimens  from  Alaska. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


151 


Canace  canadensis  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  9  and  text,  part. — Ridg- 
way,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  9,  part,  196,  part;  Norn.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1881,  No.  472,  part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882, 
No.  555,  part. 

C\anace]  canadensis  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  578,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  var.  canadensis  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  416,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  canadensis  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  310,  part. 
Dendragapus  canadensis  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355,  part. 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  298,  part;  ed.  2, 
1895,  No.  298,  part. — Bendire,  Lite  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  51,  part. 
D[endragapus ]  canadensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  196,  part. 
Canachites  canadensis  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  69,  part. — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107,  part. — Judd,  U.  S. 
Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905,  38-40,  part  (range,  food,  etc.). 

[Canachites]  canadensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  canadensis  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list 
North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  3,  1910,  139,  part  (Alaska  from  Bristol  Bay  to  Cook 
Inlet  and  Prince  William  Sound). 

Canachites  canadensis  osgoodi  Bishop,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  19,  1900,  71, 
part  (Bennett  City,  Caribou  Crossing  (?)) .—Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1902,  238  (Homer,  Sheep  Creek,  and  Kenai  Mountains,  Alaska; 
habits)  ;  xx,  1904,  401  (Seldovia,  Bird  Island,  Sheep  Creek,  and  Barbovi,  Kenai 
Peninsula). — Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  24,  1904,  64  (near  Iliamna 
Village,  etc.,  Alaska  Peninsula;  habits;  range) —Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  212,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  atratus  Grinnell  (J.),  Univ.  California  Stud.  Zool.,  v,  No. 
12,  1910,  380  (Hawkins  Island,  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska;  coll.  Mus. 
California  Acad.  Sci.). — American  Ornithologists  Lnion,  Auk,  xxix,  1912, 
385. — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxiv,  1922,  205  (Flood  Glacier, 
Stikine  region,  s.  Alaska;  crit.) .— Oberiiolser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  679.— American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  80  (distr.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  135  (habits,  distr.,  etc.) .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World, 
ii,  1934,  36.— Friedmann,  Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  1935,  31  (Kodiak 
Island).— Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  461  (crit.;  range;  descr.). 

[Canachites  canadensis]  atratus  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  72 
in  text  (distr.). 

CANACHITES  CANADENSIS  TORRIDUS  Uttal 

Nova  Scotian  Spruce  Partridge 

Adult  male. — Very  similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  said  to 
have  the  plumage  more  suffused  with  brown,  especially  the  upper  wing 
coverts,  upper  dorsals,  scapulars,  and  flank  feathers.00 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Canachites  canadensis  canace ,  but 
the  brown  markings  more  intense,  the  rufous  phase  much  more  reddish 
tawny  than  in  canace,  the  gray  phase  only  slightly  more  so  than  in  the 
corresponding  stage  of  canace. 


“  The  material  examined  in  the  present  work  does  not  bear  this  out.  Birds  from 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Kejimkujik,  Nova  Scotia,  are  not  separable  from  typical 
canadensis  or  canace. 


152 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Immature  male. — Like  the  adult  but  with  juvenal  outer  primaries. 
Immature  female. — Like  the  adult  but  with  juvenal  outer  primaries. 
luvenal  (sexes  alike). — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  the 
nominate  race. 

Downy  young.— Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  slightly  duller, 
more  grayish  below,  and  with  the  sides  of  the  head  faintly  washed  with 
ochraceous-buff. 

Adult  male. — Wing  161-166;  tail  116-120;  exposed  culmen  11—16; 
tarsus  34.2-37.3;  middle  toe  without  claw  36.7-37.8.61 

Adult  female.  Wing  159—165  (162.3)  ;  tail  97—103  (100.7);  exposed 
culmen  13.8-17  (15.8)  ;  tarsus  34.8—35.9  (35.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
34-36.5  (35.5  mm.).62 

Range. — Resident  in  spruce  forests  in  the  Gaspe  Peninsula,  New 
Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  northeastern  Maine  (Calais,  Washington 
County,  St.  Croix  River). 

Type  locality.  Kejimkujik  Lake,  on  the  boundary  between  Annapolis 
and  Queens  Counties,  Nova  Scotia. 

Tetrao  canadensis  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  127,  part;  ii,  1828,  442,  part;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44, 
part— Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  SOI,  part.— Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United 
States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  667,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  811,  part.— 
Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  437,  part;  v,  1839,  563,  part;  Synopsis,  1839, 
203,  part;  Birds  Amer,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  83,  part.— Baird,  Rep.  Pacif.  R.  R. 
Surv.,  ix,  1858,  622,  part  (Nova  Scotia)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No. 
460,  part.— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  380,  part. 
[Tetrao]  canadensis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9825,  part.— Coues,  Key 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1869,  pi.  9  and  text,  part  — 
Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  59,  figs. 
5,  6  (Nova  Scotia) .— Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part; 
Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  472,  part.— Coues,  Check  List  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  555,  part. 

C[anace]  canadensis  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  578,  part. 

Canace  canadensis  var.  canadensis  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  416,  part. 

Dendragapns  canadensis  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355,  part.— 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  No.  298,  part,  1886;  ed.  2, 
1895,  No.  298,  part. 

D[cndragapus]  canadensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  196,  part. 
Canachites  canadensis  Ogilvie-Gkant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  69,  part 
(Musquash,  New  Brunswick;  Bay  of  Fundy,  Nova  Scotia). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107,  part.— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
1900,  200,  part  (Nova  Scotia;  New  Brunswick).. — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv. 
Bull.  24,  1905,  38^10,  part  (range,  food,  etc.). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat. 
Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  218  part  (Nova  Scotia;  New  Brunswick).— Taverner, 
Birds  Canada,  1934,  153  in  text,  part. 


01  Two  specimens  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick. 

”J  Three  specimens  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


153 


[Canachites]  canadensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  19,  part. 

Canachites  canadensis  canace  Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909, 
219,  part  (New  Brunswick). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  139,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  80,  part.— Philipp  and  Bowdish,  Auk,  xxxvi, 
1919,  34  (Northumberland  County,  New  Brunswick). — De  Mille,  Auk,  xliii, 
1926,  516  (near  Mont  Luis  Lake,  Gaspe  County,  Quebec). — Forbush,  Birds 
Massachusetts  and  Other  New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  23,  part.  Bent,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  '131*,  part.— Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  367, 
part  (Nova  Scotia;  New  Brunswick). — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  154, 
part. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  36,  part  (New  Brunswick; 
Nova  Scotia). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
211,  part  (Nova  Scotia;  New  Brunswick). 

[Canachites  canadensis ]  canace  Townsend,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  87,  footnote  (Gaspe 
Peninsula) . 

Canachites  canadensis  torridus  Uttal,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  462  (Kejimkujik  Lake,  Nova 
Scotia;  descr.;  distr. ;  crit.).;  lix,  1942,  432,  in  text  (Penobscot  County,  Maine). 

Genus  BONASA  Stephens 

Ronasa  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zook,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  298.  (lype,  as  designated 
by  Gray,  List  Genera  Birds,  1840,  62,  Tetrao  umbcllns  Linnaeus.) 

Ronasia  Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  1826,  126.  (Type,  by 
monotypy,  Tetrao  umbcllus  Linnaeus.) 

1  lylobrontes  Stone,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  198.  (Type,  by  original  designation  and 
monotypy,  Tetrao  umbellus  Linnaeus.)  (New  name  to  raplace  Bonasa  Stephens, 
thought  to  be  transferable  to  Tetrao  cupido  Linnaeus  under  the  first  species 
rule.) 

Medium-sized  wood  grouse  (length  about  394—482  mm.)  with  lowet 
half  (more  or  less)  of  tarsus  nude  and  scutellate;  tail  nearly  if  not  quite 
as  long  as  wing,  fan-shaped,  with  18—20  rectrices,  three  relatively  broad, 
with  broadly  rounded  or  subtruncate  tips ;  sides  of  neck  without  inflatable 
air  sacs,  but  with  a  conspicuous  erectile  tuft  of  large,  broad,  slightly 
rounded  or  nearly  truncate  soft,  decumbent  feathers  (less  developed  in 
females). 

Bill  relatively  small,  its  length  from  nostril  about  one-third  the  length 
of  head,  its  depth  at  frontal  antiae  about  equal  to  its  width  at  same  point, 
the  culmen  slightly  ridged,  the  rhamphotheca  smooth  throughout,  the 
maxillary  tomium  regularly  and  rather  deeply  concave.  Wing  moderate 
in  size,  deeply  concave  beneath,  the  longest  primaries  exceeding  longest 
secondaries  by  about  one-third  the  length  of  wing;  third  or  third  and 
fourth  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost)  intermediate  between 
seventh  and  eighth.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  wing,  slightly  to  distinctly 
rounded,  the  rectrices  (18-20)  becoming  gradually  broader  distally,  their 
tips  broadly  rounded  or  subtruncate.  Tarsus  less  than  one-fourth  as  long 
as  wing,  its  upper  half  (more  or  less)  densely  clothed  with  rathei  long, 
hairlike  but  soft  feathers  (much  shorter  in  summer),  the  lower  portion 
nude  and  scutellate,  the  acrotarsium  with  two  rows  of  rather  large  scutella, 
the  planta  tarsi  with  small  hexagonal  scales ;  middle  toe  decidedly  shorter 
than  tarsus,  the  inner  toe  reaching  to  penultimate  articulation  of  middle 


154 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


toe,  the  outer  toe  slightly  longer,  hallux  about  as  long  as  basal  phalanx 
of  lateral  toe  or  very  slightly  shorter ;  top  of  toes  with  a  continuous  row 
of  rather  large  transverse  scutella,  with  a  row  of  much  smaller  subquad- 
late  scutella  along  each  side,  outside  of  which  are  horny  pectinations  or 
fringelike  piocesses  (these  less  distinct  in  summer)  ;  claws  moderate 
in  size  and  curvature,  rather  blunt,  that  of  hallux  smaller. 


Plumage  and  coloration. — Plumage  in  general  soft,  the  remiges,  espe¬ 
cially  the  primaries,  firm,  almost  rigid;  feathers  rather  distinctly  out¬ 
lined,  except  on  lower  abdomen,  anal  region,  and  thighs,  where  soft, 
downy,  and  blended,  those  of  sides  and  flanks  large  and  very  broad;  a 
naked  space  immediately  above  eye  (most  developed  as  brightly  colored- 
orange  or  red — in  males  during  summer)  ;  feathers  of  crown  distinctly 
elongated,  forming,  when  erected,  a  rather  conspicuous  crest ;  on  each 
side  of  neck  a  conspicuous  erectile  tuft  of  large,  very  broad,  soft,  nearly 
truncate,  decumbent  feathers.  Upperparts  variegated  with  black,  buff 
and  different  tones  of  brown  and  rusty  or  gray,  the  tail,  scapulars,  and 
wing  coverts  streaked  with  buff  or  whitish,  the  rump  with  rather  small 
cordate  or  ovate  spots  of  pale  grayish  or  dull  buffy ;  tail  gray  or  rusty, 
with  numerous  irregular  or  zigzag  narrow  bars  of  blackish  and  with  a 
broad  subterminal  band  of  blackish  or  dark  brown ;  neck  tufts  black,  dark 
brown,  or  chestnut,  each  feather  with  a  glossy  or  semimetallic  terminal 
margin  or  bar ;  throat  buffy  or  ochraceous,  sometimes  with  dusky  mark¬ 
ings;  rest  of  underparts  buff  or  whitish,  more  or  less  broken  by  broad 
bars  of  brownish,  these  much  broader  and  darker  on  flanks. 

Range.— Wooded  portions  of  North  America,  except  in  Lower  Austral 
Life  Zone.  (Monotypic.) 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


155 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  BONASA  UMBELLUS  (LINNAEUS) 

a.  General  coloration  more  brownish  than  grayish. 

b.  Dark-brown  ventral  barring  pronounced. 

c.  General  coloration  very  dark  (chestnut  to  dark  auburn). 

d.  General  coloration  distinctly  brownish  with  little  or  no  grayish  cast. 

e.  Very  reddish,  back  bright  argus  brown  to  dark  chestnut,  tail  auburn 

to  bay  (Olympic  Peninsula) . Bonasa  umbellus  castanea  (p.  169) 

ee.  Duller  and  less  reddish,  back  between  Prout’s  brown  and  Dresden 
brown;  tail  dull  ochraceous-umber  (brown phase)  (Vancouver  Island). 

Bonasa  umbellus  brunnescens  (p.  170) 
c Id.  General  coloration  with  more  grayish  or  dusky  appearance ;  tail  argus 
brown  to  cinnamon-brown  (w.  slopes  of  Rocky  Mountains,  Idaho,  to 

ne.  Washington) . Bonasa  umbellus  phaia  (brown  phase)  (p.  178) 

cc.  General  coloration  lighter  (sayal  brown  to  argus  brown). 
d.  Distinctly  brownish  with  little  or  no  grayish  cast. 

e.  Ventral  barring  darker — cinnamon-brown  to  dark  mummy  brown  (sw. 
British  Columbia  to  nw.  California)  Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  (p.  166) 
ee.  Ventral  barring  lighter— dusky  isabelline  to  buckthorn  brown  (Appala¬ 
chian  Mountains  from  ne.  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia). 

Bonasa  umbellus  monticola  (p.  163) 

dd.  Browns  mixed  with  some  gray. 

e.  Blackish  areas  of  upperparts  more  pronounced ;  brown  parts  darker  and 
less  rufescent — cinnamon-brown  to  dark  Prout’s  brown  (n.  New 
England,  Nova  Scotia,  w.  to  s.  Ontario). 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  (p.  171) 

ee.  Blackish  areas  of  upperparts  less  well  developed,  brown  areas  paler 
and  more  rufescent— Mikado  brown  to  snuff  brown  (nc.  British 
Columbia  s.  to  ne.  Oregon). 

Bonasa  umbellus  afhnis  (brown  phase)  (p.  175) 

bb.  Light  brown,  barring  less  pronounced. 

c.  General  coloration  darker,  head  and  neck  with  little  if  any  grayish  suf¬ 
fusion,  tail  (brown  phase)  nearly  hazel  (s.  New  England,  e.  New  York, 

s.  to  District  of  Columbia) . Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  (p.  156) 

cc.  General  coloration  paler,  head  and  neck  with  pale  grayish  suffusion,  tail 
(brown  phase)  nearly  ochraceous-tawny  (sw.  Michigan  s.  to  c.  Arkansas). 

Bonasa  umbellus  mediana  (p.  161) 
aa.  General  coloration  more  grayish  than  brownish. 
b.  Definitely  gray,  with  little  or  no  brownish  wash. 
c.  Very  pale  (smoke  gray  to  pale  neutral  gray). 

d.  Tarsus  unfeathered63  for  one-quarter  its  length  or  less;  more  white  in 
upperparts  (w.  Alaska  to  n.  Alberta). 

Bonasa  umbellus  yukonensis  (p.  182) 
dd.  Tarsus  unfeathered63  for  not  less  than  half  its  length;  less  white  in 
upperparts  (c.  Utah,  se.  Idaho,  to  ne.  North  Dakota). 

Bonasa  umbellus  incana  (p.  179) 
cc.  Darker  (mouse  gray  to  light  grayish  olive)  (w.  slope  of  Rocky  Mountains, 
Idaho,  to  ne.  Washington)  .  .Bonasa  umbellus  phaia  (gray  phase)  (p.  178) 
bb.  Gray  mixed  with  considerable  brown. 

r.  Tarsus  unfeathered  for  more  than  half  its  length  (nc.  British  Columbia 
to  ne.  Oregon) . Bonasa  umbellus  affinis  (gray  phase)  (p.  175) 

03  Point  of  insertion  of  feathers  on  outside  of  tarsus  to  junction  of  tarsus  with 
middle  toe  is  measurement  for  unfeathered  tarsus. 


156 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cc.  Tarsus  unfeathered  for  less  than  half  its  length  (nw.  British  Columbia 
e.  across  Canada  to  s.  Hudson  Bay  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence). 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  (p.  184) 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  UMBELLUS  (Linnaeus) 

Eastern  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  male  (brown  phase). — Feathers  of  the  forehead,  crown,  and 
occiput  sayal  brown  to  cinnamon-brown,  barred  with  blackish,  and  tipped 
with  smoke  gray  to  pale  smoke  gray ;  the  elongated  crest  feathers  with 
the  blackish  extended  toward  the  base  on  the  outer  edges  of  both  webs, 
leaving  the  brown  as  a  broad  basal  shaft  stripe  with  lateral  branches,  the 
blackish  marks  very  narrowly  edged  on  their  distal  margins  with  cinnamon- 
brown;  nape  sayal  brown  to  cinnamon-brown  tipped  with  smoke  gray; 
interscapulars  similarly  brownish,  but  with  the  smoke  gray  confined  to 
the  distal  portion  of  the  shaft  and  a  large  terminal  shaft  spot,  the  re¬ 
maining  part  of  the  feathers  irregularly  crossed  by  blackish  marks  which 
fail  to  connect  toward  the  shaft;  the  outermost  of  these  marks  often  very 
broad  (8—10  mm.)  ;  neck  ruffs  either  deep  black  with  a  slight  bluish 
purplish  sheen,  dark  fuscous-black  with  blue-black  tips  to  the  feathers, 
or  bright  auburn  with  narrow  fuscous  tips  to  the  feathers;  upper  back, 
lower  back,  and  rump  cinnamon-brown  to  dark  Brussels  brown,  the 
feathers  of  the  upper  back  with  cordate  terminal  shaft  spots  of  tilleul 
buff  to  vinaceous-buff  narrowly  edged  with  black  and  occasionally  sparsely 
flecked  with  blackish ;  the  feathers  of  the  lower  back  and  rump  with  these 
spots  broader,  more  oval  and  with  a  distally  converging  V  of  blackish 
within  the  light  area,  and  the  spots  separated  from  the  tips  of  the  feathers 
by  3  to  8  mm.  of  dark  smoke  gray;  the  rump  feathers  have  the  brown 
areas  faintly  and  sparsely  vermiculated  with  blackish  on  their  concealed 
basal  portions ;  upper  tail  coverts  cinnamon-brown,  very  broadly  tipped 
with  smoke  gray  (about  15  mm.  wide)  and  crossed  by  five  or  six  narrow, 
equally  spaced,  wavy,  fuscous-black  bands,  each  of  which  (except  for 
the  most  distal  one,  which  borders  on  the  proximal  edge  of  the  gray 
terminal  area)  is  distally  followed  by  a  narrow  band  (but  which  is  wider 
than  the  black  band)  of  cinnamon-buff  to  pale  tawny-olive,  which  in 
turn  is  followed  by  a  broken  line  of  fine  blackish  dots ;  the  gray  tips  are 
finely  speckled  or  vermiculated  with  black  and  have  a  large  .blotch  of  dark 
fuscous-black  edged  with  auburn  in  their  middle  portion ;  lesser  and 
median  upper  wing  coverts  sayal  brown  to  cinnamon-brown,  very  nar¬ 
rowly  and  incompletely  edged  with  blackish  and  with  mesial  streaks  of 
pale  buffy  white  narrowly  edged  with  dusky ;  greater  upper  secondary 
coverts  similar  but  with  the  brown  areas  faintly  vermiculated  with  black¬ 
ish;  greater  upper  primary  coverts  fuscous,  externally  narrowly  edged 
with  cinnamon-brown,  the  edging  widest  basally ;  primaries  fuscous  on 
the  inner  webs  and  terminally  on  the  outer  ones,  most  of  the  outer  webs 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


157 


cartridge  buffy  to  buffy  white,  with  five  to  seven  dusky  fuscescent 
triangular  bars,  each  of  which  has  its  base  against  the  shaft  and  its  apex 
at  the  outer  edge  of  the  vane,  causing  the  whitish  areas  to  appear  like 
reversed  triangles,  these  dusky  marks  becoming  small  and  faint  or  disap¬ 
pearing  entirely  on  the  distal  third  of  the  feathers ;  secondaries  fuscous 
externally  broadly  edged  with  sayal  brown  coarsely  vermiculated  with 
fuscous,  and  tipped  with  drab ;  the  innermost  secondaries  have  their  inner 
webs  also  margined  with  vermiculated  sayal  brown  with  a  wash  of  drab ; 
the  scapulars  like  the  greater  secondary  coverts  but  with  the  light  mesial 
streaks  much  wider  and  the  adjacent  part  of  the  inner  web  extensively 
blackish ;  rectrices  cinnamon  to  clay  color  tipped  broadly  with  smoke 
gray  with  fine  black  vermiculations  subterminally  broadly  banded  with 
fuscous-black  to  bister,  this  band  sometimes  breaking  down  to  a  series 
of  vermiculations  in  the  median  pair  of  rectrices  (possibly  in  younger 
adult  birds)  ;  the  subterminal  dark  band  edged  basally  with  another  smoke- 
gray  band  similar  to  the  terminal  one,  and  the  remainder  of  the  feathers 
crossed  by  seven  to  nine  narrow,  wavy,  fuscous-black  bands,  each  of 
which  is  followed  distally  by  a  band  of  cinnamon-buff,  which  in  turn  is 
edged  distally  by  a  broken  series  of  blackish  vermiculations,  which  ex¬ 
tend,  in  reduced  size,  into  the  brown  interspaces ;  loreal  stripe  pale  pinkish 
buff  narrowly  edged  with  blackish  spots;  lower  eyelid  a  line  of  pinkish- 
buff  and  black  spots;  feather  of  cheeks  and  auriculars  elongated,  sayal 
brown,  with  blackish  edges  and  pale  ashy-brown  shaft  streaks ;  chin  whitish 
washed  with  buffy  or  pale  ochraceous-buff  and  the  feathers  sometimes 
tipped  narrowly  with  black ;  throat  light  ochraceous-buff,  becoming  whitish 
laterally  on  the  upper  throat,  the  feathers  forming  the  lateral  and  posterior 
portions  of  the  gular  area  tipped  with  fuscous-black,  producing  a  some¬ 
what  scalloped  pattern ;  upper  breast  cinnamon-brown  to  light  auburn, 
each  feather  broadly  tipped  with  smoke  gray,  so  that  in  fresh  plumage 
the  brown  is  largely  obscured ;  the  brown  areas  of  the  feathers  basally 
largely  light  pinkish  cinnamon,  with  the  darker  cinnamon-brown  forming 
incomplete  bands,  especially  subterminally ;  lower  breast  and  upper  and 
lateral  parts  of  the  abdomen  grayish  white  to  pale  smoke  gray  sub¬ 
terminally  crossed  by  broad  bands  of  wood  brown  to  buffy  brown 
narrowly  edged  on  both  sides  with  darker,  and  the  feathers  washed 
with  buffy  basally;  the  brownish  subterminal  bands  usually  largely 
hidden  by  the  grayish-white  tips  of  the  feathers,  especially  on  the  ab¬ 
domen,  these  bands  darker  and  more  exposed  on  the  lateral  feathers 
middle  of  abdomen  with  no  brown,  pure  grayish  white;  feathers  of 
the  sides  sayal  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber  slightly  vermiculated  with 
blackish  and  with  white  shaft  streaks  that  expand  distally  into  broad 
terminal  spots,  flanks  similar  but  the  brown  areas  ashier  and  more 
vermiculated,  the  vermiculations  forming  narrow  bands,  the  shaft  streaks 
washed  with  grayish  and  not  expanding  into  terminal  spots;  thighs 


158 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


drab  to  whitish  washed  with  pale  vinaceous-buff ;  under  tail  coverts 
clay  color  to  cinnamon-buff,  broadly  tipped  with  white,  the  white  some¬ 
times  extending  back  in  a  narrow  streak  along  the  shaft,  the  brown  parts 
fiequently  with  a  few  blackish  spots;  under  wing  coverts  sayal  brown 
to  Saccardo  s  umber  with  whitish  mesial  streaks ;  axillars  white  banded 
broadly  with  sayal  brown ;  iris  hazel ;  bill  dark  brown ;  feet  dark  grayish 
olive  with  a  brownish  wash. 

Adult  male  (gray  phase)  .—Similar  to  the  red  phase  except  that  the 
interscapulars,  back,  lower  back,  rump  feathers,  and  upper  wing  coverts 
have  the  brown  areas  vermiculated  and  irregularly  banded  with  smoke 
gray,  the  feathers  completely  margined  with  the  same;  the  upper  tail 
coverts  and  the  rectrices  have  the  rufescent  replaced  by  smoke  gray,  which 
is  generally  somewhat  more  abundantly  flecked  and  vermiculated  with 
black  than  in  the  red  phase;  the  subterminal  band  is  usually  fuscous  to 
fuscous-black,  but  occasionally  it  is  dark  argus  brown  (in  which  examples 
the  ruffs  are  usually  auburn  with  blackish  tips)  ;  the  outer  margin  of 
the  greater  upper  primary  coverts  paler— wood  brown ;  the  sides,  flanks, 
and  thighs  ashier,  and  the  brown  on  the  under  tail  coverts  reduced  largely 
to  narrow,  incomplete  cross  bars.64 

Adult  female  (both  phases).— Similar  to  the  corresponding  males  but 
avei  aging  smaller  with  shorter  ruffs,  the  gray  phase  females  less  pure 
gray  on  the  tail,  more  mixed  or  washed  with  rufescent  than  in  gray  males, 
and  the  pectoral  area  in  both  phases  more  extensively  tawny  or  hazel; 
the  coidate  spots  on  the  feathers  of  the  back  and  rump  smaller  than  in 
the  males  and  also  more  washed  with  avellaneous  to  wood  brown. 

Immature  (both  sexes). — Similar  to  the  adults  of  the  corresponding 
sex  and  phase,  but  the  ruffs  slightly  duller  and  slightly  smaller;  birds 
in  this  stage  may  be  told,  however,  chiefly  by  the  fact  that  they  have 
the  two  outer  primaries  of  the  juvenal  plumage,  which  differ  from  the 
adult  feathers  in  that  their  outer  webs  are  not  cartridge  buff  or  whitish 
marked  with  sayal  brown  but  pale  fuscous  mottled  and  stippled  with 
pinkish  buff  to  pale  cinnamon-buff.65 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike)  .—Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  browner  above, 
more  abundantly  marked  with  sayal  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber  on  the 
underparts,  but  these  marks  more  irregularly  disposed,  not  so  clearly 
forming  bars,  but  something  between  bars  and  heavy  transverse  mottling ; 

u  M  In  winter,  grouse  (both  sexes)  differ  from  summer  birds  in  the  presence  of 
snowshoes”  caused  by  the  growth  of  the  lateral  scales  on  the  toes,  and  also  in 
more  extensive  grayish  tips  and  margins  to  the  feathers  which  wear  off  by  spring. 

05  In  literature  one  finds  statements  to  the  effect  that  the  juvenal  primaries,  such 
as  are  retained  in  the  immature  plumage,  are  “light  vinaceous  cinnamon  unmarked 
except  for  a  very  fine  sprinkling  of  a  slightly  darker  shade  .  .  .,”  but  the  only 
difference  between  them  and  adult  primaries  is  confined  to  their  outer  webs  as 
given  above. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


159 


tail  feathers  lacking  the  heavy  black  subterminal  band  and  having  the 
smoke-gray  tips  poorly  developed ;  the  narrow  blackish  rectricial  bands 
(about  as  in  the  adults  in  number)  each  followed  distally  by  a  band  of  pale 
sayal  brown  or  cinnamon,  lighter  than  the  rest  of  the  feather,  or  by  a 
band  of  pale  smoke  gray  (possibly  birds  that  would  become  gray-phased 
later  on?)  ;  head  quite  different  from  adult — forehead,  crown,  and  occiput 
snuff  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber  spotted  with  fuscous-black,  a  buffy- 
whitish  line  from  the  loreal  antiae  to  the  eye,  both  eyelids,  and  continuing 
back  of  the  eye  to  the  sides  of  the  occiput;  cheeks  and  auriculars  snuff 
brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber,  the  former  spotted  with  dusky  sepia  to 
fuscous-black;  chin  and  most  of  upper  throat  whitish  unmarked;  the 
feathers  of  the  back  and  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  different  from  the 
adult — ashy  sayal  brown  narrowly  barred  with  sepia  to  fuscous ;  iris 
hazel  brown;  bill  “brown  and  slate,”  feet  bluish  white. 

Dotuny  young. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  pale  ochraceous- 
tawny,  darkening  medially  and  posteriorly  to  tawny  and  paling  laterally 
to  light  ochraceous-buff  on  the  sides  of  the  crown  and  occiput  and  on 
the  lores,  cheeks,  and  auriculars,  the  middorsal  area  from  the  nape  to 
the  tail  bright  russet,  this  area  widening  very  considerably  on  the  lower 
back,  the  body  down  on  each  side  of  this  ochraceous-buff  becoming  lighter 
ventrally,  entire  underparts  ivory  yellow  to  light  cream  buff,  a  fuscous- 
black  line  extending  from  the  hind  end  of  the  eye  to  the  posterolateral 
angle  of  the  occiput;  upper  surface  of  wings  pale  russet,  under  surface 
cream  buff. 

Adult  male.— Wing  174-190  (183.6);  tail  144-174  (159.0);  oilmen 
from  base  25.8-29  (27.0)  ;  tarsus  41.9-47.0  (43.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.4—39.0  (36.7)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  21.7-31.1  (26.3  mm.).GG 

Adult  female.— Wing  170-188  (176.4)  ;  tail  123-141  (132.6)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  23.8-28.1  (26.3)  ;  tarsus  39.6-43.6  (41.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.7-36.9  (34.2)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.2-30.0  (24.9  mm.).67 

Range. — Climax  and  subclimax  deciduous  woodland  of  the  Atlantic 
coastal  oak-pine  subclimax  and  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  mixed 
mesophytic  association  in  the  eastern  deciduous  forest  biome  (Upper 
Austral  and  Lower  Transition  Life  Zones)  north  to  central  eastern  and 
central  Massachusetts,  east-central  and  central  New  York,  west  to  cen¬ 
tral  New  York  and  east-central  Pennsylvania,  south,  formerly,  along  the 
coastal  plain  to  Washington,  D.  C. 

Type  locality. — Eastern  Pennsylvania;  restricted  to  “vicinity  of 
Philadelphia.” 

Tetrao  umbcllus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1776,  275  (Pennsylvania;  based 
on  Urogallus  collari  extenso  p&nsylvanicus  Edwards,  Gleanings,  79,  pi.  248 ; 

“Twenty  specimens  from  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
and  New  York. 

01  Sixteen  specimens  from  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  District  of  Columbia. 


1G0 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Attagen  pensylvania  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  214). — Gmeun,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788, 
752.— Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  638.— Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  vi,  1812,  45,’ 
pi.  49,  part  (eastern  States,  Pennsylvania).— Bonaparte,  Obs.  Wilson’s  Orn’ 
1826,  182;  Genera  North  Amer.  Birds,  1828,  126  (“found  in  temperate  regions”)  ;’ 
Amer.  Philos.  Trans.,  iii,  1830,  389. — Doughty,  Cab.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1830  13 
pL  , 2— Auoueon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  i,  1831,  211  part  (New  York,  Pennsylvania)! 
v,  1836,  560,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  72,  part  (New  York;  Penn¬ 
sylvania)  ;  Synopsis,  1839,  202,  part  (Maryland  northward)  .—Wilson  and 
Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn,  ii,  1832  (printed  by  Whittaker,  Treacher,  and  Amot), 
249,  part;  n,  1832  (?)  (printed  by  Cassell,  Petter,  and  Galpin),  251,  part.— 
Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  i,  1832,  657,  part ; 
ed.  2,  1840,  794,  part.— Jardine,  Nat.  Libr,  Orn,  iv,  Gallinaceous  Birds,’  pt.  2! 
Game-birds,  1834,  149,  pi.  14,  part  (Pennsylvania).— Wilson,  Amer.  Orn,  ed.  by 
Brewer,  1840,  430,  part.— Giraud,  Birds  Long  Island,  1844,  191  (Long  Island 
New  York). 

T[etrao ]  umbellus  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn,  ii,  1871,  265,  part 

Tetrao  ( Bonasia )  umbellus  Bonaparte,  Syn,  1828,  126;  Trans.  Amer.’ Philos  Soc 
iii,  1830,  389. 

Tetrao  tympanus  Bartram,  Trav.  in  Florida,  etc,  1792,  288  (Pennsylvania) 

Tetrao  tympamstes  Smith,  Wonders  of  Nature  and  Art,  rev.  ed  1807  xiv  67 

Bonasia  umbellus  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  43. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool,  xi,  1819,  300,  part.— Baird,  Rep. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Surv,  ix,  1858,  630,  part.— Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Birds 
North  America,  1860,  629,  630,  part.— Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865, 
pl.  1  and  text,  part.— Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii’i,  1866 
291  (Long  Island,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.) .—Maynard,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat! 
Hist.,  xiv,  1872,  383  part.— Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii, 
1875,  12  (New  England). — Merriam,  Trans.  Connecticut  Acad.  Sci.,  iv, 
1877,  100  (Connecticut;  common).— Rathbun,  Revised  List  Birds  Central 
New  York,  1879,  29  (central  New  York;  common) .-Gregg,  Revised  Cat 
Birds  Chemung  County,  N.  Y.,  1880,  19  (common).-AMERicAN  Orni¬ 
thologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  172,  No.  300,  part.-RicHMOND,  Auk,  v, 
1888,  20  (District  of  Columbia;  rare) .— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer 
Birds,  i,  1892,  59,  part  (s.  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Pennsylvania)  — Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part;  Handbook  Game  Birds  i 
1896,  71,  part.— Stone,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  136  (New  Jersey;  Pine  Barrens);’ 
Birds  New  Jersey,  1908,  150  (New  Jersey;  distr. ;  nest,  habits).— Dwight,  Auk! 
xxii,  1900,  145  (molts  and  plumage). — Rhoads  and  Pennock,  Auk,  xxii, 
1905,  199  (Delaware;  formerly  not  uncommon). — Weber,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906, 
459  in  text  (food;  crop  contents).— Pennock,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  286  (Delaware; 
Ashland,  Mount  Cuba,  Brandywine  and  Red  Clay  Creeks).— Griscom,  Birds  New 
York  City  Region,  1923,  176  (status,  New  York  City  region). -(?)  Wetmore, 
Auk,  xhv,  1927,  561  in  text  (Pleistocene  of  Maryland). — Knappen,  Auk,  xiv, 
1928,  513  (bibliogr.  relating  to  food  habits). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  272 
in  text  (food  habits);  ii,  1937,  137  in  text  (drumming  of  male),  139  in  text 
courtship),  241  in  text  (eggs  in  mixed  sets).— Allen,  Auk,  li,  1934,  180  (sex  be¬ 
havior).— Cornell  and  Doremus,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  321  in  text  (endoparasites).— 
Bagg  and  Elliot,  Birds  Connecticut  Valley;  Massachusetts,  1937,  170  (habits; 
status).— Todd,  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940,  131  in  text  (remains  found 
in  goshawk  stomachs).— Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74,  76  in  text  (tarsal  feather- 
ing)  ,  lx,  1943,  266,  in  text  (Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  plum.). — Petrides  Trans 

7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conference,  1942,  316,  in  text  (age  indicators  in 
plumage). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


161 


Bonasa  umbella  Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  39  part  (New  England;  common)  ; 
Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  565,  part;  Key  North  Atner. 
Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  585,  part. 

B[onasa]  umbellus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  197,  part.  Coues, 
Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  741,  part.— Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i, 
1913,  319. 

[Bonasa]  umbellus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbellus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  448,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  a.  umbellus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  420,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81  part— Eaton,  Birds  New  York, 
i.  1909,  366  (New  York). — Harlow,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  469  (Chester  County, 
Pa.;  abundant)  ;  xxxv,  1918,  23  (Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey;  egg  dates). 
Burns,  Orn.  Chester  County,  Pa.,  1919,  48  (Chester  County,  Pa.,  rare,  eggs).- 
Smith,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  466  (Meriden,  Conn.;  nest  with  23  eggs  all  hatched). 

_ Daley,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  178  (Slide  Mountain,  Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y.), 

180  (Frost  Valley,  Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y.).— Burleigh,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi, 
1924  69  (Centre  County,  Pa.).— Beck,  Auk,  xli,  1924, 292  in  text  (Pennsylvania- 
German  common  names).— Clay,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii,  1925,  43  in  text  (behavior 
of  a  stunned  bird).— Sutton,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxix,  1927,  171  in  text  (killed  by 
screech  owl)  ;  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  53,  part  (e.  Pennsylvania;  habits;  etc.). 

_ Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other  New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  26, 

pi.  35  (col.'fig. ;  descr.;  habits,  New  England)  .—Cooke,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash¬ 
ington,  xlii,  1929,  33  (Washington,  D.  C.).— Burleigh,  Wils.  Bull.,  xliii,  1931, 
38  (State  College,  Centre  County,  Pa.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 

1932,  141  (habits;  plum.;  distr.) .— Griscom,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  m, 

1933, ’  96  (Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. ;  fairly  common).— Towers,  Auk,  li,  1934, 
516  in  text  (feather  structure).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934, 
40._Fisher,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlviii,  1935,  161  (Plummers 
Island,  Md.U — Stone,  Bird  Studies  Cap  May,  i,  1937,  319  (Cape  May,  N.  J. , 
status;  habits). — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxiv,  1937,  406  (distr., 
tax  )  —Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  396  (crit. ;  characters).— Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  215,  part.-CRUiCKSHANK,  Birds  New  York 
City,  1942,  150  (status;  habits).— Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943, 
90  (tax.;  descr.;  distr.). 

Bonasa  u[mbellus]  umbellus  Urner,  Abstr.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  Nos.  39,  40,  1930, 
71  (Union  County,  N.  J.).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  in  text  (data  on 
breeding  biology) .-Poole,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  516  in  table  (weight;  wing  area).- 
Stabler,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  561  (parasite  experiment). 

B[onasa]  umbellus  umbellus  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74  (tarsal  feathering). 
B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  umbellus  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75,  77  in  text  (tarsal  feather- 

Bonasa  jobsii  Jaycox,  Cornell  Era,  Dec.  8,  1871  (Ithaca,  N.  Y.) ;  iv,  No.  14,  Jan.  13, 
1872  (crit). — Anon.,  Ibis,  1872,  191,  439  in  text. 

Bonasa  umbellus  helmet  Bailey,  Bailey  Mus.  and  Libr.  Nat.  Hist.  Bull.  14,  January 
5,  1941,  1st  page  (Miller  Place,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  MEDIANA  Todd 

Midwestern  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adults.— Very  similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  and  phase  of  B.  u. 
umbellus  but  very  slightly  paler,  the  top  and  sides  of  the  head  and  neck 


162 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


with  a  pale  grayish  suffusion,  the  breast  averaging  less  extensively  washed 
with  brownish,  the  abdomen  averaging  more  albescent,  and,  in  the  brown 
phase,  the  tail  paler,  nearly  ochraceous-tawny  (in  the  brown  phase  of 
umbellus  it  is  nearly  hazel).  On  the  whole  this  race  is  more  often  gray¬ 
tailed  than  brown-tailed,  while  the  reverse  is  true  of  the  nominate  form.68 

Juvenal  and  downy  young  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  174-185  (178.9);  tail  140-163  (150.6);  oilmen 
from  base  25.2-30.6  (27.8)  ;  tarsus  41.8-45.8  (43.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.5-39.5  (36.8)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  18.4-30.2  (23.8  mm.).69 

Adult  female.— Wing  174-183  (176.6)  ;  tail  127-159  (141.3)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  26.0-28.2  (27.3)  ;  tarsus  40.8-44.8  (42.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.5-37.4  (35.4)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  21.6-30.0  (25.4  mm.).70 

Range. — Climax  and  subclimax  deciduous  woodland  of  the  oak-hickory 
association  in  the  eastern  deciduous  forest  biome  (Upper  Austral  Life 
Zone)  ;  from  southwestern  Michigan,  southern  Wisconsin,  and  east  cen¬ 
tral  Minnesota  (Elk  River)  ;  south,  east  of  the  Great  Plains  grassland, 
to  central  Arkansas  (Hot  Springs).  To  the  east  Bonasa  umbellus 
media. na  intergrades  with  Bonasa  umbellus  monticola,  over  a  broad  area 
in  southern  Michigan,  eastern  Indiana,  and  western  Ohio,  and  probably 
formerly  in  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

Type  locality. — Excelsior,  Minn. 

Tetrao  umbellus  Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  vi,  1812,  45,  part  (w.  Kentucky;  Indiana).— 
Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  i,  1831,  211,  part;  Birds. Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  72,  part 
(Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky).— Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1832 
(printed  by  Whittaker,  Treacher,  and  Arnot),  249,  part;  (printed  by  Cassell, 
Petter,  and  Galpin)  251,  part  (Indiana  Terr.). — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United 
States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  657,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  764,  part.— Jardine, 
Nat.  Libr,,  Orn.,  iv,  Gallinaceous  Birds,  pt.  ii,  Game  Birds,  1834,  149,  part 
(Indiana  Terr.) —Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  ed.  by  Brewer,  1840,  430,  part.— 
Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1871,  118  (Minnesota,  abundant;  plum.). 
T[etrao ]  umbellus  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1871,  265,  part  (Indiana). 
tetrao  umbellus  Brackenridge,  Views  of  Louisiana,  1817,  119. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Barry,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1854,  9  (Racine,  Wis. ; 
abundant) .—Allen,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1868,  501  (w.  Iowa; 
common),  526  (Richmond,  Ind.).— Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed.  2,  1872,  12 
(Kansas,  extremely  rare)  ;  ed.  2,  reprint,  1873,  9  (e.  Kansas);  ed.  3,  1875,  11 
(e.  Kansas)  ;  ed.  5,  1903,  15  (Kansas;  very  rare).- — Trippe,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  240  (s.  Iowa;  abundant). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex:  Inst.,  ix, 
1877,  44  (Wabash  County,  Ill.). — Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull. 
5,  v,  1879,  491  part  (Michigan).— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check¬ 
list,  1886,  172,  No.  300,  part.— Evermann,  Auk,  v,  1888,  349  (Carroll  County, 

68  If  this  race  were  not  separated  geographically  from  B.  u.  umbellus  by  B.  u. 
monticola,  its  recognition  might  be  questioned.  There  is  less  difference  between 
rnediana  and  umbellus  than  between  any  other  two  subspecies  of  the  ruffed  grouse. 

m  Nineteen  specimens  from  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  southwestern  Michigan,  and 
Iowa. 

70  Three  specimens  from  Minnesota  and  Illinois. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


163 


Ind.;  rare).— Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  223  (Kansas,  formerly;  descr. , 
eggs). — Hatch,  Notes  Birds  Minnesota,  1892,  160,  452  (Minnesota,  habits, 
etc.).— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  59  part  (Minnesota; 
Arkansas). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85  part  (Indiana, 
Illinois). — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-97  (1899)  ;  254  (Kansas; 
rare  resident  in  e.  Kansas).— Woodruff,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  198  (Current  River, 
Shannon  County,  Mo.). 

B[onasa]  umbellus  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  x,  1874,  382 
(Illinois);  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  197,  part  (Arkansas).  Hatch, 
Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1874,  62  (Minnesota;  abundant).  Boies,  Cat. 
Birds  Southern  Michigan,  1875,  No.  147,  part  (s.  Michigan;  resident)  .—Nelson, 
Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  121,  part  (ne.  Illinois;  common);  ix,  1877,  43  (s. 
Illinois;  not  common).- — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  741 
part. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  var.  umbellus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  448,  part. — Langdon,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1879, 
15  (Cincinnati,  Ohio;  resident;  spec,  from  Brookville,  Ind.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part— Howell,  Auk,  xxvm, 
1911,  232  (Crooked  Lake  region,  Minn.;  common) .—Betts,  Auk,  xxxn,  1915, 
238  in  text  (Ashland  County,  Wis.)  ;  xxxiii,  1916,  438  (Wisconsin;  food 
habits).— Eifrig,  Auk,  xxxvi,  1919,  517  (Chicago,  Ill.).— Johnson,  Auk,  xxxvii, 
1920,  544  (Lake  County,  Minn.;  breeds). — Pindar,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi,  1924, 
204  (e.  Arkansas). — Wheeler,  Birds  Arkansas,  1925,  39,  xiv  (very  scarce; 
last  record  in  1883).— Sctiorger,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  65  (summer;  Lake  Owen, 
Wis.;  habits).— Pierce,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  266  (Buchanan  County,  Iowa).— 
Baerg,  Univ.  Arkansas  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  258,  1931,  53  (Arkansas;  genl.).- 
Bent  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  141,  part  (life  hist.).— Roberts,  Birds 
Minnesota,  i,  1932,  376  (distr. ;  habits;  Minnesota).— Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri 
Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  25  (eastern  Missouri;  rare).— Du  Mont,  Wils.  Bull., 
xliv,  1932,  237  (Iowa;  spec.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40, 
part. — Brecicenridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  269  (Minnesota).  Long,  1  rans. 
Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  440  (Kansas;  formerly  common,  now  extinct).— 
Pierce  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  xlvii,  1941,  376  (northeastern  Iowa;  resident) .- 
Polderboer,  Iowa  Bird  Life,  xii,  1942,  50  in  text  (cover  requirements  m  ne. 
Iowa)  _ Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  215,  part. 
Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Currier,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  34  (Leach  Lake,  Minn.;  common). 
-Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  376  pan  (distr. ;  habits,  etc.,  Minnesota).— 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942  ,  214,  pait. 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  togata  Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  206  part  (Minnesota). 
Bonasa  umbellus  medianus  Todd,  Auk,  ivii,  1940,  394  (Excelsior,  Minn.;  descr.; 
distr.;  crit.),  396  (distr.).— Hellmayer  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i. 
No.  1,  1942,  214,  footnote— Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  92 

(tax.;  descr.;  distr.).  f  .  . 

B[owcua]  u[mbellus]  medianus  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74  in  text  (tarSal  feathering). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  MONTICOLA  Todd 

Appalachian  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (brown  phase).— Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus, 
hut  the  general  coloration  darker,  the  underparts  more  regularly  and 
more  heavily  barred  and  more  strongly  suffused  with  huffy ;  the  upper- 
parts  more  brownish,  less  rufescent— Prout’s  brown  (instead  of  cinnamon- 


164 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


brown  as  m  umbellus )  ;  the  ventral  bars  becoming  dark  (dark  sepia  to 
clove  brown)  on  the  flanks. 

Adult  (gray  phase).  Similar  to  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus,  but  the  upper 
and  lower  back  darker,  more  brownish,  with  little  or  no  grayish  mixture, 
the  tail  apparently  never  so  pure  gray  but  always  with  a  faint  buffy  tinge ; 
ventral  bars  darker,  as  in  the  brown  phase,  but  the  underparts  less  washed. 

Juvenal—  There  seem  to  be  two  phases  in  this  plumage,  both  (as 
far  as  available  material  goes)  with  brown  tails,  but  one  considerably 
grayer  than  the  other  (which  is  difficult  to  interpret  as  the  great  majority 
of  the  adults  are  brown-phased  in  this  race)  :  in  the  browner  of  the 
two  phases  juvenals  are  like  those  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  darker,  browner, 
less  rufescent  above,  the  blackish  marks  on  the  upperparts  larger,  and 
the  ventral  barrings  darker  as  in  the  adults;  in  the  grayer  of  the  two 
phases,  the  areas  of  the  nape,  interscapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  that  are  Dresden  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber 
m  the  brown  phase  are  wood  brown ;  the  pale  areas  of  the  interscapulars 
are  pinkish  buff  (as  opposed  to  cinnamon-buff  to  pale  clay  color  in  the 
browner  phase),  and  the  ventral  barrings  are  darker  and  less  rufescent— 
buffy  brown  to  sepia. 

Downy  young.— Indistinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 
AduU  male.—Wmg  172-196  (186.8);  tail  139-181  (160);  oilmen 
from  base  24.4-31  (27.4)  ;  tarsus  40-48.2  (44.5)  ;  middle  toe’  without 
claw  32.8-40  (36.5)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  21.4-34.5  (28.5  mm.).71 

Adidt  female.  Wing  16<U190  (178.6)  ;  tail  121-156  (134.8)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  23.8-29.3  (26.6);  tarsus  37.4-45  (41.1);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  32.2-39 .6  (35.1);  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  of  19.4-33  6 
(27.2  mm.).72 

Range.  Climax  and  subclimax  deciduous  forest  communities  of  the 
mixed  mesophitic  association  in  the  eastern  deciduous  forest  biome  (Upper 
Austral  Life  Zone)  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  the  ecotone  between 
this  biome  and  the  Canadian  Zone  coniferous  forest  of  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  (pine-maple-beech-hemlock  association)  ;  north  to  north¬ 
eastern  Pennsylvania,  northeastern  Ohio,  and  southeastern  Michigan,  east 
to  northeastern  and  south-central  Pennsylvania,  central  Maryland,  north- 
eastern,  central,  and  southwestern  Virginia,  southwestern  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  and  northern  Georgia;  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  northeastern 
Alabama.  The  western  limit  of  the  range  of  this  race  is  ill  defined  be¬ 
cause  of  tlje  fact  that  the  species  has  been  extirpated  over  much  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  region  where  it  formerly  occurred.  Bonasa  umbellus 
monticola  intergrades  with  mediana  in  central  southern  Michigan,  eastern 


specimens  ^rom.  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia 
Maryland,  Western  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  and  southeastern  Michigan. 

Ihirty-five  specimens  from  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina  Georgia 
Tennessee,  western  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Ohio,  and  southeastern  Michigan  ’ 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


1G5 


Indiana,  and  western  Ohio,  and  probably  also  formerly  in  western  Ken¬ 
tucky  and  Tennessee. 

Type  locality. — Two  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Cheat  Bridge,  Randolph 
County,  W.  Va.  (4,000  feet  elevation). 

Tetrao  umbellus  Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  vi,  1812,  45,  part  (upper  parts  of  Georgia). — 
Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  i,  1831,  211,  part;  v,  1839,  560,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo 
ed.,  v,  1842,  42,  part. — Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1832  (Whittaker, 
Treacher,  and  Arnot),  249,  part;  ii,  1832  (Cassell,  Petter,  and  Galpin),  251,  part 
(Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida). — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada, 
Land  Birds,  1832,  657,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  794,  part.— Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  ed. 
by  Brewer,  1840,  430,  part. 

T[etrao]  umbellus  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1871,  265,  part  (Georgia). 

Bonasa  umbellus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  630,  part  (Georgia). — 
Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  1860,  629  in  table, 
part,  630  in  table,  part  (Georgia). — Scott,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv, 
1872,  227  (West  Virginia,  Kenawha  County). — Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr. 
Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  5,  1879,  491,  part  (Michigan).— Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio, 
1882,  447,  579  (Ohio;  descr. ;  syn.). — Beckham,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vi,  1883,  145  (Kentucky). — Brewster,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  102  (w.  North  Caro¬ 
lina). — Fox,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  319  (e.  Tennessee). — Loomis,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  483  (nw. 
South  Carolina)  ;  vii,  1890,  36  (Pickens  County,  S.  C. ;  common)  ;  viii,  1891,  326 
(Caesars  Head,  S.  C. ;  young  seen). — American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  1886,  172,  No.  300,  part  (Georgia;  North  Carolina).- — Langdon, 
Auk,  iv,  1887,  129  (Chilhowee  Mountains,  Tenn.,  Mount  Nebo). — Rives,  Auk, 
vi,  1889,  52  in  text  (White  Top  Mountain,  Va.). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  59,  part  (n.  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Tennessee). — Dwight, 
Auk,  ix,  1892,  134  (North  Mountain,  Pennsylvania  Alleghenies).- — Todd,  Auk, 
x,  1893,  38  (Yellow  Creek  bottom,  w.  Pennsylvania),  44  (Indiana  County,  Pa.). — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part;  Handb.  Game  Birds, 
i,  1896,  71,  part  (mountains  n.  Alabama). — Young,  Auk,  xiii,  1896,  281  (Nesco- 
peck,  Pa.). — Bailey,  Auk,  xiii,  1896,  292  (n.  Elk  County,  Pa.). — Rives,  Auk, 
xv,  1898,  134  (Blackwater  River,  W.  Va.).— Jones,  Birds  Ohio,  Revised  Cat., 
1903,  84  (Ohio). — Dawson,  Birds  Ohio,  1903,  433,  652,  pi.  51  (Ohio;  habits; 
fig.). — Eifrig,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  237  (w.  Maryland;  common). — Brown,  Auk, 
xxiii,  1906,  336  in  text  (near  Camden,  S.  C.). — Howell,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  132 
(Brasstown  Bald,  s.  Georgia;  breeds);  xxvii,  1910,  301  (Walden  Ridge  and 
Cross  Mountain,  Tenn.).— Johnston,  Birds  West  Virginia,  1923,  10  (West 
Virginia). — Shelter,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlix,  1937,  49  in  text  (Michigan;  speed  of 
flight). — Trautman,  Bills,  and  Wickltff,  Wils.  Bull.,  Ii,  1939,  102,  in  text 
(winter  mortality  in  Ohio). — Stewart,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  390  (Shenandoah  Moun¬ 
tains;  breeds). 

Bonassa  umbellus  Johnston,  Birds  West  Virginia,  1923,  88  (West  Virginia). 

B\onasa]  umbellus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  197,  part  (Georgia, 
Tennessee). — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  741,  part. 

B\onsa]  umbellus  Botes,  Cat.  Birds  Southern  Michigan,  1875,  No.  147,  part  (s. 
Michigan;  resident). 

f Bonasa]  umbellus  Couf.s,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  subsp.  Mengel,  Auk,  Ivii,  1940,  424  (e.  Kentucky). 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part.— Bailey,  Auk,  xxix,  1912, 
80  (mountains  of  Virginia). — Bruner  and  Field,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  371  (moun¬ 
tains  of  North  Carolina — Grandfather  Mountains  and  Mount  Mitchell  at  6,500 

653008°— 46 - 12 


166 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


feet),  375  (Canadian  and  Transition  Zone,  2,000  to  5,000  feet  and  above).— 
Smyth,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  514  (Montgomery  County,  Va.).— Bailey,  Birds 
Virginia,  1913,  88  (Virginia;  habits,  etc.).— Brooks,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  544  (Rich 
Mountains,  W.  Va.)  ;  Wils.  Bull,  xlii,  1930,  246  (Cranberry  Glades,  W.  Va.).— 
Pearson,  Brimley,  and  Brimley,  Birds  North  Carolina,  1919,  153  (North 
Carolina;  distr. ;  habits).— Howell,  Birds  Alabama,  1924,  119;  ed.  2,  1928, 
119  (Alabama;  habits).— Blincoe,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  408  (Bardstown,  Ky.).— 
Sutton,  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  53  part  (w.  Pennsylvania). — Pickens,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xl,  1928,  189  (upper  South  Carolina)  .—Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  141  part  (life  hist.).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40,  part.' 
— PIudson  and  Sherman,  Auk,  liii,  1936,  311  (South  Carolina;  still  present 
but  reduced  in  numbers  in  Pickens  and  Oconee  Counties). — Van  Tyne,  Occ. 
Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  11  (Michigan;  south  of 'range 
B.  u.  togata).— Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci,  i,  1940,  61  (Lucas  County, 
Ohio;  now  extirpated;  last  record  is  1905). — Trautman,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus. 
Zool.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  44,  1940,  223  (Buckeye  Lake,  Ohio; 
formerly  common,  now  extirpated). — Todd,  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940, 
168  (w.  Pennsylvania;  descr.,  habits,  syn.)  ;  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  390  in  text  (spec., 
w.  Pennsylvania;  crit.),  396  (distr.). — Goodpaster,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  xxii,  1941,  13  (sw.  Ohio — only  one  known  record — Clermont  County, 
October  1878).— Burleigh,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  337  (Mount  Mitchell,  N.  C.; 
young).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  215,  part. 
Bonasa  unibellus  var.  umbellus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  448,  part. 

B[omsa\  u[mbellus]  umbellus  Hicks,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  179  (Ashtabula 
County,  Ohio). 

[Bonasa]  [unibellus]  umbellus  Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  447. 

Bonasa  unibellus  togata  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxxiv,  1937,  406,  407 
(West  Virginia;  many  records;  crit. ;  ranges  s.  to  the  mountains  of  n.  Georgia)  ; 
lxxxvi,  1939,  183  (Tennessee;  spec,  from  Shady  Valley,  Roan  Mountain,  and 
Mount  Guyot ;  sev.  sight  records)  ;  lxxxviii,  1940,  535  (Kentucky;  near  Mount 
Vernon). — Pearson,  Brimley,  and  Brimley,  Birds  North  Carolina,  1942,  107 
(North  Carolina;  descr.;  habits). 

Bonasa  umbellus  monticola  Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  392  (Cheat  Bridge,  W.  Va. ; 
descr.,  range,  crit.),  396  (distr.). — Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943, 
94  (tax.;  descr.;  distr.). 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  monticola  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  SABINI  (Douglas) 

Pacific  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  but 
much  more  darkly  and  richly  colored  (darker  and  richer  than  B.  u. 
monticola  also)  ;  the  black  markings  above  more  extensive  and  conspicu¬ 
ous,  the  areas  which  are  sayal  brown  to  cinnamon-brown  in  umbellus  be¬ 
ing  orange-cinnamon,  cinnamon-rufous,  or  hazel,  those  that  are  cinnamon- 
brown  to  dark  Brussels  brown  in  umbellus  are  bright  dark  amber  brown 
to  rufescent  argus  brown ;  rectrices  bright  amber  brown ;  ventral  barrings 
darker — dark  Dresden  brown  narrowly  edged  with  fuscous,  the  lateral 
bars  (on  sides  and  flanks  darker  still) — mummy  brown  to  clove  brown; 
thighs  darker — wood  brown  to  avellaneous  tinged  with  cinnamon-buff. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


167 


There  are  two  varieties  of  this  phase  agreeing  in  all  respects  except  the 
color  of  the  breast ;  in  one  variety  this  area  is  blackish,  the  feathers  nar¬ 
rowly  tipped  with  whitish  or  tawny,  while  in  the  other  there  is  no  black 
but  the  feathers  are  bright  tawny,  becoming  mummy  brown  only  basally. 

Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  the  brown  phase  but  with  the  feathers 
of  the  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  tipped  with  smoke  gray ;  those  of  the 
upper  and  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  terminally  edged 
with  pale  neutral  gray  vermiculated  with  blackish;  rectrices  as  in  the 
gray  phase  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  darker,  more  washed  with  wood  brown. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Downy  young. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus. 

Adult  male. — Wing  177-187  (182);  tail  142-159  (151.7);  culmen 
from  base  25.8-28.1  (26.5)  ;  tarsus  43.0-45.1  (44.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  39.04-1.9  (40.1)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  16-28.6  (22.8  mm.).73 

Adult  female. — Wing  170-181  (174.3)  ;  tail  12-4— 137  (130.2)  ;  culmen 
from  base  24.9-28.4  (26.4)  ;  tarsus  41.2-44.2  (43.0)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  33-39  (36.5)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  17.8-28.0  (22.3  mm.).74 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodlands  of  the  cedar-hemlock-associa¬ 
tion  in  the  moist  coniferous  forest  biome  of  the  Canadian  Life  Zone, 
from  southwestern  British  Columbia  (exclusive  of  Vancouver  Island  and 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast)  southward  west  of  the  Cascade  Range, 
through  Washington  and  Oregon  (exclusive  of  the  Olympic  Peninsula 
and  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Puget  Sound)  to  northwestern  California 
(Humboldt  Bay  and  Salmon  River.) 

Type  locality. — Vicinity  of  Fort  Vancouver,  Clark  County,  Wash. 

Tetrao  umbellus  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1832  (printed  by  Whit¬ 
taker,  Treacher,  and  Arnot),  249,  part;  ii,  1832  (?)  (printed  by  Cassell,  Petter, 
and  Galpin),  251  part. — Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  202  part  (Columbia  River)  ; 
Orn.  Biogr.,  v,  1839,  560  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  72  part  (Columbia 
River). — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  ed.  2, 
1840,  794,  part  (Columbia  River  to  the  Pacific).— Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  ed.  by 
Brewer,  1840,  430,  part. — Newberry,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rept.,  vi,  1857,  94  (Cascade 
Mountains  and  Willamette  Valley,  Oreg.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part;  Handb. 
Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  71,  part. 

T[etrao ]  sabini  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  137,  part  (Pacific 
coast  “from  Cape  Mendocino  to  Straits  of  Juan  of  Fuca,  Quadra”). — Swainson 
and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  343,  footnote. 

Tetrao  sabini  Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  5  in  text  (Washington;  Columbia  River; 
hist;  rec.  1826). 

Bonasa  sabini  Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  277  in  text,  294  in  text  (patronymics). 
Bonasa  sabinii  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  631,  part. — Cooper  and 
Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  xii,  book  2,  pt.  3,  1860,  224  (Washington, 
w.  side  of  Cascades).— Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv., 
1860,  361. — Lord,  Proc.  Roy.  Artil.  Inst.  Woolwich,  iv,  1864,  123  (Brit.  Colum- 


13  Six  specimens  from  Washington  and  Oregon. 

14  Six  specimens  from  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 


168 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


bia). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  89. — Baird,  in  Cooper, 
Orn.  Calif.,  1870,  540. — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  585,  part. — 
Townsend,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  491  (Humboldt  Bay,  Calif.). 

B[onasa ]  sabinii  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  rev.  ed.,  1896,  585. 

Bonasa  sabinei  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  3  and  text,  part. 

[ Bonasa ]  sabinei  Gray,  Hand  List,  ii,  1870,  277 ,  No.  9834. 

B[onasa ]  sabinei  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  319. 

[Bonasa  umbellus ]  var.  sabinei  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  sabini  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Llist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  454,  part. 

[Bonasa  umbellus]  c.  var.  sabinii  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  421,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  Anthony,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  164  (Washington  County,  Oreg.). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  300c;  ed.  2,  1895,  112; 
ed.  3,  1910,  140  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  82,  part. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
1887,  198,  part.— Townsend,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1887,  200,  235  (Hum¬ 
boldt  Bay,  Calif.). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer  Birds,  i,  1892,  68,  part. — 
Fannin,  Check  List  British  Columbia  Birds,  1898,  32,  part. — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii, 
1900,  145  (plum,  and  molt). — Bowles,  Condor,  iii,  1901,  47  in  text  (nests  de¬ 
stroyed  by  mice). — Kermoiie,  Cat.  British  Columbia  Birds,  1904,  26,  part 
(British  Columbia  w.  of  Cascades). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1909,  223,  part. — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  587, 
part  (Washington;  habits;  distr.). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.  No.  8, 
1912,  10  (California)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  61  (California;  distr.). — Jewett,  Condor, 
xviii,  1916,  75  (Tillamook  County,  Oreg.;  not  uncommon). — Bryant,  Condor, 
xix,  1917,  168  in  text  (food  habits;  Requa,  Del  Norte  County,  Calif.).- — Grin¬ 
nell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  552  (descr. ;  habits; 
distr.;  California). — Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1596 
(genl. ;  California). — Brooks  and  Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.  No.  17,  1925, 
50,  part— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167  in  text,  part;  Birds 
Canada,  1934,  155  in  text. — Jewett  and  Gabrielson,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No. 
19,  1929,  19  (Portland,  Oreg.;  photo  of  nest  and  eggs). — Gabrielson,  Condor, 
xxxiii,  1931,  112  (Jackson  County,  Oreg.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  174,  part  (habits). — Hall,  Murrelet,  xiv,  1933,  70  (Washington;  Colum¬ 
bia  River;  history)  ;  xv,  1934,  10,  14  (type  loc.  restricted  to  vicinity  of  Fort 
Vancouver,  Clark  County,  Wash.;  hist.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  39,  part. — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1934,  241  in  text  (eggs  in  mixed 
nests). — Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  in  text  (crit.,  distr.,  type  loc.),  206 
(spec.  Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia). — Griffee  and  Rapraeger,  Mur¬ 
relet,  xviii,  1937,  16  (Portland,  Oreg.,  nesting). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds 
Oregon,  1940,  215  part  (Oregon,  distr.;  descr.;  habits). — Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940, 
393  in  text  (charts)  396  part  (distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  218,  part. — Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943, 
94  (tax.;  descr.;  distr.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabinei  Coues,  Hist.  Exped.  Lewis  and  Clark,  iii,  1893,  872  in  text 
(syn.). — Fisher,  Condor,  iii,  190k,  91  in  text;  iv,  1902,  114  in  text,  132  (nw. 
California;  heavy  redwood  forest  north  of  Mad  River,  Humboldt  Bay). — 
Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  30  (California;  fairly  common 
resident  of  the  humid  coast  from  Cape  Mendocino  northward). 

Bonasa  u[mbellus]  sabini  Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  126. 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  sabini  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
128,  part  (descr.;  distr.). — Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75,  77  in  text  (tarsal 
feathering). 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


169 


[ Bonasa  umbellus]  sabini  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  76  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 
(?)  Tetrao  fusca  Ord,  in  Guthrie’s  Geogr.,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  1815,  317  (based  on  Small 
Brown  Pheasant,  Lewis  and  Clark’s  Exp.,  ii,  182). 

Bonasa  umbellus  fusca  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  169 
(  nomencl. ) . 

B[onasa ]  umbella  fusca  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  743  in  text. 
Bonasa  umbellus  fuscus  Coues,  Hist.  Exped.  Lewis  and  Clark,  iii,  1893,  872  in  text 
(“Oregon”). 


BONASA  UMBELLUS  CASTANEA  Aldrich  and  Friedmann 

Olympic  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult. — The  darkest  and  most  richly  colored  of  all  the  predominantly 
brown  races  of  the  species ;  the  brown  of  the  upperparts  deep  chestnut 
to  dark  auburn  with  no  grayish  mixture,  the  ventral  barrings  Dresden 
brown  to  raw  umber,  darkening  to  mummy  brown  on  the  sides  and 
flanks,  the  chin,  throat,  breast  and  upper  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and 
under  tail  coverts  heavily  washed  with  ochraceous-buff.  No  gray-phase 
birds  have  been  seen ;  the  brown  birds  have  either  black  or  rufescent 
ruffs,  the  black  being  the  commoner  of  the  two. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Downy  young. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus. 
Adult  male— Wing  176-187  (182.8);  tail  145-168  (153.9);  oilmen 
from  base  25.6-29.9  (27.8)  ;  tarsus  43.6-48  (45.3)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  38.9M-2.2  (40.7)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  16.0-29.4  (23.5  mm.).75 

Adult  female. — Wing  170-178  (174.9)  ;  tail  130-139  (131.8)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  23.6-28.0  (26.5)  ;  tarsus  41.2-45.5  (44.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.0-39.7  (38.6)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.8-29  (24.6  mm.).76 

Range. — Subclimax  woodland  of  the  very  wet  portion  (spruce-cedar 
association)  of  the  Pacific  coastal  moist  coniferous  forest  biome  of  the 
Transition  Life  Zone;  on  the  Olympic  Peninsula  and  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  shore  of  Puget  Sound  in  western  Washington,  south  to 
Fort  Steilacoom,  Cedarville,  and  Shoalwater  Bay,  possibly  also  farther 
south  along  the  “fog  forest”  belt  in  Oregon,  although  no  specimens  have 
been  seen  from  the  coast  south  of  the  Columbia  River  to  establish  this 
as  a  fact. 

Type  locality. — -Soleduck  River,  Olympic  Mountains,  Wash. 

Bonasa  sabini  Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  1860,  629  in 
table  (Puget  Sound). 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  Lawrence,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  43  (Grays  Harbor,  Wash.). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910, 
140,  part.— Koble,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  351  (Cape  Disappointment,  Wash.;  not 
abundant) —Rathbun,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  133  (Seattle,  Wash. ;  breeds;  common).— 
Bowles,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  142  (Tacoma,  Wash.;  breeds;  common).— Edson, 


10  Eleven  specimens  from  the  Olympic  Peninsula. 
’“Nine  specimens  from  the  Olympic  Peninsula. 


170 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Auk,  xxv,  1908,  432  (Bellingham  Bay  region,  Wash.;  common  except  on  higher 
mountains). — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  587,  part 
(habits;  distr.). —  (?)  Willett,  Condor,  xvi,  1914,  89  (doubtful  record  for 
Sitka,  Alaska;  apparently^Westminster,  British  Columbia). — Burleigh,  Auk, 
xlvi,  1929,  510  (Tacoma,  Wash.;  breeding  habits). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  82,  part. — Miller,  Lumley,  and  Hall,  Mur- 
relet,  xvi,  1935,  57  (San  Juan  Islands,  Wash.). — Kitchin,  Murrelet,  xx,  1939, 
30  (Mount  Ranier  National  Park). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  218  part. 

Bonasa  sabinei  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  3  and  text,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Edson,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  432  (Bellingham  Bay  region,  Wash. ; 
in  the  mountains). 

Bonasa  umbellus  castaneus  Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  95  (Soleduck 
River,  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington;  tax.;  crit. ;  descr. ;  distr.). 


BONASA  UMBELLUS  BRUNNESCENS  Conover 

Vancouver  Island  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (brown  phase). — -Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus 
but  darker,  more  brownish,  less  rufescent  (darker,  more  brownish  than 
sabini  also)  ;  general  color  of  the  upperparts  between  Prout’s  brown  and 
Dresden  brown,  tail  dull  ochraceous-umber ;  underparts  heavily  barred 
with  grayish  ochraceous-umber  and  washed  extensively  with  tawny-buff. 

Adult  (gray  phase).- — Similar  to  the  brown  phase,  but  the  top  of  head, 
neck,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  mixed  and  vermiculated  with 
dark  smoke  gray ;  rectrices  dark  smoke  gray  barred  and  vermiculated  with 
black  and  without  any  brownish  tinge  (the  heavy  black  wavy  bars  are 
single  in  this  race  in  both  phases,  while  in  sabini  and  castanea  they 
are  double  with  a  pale  ochraceous  band  in  between  them)  ;  underparts 
as  in  the  .brown  phase  but  much  less  washed  with  buffy. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  darker  brown  (darker 
than  juvenal  monticola  also)  ;  above,  cinnamon-brown  to  Prout’s  brown 
(as  opposed  to  sayal  brown  in  the  nominate  form)  ;  below,  the  ventral 
barrings  darker — dusky  Dresden  brown. 

Downy  young.- — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  179-189  (183.7)  ;  tail  144-157  (148.6)  ;  culmen 
from  base  26.6-28.3  (27.6)  ;  tarsus  44.0-46.8  (45.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  40-41  (40.3)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  24.7-29  (26.7  mm.). 77 

Adult  female. — Wing  173-181  (176.3)  ;  tail  124-134  (128.4)  ;  culmen 
from  base  24.4-27.4  (26);  tarsus  41.8-45.2  (43.0);  middle  toe  without 
claw  37-39.9  (38.4)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.5-28  (25.3  mm.).78 

Range. — Subclimax  woodland  of  the  cedar-hemlock  association  in  the 
moist  coniferous  forest  biome  (Transition  Life  Zone)  ;  on  Vancouver 
Island,  British  Columbia,  and  the  adjoining  mainland  from  the  vicinity 

77  Six  specimens  including  the  type. 

78  Six  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


171 


of  the  city  of  Vancouver  north  at  least  to  Lund.  There  are  no  records 
for  the  ruffed  grouse  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  between  this 
locality  and  Port  (Fort)  Simpson  near  the  Alaska  line,  and  so  it  is 
doubtful  if  brunnescens  ranges  much  farther  north  than  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Vancouver  Island. 

T[etrao ]  Sabini  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  137  part  (Vancouver 
Island). 

Bonasa  sabinii  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  236  (Vancouver  Island). 
Bonasa  sabinei  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  3  and  text,  part  (Vancouver 
Island) . 

Bonasia  sabinii  Brown,  Ibis,  1868,  424  (Vancouver  Island). 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  sabini  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  140, 
part  (Vancouver  Island). 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  68,  part 
(Vancouver  Island). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part. — Fannin,  Check  List  British  Columbia  Birds, 
1898,  32,  part.- — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  145,  part  (molt). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can. 
Birds,  1900,  204  part  (coastal  British  Columbia  including  Vancouver  Island). — 
Kermode,  Cat.  British  Columbia  Birds,  1904,  26,  part  (Vancouver  Island). — 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1909,  ed.  2,  1909,  223  part. — Swarth, 
Condor,  xiv,  1912,  21  (Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver  Island). — Brooks  and  Swarth, 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  17,  1925,  50,  part  (Vancouver  Island). — Taverner,  Birds 
Western  Canada,  1926,  167  in  text,  part. — Alford,  Ibis,  1928,  197  (Vancouver 
Island). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  82,  part. — 
Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  7  (Vancouver  Island). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Bull.  162,  1932,  174  part  (life  history). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii, 
1934,  39,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part  (Van¬ 
couver  Island). — Taverner,  Condor,  xx,  1918,  185  (Alert  Bay,  Vancouver 
Island) . 

Bonasa  umbellus  brunnescens  Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  (Comox,  Vancou¬ 
ver  Island,  orig.  descr. ;  distr. ;  crit.),  206  (spec. ;  Vancouver  and  Saturna  Islands). 
—Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  393,  in  text.— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  217  (distr. ;  syn.). — Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  96 
(distr.;  descr.). 

B[onasa ]  u[mbellus ]  brunnescens  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75,  76,  77  in  text  (tarsal 
feathering). 


BONASA  UMBELLUS  TOGATA  (Linnaeus) 

St.  Lawrence  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus 
but  darker  brown,  less  rufescent,  above,  the  areas  that  are  sayal  brown 
to  cinnamon-brown  in  umbellus  being  Dresden  brown  to  Prout  s  brown 
in  togata,  the  parts  that  are  Brussels  brown  in  the  nominate  race  being 
similar  but  washed  with  raw  umber  in  the  present  form,  and  the  upper- 
parts  generally  with  a  little  more  mixture  of  grayish  and  with  the  blackish 
marks  more  extensive,  the  underparts  similar  but  more  heavily  barred 
than  in  umbellus.  In  B.  u.  umbellus  the  brown  phase  is  more  frequent 
than  the  gray;  in  B.  u.  togata  the  opposite  is  true. 


172 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  darker  both 
in  the  browns  and  the  grays  of  the  upperparts,  the  brown  as  in  the  brown 
phase  of  togata — Dresden  brown  to  Prout’s  brown,  the  blackish  mark¬ 
ings  more  extensive,  the  gray  areas  including  the  tail  smoke  gray  much 
more  finely  and  abundantly  vermiculated  with  blackish  than  in  umbellus ; 
underparts  more  heavily  and  abundantly  barred  than  in  umbellus. 
Juvenal. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus. 

Downy  young. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus. 

Adult  male. — Wing  173-192  (181.5);  tail  142-174  (156.9);  oilmen 
from  base  22.8-29.2  (26.1)  ;  tarsus  40.3-46.0  (42.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  33.0-39.9  (35.9)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.0-30.9  (25.2  mm.).79 

Adult  female.— Wing  168-184  (176.0)  ;  tail  119-144  (130.6)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  21.0-29.3  (25.2)  ;  tarsus  36.8-44.0  (41.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  31.3-36 .7  (34.6)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.0-28.0  (23.8  mm.).80 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodland  (birch  and  aspen  communities) 
of  the  pine-maple-beech-hemlock  association,  in  the  ecotone  between  the 
northern  coniferous  and  the  eastern  deciduous  forest  biomes  (Canadian 
and  Upper  Transition  Life  Zones)  ;  from  northern  New  England  and 
Nova  Scotia,  probably  north  to  Cape  Breton  Island,  and  the  Gaspe 
Peninsula,  westward  across  southern  Quebec  and  southern  Ontario  (in¬ 
cluding  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior)  to  northwestern  Minnesota, 
south  to  northeastern  Massachusetts  (Manchester),  east-central  New 
York  (Piseco),  southeastern  Ontario  (Toronto),  midway  down  the 
Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan  (Midland  County)  and  northern  Wisconsin 
(Ashland  County). 

Type  locality. — City  of  Quebec. 

Tetrao  togatus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  275  (Canada;  based  on  Lagopus 
Bonasia  canadensis  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  207,  pi.  21,  fig.  1). — Forster,  Philos.  Trans., 
lxii,  1772,  393  (Albany  Fort,  James  Bay). — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  752. 
Telrao  umbellus  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  U.  S.  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  657,  part; 
ed.  2,  1840,  794,  part.— -Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  1839,  560,  Birds  Arner.,  8vo  ed., 
1842,  72,  part  (Massachusetts,  Maine,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia). 

T[etrao]  umbellus  McIlwraith,  Birds  Hamilton,  Can.  Journ.,  July  I860,  7  (common; 
Hamilton,  Ontario). 

Bonasa  umbellus  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Genl.  Zool.,  xi,  1819,  300,  part  (Nova  Scotia, 
and  syn.,  part).— Kneeland,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  237 
(Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior).— Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858, 
630,  part. — Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae  1865,  pi.  1  and  text,  part. — Mc¬ 
Ilwraith,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1866,  91  (Ontario). — Maynard,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiv,  1872,  383,  part. — Herrick,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  11 

10  Thirty-two  specimens  from  Ontario,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  northern  New  York,  northern  Michigan,  northern  Wiscon¬ 
sin,  and  northeastern  Minnesota. 

“Twenty-one  specimens  from  Ontario,  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  northern  New  York,  northern  Michigan,  and  northern 
Wisconsin. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


173 


(Grand  Manan,  New  Brunswick;  1  seen). — Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr. 
Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  5,  1879,  491,  part  (Michigan).— Chadbourne,  Auk,  iv,  1887, 
143  (While  Mountains,  N.  H. ;  hen  and  chicks  seen). — Faxon  and  Allen,  Auk, 
v,  1888,  149  (Squam  Lake,  N.  H.),  151  (Franconia,  N.  H.),  153  (Franconia  and 
Bethlehem,  N.  H.). — Brewster,  Auk,  v,  1888,  389  (Winchendon,  Mass.)  ;  Mem. 
Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  14,  1906,  171  (Cambridge,  Mass.;  habits,  eggs). — Faxon, 
Auk,  vi,  1889,  44,  99  (Berkshire  County,  Mass.). — Allen,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  76 
(Bridgewater,  N.  H.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85, 
part  (Calais,  Maine;  Massachusetts)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  71,  part. — 
Warren,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  191  in  text  (Upper  Peninsula,  Mich.;  eaten  by  gos¬ 
hawk). — Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  26  (Ontario). — [Nash],  Check 
List  Vert.  Ontario:  Birds,  1905,  35  (Ontario;  common). — Wldmann,  Auk,  xix, 
1902,  233  (Wequetonsing,  Emmet  County,  Mich.). — Wood  and  Frothingham, 
Auk,  xxii,  1905,  46  (Au  Sable  Valley,  Mich.;  spec.).— Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall 
Om.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  202  (Essex  County,  Mass.).— Blackwelder,  Auk,  xxvi, 
1909,  366  (Iron  County,  Mich.;  common).— Chaney,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  273 
(Hamlin  Lake  region,  Mason  County,  Mich.). — Johnson,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  319, 
in  text  (n.  New  York;  winter;  habits). — Christy,  Auk,  xlviii,  1931,  394  (change 
of  status;  Sandusky  Bay,  Lake  Erie). — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  154  in 
text,  pi.  18b  (clistr. ;  descr.)  ;  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  168  (field  chars.). — 
Clarke,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol.  ser.,  No.  41,  1936,  1  (fluctuations  in 
number;  Ontario). — Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook, 
No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  28  (Ontario;  common  and  widely  distributed;  breeds).— 
Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxii,  1938,  185  (w.  Rainy  River  district,  Ontario; 
spec.;  sight  record;  drumming). — Pettingill,  Proc.  Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci., 
xix,  1937-38  (1939),  333  (Grand  Manan;  common;  habits) .—Ricker  and 
Clarke,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  16,  1939,  8  (Lake  Nipissing, 
Ontario).— Allin,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  96  (Darlington 
Township,  Ontario;  common). — Snyder  et  al.,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus. 
Zook,  No.  19,  1941,  46  (Prince  Edward  County,  Ontario;  irregular;  color 
phases).— Lewis,  Wils.  Bulk,  liii,  1942,  77  (Anticosti  Island,  Quebec;  introd.). 

B[onasa ]  umbcllus  Nelson,  Bulk  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  121,  part  (n.  Michigan).— 
Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  741,  part. 

Bonasa  umbella  Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  39,  part  (New  England;  common)  ; 
Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1884,  585,  part.— Merriam,  Bulk  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
vii,  1882,  238  (Point  de  Monts,  Canada). 

Bonasa  umbcllus  subsp.  White,  Auk,  x,  1893,  230  (Mackinac  Island,  Mich.).— 
Allen,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  59  (s.  Vermont). 

Bonasa  umbetlus  var.  umbcllus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  448,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  5,  1920,  96 
(Essex  County,  Mass.;  common). — Cahn,  Wils.  Bulk,  xxxix,  1927,27  (summer, 
Vilas  County,  Wis.). — Stoner,  Roosevelt  Wild  Life  Ann.,  ii,  Nos.  3,  4,  1932, 
433  (habits,  Oneida  Lake,  N.  Y.).— Eliot,  Auk,  xlix,  1932,  101  (West  Chester¬ 
field,  Mass.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  215, 
part  (s.  Ontario;  Massachusetts,  part). 

B  [onasa]  umbellus  umbellus  Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  202, 
in  text  (Essex  County,  Mass.). 

[Bonasa  umbellus]  umbellus  Townsend,  Mem.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  202  in 
text  (Essex  County,  Mass.). — Snyder  and  Logier,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst., 
xviii,  pt.  1,  1931,  177  in  text  (intermediate  spec.). 


174 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355  (nomencl.). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  172,  No.  300a.;  ed.  2,  1895, 
111;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1887,  198,  part. — Dwight,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  16  (Cape  Breton  Island,  Nova 
Scotia)  ;  xvii,  1900,  145  (plum,  and  molt). — Brittain  and  Cox,  Auk,  vi,  1889, 
117  (Restigouche  Valley,  New  Brunswick). — Caulfield,  Can.  Rec.  Sci.,  July 
1890,  145  (Montreal;  rare). — Allen,  Auk,  viii,  1891,  165  (Bras  D’Or,  Cape 
Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia)  ;  Auk,  x,  1893,  126. — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  64,  part. — Dwight,  Auk,  x,  1893,  8  (Prince  Edward 
Island,  few  seen). — Hoffman,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  88  (Graylock  Mountain,  Mass.). 
— Morrell,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  251  (Nova  Scotia;  Cumberland  County,  abundant). 
— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  202  (abundant  in  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Quebec,  and  Ontario). — Howell,  Auk,  xviii, 
1901,  340  (Mount  Mansfield,  Vt. ;  numerous). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western 
United  States,  1902,  127  part  (descr.,  distr.). — Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn. 
Club,  No.  3,  1905,  202  in  text  (Essex  County,  Mass.)  ;  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  19 
(Glenwood  and  Upper  Greenwich,  New  Brunswick). — Fleming,  Auk,  xxiv, 
1907,  71  (Toronto,  north  to  Lake  Nipissing). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat. 
Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  220,  part. — Wright,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  324  in  text 
(White  Mountains,  N.  H. ;  drumming). — Macnamara,  Ottawa  Nat.,  xxvi,  1912, 
101,  text,  part. — Bangs,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  378,  in  text  (crit.). — Mousley,  Auk, 
xxxiii,  1916,  66  (Hatley,  Quebec;  common;  eggs). — Jackson,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  481 
(Mamie  Lake,  Wis.). — Soper,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  497  (Wellington  and  Waterloo 
Counties,  Ontario).— Christy,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii,  1925,  210  (status  in  summer; 
Huron  Mountain,  Mich.). — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167,  in 
text,  part;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text,  part. — Grange,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlviii, 
1936,  104  (Wisconsin,  population  studies). — De  Mille,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  516 
(Mont  Luis  Lake,  Gaspe  County,  Quebec). — Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and 
Other  New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  36  (fig.,  descr.;  habits;  New  England).— 
Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xvi,  pt.  2,  1928,  258  (Lake  Nipigon  region, 
Ontario;  summer)  ;  xvii,  pt.  2,  1930,  186  (King  Township,  Ontario;  summer). — 
Snyder  and  Logier,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xviii,  pt.  1,  1931,  177  (Long  Point 
area,  Norfolk  County,  Ontario;  extirpated  or  nearly  so;  sight  record  in  1924; 
nest  and  eggs  1931).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  166,  part  (life 
hist.;  range) —Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  39.— Beebe,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xlix,  1937,  34  (Upper  Peninsula  Michigan;  as  abundant  now  as  in  past). — 
Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding  biology). — MacLulich, 
Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  13,  1938,  11  (Algonquin  Prov.  Park, 
Ontario;  common;  habitat;  spec.). — Van  Tyne,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ. 
Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  11  (Michigan,  south  to  Midland  and  Oceana  Counties; 
breeds).— Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  396  (distr.).— Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst., 
xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  126  (Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Superior,  Ontario;  varies  from 
uncommon  to  plentiful ;  breeding  records). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  214  part. — Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  96 
(tax ;  descr. ;  distr.). 

B[onasa ]  umbellus  togata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part. — 
Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74,  figure  (tarsal  feathering). 

B[onasa ]  u[mbellus]  togata  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  73  in 
text  (centr.  and  e.  Canada) .—Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  in  text  (crit.), 
206,  part  (spec.;  Maine,  Michigan,  Quebec,  and  Ontario). — Pettingill,  Proc. 
Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci.,  xix,  1937-38  (1939),  333  (Grand  Manan,  New  Bruns¬ 
wick;  mentioned).— Snyder  et  al.,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  19, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


175 


1941,  46,  in  text  (Prince  Edward  County,  Ontario;  gray  phase).— Uttal,  Auk, 
lviii,  1941,  75,  77,  and  78  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

[Bonasa]  umbellus  togata  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus. 
Zool.,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  28  in  text  (Ontario;  resident  in  greater  part  of 
province). 

[Bonasa]  [umbellus]  togata  Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  202 
in  text  (Essex  County,  Mass.). — Snyder  and  Logier,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst., 
xviii,  pt.  1,  1931,  177  in  text.— Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  391  in  text  (crit.).— Uttal, 
Auk,  lviii,  1941,  76  and  77  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

Bonasa  umbellus  thayeri  Bangs,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  378  (orig.  descr.,  Digby,  Nova 
Scotia;  meas. ;  crit.). —  [Stone],  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  426  (Digby,  Nova  Scotia). 
— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517  (Nova  Scotia)  ; 
Check-list.  ed.  4,  1931,  81.— Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  No.  4,  1930, 
156  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  crit.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  177  (habits,  etc.).— Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text.— Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40  (Nova  Scotian  Peninsula,  possibly  also 
eastern  New  Brunswick) .—Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  391  in  text  (crit.) .— Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  215. 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  thayeri  Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  73  in 
text  (Nova  Scotia). — Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  205  in  text  (crit.),  206 
(spec.). — Pettingill,  Proc.  Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci.,  xix,  1937-38  (1939),  333 
(Grand  Manan;  mentioned).— Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75  and  77  in  text  (tarsal 
feathering) . 


BONASA  UMBELLUS  AFFINIS  Aldrich  and  Friedmann 

Columbian  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (gray  phase).— Similar  to  the  corresponding  phase  of  Bonasa 
umbellus  umbellus  but  darker,  more  brownish  above,  more  heavily  barred 
below  (in  its  general  appearance  intermediate  between  the  gray  phase  of 
umbellus  and  that  of  sabini )  ;  feathers  of  top  of  head  more  solidly  blackish 
edged  with  smoke  gray,  and  basally  pale  ochraceous-tawny  on  their  hidden 
portions ;  interscapulars  and  inner  upper  wing  coverts  cinnamon-brown 
with  large  blotches  and  some  vermiculations  of  fuscous  to  black,  and  with 
pale  shaft  streaks  of  tilleul  buff  to  pale  smoke  gray;  feathers  of  upper 
back  similar  but  with  less  blackish  and  more  mottled  with  smoke  gray 
on  their  terminal  portions ;  feathers  of  lower  back,  rump,  and  uppei  tail 
coverts  Prout’s  brown,  sparingly  vermiculated  with  black,  with  broad, 
tear-shaped,  whitish  shaft  spots,  which  are  longitudinally  streaked  and 
edged  narrowly  with  black,  the  feathers  edged  with  smoke  gray,  the 
extent  of  the  terminal  gray  increasing  on  the  upper  tail  coverts ;  rectrices 
darker  gray  than  in  umbellus — smoke  gray  to  light  grayish  olive  with 
a  faint  ochraceous  tinge  especially  along  the  shaft  and  on  the  proximal 
edge  of  each  of  the  black  wavy  bands ;  and  slightly  more  heavily  vermicu¬ 
lated  with  black;  below  more  heavily  barred,  the  bars  dusky  isabellme 
to  tawny-olive,  darkening  on  the  sides  and  flanks  to  sepia  and  mummy 
brown;  the  lower  throat  and  upper  breast  more  strongly  washed  with 


176 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ochraceous-tawny  than  in  umbellus  of  the  same  phase.  The  gray  phase 
is  commoner  than  the  brown  one. 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  the  gray  phase  but  the  tail  sayal 
brown  with  a  cinnamon  wash,  instead  of  smoke  gray,  the  upperparts  of 
the  head  and  body  and  the  upper  wing  coverts  browner,  less  grayish,  more 
rufescent,  but  not  so  rufescent  as  the  brown  phase  of  sabini — the  pale 
shaft  streaks  of  the  interscapulars  pale  ochraceous-tawny,  the  upper  back 
and  the  lateral  brown  areas  of  the  interscapulars  Dresden  brown  to 
mikado  brown  vermiculated  with  blackish,  lower  back  and  rump  dark 
mikado  brown  to  rufescent  Prout’s  brown;  ventral  barrings  darker  than 
in  the  gray  phase — Dresden  brown  darkening  on  the  sides  and  flanks 
to  mummy  brown.  This  phase  is  like  the  .brown  phase  of  togata,  but  has 
the  black  markings  less  extensive. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  very  slightly  more  ru¬ 
fescent  (more  than  in  monticola  also)  above  and  with  the  ventral  bars 
darker — sepia  to  mummy  brown;  the  rectrices  and  the  outer  webs  of 
the  secondaries  bright  ochraceous-tawny. 

Downy  young.- — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  171-191  (181.7);  tail  130-170  (152.4);  culmen 
from  base  23.4-28.8  (26.3)  ;  tarsus  40.4-45.5  (  42.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.2-41.0  (37.6)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  14.5-29.2  (21.6  mm.).81 

Adult  female.  Wing  170—185  (1/6.2)  ;  tail  123—15/  (132.4)  ;  culmen 
from  base  23.9-28.4  (26.2)  ;  tarsus  36.0-42.2  (40.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.5-39.3  (35.2)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  14.0-25.0  (19.4  mm.).82 

This  race  is  intermediate  between  sabini  on  the  one  hand  and  umbelloidcs 
and  phaia  on  the  other. 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodlands  (aspen,  poplar,  and  willow 
communities)  of  the  montane  and  subalpine  forests  (Transition  and 
Canadian  Life  Zones)  ;  from  Fort  Klamath  and  Harney,  Oreg.,  north¬ 
ward,  east  of  the  Cascades,  excluding  the  mountains  of  northeastern 
Oregon,  southeastern  and  northeastern  Washington,  through  the  interior 
of  British  Columbia,  to  Hazelton,  and  to  Canyon  Island,  Taku  River,  near 
Juneau,  southeastern  Alaska.  Specimens  from  Bear  Lake  in  north-central 
British  Columbia  and  from  Telegraph  Creek  farther  to  the  northwest  in 
the  same  province  are  intermediate  between  affinis  and  umbclloides ;  birds 
from  southeastern  Alaska  are  darker  than  typical  affinis. 

The  range  of  Bonasa  umbellus  affinis,  as  here  delineated,  includes 
populations  of  much  paler  and  more  grayish  birds  from  the  more  arid 
interior  regions  of  Washington  and  Oregon.  The  extreme  examples  of 
this  type  are  found  among  specimens  from  Tunk  Mountain,  Aeneas, 
Twisp,  Mazama,  Molson,  and  Oroville,  in  Okanogan  County,  and  Swan 

111  Forty-two  specimens  from  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon. 

83  Sixteen  specimens  from  British  Columbia,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Idaho. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


177 


Lake  and  Curlew  in  Ferry  County,  Wash.  Apparently  there  is  here 
represented  a  well-marked  “ecological  race  ’  which  shows  a  greater  re¬ 
semblance  to  incana  than  anything  else  and  yet  completely  cut  off  from 
that  form  by  affinis  and  phaia.  This  may  be  a  case  of  morphological  and 
ecological  parallelism,  since  in  central  northern  Washington  the  prairie 
grassland  merges  with  the  montane  forest  in  much  the  same  way  that  it 
does  in  Utah  and  Wyoming,  where  typical  incana  occurs.  Since  the 
variation  seems  not  to  have  a  geographical  range  distinct  from  affinis,  it 
is  not  here  given  a  subspecific  name.  A  more  thorough  study  of  the 
problem  in  the  held,  however,  might  show  such  recognition  to  be  desirable 
on  the  basis  of  ecological  segregation  of  the  type  mentioned  by  Miller 
(Amer.  Midi.  Nat.,  lxxvi,  1942,  34)  in  certain  species  of  the  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  Bay  region. 

Type  locality. — Fort  Klamath,  Oreg. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbclloides  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877, 
140  (se.  Oregon;  rare). 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  Mearns,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  197,  (Fort 
Klamath,  e.  Oregon). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2, 
1895,  112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part.— Jewett,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  6 
(Baker  County,  Oreg.;  common). — Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  555  (common  in 
Wallowa  County,  Oreg.).— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167,  in 
text  (interior  of  British  Columbia;  plum.).  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text, 
part.— Kelso,  Ibis,  1926,  701  (Arrow  Lakes,  British  Columbia;  crit. ;  habits).— 
Edson,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  42  (Yakima  River,  Wash.). — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  39,  part.— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  216,  part. 

Bonasa  sabinii  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  631,  part. — Dall  and 
Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci. ;  i,  1869,  287  (Alaska;  Sitka;  and  British 
Columbia) . 

Bonasa  sabini  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  164  (Camp 
Harney,  Oreg.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  sabini  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  454,  part. — Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1877,  140, 
part  (John  Day  River,  Oreg.;  and  Fort  Colville,  Wash.). 

Bonasa  wnbellus  sabinii  Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  227,  232 
(Walla  Walla,  Wash.). 

Banana  umbellus  sabini  Merrill,  Auk,  v,  1888,  145  (Fort  Klamath,  Oreg. ,  common 
in  aspen  groves). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  223,  part. 
- — Rathbun,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  364  (Crescent  Lake,  Wash. ;  not  common). 
Shelton,  Univ.  Oregon  Bull.,  new  ser.,  xiv,  No.  4,  1917,  20,  26  (west-central 
Oregon). — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167  in  text,  part. — Racey, 
Auk,  xliii,  1926,  521  (swamp  between  Alta  and  Green  Lakes,  British  Columbia). 
. — Miller  and  Curtis,  Murrelet,  xxi,  1940,  42  (n.  of  University  of  Washington 
campus).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  215  part  (e.  slope  of 
Cascades,  Oreg.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  172, 
No.  300a,  part. — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  64,  part 
(British  Columbia,  Washington,  Oregon).— Dawson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  173 
(Okanogan  County,  Wash.). — Fannin,  Check  List  British  Columbia  Birds. 


178 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


1898,  32  (British  Columbia,  e.  of  and  including  Cascade  Mountains). — Macoun, 
Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  202,  part. — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  127,  part. — Kermode,  Cat.  British  Columbia  Birds,  1904,  26  (e.  of  and 
including  Cascade  Mountains). — Johnson,  Condor,  viii,  1906,  26  (Cheney, 
Wash.).— Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  583,  part  (e.  Wash¬ 
ington,  habits;  distr.). 

B[onasa ]  umbellus  togata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part  (e. 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory). 

Bonasa  umbellus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxiii,  1893,  85  part  (Fort 
Klamath,  Oreg.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  affinis  Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  97  (Fort 
Klamath,  Oreg.;  tax.;  crit. ;  descr. ;  distr.). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  PHAIA  Aldrich  and  Friedmann 

Idaho  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  but 
less  brownish,  more  grayish,  and  much  darker,  the  smoke  gray  of  the 
upperparts  of  the  latter  being  replaced  by  mouse  gray  to  light  grayish 
olive,  abundantly  and  heavily  vermiculated  with  black ;  the  general  dorsal 
coloration  being  more  grayish  than  brownish,  only  the  interscapulars 
and  upper  surface  of  the  wings  being  brownish — Saccardo’s  umber  to 
dusky  olive-brown  to  dull  sepia  (and  even  the  interscapulars  are  largely 
grayish  terminally)  ;  lower  back  and  rump  feathers  basally  and  laterally 
sepia,  but  this  color  less  extensive  than  the  vermiculated  gray  parts  of 
the  feathers;  below  more  heavily  barred  than  umbellus  (more  like  affinis 
and  togata ),  the  bars  pale  Saccardo’s  umber  to  mummy  brown,  the 
throat  and  breast  strongly  tinged  with  pale  ochraceous-tawny. 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  B.  u.  umbellus  but  much 
darker,  less  rufescent,  more  brownish  (more  like  the  corresponding  phase 
of  brunnescens,  but  with  more  grayish  or  dusky)  ;  the  tail  Dresden  brown 
tinged,  especialy  laterally,  with  ochraceous-tawny,  the  brown  of  the  upper 
parts  of  head,  body  and  wings  dark,  dull  Saccardo’s  umber  to  dark  Dres¬ 
den  brown,  vermiculated  with  black,  the  feathers  of  the  upper  and  lower 
back  with  a  dark  grayish  mixture;  the  feathers  of  the  rump  darkening 
to  Prout’s  brown  medially  tipped  with  dark  smoke  gray  to  pale  grayish 
olive ;  below  similar  to  the  gray  phase  but  slightly  less  buffy  on  the  breast. 

Juvenal  (male  only  seen). — Above  much  grayer  than  that  of  B.  u. 
umbellus,  even  grayer  than  the  gray-phase  juvenal  of  B.  u.  monticola,  the 
general  coloration  of  the  upper  parts  of  head,  body,  wings,  and  tail  being 
drab  to  ashy  hair  brown,  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  a  few  of 
the  feathers  of  the  back  having  ashy  tilleul-buff  shaft  stripes  and  cross 
bars  with  incomplete  broad  clove  brown  to  blackish  interspaces;  outer 
margin  of  secondaries  buffy  avellaneous,  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  with 
a  light  brownish-olive  tinge;  crown  and  occiput  dark  mouse  gray,  the 
feathers  with  broad  black  terminal  areas,  margined  and  narrowly  tipped 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


179 


with  dark  mouse  gray ;  hind  neck,  sides  of  neck,  and  breast  washed  with 
ochraceous-tawny ;  ventral  barring  mummy  brown. 

Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  175—193  (182.7)  ;  tail  141—171  (157.7)  ;  culmen 
from  base  24.8-28.6  (26.6)  ;  tarsus  39.8-46.0  (42.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.8-39.7  (37.6)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  15.7-28.8  (23.2  mm.).83 

Adult  female.— Wing  173-182  (178.6)  ;  tail  124—134  (130.2)  ;  culmen 
from  base  23.5-27.0  (25.2)  ;  tarsus  39.6-43.4  (41.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.4-37.5  (36.2)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  20.9-27.0  (23.8  mm.).81 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodlands  of  the  Idahoan  montane 
forest  (larch-pine  association)  of  the  Transition  Zone,  on  the  west  slopes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Idaho,  west  to  northeastern  Oregon  in  the 
Blue  Mountains,  southeastern  and  northeastern  Washington.  Possibly  it 
extends  farther  into  southeastern  British  Columbia,  but  no  specimens 
have  been  seen  to  establish  this  fact. 

Type  locality. — Priest  River,  Idaho. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  sabini  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  140 
(Fort  Lapwai,  Idaho). 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  172, 
No.  300a,  part. — Merriam,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891,  93  (Salmon  River 
Mountains,  south-central  Idaho)  .—Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i, 
1892,  64,  part  (Idaho) .—Merrill,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  352  (Fort  Sherman,  Idaho; 
very  abundant). — Snyder,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  243  (Diamond  Lake  and  Mount 
Carleton,  n.  Washington)  .—Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909, 
583,  part  (e.  Washington). — Rust,  Condor,  xvii,  1915,  123  (Kootenai  County, 
Idaho).— (?)  Dice,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  44  (Prescott,  se.  Washington;  rare). 
Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbelloides  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer, 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  453,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4, 
1931,  81,  part.— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  171,  part  (life  hist.) . — 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  37,  part. — Gabrielson  and  Jewett, 
Birds  Oregon,  1940,  214  part  (Blue  Mountains,  Oreg. ;  descr. ;  habits).— Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  216,  part. 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus ]  umbelloides  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  128,  part. — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  742,  part. 
B[onasa]  u[mbella ]  umbelloides  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  rev.  ed.,  1896,  585, 
part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  225  (St.  Joe  National  Forest,  Idaho). 
Bonasa  umbellus  phaios  Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  98  (Priest 
River,  Idaho;  crit. ;  tax.;  descr.;  distr.). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  INCANA  Aldrich  and  Friedmann 

Hoary  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (brown  phase). — A  very  ashy  bird,  similar  not  to  the  brown 
but  to  the  gray  phase  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus,  but  paler  and,  except 

83  Thirty-four  specimens  from  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Idaho. 

MTen  specimens  from  Washington  and  Idaho. 


180 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


for  the  tail,  less  brownish,  more  like  that  of  B.  u.  umbelloides  but  paler, 
and  less  brownish  on  the  interscapulars,  back,  and  upper  surface  of  wings ; 
the  general  color  of  the  forehead,  crown,  occiput,  nape,  upper  back,  and 
upper  wing  coverts,  light  neutral  gray  tinged  or  mixed  with  from  pale  light 
brownish  olive  to  pale  tawny-olive,  the  head  and  nape  with  very  little 
of  this  brownish  wash ;  interscapulars  with  large  fuscous  to  black  blotches 
on  the  feathers  which  are  otherwise  ashy  tilleul  buff,  basally  washed  with 
pale  ochraceous-tawny ;  feathers  of  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  snuff  brown,  tipped,  edged,  and  vermiculated  with  ashy  light 
neutral  gray  and  with  subterminal  large  tear-shaped  tilleul  buff  to  whitish 
shaft  spots  laterally  narrowly  edged  with  black  and  sparingly  speckled 
with  the  same,  rectrices  cinnamon-buff  to  pale  clay  color,  the  lateral 
feathers  the  palest,  the  terminal  inch  pale  smoke  gray  traversed  by  a 
broad  band  of  dark  dull  sepia  and  sparingly  speckled  with  fuscous,  the 
broad  dark  band  occupying  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  gray  area, 
and  breaking  up  into  a  mass  of  frecklings  on  the  median  pair  of  rectrices; 
below  as  in  B.  u.  umbellus  but  the  barrings  more  numerous,  especially 
on  the  abdomen,  and  averaging  paler— pale  ashy  buffy  drab,  and  the 
tarsus  more  fully  feathered. 

Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  the  brown  phase  but  with  the  tail 
feathers  smoke  gray  with  no  buffy  tone ;  ventral  barrings  duskier — light 
brownish  olive  darkening  to  sepia  on  the  sides  and  flanks. 

Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Dozvny  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  172-191  (181);  tail  138-164  (151.8);  oilmen 
from  base  25.3-28.8  (27.0)  ;  tarsus  40.3-14.9  (42.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  35.0-39.9  (37.4)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  12.0-22.5  (17.4  mm.).85 

Adidt  female.— Wing  165-178  (171.5)  ;  tail  120-147  (133.2)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  25.0-27.8  (26.3) ;  tarsus  36.9-44.7  (39.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  33.2-38.8  (35.0)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  13.8-21.7  (17.3  mm.).86 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodland  and  thickets  (cottonwood  and 
willow  communities)  chiefly  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  montane  forest 
(western  yellow-pine  consociation)  of  the  Transition  Zone,  but  to  some 
extent  also  in  similar  subclimax  deciduous  communities  in  the  upper 
fringe  of  the  grassland  biome  of  the  Upper  Austral  Zone,  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  from  west-central  and  central-northern  Utah,  south¬ 
eastern  Idaho,  and  central-western  Wyoming  northeastward  across 
Wyoming  and  the  Dakotas  to  northeastern  North  Dakota  (Walhalla). 
Bonasa  umbellus  incana  intergrades  with  umbelloides  in  northwestern 
Wyoming,  and  probably  also  in  the  intervening  areas  wherever  the  species 
occurs,  and  in  southern  Manitoba  in  the  aspen  parklands  and  along 

85  Twenty  specimens  from  Wyoming,  Utah,  North  Dakota,  and  southeastern  Idaho. 

80  Eight  specimens  from  Utah,  North  Dakota,  and  southeastern  Idaho. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


1S1 


cottonwood-bordered  streams.  This  race  probably  extends  to  the  southern 
limits  of  the  species’  range  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Great  Plains 
region  in  southwestern  and  north-central  Colorado  (Nucla  and  Estes 
Park)  ;  southeastern  and  central  southern  South  Dakota  (Custer  State 
Park  and  Rosebud).  No  specimens  have  been  seen  to  definitely  establish 
this,  however. 

Type  locality. — Barclay,  15  miles  east  of  Salt  Lake,  Utah. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbelloides  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.  ix,  1858,  925 
(Fort  Bridger,  Wyo.). — Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  188  (Colorado)  ; 
vii,  1875,  39  (Nevada). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  453,  part. 

Bmasa  umbellus  umbelloides  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1875,  34  (Parleys 
Park,  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
i,  1892,  67  part  (North  Dakota,  Wyoming,  Utah,  Colorado).— Cooke,  Colorado 
State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  No.  37,  1897,  70  (Colorado;  rare);  No.  44,  1898,  159 
(Colorado;  Denver);  No.  56,  1900,  202  (Colorado;  Estes  Park).— Visher, 
Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  147  (w.  South  Dakota,  brood  seen)  ;  xxviii,  1911,  10  (Harding 
County,  S.  Dak.). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  222, 
part. — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  147  (Colorado;  very  rare  resident 
at  lower  elevations  in  the  mountains). — Over  and  Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota, 
1921,  76  (South  Dakota;  abundant  in  Black  Hills).— Wood,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus. 
Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  10,  1923,  35  (North  Dakota;  common;  specs.).— 
Williams,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  29  (Red  River  Valley,  ne.  North  Dakota). 
— Fuller  and  Bole,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1930,  50  (Wyo¬ 
ming).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part.— 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  171,  part  (life  hist.).— Stanford,  Proc. 
Utah  Acad.  Sci.,  ix,  1932,  73  (Logan  Canyon,  Utah;  spec.).— Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  39  part.— Miller,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvi,  1934,  159  (near 
Experiment  Station,  s.  Utah). — Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.,  xxiv,  1937, 
87  (Boulder  County,  Colo.;  hypothetical). — Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds 
Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939,  61  (probably  now  extinct,  last  record  1898). 
—Fox,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  109  in  text  (North  Dakota;  feeding  habits).— Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  216  part  (syn. ;  distr . ) . 

Bonasa  umbellus  (3  umbelloides  Ridgway,  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  319  (Wahsatch 
Mountains,  Utah). 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  umbelloides  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  128,  part. — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  742,  part. — 
Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  in  text  (crit.),  206  part  (spec.;  North 
Dakota,  Utah,  Manitoba). 

Bonasa  unvbella  umbelloides  Drew,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  17  (Colorado). 

B[onasa\  u[mbella]  umbelloides  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  rev.  ed.,  1896,  585, 
part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  131  (mountains  of  Colo¬ 
rado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892, 
59,  part  (North  and  South  Dakota,  se.  Nebraska).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part  (Deadwood,  Dakota)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i, 
1896,  71,  part  (Utah,  Colorado). — Reagan,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  464  (Rosebud 
Reservation,  S.  Dak.;  rare).— Fox,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  109  in  text  (food  habits, 
North  Dakota). 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Grave  and  Walker,  Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  39  (Wyoming).— 
American  Ornithologists’  Union  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part. 


•653008° — 46 - 13 


182 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Bonasa  umbellus  incanus  Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  99  (Barclay, 
15  miles  e.  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah;  distr. ;  descr. ;  tax.).- — Behle,  Condor, 
xlvi,  1944,  72  (Utah). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  YUKONENSIS  Grinnell 

Yukon  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  that  of  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus  but 
much  paler,  the  palest  of  all  the  races  of  the  species,  the  whitish  areas 
above  more  extensive  and  purer  white,  less  washed  with  huffy;  nearest 
to  the  gray  phase  of  incana  but  paler,  with  more  white,  and  with  the 
most  extensive  tarsal  feathering  of  all  the  subspecies ;  the  gray  areas 
of  the  upperparts  of  head,  body,  wings,  and  tail  pale  neutral  gray  to 
smoke  gray,  the  brown,  restricted  to  the  top  of  the  head,  the  inter¬ 
scapulars,  wings,  and  middle  of  the  back,  is  pale  tawny-olive  to  pale 
Saccardo’s  umber;  below  as  in  umbellus  but  more  abundantly  barred 
with  huffy  drab. 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  the  gray  phase  but  with  the  tail 
between  sayal  brown  and  Saccardo’s  umber  distally  vermiculated  and 
washed  with  smoke  gray,  with  the  feathers  of  the  interscapulars,  back, 
and  rump  with  very  broad  transverse  subterminal  bands  of  mummy  brown 
(these  bands  present  but  concealed  in  the  gray  phase),  and  with  the 
ventral  barrings  darker — Dresden  brown  to  mummy  brown. 

Juvenal  (female  only  seen). — Above  much  grayer  than  any  seen  of 
B.  u.  umbellus,  nearest  to  that  of  B.  u.  phaia,  the  general  coloration  of 
the  upper  side  of  the  head,  body,  and  wings  being  drab  to  hair  brown, 
the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  crown,  and  upper  back  being  broadly  trans¬ 
versely  blotched  with  fuscous  to  black,  and  with  pale  tilleul-buff  shaft 
streaks  and  narrow  cross  bars  of  slightly  darker  tilleul  buff ;  rectrices  as 
in  phaios  but  slightly  more  washed  with  drab. 

Doivny  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  174-190  (182);  tail  129-168  (148.5);  oilmen 
from  base  24.9-29.1  (26.8)  ;  tarsus  38.3-45.0  (42.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34—38.5  (36.7);  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  8.8-15.7  (11.2  mm.).87 

Adult  female. — Wing  170-182  (177.6)  ;  tail  127-137  (130.8)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  24—27.9  (  26.6)  ;  tarsus  38.8—43.5  (41.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  33-37  (34.9)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  7.3-14.9  (11.0  mm.).88 

Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodlands  (aspen,  poplar,  and  willow 
communities)  chiefly  in  the  white-spruce,  pine,  and  larch  association,  in 
the  ecotone,  between  the  northern  coniferous  and  tundra  biomes  (Hudson- 
ian  Life  Zone)  ;  from  western  Alaska  (Akiak  and  Nulato)  eastward 
across  Alaska,  chiefly  in  the  valleys  of  the  Yukon  and  Kuskokwim  Rivers, 

87  Thirty-four  specimens  from  Alaska,  Mackenzie,  and  northern  Alberta. 

88  Ten  specimens  Alaska,  Mackenzie,  and  northern  Alberta, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


183 


across  Yukon  from  Selkirk  and  the  Lewes  River  Valley,  north  to  La 
Pierre  House,  east  at  least  to  Great  Slave  Lake  and  Lake  Athabaska, 
and  southward  along  the  Liard  River,  at  least  t©  Fort  Liard,  Mackenzie, 
and  along  the  Athabaska  River  to  Fort  McMurray,  Alberta.  There  are 
records  of  ruffed  grouse  from  farther  east  in  the  Hudsonian  Zone  of 
northern  Manitoba  (Brochet  and  York  Factory)  which  may  also  belong 
to  this  race,  but  specimens  have  not  been  seen  to  substantiate  this. 
Although  primarily  a  Hudsonian  Zone  form,  yukonensis  apparently  in¬ 
cludes  within  its  range  a  sizable  area  characterized  by  pure  coniferous 
forest  climax  (Canadian  Zone)  in  southwestern  Mackenzie  and  northern 
Alberta. 

Type  locality. — Forty-mile,  Yukon,  on  Yukon  River,  near  Alaska 
boundary. 

Tetrao  umbellus  (not  of  Linnaeus,  1766)  Sabine,  Append.  Franklins  Journ.,  1823, 
697,  part. — Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1932), 
342,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1869,  287 
(Nulato,  Alaska). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  85,  part 
(Nulato,  Fort  Simpson)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  71,  part  (Alaska). 
B[onasa\  umbellus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  ii,  741,  part. 
T[etrao]  umbelloides  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  148  in  text, 
part. 

B[onasa]  umbelloides  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  319  (Alaska). 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbelloides  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  453,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  Nelson,  Cruise  Corwin  in  1881  (1883),  80  (Bering 
Sea  coast  of  Alaska— Bristol  Bay).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check¬ 
list,  1686,  172,  No.  300b,  part. — Turner,  Contr.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1886,  152 
(Yukon  Valley). — Nelson,  Rep.  Nat.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  1887,  131  (lower  Yukon 
Valley;  ICoviak  Peninsula).— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892, 
67,  part  (Yukon  River) .— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  203,  part  (Alaska). 
— Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  1,  1900,  75  (Kotzebue  Sound  region; 
a  few;  Kowak  River). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909, 
222,  part. — Grinnell,  Condor,  xi,  1909,  204  (Forty  Mile,  Yukon  Territory; 
spec.);  xii,  1910,  42  (Russian  Mission,  lower  Yukon;  Fort  Yukon;  spec.).— 
Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1909,  340,  part  (n.  Mackenzie  to  lat. 
63°  N.). 

B[onasa]  umbellus  umbelloides  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part 
(Yukon  valley). 

Bonasa  umbellus  sabini  Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  223,  part. 
Bonasa  umbellus  yukonensis  Grinnell,  Condor,  xviii,  1916,  166  (orig.  descr.,  Forty- 
mile,  Yukon  Territory;  crit. ;  meas. ;  distr.).— [Stone],  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  426 
(Yukon  Territory).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517 
(interior  of  Yukon  Territory  and  Alaska)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  81  (distr.). 
Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  167,  in  text. — -Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Bull.  162,  1932,  177  (habits).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  39- 
Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text. — Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  396  (distr.). 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  217  (distr.;  syn.). 
Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  100  (tax.;  distr.;  descr.). 


184 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


B[onasa ]  u[mbellus ]  yukonensis  Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  in  text  (crit.) , 
206  (spec.,  Yukon  Territory). — Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75,  76  in  text  (tarsal 
feathering) . 

[Bonasa]  [ umbellus ]  yukonensis  Todd,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  394  in  text. — Uttal,  Auk,  lviii, 
1941,  76,  77,  78  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

BONASA  UMBELLUS  UMBELLOIDES  (Douglas) 

Gray  Ruffed  Grouse 

Adult  (gray  phase). — Similar  to  the  corresponding  phase  of  Bonasa 
umbellus  umbellus  but  much  less  brownish,  more  grayish  and  darker, 
being  closest  in  appearance  to  the  gray  phase  of  phaia  from  which  it 
differs  in  being  paler  gray  (and  the  brown  areas  paler  also)  above,  less 
heavily  barred  below,  and  with  a  longer  part  of  the  tarsus  feathered. 
1  he  gray  of  the  feathers  of  the  nape,  back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts, 
and  the  tail  smoke  gray  lightly  vermiculated  with  fuscous  to  blackish  ; 
the  brown  areas  of  the  interscapulars  cinnamon-brown  to  russet  heavily 
blotched  with  black ;  the  brown  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  dull 
Saccardo’s  umber  speckled  and  washed  with  grayish ;  below  more  heavily 
banded  than  umbellus,  less  so  than  phaia,  the  brown  bands  averaging 
slightly  darker  than  in  umbellus — pale  tawny-olive  darkening  on  the 
sides  and  flanks  to  sepia;  tarsus  feathered  for  more  than  half  its  length. 

Adult  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  the  gray  phase  but  with  the  tail 
tawny-olive  instead  of  gray  and  interscapulars  and  upper  surface  of  the 
wings  slightly  more  extensively  brownish,  and  the  breast  and  upper  ab¬ 
domen  averaging  more  washed  with  tawny-buff. 

Juvenal  (brown  phase). — Similar  to  the  corresponding  plumage  of 
B.  u.  umbellus  but  less  rufescent,  more  grayish,  the  general  color  of  the 
upperparts  of  the  head,  body,  and  wings  being  buffy  brown  to  grayish 
olive-brown,  the  rectrices  between  wood  brown  and  drab;  ventral  barring 
darker — grayish  buffy  brown. 

Juvenal  (gray  phase). — Like  the  brown  phase  but  gray — the  ground 
color  of  the  upperparts  of  the  body  and  wings  and  tail  being  grayish  drab 
to  ashy  hair  brown;  ventral  barrings  darker — mummy  brown,  the  under¬ 
parts  less  washed  with  buffy. 

Downy  young. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  nominate  race. 
Adult  male.  Wing  1/1—195  (182.6)  ;  tail  144—174  (157.7)  ;  culmen 
from  base  24.4—29.4  (26.3)  ;  tarsus  39-45.5  (42.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  35.0-40.6  (37.5) ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  10.9-24.0  (17.7)  mm.).89 

Adult  female.— Wing  169-180  (174.6)  ;  tail  125-134  (130.4);  culmen 
from  base  2 3.6-27.6  (25.6)  ;  tarsus  37.5-43.2  (41.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  33.8-36.3  (34.9)  ;  unfeathered  part  of  tarsus  10.9-17.8  (15.3  mm.).90 

H9  Forty-three  specimens  from  Alberta,  northern  British  Columbia,  and  Montana. 
“Eleven  specimens  from  Alberta,  British  Columbia,  Montana,  and  northwestern 
Wyoming. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


185 


Range. — Subclimax  deciduous  woodland  (aspen,  poplar,  and  willow 
communities)  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  subalpine  forest  (Engelmann 
spruce— alpine  fir  association)  and  the  northern  coniferous  forest  (white 
spruce-balsam  fir  association)  in  the  Canadian  Life  Zone;  from  north¬ 
western  British  Columbia  (Atlin)  southward  along  the  east  slopes  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  central  eastern  Idaho  and  northwestern  Wyo¬ 
ming;  eastward  through  the  aspen  parkland  and  spruce-fir  forest  of  the 
prairie  provinces  of  Canada,  north  to  middle  Manitoba  (Oxford  House) 
and  south  to  southwestern  Ontario  (Lake  of  the  Woods),  across  On¬ 
tario  between  Lake  Superior  and  James  Bay  and  across  Quebec  to  the 
north  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.91 

Type  locality. — Henry  House,  Alberta. 

Tetrao  wnbellus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  vi,  1812,  45,  part  (Moose 
Fort,  Hudson  Bay ;  also  the  mountains  that  divide  the  waters  of  the  Columbia 
and  the  Missouri  Rivers). — Sabine,  Append.  Franklin’s  Journ.,  1823,  697,  part. — 
Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor. -Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  342,  part. — 
Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1832  (printed  by  Whittaker,  Treacher, 
and  Arnot)  249,  part;  ii,  1832  (?)  (printed  by  Cassell,  Fetter,  and  Galpin) 
251,  part  (Moose  Fort,  Hudson  Bay). — Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  Gallina¬ 
ceous  Birds,  pt.  ii,  Game  birds,  1834,  149,  part  (banks  of  the  Saskatchewan). — 
Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  202,  part  (Saskatchewan  to  Labrador)  ;  Orn.  Biogr., 
v,  1839,  560,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  72,  part  (banks  of  Sas¬ 
katchewan). — Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  ed.  by  Brewer,  1840,  430,  part. 

T[etrao]  wnbellus  Wilson  and  Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1871,  265,  part  (Moose 
Fort,  Hudson  Bay). 

Bonasa  umbellus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  630,  part  (Hudson  Bay 
Territory). — Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  1860, 
630  in  table,  part  (Red  River,  Hudson  Bay  Territory). — Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863, 
127  (forks  of  Saskatchewan  to  Hudson  Bay).— Turner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
viii,  1885,  245  (Labrador). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
85,  part  (Hudson  Bay)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  i,  1896,  71,  part. — Nutting,  Bull. 
Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  Iowa,  ii,  1893,  266  (Lower  Saskatchewan  River).— 
Coubeaux,  Ottawa  Nat.,  1909,  27  (s.  Saskatchewan)  .—Taverner,  Auk,  xxxvi, 
1919,  13  (Red  Deer  River,  Alberta)  264  in  text  (Miquelon  Lake,  near  Camrose, 
Alberta);  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  50,  1928,  92  (near  Belvedere,  Alberta).— 
Shortt  and  Waller,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  10,  1937,  17  (Lake 


81  Although  specimens  from  northern  Ontario  and  middle  Quebec  average  slightly 
darker  and  have  a  greater  proportion  of  the  tarsus  unfeathered  than  typical 
umbelloides  from  the  east  slopes  of  the  Canadian  Rockies,  the  difference  seems  to 
be  too  slight  to  recognize  as  a  distinct  subspecies.  These  characters  merely  indicate 
the  trend  toward  intergradation  between  umbelloides  and  togata.  Therefore, 
cancscens  Todd  becomes  a  synonym  of  umbelloides.  Ruffed  grouse  recorded  farther 
east  in  Quebec  (Anticosti  Island,  Natashquan,  and  Wolf  Bay)  and  in  south¬ 
eastern  Labrador  (Hamilton  Inlet  and  Sandwich  Bay)  may  belong  to  this  race 
also,  but  no  specimens  from  these  regions  have  been  examined  in  the  present  study. 

Specimens  from  southern  Manitoba  (Shoal  Lake  and  Carberry)  are  intermediate 
between  umbelloides,  incana,  and  mediana,  but  on  average  characters,  particularly 
relatively  short  unfeathered  tarsus,  they  seem  a  little  closer  to  umbelloides. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


St.  Martin  region,  Manitoba).— Clarke,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  96,  1940,  48 
(Thelon  Game  Sanctuary,  northwestern  Canada). 

B[onasa]  umbellus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903,  741,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  subsp.  Richmond  and  Knowlton,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  302  (Taylors 
Fork,  Mont.).— Betts,  Condor,  xviii,  1916,  162  (Flathead  River,  Mont.).— 
Austin,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  7,  1932,  73  (Newfoundland  Labrador). 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbellus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  448,  453,  part. 

T[etrao]  umbelloides  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  148,  in  text, 
part  (“valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  54°  North  latitude  .  .  .”). 

Bonasa  umbelloides  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23,  part; 
Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  2  and  text,  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  var.  umbelloides  Merriam,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr., 
1873,  699  (e.  Idaho  and  w.  Wyoming). — Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  425, 
part— Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  448, 
part,  pi.  61,  fig.  10. 

[Bonasa  umbellus]  var.  umbelloides,  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  235,  part. 

[Bonasa  umbellus]  b.  var.  umbelloides  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  421  part. 

Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part. — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  172,  No.  300b;  ed.  2,  1895, 
112;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part. — Thompson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  xiii,  1891,  509  (w.  Manitoba). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i, 
1892,  67,  part. — Fannin,  Check  List  British  Columbia  Birds,  1898,  32  (British 
Columbia;  Rocky  Mountain  district). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  145  (plum,  and 
molt). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  203  (Manitoba  and  Alberta.) — Brooks, 
Auk,  xx,  1903,  281  (Cariboo  District,  British  Columbia). — Kermode,  Cat.  British 
Columbia  Birds,  1904,  26  (British  Columbia;  Rocky  Mountains). — Preble,  North 
Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  340,  part  (Alberta). — Coubeaux,  Ottawa  Nat.,  1909, 
27  (s.  Saskatchewan).— Stansell,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  393  (nw.  Edmonton,  Al¬ 
berta;  very  common). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  222, 
Part. — Ferry,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  198  (Prince  Albert,  Saskatchewan;  common), 
204  (Quill  Lake,  Saskatchewan). — DuBois,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  468  (e.  Alberta). 
— Riley,  Can.  Alpine  Journ.,  1912,  57  (Henry  House,  Alberta). — Grave  and 
Walker,  Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  39  (fairly  common;  nw.  Wyoming). — Saun¬ 
ders,  Condor,  xvi,  1914,  131  (n.  Montana,  4,500-6,000  feet) ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  14,  1921,  57  (Montana;  habits;  distr.). — Grinnell,  Condor,  xviii,  1916,  166 
in  text  (crit.). — Swarth,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxx,  1926,  85  (Atlin 
region,  British  Columbia). — Skinner,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  237  (Yellowstone 
Park). — Kemsies,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  204  (Yellowstone  Park,  Wyo.). — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  171,  part  (habits,  etc.). — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  39,  part. — Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text, 
part. — Cowan,  Occ.  Pap.  British  Columbia  Prov.  Mus.,  No.  1,  1939,  27  (Peace 
River  district,  British  Columbia;  abundant;  eggs;  young;  spec.) — Todd,  Auk, 
lvii,  1940,  394,  in  text  (crit.),  396  (distr.). — Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74,  figure 
(tarsal  feathering). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
216,  part. — Aldrich  and  Friedmann,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  99  (tax.;  descr. ;  distr.). 

Bonasa  umbella  umbelloides  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No. 
566,  part ;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  585,  part. 

Bonasa  u[mbellus]  umbelloides  Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  126. 

B[onasa]  umbellus  umbelloides  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part. 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  umbelloides. — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  128,  part  (distr.;  descr.). — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  5,  ii,  1903, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


187 


742,  part. — Saunders,  Condor,  xiv,  1912,  25  in  text  (sw.  Montana,  at  lower 
elevations) .—Conover,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  204  in  text,  206,  part  (spec.;  Al¬ 
berta;  British  Columbia;  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan). — Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941, 
75,  76  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

B[onasa]  u[mbella]  umbelloides  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  rev.  ed.,  1896,  585, 
part. 

[Bonasa  umbellus ]  umbelloides  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  75,  76,  77,  78  in  text  (tarsal 
feathering). 

Bonasa  umbellus  togata  Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  64,  part. — 
Nutting,  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  Iowa,  ii,  1893,  266  (lower  Sas¬ 
katchewan  River). — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895, 
111 ;  ed.  3,  1910,  140,  part;  ed.  4,  1931,  81,  part.— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900, 
202,  part. — Fleming,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  37  (Parry  Sound  and  Muskoka,  Ontario; 
plentiful). — Bailey,  Handbook  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  127,  part. — 
Brooks,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  281  (Cariboo  District,  British  Columbia). — Seton,  Auk, 
xxv,  1908,  71  (Fort  Resolution;  not  seen  or  heard  east  of  Great  Slave  Delta). — 
Stansell,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  393  (nw.  Edmonton,  Alberta;  very  common).— 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  220,  part  (Cariboo  District, 
British  Columbia). — Townsend  and  Bent,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  13  (Natashquan  and 
Betchewun,  Labrador). — Saunders,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  35  (Gallatin  County, 
Mont.;  abundant)  ;  Condor,  xiv,  1912,  25  (sw.  Montana;  common)  ;  xviii,  1916, 
86  in  text  (Flathead  Lake,  Montana)  ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1921,  57 
(Montana;  common;  distr. ;  habits).— Macnamara,  Ottawa  Nat.,  xxvi,  1912, 
101,  in  text,  part.— Townsend,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  6  (Labrador,  Natashquan  River). 
— Rust,  Condor,  xix,  1917,  32  (Freemont  County,  Idaho — Little  Dry  Creek 
Canyon,  and  near  Rea  Post  Office).— Burleigh,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  553  (War- 
land,  Lincoln  County,  Mont.;  common  in  the  valleys). — Rowan,  Auk,  xxxix, 
1922,  227  (Indian  Bay,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Manitoba) .—Mitchell,  Can.  Field 
Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  common  resident). — Taverner,  Birds 
Western  Canada,  1926,  167  in  text,  part;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  155  in  text,  part.— 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  166,  part  (Manitoba).— Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  214,  part  (n.  Quebec,  n.  Ontario). 

B[onasa\  umbellus  togata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  198,  part  (Moose 
Factory). 

B[onasa]  u[mbellus]  togata  Saunders,  Condor,  xvi,  1914,  131  in  text  (s.  Montana). — 
Taverner,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  50,  1928,  92  (near  Belvedere,  Alberta;  spec.). 

Bonasa  umbellus  canescens  Todd  (not  “Bonasa  canescens  Sparrm.”  Menzbier,  Vdg. 
Russl.,  i,  1895,  480) ,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  395  (Abitibi  River,  n.  Ontario ;  descr. ;  distr. ; 
crit.),  396  (distr.). 

B[onasa]  u[mbelhis]  canescens  Uttal,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  74  in  text  (tarsal  feathering). 

Genus  PEDIOECETES  Baird 

Pedioecetes  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  xxi,  xliv.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Tetrao  phasianellus  Linnaeus.) 

Pedioecetes  (emendation)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  625. 

Pediaecaetes  (emendation)  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1864,  23. 

Pedieccetes  (emendation)  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  Introd.,  5. 

Pedioccetus  (emendation)  Sundevall,  Tentamen,  1873,  114. 

Pediocoetus  (emendation)  Sundevall,  Tentamen,  1873,  176. 

Pedioecetes  (emendation)  Sclater,  Ibis,  1863,  109,  footnote. 

Medium-sized  terrestrial  grouse  (length  about  381-483  mm.)  with 

neither  elongated  feathers  nor  air  sacs  on  sides  of  neck  and  with  the 


188 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


tail  (not  including  elongated  middle  rectrices)  much  less  than  half  as 
long  as  wing,  strongly  graduated,  the  middle  pair  of  rectrices  projecting 
much  beyond  the  next,  narrow,  with  parallel  edges  and  subtruncate  tips. 

Bill  relatively  small  (from  frontal  antiae  about  one-fourth  as  long 
as  rest  of  head),  its  depth  at  frontal  antiae  about  equal  to  or  slightly 
exceeding  its  width  at  same  point ;  culmen  rounded  (not  ridged)  ;  maxil¬ 
lary  tomium  distinctly  and  regularly  concave  or  arched;  rhamphotheca 
wholly  smooth.  Wing  moderate,  strongly  concave  beneath,  the  longest 
primaries  exceeding  longest  secondaries  by  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  wing;  third  and  fourth  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost)  inter¬ 
mediate  between  sixth  and  seventh;  outer  primaries  distinctly  bowed  or 
incurved,  the  inner  web  of  four  or  five  outer  ones  distinctly  emarginate. 
Tail  much  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing  (not  including  elongated  middle 


rectrices),  strongly  graduated  almost  wholly  concealed  by  coverts,  the 
middle  pair  of  rectrices  projecting  much  beyond  the  next  pair,  rather 
narrow,  with  parallel  edges  and  subtruncate  tips;  rectrices  (18)  rather 
soft.  Tarsus  between  one-fourth  and  one-fifth  as  long  as  wing,  com¬ 
pletely  clothed  with  long,  soft,  hair-like  feathers,  these,  in  winter  plumage, 
concealing  basal  half  or  more  of  toes;  middle  toe  slightly  shorter  than 
tarsus92 ;  lateral  toes  extending  to  or  a  little  beyond  penultimate  articulation 
of  middle  toe ;  hallux  about  as  long  as  second  phalanx  of  middle  toe ; 
upper  side  of  toes  with  a  continuous  series  of  transverse  scutella,  with 

92  Owing  to  the  extensive  and  dense  feathering,  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  accurate 
measurements  of  length  of  tarsus  and  middle  toe. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


189 


a  row  of  rather  long  scutella  along  each  side,  outside  of  which  are  long 
fringelike  processes  or  pectinations  (at  least  in  winter)  ;  claws  relatively 
long  and  slender,  slightly  curved. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  crown  distinctly  elongated,  cle- 
curved,  forming,  when  erected,  a  rather  conspicuous  crest;  no  elongated 
feathers  on  sides  of  neck,  and  no  obvious  cervical  air  sacs ;  plumage 
in  general  rather  soft,  the  feathers  of  upperparts  distinctly  outlined, 
rounded,  the  plumage  of  lower  abdomen,  anal  region,  etc.,  soft,  hairlike, 
and  blended.  Upperparts  variegated  with  tawny-brown  and  blackish, 
the  scapulars  and  wings  spotted  with  white  or  huffy;  rectrices  (except 
two  middle  pairs)  mostly  white  distally;  underparts  white,  the  breast 
and  sides  with  V-shaped  markings  of  dusky,  the  chin,  throat,  and  fore 
neck  mostly  buff. 

Range. — Open  districts  of  northwestern  and  central  North  America, 
from  prairies  of  upper  Mississippi  Valley,  north  side  of  Lake  Superior, 
northwestern  Ontario,  and  western  Ungava  to  central  Alberta,  north¬ 
western  British  Columbia,  northeastern  California,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 
(Monotypic.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  (LINNAEUS) 

a.  Darker  above,  the  black  or  dark  fuscous  areas  predominating,  giving  an  appear¬ 
ance  of  a  dark  bird  barred  with  buffy  brown  and  spotted  with  white. 

b.  Upperparts  very  dark,  the  brownish  barrings  and  edges  and  tips  of  feathers 
of  mantle  and  upper  back  much  reduced,  marks  in  inner  portions  of  vanes 
very  narrow  or  absent ;  feathers  of  breast  dark  buffy  brown  with  only  narrow 
white  shaft  stripes  (central  and  northern  Mackenzie). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  kennicottii  (p.  193) 
bb.  Upperparts  less  dark,  the  brownish  barrings  and  edges  and  tips  of  feathers  well 
developed. 

c.  White  spots  on  upperparts  much  reduced  ;  feathers  of  breast  pale  buffy  brown 
with  fairly  broad  white  shaft  stripes  (Hudson’s  Bay  region). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  (p.  194) 
cc.  White  spots  on  the  upperparts  large  and  prominent ;  feathers  of  breast  white, 
merely  edged  with  dark  olive-brown  (Alaska,  the  Yukon  district  to  ex¬ 
treme  northern  British  Colombia) . 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  caurus  (p.  190) 

cia.  Paler  above,  the  brown  areas  larger,  the  blackish  ones  more  hidden,  giving  the 
appearance  of  a  brownish  bird  mottled  with  blackish. 
b.  Brown  of  upperparts  more  rufescent— ochraceous-tawny  to  almost  hazel  (Illi¬ 
nois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  southern  Manitoba). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris  (p.  203) 
bb.  Brown  of  upperparts  less  rufescent — buckthorn  brown  to  tawny-olive. 

c.  Smaller  and  paler;  tail  averaging  less  than  110  mm.,  height  of  bill  at  base 
averaging  12  mm.,  brown  of  upperparts  pale,  grayish  tawny-olive  (from 
north-central  British  Columbia  to  northern  California  (Modoc  region), 
Nevada,  Utah,  and  southwestern  Colorado). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  (p.  200) 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cc.  Larger  and  darker  brown  of  upperparts  buckthorn  brown;  tail  averaging 
over  115  mm.,  height  of  bill  at  base  averaging  13  mm.  (Great  Plains  area 
from  north-central  Alberta,  central  Saskatchewan,  to  (all  but  extreme 
western)  Montana,  the  Dakotas,  Wyoming,  western  Nebraska,  and  north¬ 
eastern  Colorado) . Pedioecetes  phasianellus  jamesi  (p.  196) 

PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  CAURUS  Friedmann 

Alaskan  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 

Adult  male  (autumn). — Forehead  fuscous  to  fuscous-black,  the  feathers 
tipped  with  dark  snuff  brown ;  feathers  of  the  crown  and  occiput  similar 
but  crossed  with  widely  spaced  whitish  bars  and  tipped  with  cinnamon- 
buff;  the  pale  bars  more  abundant,  less  widely  spaced  on  the  lateral 
coronal  feathers,  and  blending  into  a  fairly  definite  whitish  or  buffy 
whitish  superciliary  stripe  on  each  side ;  nape  like  the  sides  of  the  crown 
but  washed  with  pale  ochraceous-buff ;  “mantle,”  i.  e.,  interscapulars, 
fuscous-black  broadly  barred  with  white,  the  more  distal  bars,  especially 
on  the  more  posterior  feathers,  washed  with  pale  ochraceous-buff;  feathers 
of  sides  of  neck  and  of  breast  similar  to  anterior  interscapulars ;  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  fuscous-black,  broadly  but  incompletely 
barred  with  cinnamon-buff  to  tawny-olive,  the  latter  color  often  sparsely 
vermiculated  with  fuscous-black,  and  broadly  tipped  with  pale  cinnamon- 
buff  to  pinkish  buff,  darkest  on  the  back  and  becoming  paler  on  the 
rump  and  upper  tail  coverts ;  scapulars  and  inner  median  and  greater 
upper  wing  coverts  like  the  upper  back  but  with  the  brownish  areas 
more  extensive  (at  the  expense  of  the  blackish  parts)  and  each  feather 
with  a  large  terminal  white  wedge-shaped  spot ;  rest  of  the  upper  wing 
coverts  and  the  secondaries  grayish  olive-brown  externally  incompletely 
and  sparsely  barred  with  white,  the  coverts  with  terminal  white  spots 
on  their  outer  webs,  the  secondaries  completely  edged  with  white  on 
the  tips  of  both  webs;  primaries  grayish  olive-brown  with  white  spots 
on  the  outer  webs ;  median  rectrices  pinkish  buff  longitudinally  and  trans¬ 
versely  marbled  with  fuscous-black;  the  next  pair  largely  fuscous-black 
tipped  with  white  and  with  their  outer  webs  mixed  with  white;  lateral 
recti  ices  white  with  dusky  smudges  along  the  shafts;  circumocular  region 
fuscous-black ;  lores,  subocular  stripe,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  pale  ochra¬ 
ceous-buff  dappled  with  dusky ;  the  dusky  markings  concentrating  on 
either  side  to  form  a  fairly  distinct  malar  stripe ;  the  auriculars  tipped 
with  fuscous-black;  chin  and  upper  throat  whitish  suffused  with  pale 
ochraceous-buff  and  with  many  small  pale  clove-brown  spots  ;  lower  throat 
white,  the  feathers  narrowly  edged  with  dark  olive-brown ;  breast  feathers 
white  with  heavy  margins  of  dark  olive-brown;  feathers  of  sides  and 
flanks  white  barred  with  dark  olive-brown,  the  more  posterior  of  these 
feathei  s  with  considerable  tawny-olive  on  their  outer  webs  and  with  the 
dark  bars  darker — clove  brown  to  almost  fuscous ;  upper  abdomen  and 
sides  of  lower  abdomen  white  with  a  few  small  dark  olive-brown  sub- 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


191 


terminal  V-shaped  marks;  center  of  abdomen  and  under  tail  coverts 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  pale  ashy  buff ;  thighs  pale  light  cinnamon- 
drab,  the  distal  tarsal  plumes  paler,  more  whitish  and  very  long,  covering 
all  but  the  claw  of  the  middle  toe. 

Adult  male  (spring). — Similar  to  the  fresh  autumn  plumage  but  gen¬ 
erally  darker,  the  pale  tips  and  margins  of  the  feathers  reduced  by  wear ; 
the  tarsal  plumes  shorter  (also  because  of  wear). 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  the  plumage  of  the  male  in  comparable 
degree  of  freshness  or  abrasion,  but  with  the  median  rectrices  more  strictly 
transversely  barred,  less  longitudinally  marbled. 

JuvenaP3.- — Crown  and  occiput  hazel  with  a  median,  longitudinal, 
posteriorly  broadening  black  stripe ;  interscapulars,  scapulars,  greater  and 
median  upper  wing  coverts,  and  inner  secondaries  irregularly  barred  and 
blotched  with  fuscous-black  and  cinnamon-buff  to  tawny-olive  as  in  the 
adults  but  with  prominent  white  shaft  stripes  and  without  white  bars 
or  spots ;  the  upper  wing  coverts  with  the  brownish  areas  duller  than 
the  interscapulars ;  primaries  and  outer  secondaries  similar  to  the  adult 
but  terminally  more  pointed ;  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  generally  similar  to  the  adult ;  rectrices  as  in  the  adult  but  the 
median  ones  shorter,  and  all,  especially  the  lateral  ones,  less  whitish, 
more  buffy,  and  more  mottled  and  speckled  with  dusky  brownish ;  the 
median  two  pairs  with  a  broad  buffy  whitish  median  stripe ;  chin,  throat, 
and  sides  of  head  cream  buff  to  colonial  buff ;  lower  throat,  breast,  and 
upper  abdomen  dirty  white  spotted  with  clove  brown  and  sepia,  the 
feathers  of  the  sides  of  the  neck  similar  but  with  white  shaft  stripes ; 
sides  and  flanks  similar  but  with  the  spots  paler  drab  to  somewhat  tawny- 
drab  ;  abdomen  dirty  white  almost  unspotted ;  thighs  tinged  strongly  with 
colonial  buff. 

Downy  young. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  mustard  yellow, 
tinged  on  the  occiput  and  nape  with  pale  ochraceous-buff ;  a  black  median 
line,  beginning  as  a  spot  on  the  base  of  the  oilmen  extending  back  to 
the  crown  where  it  bifurcates  forming  a  loop  on  the  occiput,  the  two 
branches  reuniting  on  the  nape ;  a  few  small  black  spots  lateral  to  this 
on  the  anterior  part  of  the  occiput  and  on  the  nape;  rest  of  upperparts 
straw  yellow  tinged  strongly  on  the  middorsal  line  with  ochraceous- 
tawny,  and  blotched  and  streaked  broadly  with  black,  these  markings 
more  or  less  confining  the  ochraceous  spinal  areas  and  also  forming  semi- 
transverse  humeral  lines ;  sides  of  head  bright  light  mustard  yellow,  with 
a  black  spot  on  the  auriculars ;  underparts  bright  straw  yellow,  tinged 
with  mustard  yellow  on  the  chin,  throat,  and  side. 

Adult  male.— Wing  196—212  (203.2);  tail  113-125  (118.7);  culmen, 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril,  10.3-11.8  (10.9)  ;  tarsus  40.4—44.3  (42.3)  ; 


03  Female  only  seen,  but  sexes  undoubtedly  alike. 


192 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


middle  toe  without  claw  36-39.2  (38.1)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  10.3-12.4 
(11.5  mm,).94 

Adult  female. — Wing  190-202  (196.3)  ;  tail  107-119  (111.9)  ;  oilmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  9.9-11.9  (10.8);  tarsus  39.2-42.8  (41.2); 
middle  toe  without  claw  35.7-39.3  (37.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  10.9- 
12.5  (11.8  mm.).95 

Range. — Resident  from  north-central  Alaska  (Circle,  Fairbanks,  Tan- 
ana,  Tanana-  Crossing,  north  fork  of  Kuskokwim  River,  Delta  and  Taklat 
Rivers)  to  southern  Yukon  (Tagish  Lake  on  the  Yukon  River— 
British  Columbia  border)  and  to  extreme  northeastern  Alberta  (Fort 
Chippewyan,  Smith  Landing,  Fort  Smith,  and  Peace  Point). 

Type  locality. — Fairbanks,  Alaska. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Dall  and  Bannister,  Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1869 
28 7  (Nulato  to  Fort  Yukon). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No, 
308,  part.— Nelson,  Birds  Alaska,  1887,  139  part  (Alaska;  nesting).’ 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  97,  part  1. 
Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Osgood,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  30,  1907,  87  (Yukon 
1  erritory ,  Macmillan  River;  Thirtymile  River,  Seltark,  and  Pelly  region). 
Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  144  part  (central  Alaska). — Brooks  and  Swarth,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  17,  1925,  52  (extreme  northwestern  British  Columbia;  Tagish  Lake, 
and  Hudson’s  Hope,  upper  Peace  River). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172 
in  text,  part;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  161,  in  text,  part. — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  86,  part  (central  Alaska). — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40  part. 

[Tetrao]  columbianus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9830  part  (?). 
P[ediocostes]  phasianellus  columbicmus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
204,  part  (Fort  Yukon,  Alaska). 

Pediocetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States 
1902,  132,  part  (Alaska). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  2,  1895,  116  part  (central  Alaska). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  kennicottii  Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol.  serv.,  No.  40, 
1935,  4,  48,  part  (monogr.,  crit.)  ;  Occ.  Pap.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool,  No.  2, 
1935,  2,  part  (monogr.).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 

1942,  221  part  (syn.,  distr.). 

P[edioecetes]  p[hasianellus\  kennicottii  Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184,  part  (distr.). 
P[ediocetes\  p[hasianellus ]  kennicotti  Cowan,  Occ.  Papers,  British  Columbia  Prov. 

Mus.,  No.  1,  1939,  27  (Peace  River  district,  British  Columbia). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  counts  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 

1943,  190  (Fairbanks,  Alaska;  descr. ;  distr.;  crit.). 


04  Thirteen  specimens  from  Alaska,  Yukon,  and  extreme  northern  Alberta. 
90  Thirty-three  specimens  from  Alaska. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


193 


PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  KENN1COTTII  Suckley 

Mackenzie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Much  darker  and  less  barred  and  spotted  than  P.  p. 
caurus;  forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  mummy  brown  to  dark  sepia ; 
a  narrow  whitish  loreal-superciliary  stripe  on  each  side  running  posteriory 
in  a  somewhat  broken  line  to  the  sides  of  the  nape,  the  feathers  of  the 
forehead,  sides  of  crown,  the  occiput,  and  nape  narrowly  edged  and  nar¬ 
rowly  barred  with  Saccardo’s  umber ;  interscapulars  dark  sepia  with 
hidden,  small,  incomplete  and  very  sparse  whitish  shaft  marks  and  with 
a  few  tawny-buffy  subterminal  spots,  the  feathers  narrowly  tipped  with 
tawny-olive;  scapulars  similar  to  the  interscapulars  but  much  moie  ex¬ 
tensively  banded  and  vermiculated  with  tawny-olive  to  buckthorn  brown 
and  each  feather  with  a  conspicuous,  large,  median,  terminal,  white 
elongated  spot;  innermost  secondaries  like  the  scapulars;  primaries  and 
outer  secondaries  and  upper  wing  coverts  as  in  P .  p.  caurus ,  back,  lower 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  as  in  P.  p.  caurus  but  the  dark  mummy 
brown  to  fuscous  areas  more  extensive  and  more  noticeable,  the  transverse 
spots  and  the  tips  of  cinnamon-buff  (a  few  almost  whitish)  to  tawny- 
olive  narrower;  rectrices  as  in  P.  p.  caurus ,  sides  of  head,  chin,  and  upper 
throat  as  in  P.  p.  caurus  but  with  the  dusky  markings  larger  and  more 
abundant ;  feathers  of  the  breast  dark  buffy  brown  with  only  narrow  white 
shaft  stripes,  and  fringed  with  whitish ;  rest  of  underparts  as  in  P.  p . 
caurus.  The  darkening,  by  abrasion  of  the  pale  tips,  of  the  plumage  from 
fresh  autumn  to  worn  spring  and  early  summer  birds  is  comparable  to 
that  in  P.  p.  caurus. 

Adult  female.— Similar  to  the  male  but  with  the  median  rectrices  less 
marbled  longitudinally,  more  barred  transversely. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  P.  p.  caurus  but  with  the  dark  spots  on 

the  breast  slightly  paler. 

Dcnvny  young. — Indistinguishable  from  that  of  P.  p.  caurus. 

Adult  male.— Wing  198-211  (207);  tail  118-135  (124.2);  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.8-12.4  (11.5)  ;  tarsus  41.1-43.7  (42.2)  , 
middle  toe  without  claw  38.6—40.9  (39.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  12.1— 
13.5  (12.8  mm.).96 

Adult  female.— Wing  193-198  (195.7) ;  tail  108-114  (111.7)  ;  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.8—11.5  (11.2)  ;  tarsus  39.9—40.5  (40.3)  , 
middle  toe  without  claw  37.9—39.6  (38./ )  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  11.7— 
12.0  (11.8  mm.).97 

Range. — Northern  Mackenzie  (Fort  Rae,  Big  Island,  Great  Slave 
Lake;  to  Fort  Simpson). 

Type  locality. — Fort  Rae  and  Big  Island,  near  Great  Slave  Lake. 

w  Five  specimens  from  Fort  Rae  and  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie. 

07  Three  specimens  from  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie. 


194 


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Tetrao  urogallus  p  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  273  (Fort  Rae  and  Big 
Island,  Great  Slave  Lake). 

Tetrao  pliasianellus  Sabine,  Append.  Franklin’s  Journ.,  1823,  681,  part.— Audubon, 
Orn.,  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  539  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  205,  part  (Slave  Lake);  Birds 
Amer.,  8vo  ed,  1842,  v,  110,  pi.  298,  part. 

Tetrao  (Centrocercus)  phasicmellus  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor. -Amer. 
ii,  1831  (1832),  361,  part. 

Centrocercus  phasianellus  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  46;  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  87,  part  (Fort  Simpson). 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Philadelphia,  1862,  403,  part.— 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  97,  part  (life  hist.).— Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus,  xxii,  1893,  82  part  (Fort  Simpson). 

P edioccetes  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  308 
part;  ed.  2,  1895,  116,  part  (Fort  Simpson) .—Nelson,  Birds  Alaska,  1887,  139, 
part  (along  Mackenzie  River). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  348  (Fort  Chip- 
pewyan;  Great  Slave  Lake,  habits). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172 
in  text,  part. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  ed.  4,  1931,  86, 
Part-  Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  161,  in  text,  part. — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40,  part. 

Pedioecetes  kennicottii  Suckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1861,  361  (Fort 
Rae  and  Big  Island,  Great  Slave  Lake;  descr.). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  kennicottii  DuMont,  Auk,  1,  1933,  432  (Fort  Rae,  Great 
Slave  Lake,  Mackenzie;  crit.).— Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol.  ser.,  No.  40, 
1935,  4,  48,  part  (monogr.)  ;  Occ.  Papers  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  2,  1935, 
2,  part  (monogr.).— Hellm ayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
221,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). — Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  191  (crit). 

P[edioecetes ]  p[hasianellus ]  kennicotti  Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184,  part  (distr.). 
P[edioccetes]  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887, 
204,  part. 

[Tetrao]  columbianus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9830  part. 

PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  PHASIANELLUS  (Linnaeus) 

Northern  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 

Adult. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  (and  season)  of  P.  p.  caurus 
but  with  less  white  above,  the  white  bars  and  spots  much  reduced,  and 
the  tips  of  the  dorsal  feathers  generally  darker,  more  rufescent — -pale 
tawny-olive,  often  with  a  pale  cinnamon  wash  (instead  of  pale  cinnamon- 
buff  to  pinkish  buff  tips  as  in  caurus )  ;  feathers  of  the  breast  intermediate 
in  character  between  caurus  and  kennicottii — pale  buffy  brown  with  fairly 
broad  white  shaft  streaks ;  thighs  slightly  darker  cinnamon-drab  than 
in  caurus. 

Juvenal. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  P.  p.  caurus. 

Downy  young. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  P.  p.  caurus. 

Adult  male.— Wing  205-212  (209.5);  tail  110-124  (120.4);  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.5-12.7  (11.6)  ;  tarsus  43.0-45.5  (43.9)  ; 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


195 


middle  toe  without  claw  37.5—41.8  (39.8)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  12.5 
13.0  (12.7  mm.).98 

Adult  female. — Wing  195-208  (201.2)  ;  tail  113-126  (117.3)  ;  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.1-11.9  (11.3)  ;  tarsus  40.0-44.4  (  42.8)  , 
middle  toe  without  claw  36.3-H0.5  (38.3)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  12.2-13.1 
(12.4  mm.).99 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Hudson  and  James  Bay  watersheds  of  noith- 
eastern  Manitoba  (Norway  House)  northern  Ontario  and  Quebec. 

Type  locality. — Canada=Hudson  Bay. 

Tetrao  phasianeilus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  160  (based  on  Urogallus 
minor  foemina  cauda  longiore,  Canadensis,  Long-tailed  grouse  from  Hudson  s 
Bay,  Edwards,  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  pi.  117)  ;  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  273,-Forstee,  Philos. 
Trans.,  lxii,  1772,  394,  425  (Hudson  Bay).— Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788, 
747,  part. — Latham,  Index  Ornith.,  in  1790,  635,  part. — Ord,  in  Guthrie  s  Geogr., 
2d  Amer.  ed.,  ii,  1815,  317.— Sabine,  Append.  Franklin’s  Journ.,  1823,  681,  part. 
—Bonaparte,  Syn,  1828,  127,  part;  Amer.  Orn.,  ii,  1828,  37,  part.— Wilson  and 
Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1832,  303,  pi.  19.— Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States 
and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  669,  part.— Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr,  iv,  1838,  539,  pi. 
382,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  110,  pi.  298,  part.-MuRRAY,  Proc.  Phys. 
Soc.  Edinb.,  ii,  1859,  49  (Troutlake  Station). 

Tetrao  [Centrocercus]  phasianeilus  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.-Amer., 

ii,  1831  (1832),  361,  part.  . 

Centrocercus  phasianeilus  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  46 , 
pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  87,  part.— Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlv,  1857,  428. 
Pcdiocaetes  phasianeilus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1862,  403,  part; 
Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  15,  part.— American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  1886,  No.  308,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  116,  part.— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  97,  part— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  210  part. 
P[ediocaetes]  phasianelleus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  322. 

Pedioecetes  phasianeilus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  234,  part;  ed.  2,  1884, 
581,  part.— Gill,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  23  (nomencl.).— [Nash],  Check  List  Vert.  On¬ 
tario-  Birds,  1905,  35  (Ontario,'  scarce) .— Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr. 
Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29,  part  (Ontario,  more  or  less 
common  summer  resident  in  extreme  northern  part).— Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can. 
Inst,  xxii,  1938,  186  (w.  Rainy  River  District,  Ontario,  formerly  common ;  eggs ; 
3  juv.  spec.). 

Pedicecetes  phasianeilus  Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  164  (molt). -Fleming,  Auk,  xvm, 
1901,  37  (Parry  Sound  and  Muskoka,  n.  Ontario) .—Preble,  North  Amer.  Fauna, 
No  22  1902,  104  (Norway  House,  Oxford  House,  Playgreen  Lake,  Hudson  Bay 
Region).— Eifrig,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  313  in  text  (Great  Whale  River,  east  coast 
of  Hudson  Bay,  55°  30'  N.).— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1909, 

230,  part.  . 

Pediaecaetes  phasianeilus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  text  opposite  pi.  L 

part. 

Pedieccetes  phasianeilus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  mtrod.  5,  part. 
Pedioecetes  phasianeilus  var.  phasianeilus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridcway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  434  part,  pt.  69,  fig.  3  (part,  life  hist.,  descr.,  distr.). 

08  Seven  specimens  from  Norway  House,  James  Bay,  and  Churchill. 

°°  Eleven  specimens  from  James  Bay  and  Churchill. 


196 


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Pediocetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  McLulich,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool., 
No.  13,  1938,  12  (Algonquin  Prov.  Park,  Ontario,  hypothetical). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172  in 
text,  part ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  161  in  text,  part. — American  Ornithologists' 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  86,  part  (n.  Manitoba,  n.  Ungava). — Bent,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  285  (habits;  descr. ;  monogr.). — Peters,  Check-list 
Biids  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40,  part. — Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol.  ser., 
No.  40,  1935,  3,  4,  7,  40  in  text  (monogr.)  ;  Occ.  Pap.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.’ 
No.  2,  1935,  3  (monogr.;  crit.).— Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  62 
(Lucas  County,  Ohio,  introduced  in  1939). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  219  (syn.,  distr.). — Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad. 
Sci.,  xxxiii,  1943,  191  (crit.). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union  Check-list 
ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part. 

Pedioecetes  p[hasianellus]  phasianellus  Dery,  Quebec  Zool.  Soc.,  Bull.  1,  1933,  3 
(migr.  in  Quebec). 

P[edioecetes]  p[hasianellus]  phasianellus  Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184  (distr.). 
[Pedioecetes]  phasianellus  phasianellus  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  On¬ 
tario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29  in  text  (Ontario;  breeds  in  extreme 
northern  part). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus]  phasianellus  Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can  Inst  xxiii  pt  1 
1940,  127  in  text. 

I  edioccetes  phasianellus  Subsp.  a.  Pediocaetes  columbianus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  83,  part  (Hudson’s  Bay). 

Pedioecetes  p  [hasianellus]  phasianellus  Stenhouse,  Scottish  Nat.,  1930,  76  in  text 
(2  spec,  ex  Franklin’s  First  Exp.;  from  York  Factory  and  from  Cumberland 
House,  now  in  Roy.  Scottish  Mus.). 

PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  JAMESI  Lincoln 

Great  Plains  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 

Adult.  Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  (and  season)  of  P.  p.  caurus 
but  paler  above  the  brownish  black  areas  reduced  and  more  hidden,  the 
buffy-brown  areas  larger,  paler — buckthorn  brown,  giving  the  bird  the 
appearance  of  a  brown  bird  mottled  with  blackish,  rather  than  a  pre¬ 
dominantly  blackish  bird  mottled  with  brownish;  the  brown  margins  of 
the  breast  feathers  paler — tawny  drab,  the  tarsal  plumes  relatively  shorter, 
and  the  chin  and  upper  throat  usually  without  dusky  spots.  Very  worn 
late  spring  and  early  summer  birds  are  very  much  more  grayish  above, 
the  buckthorn  brown  fading  to  smoke  gray  with  an  ochraceous  wash! 

Juvenal.  Similar  to  that  of  P.  p.  caurus  but  with  the  brownish  areas 
above  paler  and  more  grayish— very  pale  Saccardo’s  umber,  and  the 
top  of  the  head  less  rufescent— deep  ochraceous-tawny  (instead  of  hazel). 

Downy  young.— Similar  to  that  of  P.  p.  caurus  but  slightly  more  ex¬ 
tensively  tinged  with  ochraceous-buff  above. 

AduU  male. — Wing  199^-223  (210.3);  tail  111-135  (119.7);  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.9-13.1  (12.1);  tarsus  41.1-46  (43.8); 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


197 


middle  toe  without  claw  36.3-42.8  (39.1)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  12.4-15.0 
(13.4  mm.).1 

Adult  female.- Wing  195-221  (205.9)  ;  tail  103-130  (114.8)  ;  culmen 
from  anterior  end  of  culmen  10.4-13.0  (12.0)  ;  tarsus  40.0-46.2  (43.2)  ; 
middle  toe  without  claw  35.6-41.8  (38.5)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  11.4-14.3 

(12.7  mm.).2 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Great  Plains  from  north-central  Alberta  (Lac 
La  Biche,  Sturgeon  River,  Saskatchewan  River,  Athabaska  Lake,  Ed¬ 
monton,  etc.);  north-central  Saskatchewan  (Cumberland  House,  St. 
Louis)  and  the  southwestern  part  of  Manitoba  (Carberry)  ;  south 
through  Montana  (except  the  extreme  western  part)  and  the  Dakotas, 
Wyoming  to  western  Nebraska  and  east-central  Colorado,  and,  formerly 
to  western  Kansas  and  the  “Panhandle”  of  northwestern  Oklahoma. 
Type  locality. — Castle  Rock,  Douglas  County,  Colo. 


Tetrao  phasianellus  Sabine,  Append.  Franklin’s  Journ.,  1823,  681,  part.  Bonaparte, 
Syn.,  1828,  127,  part. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  569,  part,  pi.  382 ;  Synop¬ 
sis,  1839,  205,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  1842,  v,  110,  pi.  298,  part.  Maxi¬ 
milian,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1858,  435  (Missouri  River). 

[ Tetrao ]  columbianm  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  no.  9830,  part. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  1873,  ed.  2,  reprint,  9  (centra 
and  western  Kansas).— Youngs  worth,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  217  (Fort  Sis- 
seton,  S.  Dak.;  present  in  small  numbers) .—Clarice,  Nat.  Mus.  Canada,  Bull. 
96  1940  49  (Thelon  Game  Sanctuary,  northwestern  Canada). 

Pedioecetes  ’phasianellus  Blakiston,  Ibis,  1862,  8  (Forks  of  the  Saskatchewan ).- 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1909,  230,  part.  Stan  sell,  Auk,  xxvi, 
1909,  393,  (central  Alberta) .—Taverner,  Auk,  xxxvi,  1919,  13  (Red  Deer  River, 

Alberta).  ^ 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  626,  part.-BAiRD, 
Cassin  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  1860,  626,  part— Elliot,  1  roc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1862,  403,  part.— Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed.  2, 
1872  12  (Kansas;  common) .—Trippe,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xv,  1872, 
240  in  text  (Iowa;  Nebraska).— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  189.., 
97,  part. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  82,  pait. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  1886  No. 
308,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  116,  part.— Nutting,  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  State  Umv. 
Iowa,  ii,  1893,  26 7  (Lower  Saskatchewan  River;  abundant;  plum,  of  young).— 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  210,  part. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172 
in  text,  part ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  161  in  text,  part. 

?  Pedioecetes  uro phasianellus  Blakiston,  Ibis,  1863,  127.  ^  iQno 

Pediocetes  phasianellus  campestris  Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  o  .  u  .  , 

203  (Colorado;  Middle  Park;  breeds;  distr.). -Cowan,  Occ.  Pap.  British  Co- 


1  Thirty-four  specimens  from  Albeita, 


Saskatchewan,  Manitoba,  Montana,  the 


Dakotas,  and  Nebraska. 

1  Fifty- two  specimens 
and  the  Dakotas. 


from  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba,  Montana,  Wyoming, 


653008° — 46 - 14 


198 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


lumbia  Prov.  Mus.  No.  1,  1939,  27  (Peace  River  District,  British  Columbia; 
spec. ;  young). 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  campestris  Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897, 
71  (Colorado;  not  common)  ;  Bull.  44,  1898,  159  (Colorado;  not  uncommon  in 
northwestern  part  of  the  state). 

Pedioccetes  phasianellus  campestris  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list, 
1886,  No.  308b,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  117,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part.— Ridgway’ 
Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  204,  part.— Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Val¬ 
ley,  1888,  106,  part.— Bendire,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  301  in  text  (Fort  Custer,  Mont.)  ; 
Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  101,  part. — Thorne,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  213 
(Fort  Keogh,  Mont.).— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  213,  part  (plains  of 
U.  S.  and  northward) .— Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  152,  part  (Colo¬ 
rado;  not  common,  chiefly  east  of  the  mountains). 

Pedioccetes  phasianellus  campestris ?  Richmond  and  Knowlton,  Auk,  xi,  1894  302 
(Montana). 

P[edioccetes]  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  204, 
part. 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  campestris  Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  228  (Kansas; 
habits;  descr.). 

Pedioeceies  phasianellus  campestris  Zimmer,  Proc.  Nebraska  Orn.  Union,  v,  pt.  2, 
1911,  21  (Nebraska;  Dawes  County  Forest  Reserve;  young), — Grave  and 
Walker,  Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  40  (Wyoming;  common  in  eastern  and  north¬ 
western  parts).— Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.  No.  14,  1921,  59  (Montana; 
intergrades  with  columbianus  in  western  part  of  state). — Over  and  Thoms, 
Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  77  (South  Dakota) .—Wood,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zook 
Univ.  Michigan,  No.  10,  1923,  36  (North  Dakota;  common). — Mitchell,  Can. 
Field  Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  common  resident). — Gabrielson 
and  Jewett,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  297  (in  badlands  and  brakes  of  Missouri  River,  N. 
Dak.).  Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  37  (Oklahoma  Panhandle;  for¬ 
mer  resident,  now  nearly  extirpated)  .—Lincoln,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  60  (Turtle  and 
Devils  Lakes,  N.  Dak.;  food).— Williams,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  30  (Red 
River  Valley,  ne.  N.  Dak.).— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172  in 
text,  part;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  161  in  text,  part. — Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928, 
46  (e.  McKenzie  County,  N.  Dak.).— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check¬ 
list,  ed.  4,  1931,  86,  part.— Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  rev.  ed.,  1931,  81  (Oklahoma 
Panhandle,  former  resident,  now  nearly  extirpated) —Harrold,  Wils.  Bull,  xlv, 
1933,  19  (Lake  Johnston,  Saskatchewan). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  41,  part.— Johnson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvi,  1934,  8  (nw.  Manitoba;  habits; 
migr.).— McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  129  in  text  (se.  Wyo. ; 
resident).— Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol.  ser.,  No.  40,  1935,  4,  7,  40  in 
text,  55  (crit. ;  monogr.)  ;  Occ.  Papers  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  2,  1935,  5 
(monogr.).— Weydemeyer  and  Marsh,  Condor,  xxxviii,  1936,  194  (Lake  Bow- 
doin,  Mont.).  Fox,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  534  in  text  (North  Dakota;  feeding  on  wild 
plum).— Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Studies  Zool,  xxiv,  1937,  91  (Boulder 
County,  Colo.;  correction;  no  recent  records). — Long,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci., 
xliii,  1940,  440  (Kansas;  common  formerly,  now  probably  extirpated). — Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  1,  No.  1,  1942,  219  part  (syn. ;  distr.).— 
Wright  and  Hiatt,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  265  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plum.;  Mon¬ 
tana). 

Pedioccetes  phasianellus  campestris  Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  for  1896-1897 
(1899),  254  (Kansas;  common  in  western  part).— Cary,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  232 
(Black  Hills,  S.  Dak.).— Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed.  5,  1903,  15  (w.  Kansas; 
common). — Bent,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  428  (sw.  Saskatchewan;  nests  and  eggs). — 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


199 


Cameron,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  256,  pi.  ix,  fig.  1  (Custer  and  Davenport  Counties, 
Mont.;  habits;  nesting;  photo) ;  xxv,  1908,  260,  in  text  (Montana;  common) .- 
Reagan,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  464  (Rosebud  Reservation,  S.  Dak.)  .—Visher,  Auk, 
xxvi,  1909,  147  (w.  South  Dakota;  abundant)  ;  xxviii,  1911,  10  (Harding  County, 

S.  Dak.).— Cooke,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  411  (ne.  Colorado).— Macoun  and  Macoun, 
Cat  Can  Birds,  1909,  232  (abundant  from  Manitoba  westward,  but  not  high  up 
in  the  mountains). -Ferry,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  198  (Saskatchewan) .-Saunders, 
Auk  xxviii,  1911,  35  (Galatin  County,  Mont.) .—Brooks  and  Cobb,  Auk,  xxviu, 
1911,  468  (e.  Alberta). — Visher,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  567  (Sanborn  County, 

Dak.). 

P[edioecetes]  p[hasianellus ]  phasianellus  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  U.  S.,  1902 
132  part.-DuMoNT,  Auk,  1,  1933,  432  in  text  (spec.;  Nebraska  and  South 
Dakota;  Elbert  County,  Colo.).— Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184,  part  (Montana; 

c.  Alberta;  Saskatchewan).  . 

Pediocaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1862  403,  pa  . 
Holden  and  Aiken,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  208  (e.  Wyoming 

and  Colorado).  ,  ..  , 

Pedioccetes  phasianellus  columbianus  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list, 

ed.2,  1895,  116,  part;ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part.  UA  -a-  a  irr7 

Pedioccetes]  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  188/, 

Pedioccetes  phasianellus  Subsp.  a  Pedioccetes  columbianus,  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  83,  part  (Atkinson,  Nebr.). 

Pedieccetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865  mtrod.,  5,  part. 
Pediaecaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  text  opp.  pi.  14,  part. 
Pedioecetes  columbianus  Ridgway,  Field  and  Forest,  1877,  209  (Colorado) 
Pediocaetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  ns  .,  v, 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zooh,  in,  1872 
181,  part  (Colorado;  Wyoming) .-Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 

Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  436,  part. 

Pediascetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Cooes,  Birds  Northwest  1874,  407.  5"'- 
Allen,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat,  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  36  (Missour.  R.ver  to  the  Mus- 

selshell  River;  occas.).  -d-  j0  1R72 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus]  var.  columbianus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer. 

234,  part;  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  383a,  part  _ 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Grave  and  Walker,  Birds  Wyoming  19 

(Wyoming;  rather  uncommon  but  reported  by  most  observers  m  northern  part 
of  State)  -Williams,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  30  (Red  River  Valley  ne. 
North  Dakota)  .-Kemsies,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii ,1930,  204  (Yel owstone  Par  ^ 
Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939,  62  (Den 

ver;  Colorado;  uncommon).  tt  0  _ T  *  ™  „  ;;;  irqo  106 

Pedieccetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  u  .,  >  • 

part;  Norn.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  478a,  part.-DREW  Auk,  u,  1885  17 
(Colorado;  7,000  feet).— Agersborg,  Auk,  u,  1885,  285  (se.  Dakota).  et  , 
Auk,  iii,  1886,  153  (w.  Manitoba;  very  abundant  resident;  in praJ”eS 
summer  and  in  woods  in  the  winter)  .—Cameron,  Auk,  xxn,  1905,  6 

(Montana).-PREBLE,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  27,  1908,  350  (n.  central  Al- 

PUdiwcet'es]  phasianellus' ]  columbianus  Coues  Check-hst  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed. 

2,  1882,  No.  562,  part;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  581,  pa  . 

Auk,  1,  1933,  432  in  text,  part  (Pincher  Creek,  Alberta). 


200 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Pedtoecetes  phasianellus  jamesi  Lincoln,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxx,  1917  84 
r  County,  Colo.;  descr. ;  crit.).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds 

f  40  (C‘  and  e'  CoIorad°) --Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies,  biol 

M"  7°'  f’xT  V t6Xt’  56  (crit;  mon°gr-)  i  Occ.  Papers  Roy.  Ontario 
lus  ZooL,  No.  2,  1935,  6  (crit;  monogr.).— Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington 
Acad.  Sci,  xxxni,  1943,  191  (crit.). 

Pedvacetes  phasianellus  jamesi  Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  206  (foothills  of 
Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  to  Wyoming) . 

P[edioecetes\  p[hasianellus]  jamesi  Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  185  (distr.).— Niedrach 
and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939,  64,  in  text. 


PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  COLUMBIANUS  (Ord) 

Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 

Adult  Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  of  P.  p.  jamesi  but  usually 
c  u  er,  the  brown  areas  above  pale,  grayish  tawny-olive  instead  of  buck- 
thorn  brown  the  bill  smaller  and  the  tail  shorter;  iris  hazel  inclining  to 
olive;  “comb”  medium  cadmium;  maxilla  dusky  brownish;  mandible  with 
basal  half  huffy ;  toes  brownish  gray ;  claws  dusky  brown. 

Juvenal.  Indistinguishable  from  that  of  P.  p.  jamesi. 

Downy  young.— Indistinguishable  from  that  of  P.  p.  jamesi 

Adult  male.  Wing  194-210  (202.4);  tail  103-117  (1092)-  oilmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.5-12.1  (11.3)  ;  tarsus  40.8-W.o’  (42.0)  • 

nndcUe  toe  and  claw  37.1-40.2  (38.3);  height  of  bill  at  base  11.5-12  8 
(12.1  mm.).3 

Adult  female.— Wing  18^201  (194.5);  tail  92-113  (104  2)-  oilmen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  10.0-13.0  (11.1)  ;  tarsus  38.5-42  o’  (40  5)  • 

middle  toe  without  claw  35.3-38.8  (37.0)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  11.3-12  8 
(12.0  mm.).4 

Range.  Resident  from  British  Columbia  (except  extreme  northern 
e  ge ;  rom  Cariboo  District  to  the  Okanagan  region,  Kamloops,  etc, 
m  the  lowlands  of  the  interior  between  the  Cascades  and  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains),  south  through  extreme  western  Montana,  Idaho  (Blue  Springs 
Hills;  Fort  Lapwai),  Washington  and  Oregon  east  of  the  Cascades  to 
northeastern  California  (Modoc  County— formerly)  ;  northeastern 
Nevada  (Elko  County;  Bull  Run  Mountains;  Upper  Humboldt  Valley 

rout  Creek,  Clover  Mountains)  ;  western  and  the  southern  half  or  so 
of  Utah  (Wasatch  Mountains,  Salt  Lake  City,  etc.)  to  western  to  south- 
central  Colorado  (Routt  County  south  to  Garfield,  San  Miguel,  Dolores 
Montezuma,  and  Archuleta  Counties),  to  New  Mexico. 

Introduced  into  Lucas  County,  Ohio. 

Type  locality.—- Great  Plains  of  the  Columbia  River. 


3  Fifteen  specimens  from  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho;  western  Montana;  Colo- 
ido;  and  California.  ’ 

*  Twelve  specimens  from  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho,  and  western  Montana. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


201 


Tetrao  phasianellus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Ord,  Guthrie’s  Geogr.,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  ii,  1815, 
317. — Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1828,  pi.  19,  part. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United 
States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  669,  part  (Oregon;  Rocky  Mountains).— 
Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  569  part,  pi.  382;  Synopsis,  1839,  205,  pait, 
Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  1842,  v,  110,  pi.  298,  part.— Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  vi,  1857,  94. 

Tetrao  uro phasianellus  Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  13,  in  text  (ex  Douglas  Journ. , 
Washington;  Columbia  River). 

T[etrao]  uro phasianellus  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  London,  xvi,  1829,  136  (Plains 
of  the  Columbia  and  interior  of  northern  California)  ;  Douglas’s  Journal,  1914, 
62.— Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  7,  8  in  text  (Washington;  Columbia  River;  hist.). 

Centrocercus  phasianellus  Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  lo6,  pi.  16,  pait. 

C en tracer cus  columbianus  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  88  (west 
side  of  Rocky  Mountains). 

Phasianus  columbianus  Ord,  Guthrie’s  Geogr.,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  ii,  1815,  317  (basec 
on  Columbian  Pheasant  Lewis  and  Clark,  ii,  180). — Hall,  Murrelet,  xiv,  1933, 


66  (hist.). 

Pedioecetes  columbianus  Baird,  in  Cooper,  Ora,  California,  1870,  532. 

[ Tetrao ]  columb-icmus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9830,  part. 

Pediaecaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  text  opp.  pi.  14,  part. 

Pediecates  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  mtrod,  5,  part. 

Pediocaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1862,  403,  part; 
Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  14. 

Pediocetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvn, 
1875,  347  (Salt  Lake  City). 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  v,  18/3,  1<.  6 
(Colorado;  rye  grass  meadows). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  vii,  1875,  22  (Upper 
Humboldt  Valley)  ;  vii,  1875,  31  (Salt  Lake  Valley),  34  (Parley’s  Peak,  Wa¬ 
satch  Mountains,  Utah)  .--American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  308a,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  116,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part— Merrill,  Auk,  v, 
1888,  145  (Fort  Klamath,  Oreg.)  ;  xiv,  1897,  352  (Fort  Sherman,  Idaho;  com¬ 
mon). — Merriam,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891,  93  (Idaho;  Lemhi  Indian 
Agency;  Fort  Hall,  Portaeuf  River,  Snake  River,  Fort  Lapwai).— Dawson, 
Auk,  xiv,  1897,  173  (Okanogan  County,  Wash.;  common).— Macoun,  Cat.  Can. 
Birds,  1900,  212,  part  (east  of  Coast  Range,  w.  Canada).— Sclater,  Hist.  Birds 
Colorado,  1912,  151  (Colorado,  Hahn’s  Park;  n.  Routt  County;  San  Miguel, 


Dolores,  Montezuma,  and  Archuleta  Counties). 

Pediocaetes  phas[ianellus ]  columbianus  Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  134. 

P[ediocce!es]  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  L  7, 

part  (New  Mexico).  .  r 

Pedioecetes  columbianus  Bendire,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877, 139  (Camp 

Harney,  Oreg. ;  fairly  common;  also  at  Fort  Lapwai,  Idaho). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus]  b.  columbianus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest, 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  /3  columbianus  Ridgway,  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  599 
(upper  Humboldt  Valley,  Nevada;  Wasatch  District,  Utah). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus]  Subsp.  a.  Pediocaetes  columbianus  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  83  (part). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 


Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  436,  part. 

Pedicccetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  407,  part 
(life  hist.). — Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vii,  1875,  39  (Nevada). 


202 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


[Pedioecetes  phasianellus]  var.  columbianus  Coves,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872, 
234,  part;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  383a,  part. 

1  edioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Mearns,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  197 
(Fort  Klamath,  Oreg.) —Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  2 27,  233 
(Walla  Walla,  Wash.;  crit.) .—Bailey,  Handb.,  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  132,  part;  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  209  (New  Mexico) .—Dawson  and 
Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  596  (Washington;  habits;  distr.). — Grin- 
nell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif,  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  61  (Cali¬ 
fornia;  distr.).— Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918, 
558  (descr. ;  habits;  distr.;  California). — Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14, 
1921,  58  (Montana;  fairly  common  in  western  part;  intergrades  with  campestris 
( —  jamesi )  in  central  part).— Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923, 
1599  (California).— Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  555  (Wallowa  County,  Oreg.).’ 
—Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172  in  text  (southern  British  Colum¬ 
bia)  .— Mailliard,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi,  1927,  295  (Modoc 
County,  Calif.).— Fuller  and  Bole,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1, 

1930,  50  (Wyoming).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.’  4,' 

1931,  86,  part  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  288  (life  hist.).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40.— Snyder,  Univ.  Toronto  Studies, 
biol.  ser.,  No.  40,  1935,  4,  7,  40  in  text,  53  (crit.;  monogr.)  ;  Occ.  Papers  Roy. 
Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  2,  1935,  2  (crit.;  monogr.). — McCreary  and  Mickey, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  129,  in  text  (se.  Wyoming). — Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif,  No.  23,  1936,  48  (Nevada;  Elko  County;  Bull  Run  Mountains;  Upper 
Humboldt  Valley;  Trout  Creek;  Clover  Mountains). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel, 
ii,  1937,  166  (breeding  biology). — Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci,  i,  1940,  62 
(Lucas  County,  Ohio;  introduced  1939). — Dalquest,  Murrelet,  xxi,  1940,  10,  in 
text  (Washington;  Okanogan  County).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds 
Oregon,  1940,  216  (Oregon;  distr.;  descr.;  habits) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  221  (syn. ;  distr.). — Friedmann,  Journ.  Wash¬ 
ington  Acad.  Sci,  xxxiii,  1943,  191  (crit.). — Behle,  Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  72 
(Utah). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  vii,  1875  22 
(Upper  Humboldt  Valley,  Nev.),  31  (Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah),  34*  (Parley’s 
Park,  Utah);  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Norn.’ North  Amer. 
Birds,  1881,  No.  478a,  part;  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  204,  part.— Ameri¬ 
can  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  308a,  part —Townsend 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  x,  1887,  200,  235  (ne.  California) .-Bendire,  Life  Hist 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  98,  part.— Gill,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  23  (nomencl.).— 
Snodgrass,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  227  (abundant— Touchet  Creek,  Walla  Walla 
County,  Wash.).— Cary,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  181  (w.  Colorado).— Cooke,  Auk, 
xxvi,  1909,  411  (w.  and  sw.  Colorado).— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can! 
Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  232  (abundant  east  of  Coast  Range,  British  Columbia:  Mid¬ 
way,  Meyers  Creek,  Similkameen  River,  Spence  Bridge,  Kamloops,  Quesnel 
150-Mile  House),— Dice,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  44  (se.  Washington).— Brooks  and 
Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  17,  1925,  52  (British  Columbia;  common 
locally  from  southern  part  n.  to  Cariboo  District)  .—Taverner,  Birds  Canada, 
1934,  161,  in  text  (distr.). 

Pedioecetes  phasainellus  columbianus  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902 
30  (California;  fairly  common  in  northeastern  part  of  state). 

Pedicccetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Brooks,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  281  (Cariboo  Distr. 
British  Columbia). 

P[cdioecetes]  p[hasianellus ]  phasianellus  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  562,  part;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  581,  part.— 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


203 


Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  71  (Colorado;  Routt  County). 
—Cowan,  Occ.  Pap.  British  Columbia  Prov.  Mus.,  No.  1,  1939,  27  (mentioned). 
— Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184  (distr.).  ... 

Pedioecetes  p[hasianellus]  columbianus  Brooks,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  167,  pi.  4  (hybrid). 
[Pedioecetes  phasianellus ]  columbianus  Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  164  (molt). 
Pediocaetes  phasianellus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R. .R.  Surv-> 
1858,  626,  part. — Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv., 

626,  part— Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  xn,  book  2,  pt.  3, 
1860,  223  (plains  of  the  Columbia  River,  Wash.). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Munro,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  168  (young  eaten  by  sharp- 
shinned  hawk;  Brit.  Columbia).— Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  225  (St.  Joe 

Natl.  Forest,  Idaho).  ~  . 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  campestris  American  Ornithologists  Union  Check-1 
1886  No.  308b,  part.— Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  204,  par  . 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  101,  part— Sclater,  Hist. 
Birds  Colorado,  1912,  152,  part  (sw.  Colorado). 


PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  CAMPESTRIS  Ridgway 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse 


Adult—  The  most  rufescent  of  all  the  races  of  the  species;  similar  to 
the  corresponding  sex  (and  season)  of  P.  p.  jarnesi  but  much  more  ru¬ 
fescent  above,  the  buckthorn  brown  of  the  latter  form  being  replaced 
by  ochraceous-tawny  to  hazel  in  the  present  race,  and  with  the  write 
marks  and  spots  greatly  reduced. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  P.  p.  jamesi  but  the  upperparts  somewhat 
more  rufescent — ochraceous-tawny. 


Downy  young. — None  seen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  194-216  (206.2)  ;  tail  109-112  (110.5)  ;  cuhnen 
from  anterior  end  of  nostril  11.1-12.8  (12.0)  ;  tarsus  45.1-48.6  ('  •  )  > 
middle  toe  without  claw  39.5-42.7  (41.3)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  12.2- 

13  5  ( 12.8  mm.).5  , 

Adult  female. — Wing  199-210  (202.5)  ;  tail  116-116  (116);  cu  men 

from  anterior  end  of  nostril  11.6-12.3  (11.9)  ;  tarsus  44.5-45.0  (44.7)  ; 
middle  toe  without  claw  38.7-40.2  (39.4)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  11.9-13.0 

(12.5  mm.).6 

Range. — Resident  from  southeastern  Manitoba,  southern  and  western 
Ontario,  east  to  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  and  south  throughout 
Minnesota  (now  chiefly  in  the  northern  half  of  the  State)  and  north¬ 
western  Wisconsin  (Pitcher  Lake,  Marston),  and  (formerly)  to  northern 
Illinois.  In  winter  to  northwestern  Iowa  (Polk,  Tama,  Bremer,  But  er, 
Franklin,  Webster,  Kossuth,  and  O’Brien  Counties).  One  record  for 

Indiana  (Tremont).  . 

Type  locality. — Illinois,  and  Rosebud  Creek,  Montana— Illinois. 


5  Fourteen  specimens  from  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota. 

'  Four  specimens  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 


204 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tctrao  phasianellus  ( not  of  Linnaeus)  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and 
Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  669,  part  (Lake  Superior).— Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr., 
iv,  1838,  569,  pi.  382,  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  205,  part  (Illinois)  ;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo 

ed.,  1842,  v,  110,  pi.  298,  part. — Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1-871  118  (Min¬ 
nesota)  . 

T[etrao]  phasianellus  Barry,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1854,  9  (Wisconsin; 

occasional).— Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst,  vi,  1871,  118  (Minnesota;  very 
common) . 

Pediocactes  phasianellus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv,  ix,  1858,  626,  part.-BAiRD 
Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv,  1860,  626,  part. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  210,  part. 

P[cdioccetcs]  phasianellus  Hatch,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  1874,  62  (Minne¬ 
sota;  common  locally). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool, 
No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29,  part  (Ontario;  extreme  western  part). — Shortt  and 
Waller,  Contr.  Roy.  Ont.  Mus.  Zool,  No.  10,  1937,  18  (Lake  St.  Martin 
region,  Manitoba;  not  common). — Ricker  and  Clarke,  Contr.  Roy.  Ont.  Mus. 
Zool,  No.  16,  1939,  8  (Lake  Nipissing,  Ontario;  migr.). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Gibbs,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr,  Bull.  5 
1879,  496  (n.  Illinois).— Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  27,  part  — 
Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  230,  part. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  (?)  Wood,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  177  (Isle  Royale,  Mich.). 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus  campestris  Hatch,  Notes  Birds  Minnesota,’  1892  168  460 
(Minnesota;  distr. ;  descr. ;  abundant). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris  American  Ornithologists’  Union  Check-list 
1886  No.  308b,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  117,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  144,  part.-RircwAY,  Man’. 

oi  th  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  204,  part. — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888, 
106  (Mississippi  Valley,  records  and  range) .— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.’ 

Birds,  i,  1892,  101,  part.— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  213,  part  (prairie  n  to 
Manitoba). 

P[ediocwtes]  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds  1887  204 
part.  ’  ’ 

Pedioecetes  phas[ianellus ]  campestris  Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  134. 

Pedioecetes  p[hasianellus]  campestris  Shufeldt,  Auk,  x,  1893,  281,  283  in  text 
(meas.). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgway,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  ii,  1884 
93  (Illinois  and  Rosebud  Creek,  Mont.;  descr.;  crit. ;  spec.). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus ]  campestris  Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  164  (molt). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris  Gill,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  23  (nomencl.).— Schorger, 
Auk,  xhi,  1925,  65  (between  Pitcher  Lake  and  Marston,  Wis  •  habits)  — 
Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172  in  text,  part;  Birds  Canada  1034 
161  in  text,  part.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  ed  4  1931  86 
part.-BENT,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  291  (habits).-  (?)  Benn’itt’ 
Umv  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  25,  footnote  (New  Boston,  Linn  County’ 
Mo  (?)  .-Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  395  (habits,  etc.,  Minnesota;  cob 
fig.).  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  41,  part.— DuMont,  Birds 
„™a’  i,  57  <\r.are  wmter  migrant  in  northwestern  part  of  Iowa).— Schmidt 
Vuls.  Bull.,  xlviu,  1936,  187  (winter  food  in  Wisconsin) .— Bagg  and  Eliot’ 
Birds  of  Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  172  (status;  habits-  food)! 

—  jroebbels  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  166  (data  on  breeding  biology)  .—Van  Tyne, 
Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Umv.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  11  (Michigan;  breeds)  — 
Hamerstrom,  Wils.  Bull.,  Ii,  1939,  105  in  text  (Wisconsin;  life  hist.).- 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


205 


Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  126  (Thunder  Bay,  Lake 
Superior,  Ontario;  very  local). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  219,  part  (syn. ;  distr. ) . — Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad. 
Sci.,  xxxiii,  1943,  191  (crit.). 

Pedicecetes  p[hasianellus]  campestris  Brennan,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  75  (Tremont, 
Ind.). 

P[edioecetes  phasianellus ]  campestris  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  132,  part.- — Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184,  part  (Upper  Peninsula;  Michigan, 
formerly  s.  to  nw.  Illinois). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus ]  campestris  Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1, 
1940,  127  in  test. 

[Pedioecetes]  phasianellus  campestris  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  Zook,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29  in  text  (extreme  western  Ontario). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Subsp.  a.  Pedioecetes  columbianus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  83,  part  (Minnesota). 

P ediocaetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  121, 
153  (n.  Illinois). 

P[ediocaetes]  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New 
York,  x,  1874,  382  (Illinois). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  436,  part. 

Pedicecetes  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  407,  part. 

P[edioccetcs]  phasianellus  var.  columbianus  Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876, 
121  (ne.  Illinois;  extremely  rare). 

[Pedioecetes  phasianellus]  var.  columbianus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1S72, 
234,  part;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  383a;  part. 

?  Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  212,  part 
(Manitoba). 

Pedicecetes  phasianellus  columbianus  Roberts  and  Benner,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
v,  1880,  17  (Minnesota). — Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part; 
Nomencl.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  478a,  part.— Coale,  Auk,  xxix,  1912, 
238  (Oconto  County,  Wash.). 

P[edioecetes]  p[hasianellus]  columbianus  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  562,  part;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  581,  part. 

Pediocetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1862,  403,  part. 

Pedicecetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  introd.,  5,  part. 

Pediocaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  14. 

Pcdiaecaetes  columbianus  Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  text  opp.  pi.  14. 

Pedicecetes  columbianus  Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  40  (spec. ;  probably 
Illinois). 

Pediocetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  Beebe,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  121  (Isle  Royal, 
Lake  Superior). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  Honeywill,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  85  (Ox  Meadow;  Minnesota). 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianellus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  4,  1931,  86,  part. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  40,  part 
(s.  Ontario). 

P[cdioccctcs]  p[hasianellus]  phasianellus  Du  Mont,  Auk,  1,  1933,  432  in  text  (spec.; 
Grand  Rapids,  Lake  Winnipeg;  and  Virginia,  St.  Louis  County,  Minn.;  plum.; 
crit.) . 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campisylvicola  Snyder,  Occ.  Pap.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool., 
No.  2,  1935,  4  (St.  Charles,  Manitoba;  descr. ;  crit.;  distr.). 


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[ Pedioecetes ]  phasianellus  campisylvicola  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy. 
Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29  in  text. — Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can. 
Inst.,  xxii,  1938,  186,  in  text  (w.  Rainy  River  district,  Ontario). 

P[edioecetes ]  p[hasianellus]  campisylvicola  Snyder,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  184,  in  text 
(crit.). 


Genus  TYMPANUCHUS  Gloger 

Tympanuchus  Gloger,  Hand-  und  Hilfsbuch,  1842  (1841),  396.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Tetrao  cupido  Linnaeus.) 

Cupidonia  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vbg.,  1853,  xxix.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Tetrao  cupido  Linnaeus.) 

Cupidinea  (emendation)  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  94. 
Bonasa  Stone,  Auk,  xxiv,  April  1907,  198  (thought  to  be  transferable  to  Tetrao 
cupido  Linnaeus  under  the  “first  species”  rule). 

Medium-sized  terrestrial  grouse  (length  about  381-483  mm.),  with 
tail  decidedly  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  rounded,  the  rectrices  (18) 
broad,  rigid,  and  with  broadly  rounded  tips,  the  longer  under  tail  coverts 
reaching  to  or  slightly  beyond  its  tip ;  sides  of  neck  with  an  inflatable 
air  sac  (much  less  developed  in  females),  overhung  in  adult  males  by 
a  tuft  of  long,  rather  narrow,  rigid  feathers  with  tips  obtusely  pointed 
or  narrowly  rounded. 

Bill  relatively  small  (less  than  one-third  as  long  as  rest  of  head),  its 
depth  at  frontal  antiae  about  equal  to  its  width  at  same  point ;  culmen 
rounded  to  indistinctly  ridged ;  rhamphotheca  completely  smooth ;  maxil¬ 
lary  tomium  moderately  concave  or  arched,  smooth.  Wing  moderate, 
strongly  concave  beneath,  the  longest  primaries  exceeding  longest  sec¬ 
ondaries  by  more  than  one-fourth  to  nearly  if  not  quite  one-third  the 
length  of  wing;  third  to  fifth  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost) 
nearly  equal  to,  sometimes  longer  than,  seventh;  outer  primary  moder¬ 
ately  bowed  or  incurved,  the  four  or  five  outer  ones  distinctly  emarginate 
or  sinuate  basally.  Tail  decidedly  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  rounded, 
the  rather  broad  and  rigid  rectrices  (18)  with  broadly  rounded  or  sub¬ 
truncate  tips.  Tarsus  one-fifth  to  considerably  more  than  one-fifth  as 
long  as  wing,  completely  clothed  in  winter  with  soft  hairlike  feathers  ex¬ 
cept  on  heel  and  part  of  planta  tarsi,  in  summer  with  short  feathers  only 
on  acrotarsium,  the  planta  tarsi  covered  with  small  and  rather  indistinct 
roundish  and  hexagonal  scales ;  middle  toe  slightly  shorter  to  about  as 
long  as  tarsus ;  lateral  toes  about  equal,  reaching  to  about  penultimate 
articulation  of  middle  toe;  hallux  about  as  long  as  second  phalanx  of  mid¬ 
dle  toe ;  upper  surface  of  toes  with  a  continuous  series  of  transverse 
scutella,  bordered  along  each  side  by  a  row  of  smaller  subquadrate  scutella, 
edged  (in  winter)  with  a  fringe  of  horny  pectinations;  claws  moderate 
in  size,  rather  slightly  curved,  moderately  acute  or  slightly  blunt. 

Plumage  and  coloration.— Feathers  of  crown  elongated,  decurved,  form¬ 
ing,  when  erected,  a  conspicuous  crest  (less  distinct  in  females)  ;  a  very 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


207 


narrow  nude  superciliary  space ;  sides  of  neck  with  an  inflatable  air  sac 
(less  developed  in  females,  large  in  males,  and  bright  orange-colored  in 
breeding  season),  males  having  also  on  each  side  of  neck,  immediately 
above  the  air  sac,  a  conspicuous  erectile  tuft  of  much  elongated,  rather 
rigid  narrow  feathers  with  obtusely  pointed  or  narrowly  rounded  tips ; 


plumage  in  general  compact,  the  feathers  broad  and  rounded,  except  on 
lower  abdomen,  anal  region,  etc.,  where  soft,  hairlike,  and  blended. 
Upperparts  barred  with  tawny-brown,  buffy,  and  blackish,  the  tail  plain 
grayish  brown  (darker  distally)  narrowly  tipped  with  whitish  or  buffy 
(narrowly  barred  with  buffy  in  females)  ;  underparts  pale  buffy  or  whitish, 
barred,  more  or  less  broadly,  with  grayish  brown ;  the  under  side  of  head 
buffy  with  a  cluster  of  grayish  brown  spots  or  bars  on  posterior  portion 
of  malar  region. 

Range. — Open  districts  of  eastern  North  America,  from  western  por¬ 
tion  of  the  Great  Plains  to  the  Atlantic  coast  (locally)  and  from  Texas 
and  southwestern  Louisiana  (formerly  also  Virginia?)  northward  to 
coast  of  Massachusetts,  southwestern  Ontario,  southern  Manitoba,  and 
southwestern  Saskatchewan.  (Two  species.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  (ADULTS)  OF  THE  GENUS  TYMPANUCHUS 

a.  Darker  bars  of  back  and  rump  very  broad,  solid  blackish  brown ;  feathers  of 
breast  brown  with  tips  and  subtcrminal  band  whitish ;  brown  bars  on  sides 
and  flanks  unicolored. 

b.  Scapulars  with  large  and  very  conspicuous  terminal  spots  of  buffy  whitish ; 
neck  tufts  or  pinnae  of  adult  male  composed  of  not  more  than  10  lanceolate, 


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pointed  feathers ;  dark  buffy  brown  bars  on  underparts  broad  averaging 
about  5  mm.  (coastal  plain  from  New  England  and  Long  Island  to  Potomac 

River;  now  extinct) . Tympanuchus  cupido  cupido  (p.  208) 

bb.  Scapulars  without  conspicuous  buffy  whitish  terminal  spots;  pinnae  of  male 
composed  of  more  than  10  elongate  feathers  with  nearly  truncated  tips ; 
dark  bars  on  underparts  narrower — averaging  about  2.5  mm. 
c.  Tarsi  feathered  to  base  of  toes,  without  an  exposed  bare  strip  on  posterior 
side  except  in  summer  (central  Alberta  to  Manitoba  and  south  to 
Colorado,  northeastern  Texas,  Arkansas,  and  Indiana,  and  probably 

originally  to  Kentucky) . Tympanuchus  cupido  pinnatus  (p.  212) 

cc.  Tarsi  with  lower  portion  in  front  and  a  wide  strip  on  posterior  side  always 
bare  (coast  region  of  Texas  and  southwestern  Louisiana). 

Tympanuchus  cupido  attwateri  (p.  217) 
aa.  Darker  bars  of  back  and  rump  divided,  containing  a  continuous  brown  bar 
enclosed  between  two  narrower  blackish  ones;  feathers  of  breast  with  four 
to  six.  alternate  bars  of  brown  and  white ;  darker  bars  of  sides  and  flanks 
bicolored,  the  broader  light  brown  bar  being  enclosed  between  two  narrower 
dusky  ones  (Great  Plains  from  Kansas  to  New  Mexico  and  west-central 
Texas) . Tympanuchus  pallidicintus  (p.  219) 

TYMPANUCHUS  CUPIDO  CUPIDO  (Linnaeus) 

Heath  Hen 

Adult  male. — Forehead  Brussels  brown;  feathers  of  the  median  portion 
of  the  crown  black  with  concealed  cinnamon-rufous  patches  and  tipped 
with  pale  ochraceous-tawny ;  feathers  of  sides  of  the  crown  and  of  the 
whole  occiput  and  hindneck  pale  ochraceous-tawny  banded  with  dusky 
clove  brown7 ;  interscapulars  broadly  banded  clove  brown  and  pale  ochra¬ 
ceous-tawny  to  ochraceous-buff ;  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  similar  but  with  the  pale  terminal  bands  more  yellowish — pale 
tawny-olive  to  yellow-ocher;  scapulars  and  inner  secondaries  like  the 
interscapulars  but  with  large  terminal  spots  of  buffy  white;  upper  wing 
coverts  and  outer  secondaries  olive-brown  to  pale  clove  brown  banded  and 
tipped  with  buffy  white,  the  pale  bands  more  widely  spaced  on  the  outer 
coverts  than  on  the  inner  ones ;  primaries  olive-brown  to  pale  clove  brown 
with  buffy-white  spots  on  the  outer  webs  only;  rectrices  olive-brown  to 
pale  clove  brown  narrowly  tipped  with  whitish,  the  median  ones  with 
some  irregular  pale  cinnamomeous  markings ;  lores,  upper  throat,  and 
lower  cheeks  light  warm  buff ;  feathers  of  sides  of  neck  and  lower  throat 
cinnamon-rufous  incompletely  crossed  by  blackish  lines  and  with  elongated 
terminal  shaft  streaks  or  spots  of  light  warm  buff;  elongated  pinnae  with 
five  or  six  wholly  black  feathers  and  four  or  five  that  have  broad  pale 
warm-buff  stripes  occupying  most  of  the  inner,'  dorsal  web,  the  inner 
webs  of  these  feathers  narrowly  edged  with  cinnamon  and  sometimes 
irregularly  toothed  with  blackish-brown  diagonal  marks ;  malar  stripe  and 

7  In  no  specimen  examined  have  I  seen  anything  comparable  to  the  description 
taken  from  living  birds  by  Gross  (Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1928,  563),  who 
found  the  tips  of  these  feathers  to  be  white. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


209 


auriculars  cinnamon-brown  mottled  with  blackish ;  feathers  of  the  breast, 
sides,  flanks,  and  abdomen  buffy  brown  to  dark  bufify  brown,  washed 
with  cinnamomeous  anteriorly  and  broadly  banded  with  white ;  these 
white  bands  somewhat  tinged  with  ochraceous-tawny  or  cinnamon  on  the 
sides  and  flanks ;  thighs  and  tarsi  pale,  buffy  brown  to  pale  drab  with  a 
grayish  tinge  and  indistinctly  barred  with  darker ;  under  tail  coverts 
white  with  broad,  largely  concealed,  basal  areas  of  olive-brown  more  or 
less  tinged  or  mottled  with  ochraceous-tawny ;  under  wing  coverts  barred 
white  and  buffy  brown  on  the  outer  ones,  the  inner  ones  and  the  axillars 
almost  wholly  white;  iris  Verona  brown;  bill  light  to  dark  olive-gray, 
paler  at  the  tip;  toes  ochraceous-buff  to  ochraceous-orange ;  superciliary 
comb  orange,  very  brilliant  in  the  breeding  season ;  vocal  sacs  ochraceous 
orange  when  deflated  but  approaching  pure  orange  when  inflated;  the 
edges  of  the  sacs  with  a  narrow  margin  of  scarlet.8 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  slightly  smaller,  the 
pinnae  shorter  and  without  the  stiff  feathers,  the  vocal  sacs  not  developed, 
the  superciliary  comb  lacking.9 

First-winter  plumage. — Like  that  of  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex 
but  with  the  upperparts  somewhat  more  rufescent  and  with  the  throat 
cinnamon-buff  instead  of  warm  buff  and  without  the  stiffened  elongated 
pinnae. 

Juvenal. — Apparently  unknown.10 

Dozany  young11.— Underparts  cream  buff,  the  throat  and  middle  of 
abdomen  approaching  colonial  buff ;  sides  of  head  marguerite  yellow  with 
three  small  black  spots  back  of  the  eye;  upperparts  tawny-olive  to  Isabella 
color,  turning  to  snuff  brown  and  russet  on  the  rump,  and  variously 
marked  with  black,  the  markings  most  prominent  on  the  nape  and  the 
middle  of  the  back ;  a  conspicuous  black  mark  on  the  forehead. 

Adult  male.— Wing  215-225  (222.2);  tail  115-128  (121.7);  culmen 
from  the  base  24—26  (25.2)  ;  tarsus  41.50  (44.1)  ;  pinna  66-72  (69.3 
mm.).12 

Adult  female. — Wing  201-219  (209.2)  ;  tail  100-115  (107.5)  ;  culmen 
from  the  base  21-24  (22.7);  tarsus  41-49  (45.1);  pinna  27-32  (29.9 
mm.).13 

Range. — Formerly  resident  in  suitable  areas,  chiefly  brushy  plains, 
from  southern  Maine,  Massachusetts,  southern  New  England,  and  Long 

8  Colors  of  soft  parts  ex  Gross,  cit.  supra,  p.  564. 

•  Adults  in  worn,  spring  plumage  tend  to  be  less  rufescent,  more  grayish  than 
autumn  fresh  plumaged  birds. 

10  Not  only  were  no  specimens  in  this  stage  available  in  the  present  study,  but 
Gross  was  unable  to  find  any  when  writing  his  monograph  on  this  bird. 

“Taken  from  Gross,  cit.  supra,  p.  568. 

18  Ten  specimens,  ex  Gross,  p.  567. 

11  Ten  specimens,  ex  Gross,  p.  567. 


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Island  south  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  through  New  Jersey  and  eastern 

Pennsylvania  to  the  Potomac  River  (Washington,  D.  C.)  and  possibly 
into  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas14;  since  1830  confined  to  the  island  of 

Marthas  Vineyard,  reduced  to  a  single  bird  in  1932 ;  now  extinct. 

Type  locality. — “Virginia”  (ex  Catesby). 

[Tetrao]  cupido  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  160  (“Virginia,”  i.e.,  Penn¬ 
sylvania  or  New  York?  based  on  Urogallus  minor,  muscns,  etc.,  Catesby,  Nat. 
Hist.  Carolina,  iii,  1,  p’l.  1 ;  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  212)  ;  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  274. — Gmelin, 
Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  751. — Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  638. — Reichen- 
bach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinacae,  1848,  pi.  217,  fig.  1896-1898. 

Tetrao  cupido  Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1811,  104,  part,  pi.  27,  fig.  1.— Temminck, 
Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  161,  703,  part. — Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat., 
xxxiii,  1819,  448,  part  (Long  Island;  New  Jersey;  Pennsylvania) .—Vieillot 
and  Oudakt,  Gal.  Ois.,  ii,  1825,  55,  pi.  219. — Emmons,  Cat.  Birds  Massachusetts, 
1825,  4. — Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  ii,  pt.  i,  1826,  126,  part;  ii, 
1828,  442,  part;  Contr.  Maclurean  Lyc.,  i,  1827,  23;  Amer.  Philos.  Trans.,  iii, 

1830,  302,  part;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44,  part. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn., 

1831,  500. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832, 
662,  part;  ed.  2,  1840,  799,  part. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  490,  part;  v, 
1839,  559,  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  204  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  93, 
part. — Peabody,  Rep.  Orn.  Massachusetts,  1839,  355. — Lindsley,  Amer.  Journ. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  1843,  264  (Connecticut). — DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  205. — 
Giraud,  Birds  Long  Island,  1844,  195  (Long  Island,  N.  Y. ;  nearly  extinct; 
habits). — Cabot,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1855,  154  (Long  Island). — 
Putnam,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  i,  1856,  229  (Massachusetts). 

Tetra  cupido  Bladgen,  in  Farley,  Auk,  xl,  1933,  322  in  text  (Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
in  letter  of  1758). 

T[etrao]  cupido  Bonaparte,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  iv,  pt.  2,  1825,  267, 
part;  Obs.  Wilson’s  Orn.,  1826,  [126],  part. 

Bonasa  cupido  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  299  (“Carolina”; 
New  Jersey;  Long  Island). 

Cupidonia  cupido  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  628,  part  (Pocono 
Mountains,  Pa.;  Long  Island;  “Eastern  Coast”)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859, 
No.  464,  part.- — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1861,  291 
(Long  Island). — Samuels,  App.  Sec.  Rep.  Orn.  Massachusetts,  1864,  11 
(Marthas  Vineyard  and  Naushon  Islands). — Allen,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  iv,  1864, 
85  (Massachusetts)  ;  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  i,  1876,  53  in  text  (Massachusetts; 
becoming  scarce);  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  x,  1878,  22  (Massachusetts;  extirpated 
except  on  Marthas  Vineyard). — Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  39  part  (New 
England;  soon  to  become  extinct);  287  (Massachusetts);  Check  List  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1873,  No.  384,  part;  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  419,  part  (in  syn¬ 
onymy). — Turnbull,  Birds  Eastern  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey',  1869,  27 
(Monroe  and  Northampton  Counties,  Pennsylvania;  New  Jersey  plains). — 
Maynard,  Naturalists’  Guide,  1870,  138  (Marthas  Vineyard  at  Naushon  island, 


11  Doubt  has  been  cast  on  the  southern  records  for  this  bird,  but  in  all  fairness 
it  should  be  pointed  out  that  no  actual  specimens  exist  from  any  part  of  its  range 
other  than  Marthas  Vineyard,  Nashawena  Island,  and  from  Burlington  County, 
N.  J.  It  is  only  an  assumption  that  the  records  from  the  mainland  of  New  England 
were  of  this  form  and  not  of  the  inland  prairie  chicken,  but  an  assumption  that 
has  been  generally  accepted. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


211 


Mass.)- — Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  12  (New  England). 
— Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  82  (crit. ;  descr. ;  Marthas  Vineyard). — Smith,  Auk, 
iii,  1886,  139  in  text  (District  of  Columbia). 

[ Cupidonia ]  cupido  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  234,  part  (“New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Long  Island,  Nantucket  and  Marthas  Vineyard, 
etc.”). 

C[upidonia]  cupido  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  583,  part. 

Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  cupido  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  440,  part. 

Cupidonia  cupido  cupido  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  316. 

Tympanuchus  cupido  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  306 ;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  306 ;  ed.  3, 
1910,  p.  143.— Chapman,  Auk,  v,  1888,  402  (nomencl.).— Bendire,  Life  Hist. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  93.— Marshall,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  203,  in  text 
(Marthas  Vineyard;  spec.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
77  _Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  133.— Dutcher,  Auk,  x,  1893,  272  (plains  near  Comae 
Hills,  Long  Island,  in  1836;  “not  plentiful”).— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24, 
1905,  18,  19  (range,  food,  etc.). — Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club  No.  3, 
1905,  64,  in  text,  203  in  text  (Essex  County,  Mass.;  hist.)  ;  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn. 
Club,  No.  5,  1920,  97  (Essex  County,  Mass.;  extinct).— Brewster,  Mem.  Nut¬ 
tall  Orn.  Club,  No.  4,  1906,  172  (Cambridge  region,  Mass.) .—Stone,  Birds 
New  Jersey,  1908,  151  (New  Jersey;  hist.).— Eaton,  Birds  New  York,  i,  1910, 
376. — Forbush,  Game  Birds,  Wild-fowl,  and  Shore  Birds,  1912,  385  (history, 
etc.)  ;  Amer.  Mus.  Journ.,  xviii,  No.  4,  1918,  [279-285],  6  text  cuts  from 
photographs  (history,  habits,  etc.)  ;  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other  New 
England  States,  ii,  1927,  39,  pi.  35  (fig.;  descr.;  habits;  New  England).— 
Swales,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxxii,  1919,  198  (Washington,  D.  C., 
April  10,  1846). — Burns,  Orn.  Chester  County,  Pa.,  1919,  48  (Chester  County, 
Pa.;  hist.). — Phillips,  Verh.  6th  Internat.  Orn.  Kongr.,  1929,  507  (Marthas 
Vineyard;  on  verge  of  extinction).— Cooke,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlii, 
1929,  34  (Washington,  D.  C.). 

T[ympanuchus]  cupido  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  203— Goss,  Hist. 
'Birds  Kansas,  1891,  225  (Marthas  Vineyard).— Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i, 
1913,  320. 

[Tympanuchus]  cupido  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20. 

Cupidonia  cupido  brewsteri  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  3,  1887,  884,  ed.  4, 
1890,  884  (Marthas  Vineyard,  Mass.). 

Tympanuchus  cupido  cupido  Gross,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat  Hist,  vi,  1928,  491  in 
text  (syn.,  monogr.;  col.  pi.;  etc.).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check¬ 
list,  ed.  4,  1931,  85.— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  264  (life  hist.) . — 
Burns,  Wils.  Bull.,  xliv,  1932,  28  (spec,  ex  Peale  coll.).— Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  41  (extinct).— Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  160  in 
text  (extinct). — Stone,  Bird  Studies  Cape  May,  i,  1937,  320  (New  Jersey; 
former  status  and  hunting  recollections). — Bagg  and  Eliot,  Birds  Connecticut 
Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  171  (habits;  status;  extinct).— Huber,  Auk,  lv, 
1938,  527  in  text  (2  spec.;  Burlington  County,  N.  J.). — Hellmayr  and  Con¬ 
over,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  222  (syn.;  distr.) .— Cruickshank,  Birds 
New  York  City,  1942,  151  (extinct;  New  York  City  area). 

Tympanuchus  c[upido ]  cupido  Groebbet.S,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  137  in  text  (dancing 
of  males),  139  in  text  (courtship),  166  (data  on  breeding)  ;  238  in  text  (care 
of  eggs). 


212 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


TYMPANUCHUS  CUPIDO  PINNATUS  (Brewster) 

Greater  Prairie  Hen 

Adults. — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  of  the  nominate 
race  but  differing  in  having  no  conspicuous  buffy-whitish  terminal  spots 
on  the  scapulars ;  the  pinnae  or  neck  tufts  are  composed  of  more  than 
10  feathers  and  the  feathers  are  less  pointed  more  abruptly  truncate  in 
shape;  the  general  tone  of  the  upper  parts  averages  less  rufescent,  the 
broad  tips  of  the  feathers  of  the  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts 
especially  are  less  rufescent  than  in  T.  c.  cupido,  being  pinkish  buff  (in¬ 
stead  of  pale  tawny-olive),  and  the  dark  bars  on  the  underparts  are  gen¬ 
erally  narrower,  and  the  thighs  paler,  the  whole  underparts  seeming  more 
whitish15  iris  raw  umber ;  “comb”  deep  cadmium ;  gular  sacs  dark  Indian 
yellow  tinged  brownish  and  slightly  veined  with  red;  toes  dark  brownish 
ocher,  back  of  tarsi  and  lower  surface  of  toes  bright  ocher-yellow;  claws 
blackish  tipped  with  whitish  on  the  outer  claw  only. 

First-winter  plumage. — Not  certainly  separable  from  the  same  stage 
of  the  nominate  race. 

Juvenal. — Forehead,  sides  of  crown,  and  occiput  between  russet  and 
Sudan  brown;  center  of  crown  fuscous-blackish  (formed  by  blackish 
tips  of  the  otherwise  russet  feathers,  occiput  speckled  with  blackish; 
hindneck  pinkish  buff  to  pale  pinkish  buff,  the  feathers  edged  with  fuscous, 
giving  a  streaked  appearance  to  the  area,  the  more  lateral  feathers  with 
the  buff  more  whitish ;  scapulars  and  interscapulars  as  in  the  adult  but 
the  pale  bars  paler — pinkish  huff  to  cinnamon-buff  and  the  feathers  with 
prominent  white  shaft  streaks ;  upper  wing  coverts  and  primaries  as  in 
the  adult,  the  latter  feathers  somewhat  more  pointed;  secondaries  with 
the  pale  bars  restricted  to  their  outer  webs  except  on  the  innermost 
feathers,  the  brown  areas  broader  than  in  the  adults  and  somewhat 
freckled  and  vermiculated  with  blackish;  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and 
uppei  tail  coverts  as  in  adult  but  more  rufescent,  the  pale  tips  cinnamon- 
buff  ;  rectrices  unlike  the  adult,  fuscous  to  fuscous-black,  crossed  by  seven 
or  eight  narrow  buffy-whitish  to  pale  pinkish-buff  bars  and  narrowly 
tipped  with  the  same,  these  bars  largely  restricted  to  the  outer  webs  of 
the  lateral  rectrices,  the  dark  interspaces  mottled  with  clay  color  the  size 
of  the  patches  increasing  distally10 ;  lores,  supraorbital,  and  supraauricular 
band  pale  pinkish  buff  to  whitish;  malar  stripe  extending  below  the  eye 
to,  and  including,  the  auriculars,  like  the  top  of  the  head,  mixed  with 
fuscous-black  posterior  to  the  front  end  of  the  eye;  lower  cheeks,  chin, 


16  Occasionally  erythristic  specimens  occur,  but  these  do  not  constitute  a  “normal” 
plumage. 

The  rectricial  pattern  is  the  easiest  character  by  which  young  Tympcmuchus 
may  be  told  from  young  Pedioecetes.  In  the  latter,  the  median  rectrices  have  longi¬ 
tudinal  pale  median  stripes. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


213 


and  throat  less  ochraceous  than  in  adult — pale  pinkish  buff  to  whitish; 
feathers  of  breast  whitish  tinged  with  pale  ochraceous-buff  and  trans¬ 
versely  spotted  (the  bars  broken  into  spots)  with  Prout’s  brown  to  clove 
brown,  the  spots  tending  to  coalesce  into  bars  on  the  more  posterior 
breast  feathers ;  sides  and  flanks  pale  ochraceous-buff  heavily  barred  with 
dark  huffy  brown  to  sepia;  abdomen  and  thighs  whitish  barred  with  bully 
brown  to  pale  huffy  brown,  the  bars  faint  and  small  on  the  middle  of  the 
abdomen ;  under  tail  coverts  white  with  transverse  spots  of  dark  huffy 
brown. 

Downy  young. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  richer  yellow 
below — straw  yellow,  the  breast  washed  with  yellow  ocher ;  the  top  of 
head  ochraceous-tawny  (Isabella  color  in  T.  c.  cupido),  and  lower  back 
and  rump  ochraceous-buff  to  ochraceous-tawny;  the  dark  markings  as  in 
the  nominate  race. 

Adult  male.— Wing  217-241  (226);  tail  90-103  (96.2);  exposed 
culmen  16-21  (18.7)  ;  tarsus  46.5-51.5  (49.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
43-47  (45)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  9.5-13.5  (11.4  mm.).17 

Adult  jctnale.— Wing  208-220  (219)  ;  tail  87.5-93.5  (90.3)  ;  exposed 
oilmen  17-19.5  (18.6);  tarsus  46-52  (49.1);  middle  toe  without  claw 
41-44.6  (43)  ;  height  of  bill  at  base  10-12  (11.3  mm.).18 

Range. — Resident  in  the  prairie  districts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  from 
central  Alberta  (Edmonton;  casually  as  far  north  as  Lac  la  Biche),  south¬ 
ern  Saskatchewan,  and  southern  Manitoba  south  through  the  Dakotas, 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan  and  southern  Ontario  (Wallace- 
burg)  to  southeastern  Michigan,  western  and  southern  Indiana,  north¬ 
western  Ohio,  and  (probably,  formerly)  western  Kentucky  in  the  east,19 
and  through  Nebraska  and  central  Kansas  to  eastern  Colorado  (Barton 
and  Barr),  southeastern  Wyoming  (Chugwater),  and  to  Oklahoma 
(where  now  largely  gone)  and  to  extreme  northern  Texas  (Gainesville, 
Cooke  County,  and  Tascosa). 

Occasional  in  Montana  (1  record— near  Huntley)  ;  in  winter  to 
Arkansas.  While  this  form  does  migrate  to  some  extent,  the  limits  of 
its  winter  range  are  largely  contained  within  the  breeding  range ;  it  occurs 
casually  in  winter  in  northern  Louisiana. 

Type  locality. — Vermillion,  S.  Dak. 

Tctrao  cupido  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.,  iii,  1811,  104,  part,  pi.  27, 
fig.  1. — Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxxiii,  1819,  448,  part  (Kentucky; 
“plains  of  the  Columbia  River”).— Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  126,  part;  ii,  1828,  442,  part;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44,  part. 

17  Seventeen  specimens  from  Michigan,  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  and  northern 
T  exas. 

18  Eleven  specimens  from  Michigan,  North  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  northern  Texas. 

»  The  subspecific  status  of  the  Kentucky  birds  is  uncertain ;  the  species  is  extinct 

there  and  no  local  specimens  appear  to  have  been  preserved. 


053008° — 46 - 15 


214 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


— Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  662,  part ; 
ed.  2,  1840,  799,  part— Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  ii,  1834,  490,  part,  pi.  186;  v,  1839, 
559,  part;  Synopsis,  1839,  204,  part;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  part,  pi.  296. 
— Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  217,  figs.  1896-1898.— Wood- 
house,  Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuni  and  Colorado  R.,  1853,  96,  part  (Arkansas). 
T[etrao]  cupido  Bonaparte,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  iv,  pt.  ii,  1825, 
267,  part;  Obs.  Wilson’s  Orn.,  1826,  [126].- — Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London, 
xvi,  1829,  148  (between  Red  River  and  Pembina,  lat.  49°  N.). — Barry,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1854,  9  (Wisconsin;  common). — Maximilian,  Journ. 
fur  Orn.,  1858,  439  (upper  Missouri  River). 

Cupidonia  cupido  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  628,  part  (Missouri; 
Tremont,  Illinois;  mouth  of  Running  Water  River;  Big  Sioux  River);  Cat. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  464,  part.— Wheaton,  Ohio  Agr.  Rep.,  1860, 
No.  178  (nw.  Ohio)  ;  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  62  (near  Columbus, 
Ohio,  Nov.  16,  1898);  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  445,  579  (Ohio;  syn. ;  descr. ; 
distr. ;  spec.) —Hayden,  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  xii,  1862,  172  (upper 
Missouri  to  the  Niobrara  River). — Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  16, 
and  text,  part.— Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  39  part  (spec.;  Illinois); 
Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1873,  No.  384,  part;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  563,  part; 
Birds  Northwest,  1874,  419,  part.— Allen,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i, 
1868,  500  (w.  Iowa)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  iii,  1872,  130  (Leavenworth, 
Kans.),  141  (Fort  Hays,  w.  Kansas),  144  (Coyote,  nw.  Kansas),  181  (e.  and 
middle  Kansas).— Trippe,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  240  (Iowa). 
— Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed.  2,  reprint,  1873,  9. — Ridgway,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1874,  23  (lower  Wabash  Valley). — Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  477,  part; 
Forest  and  Stream,  xxiv,  No.  11,  1885,  204  (District  of  Columbia,  1  spec., 
introduced  or  offspring  of  introduced  parents). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  61,  figs.  1,  7. — Hoffman,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  174  (Grand  River  Agency,  Dakota  Territory; 
abundant).— Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  ii,  1877,  66  in  text  (hybrid); 
1882,  59  in  text  (spec.,  ex  market,  from  Iowa;  plum.). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex 
Inst.,  ix,  1877,  65  (s.  Illinois). — Gibbs,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr. 
Bull.  5,  1879,  491  (Michigan;  common). — Langdon,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1879,  15  (Cincinnati,  Ohio;  formerly;  few  still  in  nw.  Ohio). — Roberts 
and  Benner,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  v,  1880,  18  (Grant  County,  Minn.).— 
Cooke,  Auk,  i,  1884,  247  (Minnesota;  Chippewa  Indian  name). — Drew,  Auk, 
ii,  1885,  17  (vertical  range  in  Colorado). — Agersborg,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  285  (se. 
South  Dakota,  abundant). 

C[upidonia ]  cupido  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  x,  1874,  382  (Illinois). 
—Hatch,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1874,  62  (Minnesota;  abundant).— 
Deane,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  i,  1876,  22  in  text  (albinism). — Nelson,  Bull. 
Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  121  (ne.  Illinois,  formerly  abundant). — Coues,  Key  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  No.  583,  part. 

C[apidonia ]  cupido  Boies,  Cat.  Birds  Southern  Michigan,  1875,  No.  146  (s. 
Michigan). 

[Cupidonia  cupido]  var.  cupido  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  199,  in  text. 
Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  cupido  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  440,  part. 

Cupidonia  cupido  cupido  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  316,  part. 

Bonasa  cupido  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  88  (North 
America). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


215 


[Bonasa]  cupido  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  277,  No.  9831. 

Tympanuchus  cupido  Taverner,  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  172  (field  chars.;  Canada). 
— Shetter,  Wils.  Bull.,  li,  1939,  46,  in  text  (Michigan;  speed  of  flight).— 
Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  318  in  text  (age  indi 
cators  in  plumage). 

Cupidonia  americana  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xiv,  1857,  428. 

Tympanuchus  cupido  americanus  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  4,  1931,  85. — Baerg,  Univ.  Arkansas  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  258,  1931,  53 
(Arkansas;  distr. ;  descr.).— Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  rev.  ed.,  1931,  79  (Okla¬ 
homa).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  242  (life  hist.;  distr.).— 
Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  385  (Minnesota;  habits;  distr.).  DuMont, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xliv,  1932,  237  (Iowa;  spec.).— Harrold,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  19 
(Lake  Johnston,  Saskatchewan).— Youngsworth,  Auk,  1,  1933,  124  (Sioux 
City,  Iowa;  numerous  in  autumn;  breeds). — Esten,  Auk,  1,  1933,  356  in  text 
(Indiana;  150  birds  seen  at  Jasper-Pulaski  Game  Reserve) .—Johnson,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xlvi,  1934,  3  (habits,  nw.  Minnesota).— Monson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvi,  1934, 
43  (Cass  County,  N.  Dak.;  common) .—Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  160,  in 
text,  pi.  19a  (col.  fig.;  distr.;  characters).— Breckenridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935, 
269  (Minnesota).— McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  130  in  text 
(se.  Wyoming;  rare). — Youngworth,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  217  (nests,  Fort 
Sisseton,  S.  Dak.).— Long,  Bull.  Univ.  Kansas  Sci.,  xxxvi,  1935,  232  (w.  Kansas, 
November).— Trautman,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  321  (Ohio).— Schmidt,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlviii,  1936,  196  (Wisconsin;  winter  food).— Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud. 
Zool.,  xxiv,  1937,  87  (Boulder  County,  Colo.;  hypothetical) .—Beebe,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlix,  1937,  35  (Upper  Peninsula  Michigan,  recently  spread).— Groebbels,  Der 
Vogel,  ii,  1937,  137  in  text  (courtship  dance),  166  (data  on  breeding),  239  in 
text  (number  of  eggs),  397  in  text  (time  of  day  of  hatching) .— Bagg  and 
Eliot,  Birds  of  Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  172  (introduced 
unsuccessfully).— Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxvii,  1938,  178  (Tarrant 
County,  Tex.;  probably  breeds).— Oberholser,  Bird  Life  Louisiana,  1938,  190 
(Louisiana;  casual  winter  visitor). — Todd,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  274  in  text  (old  w. 
Pennsylvania  record  erroneous;  should  be  Kentucky).— Bennett,  Blue-winged 
Teal,  1938,  38  in  text  (market  hunting). — Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  of 
Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939,  61  (c.  Colorado;  rare;  food  habits;  spec.).— 
Hammerstrom,  Wils.  Bull.,  li,  1939,  105  in  text  (Wisconsin;  life  hist.) . — 
Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  61  (Lucas  County,  Ohio;  extirpated 
by  1880).— Long,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  440  (Kansas;  formerly 
abundant;  now  rare  in  east,  and  uncommon  in  western  part). — Goodpaster, 
Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1941,  13  (sw.  Ohio;  almost  extirpated). 

_ Hamerstrom,  Hopkins,  and  Rinzel,  Wils.  Bull.,  liii,  1941,  185,  footnote 

(winter  food). 

[Tympanuchus]  cupido  americanus  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  139  in  text 
(courtship),  238  in  text  (covers  eggs). 

Tympanuchus  cupido  americus  Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vn,  No.  3,  1932, 
25  (Missouri;  uncommon  resident). 

Tympanuchus  americanus  Ridgway,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  133  (nomencl.).— American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check  List,  1886,  No.  305,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  305, 
part.— Seton,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  153  (Winnipeg  and  Portage  la  Prairie,  Manitoba), 
329  (Westboume,  w.  Manitoba).— Evermann,  Auk,  v,  1888,  349  (Carroll 
County,  Indiana;  rare).— Thompson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xm,  1891,  514 
(Winnipeg  and  Portage  la  Prairie,  Manitoba;  claimed  to  be  of  recent  occur¬ 
rence  and  increasing). -Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  225  (Kansas;  common; 


216 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ts ’  descu)-— -Hatch,  Notes  Birds  Minnesota,  1892,  167,  463  (Minnesota; 
/T  ’’  eS£r^‘  ^UTTING>  Bul1-  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  Iowa,  ii,  1893,  267 
18HW78  Saskat,c^ewiarn  River)  .-Ocilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii, 
1893,  78  part  (Rockford  and  Richland  Counties,  Ill,;  Iowa;  Moody  County 
S.  Dak.) .—Brewster,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  99,  pi.  2  (descr.  and  colored  pi.  of  rufescent 

4°iwTwr4  °f  unknown  Reality);  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No. 

1  \9°h6’  (Cambridge,  Mass.;  liberated  in  1885).-Jones,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  236 
n  table  (Ohio;  migr.) ;  Birds  Ohio,  Rev.  Cat,  1903,  221  (Ohio,  extinct)  — 
Ulrey  and  Wallace,  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci,  1895,  151  (Wabash,  Ind.)  - 
Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  44,  1898,  159  (e.  Colorado;  rare  and 

^  ;  BUIL  56’  19°°-  202  (Wyoming,  resident  breeding) .- 
utler,  Rep.  State  Geol.  Indiana  for  1897  (1898),  755  (Indiana;  reported  as 
occurring  within  recent  years  in  Newton,  Stark,  Carroll,  Steuben,  Boone, 
v  ox,  Chnton,  Wabash,  Lake,  Laporte,  Benton,  Allen,  De  Kalb,  and  Noble 
counties  ).— Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci,  1896-97  (1899),  254  (Kansas- 
common,  oimerly  abundant) .—Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900  26 
(Ontario;  now  extinct). -Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  163  (molt).-MACouN  Cat 
Can.  Birds,  1900,  210  (Ontario  and  Manitoba). -Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western 

Bunle  inol’  27°mm  fkstr-)-WooDCOCK.  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat. 

Bull.  68,  1902,  27  (Dayton,  Oreg,  Oct,  1892).-Kumlien  and  Hollister,  Bull 

Wisconsin  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  iii,  1903,  57  (Wisconsin;  habits). -Dawson  Birds 

ed  ?  1Qf)3  k’/y  52’  652  (  0hi°;  deSCr‘:  extinct).-SNOW,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas, 
a.  6,  1903,  15  (Kansas;  common;  formerly  abundant) .—  [Nash],  Check  List 

Bidl  190S’  f  (0ntario;  -tinct). -Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv. 

xvT- '  t  ’  (^nge’  f°°d’  eC°nomic  value-  etc.). -Wilson,  Wils.  Bull, 
X  87  IT  (f  j  CuUrn^’  IOWa’  C0mm0n  resident). -Fleming,  Auk,  xxiv, 
907,  87  (Toronto;  doubtful).— Widmann,  Birds  Missouri,  1907  81  (once  com- 
mon,  now  rare)  .-Woodruff,  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Bull,  vi,  1907,  84  (vicinitv 
of  Chicago,  formerly  abundant,  now  rare).— Roberts,  in  Wilcox,  Hist  Becker 
County,  Minn,  1907,  170  (nearly  all  parts  of  Minnesota). -Anderson,  Proc 
Davenport  Acad.  Sci,  xi,  1907,  233  (Iowa;  habits). -Beyer,  Allison,  and 

1908M464  IB  ’  w’p1908’  439’  m  tGXt  (W-  Louisiana) .-Reagan,  Auk,  xxv, 
1908  464  (Rosebud  Reservation,  S.  Dak. )  .-Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat  Can 

BirdM  2’19®9'  229  (Hamilton  Beach,  Ontario;  Manitoba) .-Visher,  Auk, 
XXVI ,1909,  147  (w.  South  Dakota;  west  to  Kadoka)  ;  xxviii,  1911,  10  (Harding 
County,  S.  Dak  fairly  abundant).— Cooke,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  411  (e.  Colorado- 
bieeds  west  to  Yuma,  Wray  County;  also  near  Barr).— Cory,  Publ.  Field  Mus’. 

iir’’  •’  131,  \9°9’  439  (Illinois!  Wisconsin).— Hess,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910, 

2  (c.  Illinois;  eggs).— Wood  and  Tinker,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  131  (Michigan- 
Tirmerlycommon  nea.r  Ann  Arbor;  Fourmile  Lake).— Ferry,  Auk,  xxvii,  191o[ 
J78  (Uuill  Lalce,  Saskatchewan;  breeds) —Howell  (A.H.),  U  S  Biol  Surv’ 

?“?•  38’  191!’  34  in°'W  m°Stly  extirPated  in  Arkansas).— Lano,'  Auk’  xxix,' 
yi2,  239,  in  text  (Minnesota;  eaten  by  gyrfalcon)  ;  xxxviii,  1921  112  (8  miles 

”•  ,°f  )rk"  1  N“  15.  1919). — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado, 

>  _  (Colorado;  uncommon  in  ne.  part).— Isely,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  28 

(Sedgwick  County,  Kans.;  formerly  abundant  but  “not  been  seen  for  many 
years  ).— Zimmer,  Proc.  Nebraska  Orn.  Union,  v,  pt.  5,  1913,  70  (Nebraska; 
Ihomas  County;  nests  and  young).— Jensen,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  344  (Wahpeton 
N.  Dak.  breeding) .-Horsbaugh,  Ibis,  1918,  483  (Buffalo  Lake,  Alberta’ 

1  spec.,  Dec.  26  1914).-Taverner,  Auk,  xxxvi,  1919,  13  (near  Red  Deer, 
Alberta,  Dec.  26  1914)  ;  Ottawa  Nat.,  xxxii,  1919,  161  (Shoal  Lake,  Manitoba; 
first  nests  found  in  1899;  increasing);  Birds  W.  Canada,  1926,  171,  pi.  23A, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


217 


(dcscr. ;  habits;  distr. ;  Canada). — Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928,  46  (e.  McKenzie 
County,  N.  Dak.).— Hicks,  Wils.  Bull,  xli,  1929,  43  (Bay  Point,  Ohio).— Caum, 
Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  16  (Hawaii;  introduced  unsuccessfully). 
— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  384  in  text  (infertile  eggs). 

[Tympanuchus]  americanus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  203,  part. — 
Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  320. 

[ Tympcmuchus ]  americanus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20. 

Tympcmuchus  americanus  americanus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check 
List,  ed.  3,  1910,  143. — Barrows,  Michigan  Bird  Life,  1912,  229  (s.  Michigan).— 
Bunker,  Univ.  Kansas  Sci.  Bull.,  vii,  1913,  146  (w.  Kansas,  mostly). — Visiier, 
Auk,  xxx,  1913,  567  (Sanborn  County,  S.  Dak.,  resident).— Tinker,  Auk,  xxxi, 

1914,  77  (Clay  and  Palo  Alto  Counties,  Iowa;  nearly  exterminated).— Honey- 
will,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  85  (Minnesota;  Cass  and  Crow  Wing  Counties).  - 
Cooke,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  478  (Oklahoma;  near  Caddo;  common).— Horsbaugii, 
Ibis,  1916,  682  (Alix  and  Buffalo  Lake  district,  Alberta,  fairly  numerous).— 
Harris,  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  1919,  257  (extirpated  in  Jackson  County, 
Missouri). — Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.  No.  14,  1921,  58  (Montana;  Hervey 
Beach;  spec.). — Over  and  Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  76. — Wood,  Misc. 
Publ.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus.  Zook,  No.  10,  1923,  35  (Red  River  Valley,  Medora, 
etc.,  N.  Dak.).— Koelz,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxv,  1923,  38  (Jackson  County,  Michigan; 
common). — Mitchell,  Canad.  Field  Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan; 
resident). — Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  36  (Oklahoma).— Pindar, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi,  1924,  204  (e.  Arkansas).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Auk,  xli, 
1924,  297  (Fort  Clark,  N.  Dak.).— Wheeler,  Birds  Arkansas,  1925,  39,  xiv, 
xx  (descr. ;  nest;  eggs;  Arkansas) —Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii,  1925,  28 
(Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak. ) —Rowan,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  333,  pi.  xvi  (hybrid;  Alberta). 
—Williams,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  29  (Red  River  Valley,  N.  Dak.).— 
Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  172,  in  text. — Linsdale,  Auk,  xliv, 
1927,  52  (Kansas;  between  Shields  and  Gove) —Linsdale  and  Hall,  Wils. 
Bull.’,  xxxix,  1927,  96  (s.  of  Lawrence,  ICans.).— Cahn,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxix,  1927, 
27  (summer,  Vilas  County,  Wisconsin)  .—Gardner,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  128  in 
text  (eaten  by  horned  owls). — Pierce,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  266  (Buchanan 
County,  Iowa,  status). 

Tympcmuchus  a[mcricanus ]  americanus  Lincoln,  Proc.  Colorado  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

1915,  6  (Yuma  County,  Colo.,  resident)  .—Stoddard,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxiv,  1922,  72 
(Sauk  Prairie,  s.  Wisconsin;  habits). 

Cupidonia  pinrnta  Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  82  (Vermillion,  South  Dakota;  coll. 
William  Brewster).— Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  lxx,  1930,  155  (type 
spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zook). 

Tympanuchus  pinnatus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355. 

Tympcmuchus  cupido  pinnatus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  41  — 
Van  Tyne,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zook  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  11  (Michigan; 
resident  in  Lower  Peninsula  and  west  in  Upper  Peninsula  to  Sidnaw ;  breeding 
records).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  223  (syn.; 
distr.). 


TYMPANUCHUS  CUPIDO  ATTWATERI  Bcndlre 

Louisiana  Prairie  Hen 

Adult . — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  and  wear  of  T.  c. 
pinnatus  but  smaller,  darker  in  general  coloration,  tawnier  above,  usually 
with  more  pronounced  cinnamon-rufous  on  the  neck ;  light-colored  spots 


218 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


on  the  upper  wing  coverts  smaller  and  tawnier ;  tarsi  longer  and  much 
more  scantily  feathered ;  the  feathers  much  shorter  and  never  extending 
down  to  the  base  of  the  toes,  even  in  front,  the  posterior  side  of  the  tarsus 
always  (even  in  winter)  with  a  broad  exposed  naked  strip  (much  the 
greater  part  of  the  tarsus  naked  in  summer).  From  the  nominate  form 
this  race  differs  in  lacking  the  conspicuous  pale  terminal  spots  on  the 
scapulars,  in  having  the  pinnae  composed  of  more  than  10  feathers  which 
are  abruptly  truncated  and  not  pointed,  and  in  having  the  ventral  bars 
somewhat  narrower  (but  nearer  to  T.  c.  cupido  than  to  T.  c.  pinnatus 
in  this  respect)  and  considerably  paler — drab  to  pale  buffy  brown,  and 
in  having  the  upper  breast  washed  with  cinnamon  to  cinnamon-rufous. 
Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Downy  young. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  T.  c.  pin¬ 
natus  but  apparently  very  slightly  darker  in  its  general  tone  above. 

Adult  male.  Wing  202—213  (209)  ;  tail  84—90  (87.5)  ;  exposed  culmen 
18-21  (19.5)  ;  tarsus  50-52  (51)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  44-46  (  44.7)  ; 
height  of  bill  at  base  11-12.5  (12.0  mm.).20 

Adult  female.— Wing  195-206  (202)  ;  tail  78-83  (80.8)  ;  exposed 
culmen  17—20  (18.2)  ;  tarsus  47—50  (49)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  42—46 
(43.4)  ;  height  of  .bill  at  base  11-11.5  (11  .2  mm.).21 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coastal  prairies  of  southwestern  Louisiana  (a 
small  area  in  the  western  parts  of  Cameron  and  Calcasieu  Parishes ; 
formerly  east  of  Bayon  Teche,  Opelousas,  and  Abbeville)  and  in  coastal 
Texas  (north  to  Austin,  where  now  scarce;  Refugio,  Aransas,  and  Jeffer¬ 
son  Counties;  to  within  30  miles  of  the  Rio  Grande — Miradores  Ranch). 
Type  locality. — Refugio  County,  Tex. 

Tetrao  cupido  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Woodhouse,  Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuni  and  Colo¬ 
rado  R.,  1853,  96,  part  (e.  Texas). 

Cupidonia  cupido  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  629,  part  (Calcasieu 
Pass,  La.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  464,  part. — Nehrling,  Bull. 
Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  175  (se.  Texas). 

Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  cupido  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridcway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  440,  part. 

Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  pallidicincta  (not  of  Ridgway,  1873)  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  159  (prairies  near  coast  30  miles  n.  of  Fort  Brown,  Tex.). 
Tympanuchus  attwateri  Bendire,  Forest  and  Stream,  xl,  No.  20,  1893,  425  (Refugio 
County,  Tex.;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Elliot,  Gallin.  Game  Birds  North 
Amer.,  1897,  122. 

[Tympanuchus]  attwateri  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20. 

Tympanuchus  americanus  attwateri  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Auk,  xi, 
1894,  46 ;  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  305a  (ex  Bendire,  manuscript)  ;  ed.  3,  1910, 
p.  143.  Bendire,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  130-132  (diagnosis,  measurements,  etc.;  Calca¬ 
sieu,  La,;  Orange,  Refugio,  Aransas,  and  Jefferson  Counties,  Tex.). — Ridgway, 
Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1896,  589.— Carroll,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  341  (Re- 

30  Five  specimens  including  the  type. 

21  Five  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


219 


fugio  County,  Tex.) —Simmons,  Auk,  xxxii,  1915,  322  (Harris  County,  Tex.; 
Aldine;  adults  and  young  seen);  Birds  Austin  Region,  192o,  82  (Austin,  Tex., 
habits;  descr.). — Cahn,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxiii,  1921,  171  (near  Marshall,  ne.  1  exas  ; 
nearly  extirpated). — Figgins,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  674  (Black  Bayou,  La.;  rare; 
winter  and  spring) .— Griscom  and  Crosby,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  34  (Brownsville, 

Tex.). Bailey  and  Wright,  Wils.  Bull.,  xliii,  1931,  201  (Cameron  Parish, 

La.).— Arthur,  Birds  Louisiana,  1931,  214  (descr.,  status,  Louisiana). 
T[ympanuchus ]  americanus  atlwateri  Blyer,  Allison,  and  Kopman,  Auk,  xxv,  1908, 
439,  in  text  (w.  Louisiana). 

Tlympanuchus]  a[mericanus\  attwateri  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United 
States,  1902,  131  (descr. ;  habits) . 

[Tympanuchus  americanus]  attwateri  Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  163  (molt). 
Tympanuchus  cupido  attwateri  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list  North 
Amer.  Birds,  ed.  4,  1931,  86  (distr.)  .—Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  263 
(life  hist.;  distr.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  41.  Ober- 
holser.  Bird  Life  Louisiana,  1938,  190  (Louisiana,  common  on  coastal  prairies 
formerly;  now  rare) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
223  (syn. ;  distr.). — McIlhenny,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  544  (s.  Louisiana). 
T[ympanuchus]  c[upido]  attwateri  Hamerstrom,  Wils.  Bull.,  li,  1939,  115,  in  text 
(nesting  habits). 

Tympanuchus  cupido  americanus  Lowery,  Bull.  Louisiana  Polytech.  Inst.,  xxix,  1931, 
22  (spec. ;  ne.  of  Ruston,  La. ;  December  20,  1925). 

Tympanuchus  americanus  (not  Cupidonia  arnericana  Reichenbach)  Beyer,  Proc. 
Louisiana  Soc.  Nat.  for  1897-99  (1900),  98  (sw.  Louisiana). 

TYMPANUCHUS  PALLIDICINCTUS  (Ridgway) 

Lesser  Prairie  Hen 

Adult  male.— Similar  to  Tympanuchus  cupido  but  differs  in  having  the 
darker  bars  of  the  back  and  rump  divided,  containing  a  continuous  brown 
bar  enclosed  between  two  narrower  blackish  ones;  the  feathers  of  the 
breast  with  four  to  six  alternate  bars  of  brown  and  white ;  the  darker  bars 
of  the  sides  and  flanks  bicolored — the  broader  light  brown  bar  being 
enclosed  between  two  narrower  dusky  ones;  forehead  and  anteiior  part 
of  crown  pale  cartridge  buff,  the  feathers  mummy  brown  on  their  con¬ 
cealed  basal  portions ;  rest  of  crown  feathers  dark  mummy  brown  broadly 
tipped  with  cartridge  buff  to  light  ochraceous-buff  and  subterminally 
banded  with  light  ochraceous-salmon  and  still  more  basally  spotted  with 
the  same ;  occiput  and  nape  similar  but  with  the  dark  mummy  brown  areas 
reduced  to  narrow  bars,  the  tips  more  strongly  ochraceous  ;  interscapulars, 
back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  buffy  brown  to  pale  olive- 
brown  narrowly  banded  with  pinkish  buff  to  cinnamon-buff  and  with 
dark  clove  brown  to  fuscous-black,  the  subterminal  fuscous-black  bars 
divided  lengthwise  to  include  a  continuous  pale  olive-brown  to  pale 
cinnamon-buffy  band  bordered  by  narrower  fuscous-black  ones ;  the  tips 
of  these  feathers  becoming  somewhat  more  grayish  on  the  lower  rump 
and  upper  tail  coverts;  scapulars,  lesser  upper  wing  coverts,  and  sec¬ 
ondaries  tawny-olive  to  olive-brown  barred  with  pinkish  buff  to  whitish, 


220 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


these  pale  bars  edged  with  fuscous  on  the  scapulars  and  secondaries  and 
with  clove  brown  on  the  upper  coverts ;  the  scapulars  and  secondaries 
broadly  tipped  with  pale  pinkish  buff ;  median  and  greater  upper  wing 
coverts  and  primaries  buffy  brown,  the  coverts  banded  with  buffy  white, 
the  primaries  spotted  transversely  on  their  outer  webs  with  pale  pinkish 
buff ;  rectrices  clove  brown  paling  on  the  lateral  feathers  to  dark  olive- 
brown,  and  all  narrowly  tipped  with  pale  pinkish  buff;  lores,  chin,  upper 
throat,  and  sides  of  head  cartridge  buff,  tinged  especially  on  the  sides  of 
the  head  with  pale  chamois ;  a  dark  subocular  band  Saccardo’s  umber,  the 
feathers  tipped  with  clove  brown ;  the  lower  cheeks  with  a  mass  of  closely 
packed  dark  clove-brown  spots;  feathers  of  the  sides  of  neck  and  the 
lower  throat  ochraceous-tawny  (chiefly  on  the  concealed  parts  of  the 
feathers)  broadly  tipped  with  white  and  edged  with  fuscous-black,  the 
ochraceous-tawny  showing  much  more  on  the  lower  throat  than  on  the 
sides  of  the  neck;  pinnae  composed  mostly  of  black,  abruptly  truncated 
feathers,  a  few  of  the  lateral  ones  with  various  widths  of  huffy-white  shaft 
stripes,  these  pale  areas  edged  with  ochraceous-buffy  and  these  feathers 
with  considerable  ochraceous-tawny  basally,  their  upper  coverts,  largely 
ochraceous-tawny  and  buffy  white;  breast,  upper  abdomen,  sides,  and 
flanks,  whitish,  each  feather  crossed  by  several  fairly  narrow  bars  of 
buffy  brown  to  olive-brown,  these  bars  becoming  broader  and  darker  on 
the  sides  and  flanks,  where  they  are  bicolored,  paler  in  the  middle  and 
darker  on  the  margins;  middle  and  lower  abdomen  with  the  dark  bars 
greatly  reduced  in  breadth  and  darkness  or  wanting;  under  tail  coverts 
clove  brown  very  broadly  tipped  with  ochraceous-tawny  on  their  inner 
webs ;  under  wing  coverts  whitish,  the  outer  ones  terminally  spotted  with 
drab  to  pale  buffy  brown,  bill  dark  brown ;  iris  brown,  gular  sacs,  yellow 
in  the  breeding  season;  toes  yellowish,  claws  brownish  black.22 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male,  but  averaging  smaller. 

First-winter  plumage. — Like  the  adult  but  with  the  outer  two  primaries 
more  pointed  than  the  others  (juvenal  feathers  that  are  retained  in  the 
postjuvenal  molt,  all  the  juvenal  primaries  being  rather  pointed). 

Juvenal — Much  more  rufescent  than  the  adult,  more  rufescent  than 
the  juvenal  of  T.  cupido;  forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  bright  ochraceous- 
tawny,  with  some  of  the  largely  concealed  basal  blackish  showing  through 
as  spots,  especially  on  the  midcrown ;  interscapulars  and  scapulars  bright 
tawny-olive  with  no  white  shaft  stripes  and  with  less  (narrower  and 
rowly  edged  with  blackish,  all  these  feathers  with  conspicuous  white  shaft 
stripes;  feathers  of  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  bright 
tawny-olive  with  not  white  shaft  stripes  and  with  less  (narrower  and 

22  As  in  the  other  members  of  its  genus,  in  worn  plumage  the  tips  of  the  dorsal 
feathers  seem  to  become  bleached  as  well  as  abraded  and  are  more  grayish  than  in 
freshly  plumaged  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


221 


paler)  blackish  barring  and  less  difference  between  the  paler  bars  (which 
are  cinnamon-buff  to  pale  cinnamon-buff)  and  the  interspaces  of  tawny- 
olive,  the  tips  paler  and  grayer;  upper  wing  coverts  dull  olive-brown  to 
clove  brown  banded  with  pale  pinkish  buff ;  secondaries  pale  clove  brown, 
their  outer  webs  olive-brown  barred  with  pale  pinkish  buff,  these  pale 
bars  margined  with  dark  clove  brown;  primaries  pale  clove  brown,  their 
outer  webs  spotted  transversely  with  pale  pinkish  buff;  rectrices  bright 
tawny-olive  with  terminal  tear-shaped  whitish  shaft  streaks,  and  barred 
with  pale  cinnamon-buff  each  huffy  bar  distally  edged  narrowly,  and 
proximally  much  more  broadly,  with  blackish;  lores,  chin,  and  upper 
throat  whitish ;  a  pale  cinnamon-buffy  superciliary  stripe  from  the  lores 
to  the  posterolateral  angle  of  the  occiput ;  cheeks  ochraceous-buffy,  the 
auriculars  tawny-olive;  feathers  of  breast  and  sides  light  tawny-olive  in¬ 
completely  barred  with  clove  brown  and  with  white  shaft  stripes ;  feathers 
of  sides  and  flanks  similar  but  the  dark  bars  complete ;  abdomen  whitish 
barred  with  pale  olive-brown  to  drab ;  thighs  whitish  tinged  with  drab ; 
under  tail  coverts  white,  basally  spotted  and  splotched  with  olive-brown. 

Dozvny  young. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  207-220  (212.0)  ;  tail  88-95  (92.4)  ;  exposed 
culmen  16.5-18  (17.1);  tarsus  43-47  (  44.4);  middle  toe  without  claw 
36.5-40  (39.0);  height  of  bill  at  base  9.5-11  (10.5  mm.).23 

Adult  female. — Wing  195-201  (198)  ;  tail  81-87  (84.2)  ;  exposed  cul¬ 
men  42-43  (42.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  36-40  (38.4)  ;  height  of  bill 
at  base  9.5-10.5  (10.0  mm.).24 

Range. — Breeds  from  southeastern  Colorado  (Gaumes  Ranch,  Baca 
County,  and  Holly,  Powers  County,  north  to  the  Arkansas  River), 
Nebraska  (formerly),  and  southwestern  Kansas  (Cimarron,  Neosho 
Falls),  south  through  southwestern  Oklahoma  (near  Arnett,  Fort  Cobb, 
Ivanhoe  Lake,  Fort  Reno)  to  northern  Texas  (Mobeetie,  Alanreed) 
and  to  east-central  New  Mexico  (Portales  and  Staked  Plains).28 

Winters  chiefly  in  central  Texas,  from  Colorado  City,  Monahans,  and 
Midland,  north  to  Bandera,  Fort  Clark,  Concho  and  Tom  Green  Counties, 
and  the  Davis  Mountains. 

Casual  in  southern  and  southwestern  Missouri  (Pierce  County  and 
Lawrence  County),  central  Kansas  (Oakley  and  Garnett). 

Recorded  in  fossil  state  from  Oregon  (Pleistocene). 

Type  locality. — Prairies  of  Texas  (near  lat.  32°  N.). 

23  Five  specimens  from  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Oklahoma. 

24  Four  specimens  from  Nebraska  and  Oklahoma. 

25  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  285,  writes  that  while  this  species  has  been 
reported  from  Nebraska  there  are  no  specimens  to  substantiate  this  claim.  In  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum  are  three  birds  obtained  in  the  Fulton  Market,  New  York, 
said  to  have  been  killed  in  Nebraska. 


222 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tetrao  cupido  (not  of  Linnaeus)  McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1851, 
222  (between  Lavaca,  Victoria,  and  Goliad,  Tex.). 

(?)  Cupidonia  cupido  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  628,  part  (Texas)  ; 
Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  464,  part. 

Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  pallidicincta  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  199  (“South¬ 
western  prairies — Staked  plains?”  Coll.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Cupidonia  cupido  .  .  ,  var.  pallidicincta  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
133,  No.  384a. 

C[[upidonia]  c[upido]  pallidicincta  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2, 
1882,  584. 

Cupidonia  cupido,  var.  pallidicinctus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  446. — Lawrence,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  ii,  1877,  52 
(Pierce  City,  sw.  Missouri;  weight). 

[Cupidonia  cupido]  b?  pallidicinctus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  420. 

Cupidonia  cupido  pallidicincta  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196;  Nom. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  477a. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  564. 

Cupidonia  cupido  pallidicinctus  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  316. 

[Cupidonia  cupido]  pallidicinctus  Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  446  (distr.). 

Tympanuchus  pallidicinctus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355. — 
American  Ornithologists'’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  307;  ed.  2,  1895,  No. 
307;  ed.  3,  1910,  p.  144;  ed.  4,  1931,  86  (distr.). — Lloyd,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  187  (Con¬ 
cho  County,  Middle  Concho  in  Tom  Green  County,  and  Colorado  City,  Mitchell 
County,  w.  Tex.). — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  106  (geogr. 
range) .—Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  227  (Kansas;  rare;  descr.). — Shu- 
feldt,  Auk,  viii,  1891,  367,  in  text  (fossil  bones). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  96. — Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  344,  in  text  (fossil,  Oregon). — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  80  (Kansas). — Lantz,  Trans. 
Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-97  (1899),  254  (Neosho  Falls,  Kans.). — Bailey, 
Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  131  (descr.;  distr.). — Snow,  Cat. 
Birds  Kansas,  ed.  5,  1903,  15  (sw.  Kansas;  rare). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull. 
24,  1905,  19,  20  (range,  food,  etc.). — Widmann,  Birds  Missouri,  1907,  82  (s.  and 
sw.  Missouri;  no  recent  records). — Cooke,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  411  (sw.  Baca 
County,  Colorado). — Lacey,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206  (Kerrville,  Tex.;  none  seen 
since  1886). — Bunker,  Kansas  Univ.  Sci.  Bull,  vii,  1913,  146  (sw.  Kansas,  rare 
resident). — Lincoln,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  236  (Baca  County,  Colo.,  May,  Sept,  near 
Holly,  Prowers  County,  Colo. ;  Arkansas  River  is  northern  boundary  of  the 
range  of  the  species). — Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  36  (Oklahoma). — - 
Rothschild,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xlvii,  1927,  141  (spec.;  melanistic  mutant). — 
Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  207  (New  Mexico). — Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma, 
rev.  ed.,  1931,  80  (Oklahoma). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull  162,  1932,  280  (life 
hist.;  distr.). — Wetmore,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  142  (remains;  cave  deposits  n. 
of  Carlsbad,  New  Mexico). — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932, 
25  (southwestern  Missouri;  formerly  uncommon;  now  probably  extinct). — 
Howard  and  Miller,  Condor,  xxxv,  1933,  16  (bones;  New  Mexico  cave  de¬ 
posits). — Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiv,  1934,  11  (w.  Panhandle  of  Okla¬ 
homa;  near  Arnett;  molt).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  41.— 
Long,  Bull.  Univ.  Kans.  Sci.,  xxxvi,  1935,  232  (w.  Kansas;  November). — Long, 
Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  440  (Kansas;  formerly  common  resident 
in  south  and  west;  now  rare).— Imler,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxix,  1936, 
301  (Rooks  County,  Kansas;  occasional). — Tiemeier,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  359  in  text 
(healing  of  bone  injuries). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  224  (syn. ;  distr.). 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


223 


T[ympanuchus]  pallidicinctus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  203. — 
Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  318  in  text  (age  indi¬ 
cators  in  plumage). 

[Tympanuchus]  pallidicinctus  Sharpe,  Handlist,  i,  1899,  20. — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii, 
1900,  163  (molt). 

(?)  Tympanuchus  americanus  Lacey,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206  (Kerrville,  Tex.,  1885, 
1886). 


Genus  CENTROCERCUS  Swainson 

Centrocercus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor. -Amer.,  ii,  1831 
(1832),  358,  496.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Tetrao  urophasianus  Bonaparte.) 
Centrocircus  (emendation)  Swainson,  Classif.  Birds,  i,  1836,  110. 

Large  terrestrial  Tetraonidae  (wing  about  266—331  mm.)  with  tarsus 
longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw ;  internasal  portion  of  culmen  longer 
than  apical  portion,  and  tail  about  as  long  as  wing,  strongly  graduated, 
consisting  of  18  narrow,  attenuated,  rigid  rectrices;  adult  males  with 
an  inflatable  air  sac  on  sides  of  neck  and  with  feathers  of  lower  neck, 


224  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

laterally  and  in  front,  short,  very  rigid,  and  with  spinous  tips,  as  if  much 
abraded,  some  of  the  feathers  with  filamentous  tips ;  stomach  membranous. 

Coloration. — Upperparts  irregularly  variegated  with  grayish  brown, 
buffy,  and  black ;  the  tertials  with  whitish  terminal  margins  and  wing 
coverts  with  white  medial  streaks ;  under  parts  mostly  whitish,  broken 
by  a  large  black  abdominal  area. 

Range. — Sagebrush  plains  of  western  North  America,  from  north¬ 
western  North  Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  middle  eastern  California,  and 
from  northwestern  New  Mexico  to  southern  Saskatchewan  and  southern 
British  Columbia.  (Monotypic.) 

CENTROCERCUS  UROPHASIANUS  (Bonaparte) 

Sage  Grouse 

Adult  male. — Narial  tufts  pale  raw  umber;  feathers  of  the  forehead, 
crown,  and  occiput  light  drab  to  light  wood  brown,  the  feathers  crossed 
by  narrow  bars  of  dark  clove  brown  to  black,  and  basally  dark  olive- 
brown;  nape  ashy  tilleul  buff  narrowly  banded  with  dark  buffy  brown  to 
olive-brown;  interscapulars  similar  but  with  the  dark  bars  and  the  inter¬ 
spaces  much  broader,  and  the  dark  bars  darker — dark  clove  brown  to  black¬ 
ish —  and  with  the  pale  tips  and  interspaces  slightly  more  ochraceous-buffy, 
much  broader,  and  the  dark  bars  darker — dark  clove  brown  to  blackish — 
and  with  the  pale  tips  and  interspaces  slightly  more  ochraceous-buffy, 
the  tips  more  or  less  vermiculated  with  blackish;  scapulars,  lesser  upper 
wing  coverts,  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  pale  ochra- 
ceous-tawny  to  tawny-olive  with  a  grayish  tinge  and  with  white  tips  on 
scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  and  ashy  gray  tips  on  the  feathers  of 
the  back,  lower  back  and  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts;  the  feathers 
vermiculated  with  black,  basally  very  extensively  fuscous-brown  to  almost 
black,  some  of  the  feathers  with  subterminal  blackish  bands,  which  border 
proximally  on  pale  pinkish  buff  ones,  which,  in  turn,  also  border  proxi- 
mally  on  black  areas ;  these  broad  bars  rather  zigzag  in  shape  and  the 
pale  terminal  areas  extending  proximally  along  the  margins  of  the 
feathers ;  inner  secondaries  like  the  scapulars ;  outer  secondaries  dull 
olive-brown  narrowly  tipped  with  white  and  transversely  flecked  with 
white  on  their  outer  webs;  primaries  plain  dull  olive-brown,  the  outer 
webs  with  indistinct  frecklings  of  paler ;  median  upper  wing  coverts 
similar  to  the  lesser  ones  but  with  narrow  white  shafts  and  with  con¬ 
cealed  whitish  or  buffy  whitish  zigzag  bars  on  their  covered  central  and 
basal  portions,  and  averaging  more  grayish,  less  tawny ;  the  greater  upper 
wing  coverts  plain  dull  olive-brown  with  merely  a  hint  of  white  on  the 
shafts ;  central  tail  feathers  broad  and  rather  abruptly  pointed,  dull  olive- 
brown  tipped  with  grayish  tilleul  buff,  and  crossed  ,by  numerous  zigzag 
bands  of  the  same;  the  dark  interspaces  broader  than  the  pale  bands 
and  the  more  distal  of  these  interspaces  darkening  to  fuscous  and  to 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


225 


fuscous-black ;  other  tail  feathers  with  long  attenuated  narrowly  pointed 
tips  extending  far  beyond  (75  mm.  or  more)  the  central  rectrices,  dark 
dull  olive-brown  in  color,  with  lengthwise  irregular  and  incomplete  wavy 
markings  of  tilleul  buff  on  the  outer  webs  and  close  to  the  shafts  on 
the  inner  webs,  these  pale  markings  reduced  or  almost  absent  on  the 
protruding  narrow  terminal  portions  of  the  feathers;  lores,  circumocular 
area,  and  auriculars  mummy  brown;  a  discontinuous  white  line  from  the 
gape  to  the  front  and  below  the  eye ;  lower  eyelid  largely  whitish ;  cheeks 
whitish  splotched  and  speckled  with  mummy  brown ;  chin  and  upper  throat 
white  thickly  speckled  with  dark  buffy  brown,  the  more  lateral  of  these 
markings  darker — approaching  mummy  brown;  following  this  a  white 
V-shaped  band  across  the  throat  to  the  auriculars;  lower  throat  forming 
a  broad  band  of  pinkish  buff,  the  feathers  crossed  by  narrow  bars  of 
fuscous ;  immediately  posterior  to  this  band  the  feathers  are  white  tipped 
with  dark  buffy  brown  to  dark  olive-brown;  two  large  bare  gular  sacs 
on  lower  throat  completely  surrounded  with  white  feathers  with  narrow 
mummy  brown  tips;  posterior  to  these  feathers  on  each  side,  but  not  on 
the  midventral  area,  are  patches  of  very  stiff,  short,  white  feathers  with 
strong  yellowish-white  shafts  and  reduced  white  vanes ;  on  each  side  of 
neck  is  a  patch  of  fluffy,  soft,  long,  white  feathers,  and  at  the  anterior 
end  of  this  are  a  number  of  long  black  hairlike  feathers,  the  shortest 
about  75  mm.  and  the  longest  twice  that  length  (by  July  these  are  worn 
down  to  mere  stubs,  but  in  fresh  nuptial  plumage  they  are  very  striking)  ; 
breast  feathers  long,  white,  tipped  with  fuscous-black  and  with  narrow 
blackish  shafts,  some  of  which  protrude  beyond  the  vanes  giving  a  hair¬ 
like  appearance,  the  more  anterior  of  these  feathers  with  the  blackish 
“tips”  actually  terminally  edged  with  white  and  very  small  in  size,  the 
more  posterior  ones  with  no  such  white  edges  and  with  the  dark  spots 
large;  sides  with  the  upper  (dorsal)  vane  of  the  feathers  similar  to 
those  of  the  back  but  with  a  coarser  pattern,  the  lower  (more  ventral) 
vane  solid  fuscous-black  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  flanks  like  the  lower 
back;  abdomen  solid  fuscous  to  fuscous-black;  under  tail  coverts  similar 
but  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  thighs  drab  obscurely  barred  and  speckled 
with  dusky  buffy  brown;  under  wing  coverts  white;  iris  light  brown, 
the  pupils  bluish  black ;  bill  black ;  gular  sacs  olive-green ;  toes  and 
claws  black. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  smaller  and  without  the 
four  long  stiff  black  feathers  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  without  gular 
sacs  and  the  patches  of  short  stiff  white  feathers  on  each  side;  the  chin 
and  upper  throat  without  dusky  brown  specklings,  the  lower  throat  and 
breast  light  pinkish  buff  crossed  with  narrow  bars  of  blackish,  the  posterior 
pectoral  and  anterior  abdominal  feathers  white  tipped  with  black  but  with 
white  shafts  (black  in  male),  and  lower  abdomen  and  vent  drab  barred 
with  dark  buffy  brown  to  olive-brown  like  the  thighs ;  lores,  suboculars. 


226 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


and  auriculars  paler  than  in  male — pale  pinkish  buff  barred  narrowly 
with  huffy  brown. 

Immature  (sexes  alike).— Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  paler,  the 
blackish  marks  on  the  upper  parts  smaller,  the  browns  less  ochraceous, 
ashier,  very  pale  huffy  brown,  the  scapulars  and  the  inner  lesser  and 
median  upper  wing  coverts  with  conspicuous  white  shaft  stripes ;  rec- 
trices  pale  huffy  brown  crossed  by  eight  or  more  wavy  white  bars  each 
of  which  is  margined  narrowly  by  fuscous,  the  broad  .brown  interspaces 
sparsely  freckled  and  vermiculated  with  fuscous,  the  shafts  dusky;  breast 
as  in  adult  female  but  the  dark  tips  of  the  feathers  paler,  huffy  brown; 
abdomen  paler — dark  hair  brown  to  chaetura  drab  and  fuscous ;  under 
tail  coverts  drab  to  dusky  hair  brown  broadly  tipped  with  whitish  huffy, 
the  whitish  areas  banded  sparingly  with  hair  brown. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  the  immature  but  with  the  ground  color  of  the 
breast  less  buffy,  more  whitish ;  the  abdominal  feathers  tipped  with  white, 
basally  broadly  dusky  hair  brown ;  the  white  shaft  stripes  of  the  feathers 
of  the  upperparts  more  pronounced;  the  forehead,  sides  of  head,  and 
superciliary  area  much  paler — tilleul  buff ;  the  tail  very  different — the 
shafts  white  terminally,  bordered  on  each  side  with  blackish,  the  edges 
of  the  feathers  broadly  pale  tawny  olive  freckled  with  blackish ;  the  white 
shaft  stripes  spreading  out  into  narrow  terminal  white  fringes. 

Natal  down.- — “Crown,  back,  and  rump  are  mottled  and  marbled  with 
black,  dull  browns,  pale  buff,  and  dull  white ;  the  sides  of  the  head  and 
neck  are  boldly  spotted  and  striped  with  black;  there  are  two  large  spots 
of  sayal  brown  bordered  with  black  on  the  foreneck  or  chest;  underparts 
grayish  white,  suffused  with  buff  on  the  chest.”26 

Adult  male. — Wing  286-323  (303.9)  ;  tail  297-332  (315.3)  ;  culmen 
from  base  38.3-41.6  (40.1)  ;  tarsus  53.1-59.0  (56.3)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  45.5-51.4  (48.0  mm.).27 

Adult  female. — Wing  251-273  (260.6)  ;  tail  188-213  (198.9)  ;  culmen 
from  base  33.0-37.5  (35.0)  ;  tarsus  44.0-49.6  (47.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  36.6-41.9  (40.3  mm.).28 

Range. — Originally  resident  in  the  prairie  areas  where  the  sagebrush 
( Artemisia  tridentata )  grows;  now  extirpated  or  greatly  reduced  in  parts 
of  its  range:  Extreme  western  Kansas  (formerly),  extreme  north¬ 
western  Nebraska  (formerly),  Colorado  (formerly  nearly  everywhere 
except  high  in  the  mountains,  now  found  chiefly  in  Rio  Blanco,  Moffat, 
Routt,  and  Jackson  Counties),  South  Dakota  (in  western  part),  North 
Dakota  (still  found  in  Billings  County,  south  of  Sentinel  Butte)  ;  Wyo- 

20  Ex  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  304. 

27  Seventeen  specimens  from  Nebraska,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Nevada,  Oregon,  and 
Idaho. 

K  Ten  specimens  from  Montana,  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  Wyoming. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


227 


ming  (all  except  eastern  part,  where  rare)  ;  Utah  (whole  northwestern 
half  of  State)  ;  New  Mexico  (Tierra  Amarillas;  Tres  Piedras ;  no  recent 
records)  ;  Nevada  (the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  State)  ;  California 
(extreme  eastern  and  northeastern  parts  only)  ;  Oregon  (formerly  over 
all  of  eastern  part  with  the  possible  exception  of  Wallowa  County,  now 
restricted  to  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State)  ;  Washington  (a  narrow 
belt  east  of  the  Cascades  in  central  part  north  to  the  Canadian  border)  ; 
Idaho  (southern  half  only,  to  20  miles  north  of  Boise)  and  Montana 
(east  of  Rocky  Mountains),  north  to  British  Columbia  (known  only 
from  2  records  at  Osoyoos  Lake),  and  Saskatchewan  (from  Rocky  Creek 
west  to  Farewell  Creek  in  the  Cypress  Hills). 

Type  locality. — Northwestern  countries  beyond  the  Mississippi,  espe¬ 
cially  on  the  Missouri=North  Dakota. 

Tetrao  urophasianus  Bonaparte,  Zool.  Journ.,  iii,  1828,  214  (“Northwestern  coun¬ 
tries  beyond  the  Mississippi,  especially  on  the  Missouri”)  ;  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  ii,  1828,  442  (extensive  plains  near  the  source  of  the  Missouri)  ; 
Amer.  Orn.,  iii,  1830,  212,  pi.  21 ;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  44. — Wilson, 
Illustr.  Zool.,  1831,  pis.  26,  27. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada, 
Land  Birds,  1832,  666 ;  ed.  2,  1840,  803. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  iv,  1838,  503,  pi. 
371 ;  Synopsis,  1839,  205 ;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  106,  pi.  297 . — Baird,  Rep. 
Stansbury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  310  (Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah;  Columbia 
River). — Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  95  (Pitt  River,  se. 
Oregon,  etc.;  habits). — Hall,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  7  in  text  (Washington;  Co¬ 
lumbia  River;  history). 

r[etrao]  urophasianus  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  133  (arid 
plains  of  Columbia  River;  interior  n.  California;  crit.). — Maximilian,  Journ. 
fur  Orn.,  1858,  439  (upper  Missouri  River). 

[Tetrao]  urophasianus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  1848,  pi.  216,  figs.  1890-1892. — 
Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  276,  No.  9828. 

Tetrao  (Centrocercus)  urophasianus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Bor.-Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  358. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Can¬ 
ada,  Water  Birds,  1832,  613. 

Centrocercus  urophasianus  Swainson,  in  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor.- 
Amer.,  ii,  1831  (1832),  342,  footnote  (crit.),  pi.  58. — Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.  iv, 
1834,  140,  pi.  17: — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  624;  x,  pt.  2,  1859, 
14  (Cochetops  Pass)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  462;  in  Cooper,  Orn. 
Calif.,  Land  Birds,  1870,  536. — Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv., 
xii,  book  2,  pt.  3,  1860,  222  (Washington  and  Oregon,  e.  of  Cascade  Mountain; 
habits). — Elliot,  Monogr.  Tetraonidae,  1865,  pi.  13  and  text. — Coues,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1866.  94  (Mojave  River,  se.  Calif.)  ;  Ibis,  1866,  265 
(Soda  Lake,  se.  Calif.)  ;  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  40  (Colorado  Mountains, 
w.  of  Denver;  spec.);  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  382;  ed.  2, 
1882,  No.  560;  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  400. — Holden  and  Aiken,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  209  (Wyoming;  Colorado). — Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kan¬ 
sas,  ed.  2,  1872,  No.  164  (w.  Kansas) .— Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  186 
(Colorado;  on  the  Artemisia  plains)  ;  vii,  1875,  11  (Carson  Valley,  Nev.),  16 
(West  Humboldt  Mountains;  common),  21  (e.  slope  Ruby  Mountains;  sum¬ 
mer),  24  (City  of  Rocks;  s.  Idaho),  31  (Salt  Lake  Valley),  34  (Parleys  Peak, 
Wahsatch  Mountains),  39  (Nevada)  ;  Amer.  Nat.,  viii,  1874,  240  (peculiar 


228 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


structure  of  stomach)  ;  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  600  (locality  in  Nevada  and 
Utah;  habits,  measurements,  etc.);  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196;  Nom. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  479. — Allen,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii, 
1874,  35  (Montana  and  Dakota;  fairly  common  on  Yellowstone  and  Musselshell 
Rivers;  none  seen  east  of  the  Little  Missouri).— Henshaw,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  xi,  1874,  10  (Utah,  up  to  7,000  feet). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  429,  pi.  59,  figs.  2,  4;  pi.  61,  fig.  6.— Bendire, 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xviii,  1875,  164  (Camp  Harney,  Oreg. ;  numerous)  ; 
xix,  1877,  139  (e.  Oregon;  habits,  etc.;  descr.  nest  and  eggs);  Auk,  v,  1888, 
367  in  text  (Camp  Harney,  Oreg.)  ;  vi,  1889,  33  in  text;  Life  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  i,  1892,  106,  pi.  3,  figs,  11-13. — Hoffman,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
xviii,  1875,  174,  (Grand  River  Agency,  Dakota  Territory;  not  frequent). — 
Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  342  (Fort  Bridger,  Utah; 
abundant),  347  (Salt  Lake  City),  351  (Elko,  Mont.),  355  (25  miles  north  of 
Elko,  Nev.).— Brewer,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  96  (Twin  Lakes,  Colo.). 
- — Mearns,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  197  (Fort  Klamath,  Oreg.;  near 
Linterville). — Drew,  Auk,  ii,  1885  (Colorado;  vertical  distr.). — American  Or¬ 
nithologists'’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  309;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  309;  ed.  3, 
1910,  p.  145 ;  ed.  4,  1931,  87.- — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  107  (w. 
Mississippi  Valley  records)  ;  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  71  (Colo¬ 
rado;  common;  distr.)  ;  56,  1900,  203  (breeding  up  to  9,000  feet,  migrating  up 
to  14,000  feet,  Colorado). — Merriam,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  5,  1891,  93  (sage¬ 
brush  plains  and  valley  of  Idaho). — Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893, 
31  (Mt.  Magruder,  head  of  Owens  River,  White  Mountains,  etc.,  sw.  Nevada). — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  81  (Fort  Dufferin ;  Middle 
Fort  Snake  River,  Idaho;  Laramie  River,  Wyoming;  Clear  Fork,  Nebr.). — 
Richmond  and  Knowlton,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  302  (Montana;  abundant). — Thorne, 
Auk,  xii,  1895,  214  (Fort  Keogh,  Mont.).- — Dawson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  181  (Oka¬ 
nogan  County,  Wash.;  formerly);  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1602 
(California;  habits). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  165  (molt;  Wyoming). — Bond, 
Auk,  xvii,  1900,  325  in  text,  pi.  12  (nuptial  display)  ;  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  220 
(Lincoln  County,  Nev.;  Table  Mountain,  8,500  feet). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
1900,  213  (Saskatchewan). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
133  (descr.;  distr.). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  30  (Cali¬ 
fornia;  arid  Great  Basin  region  east  of  Sierras;  common);  No.  8,  1912,  10 
California;  No.  11,  1915,  61  (arid  parts  of  California  from  Modoc  County  w. 
to  Rhett  Lake,  s.  along  e.  base  of  Sierra  Nevada,  through  Lassen,  Sierra,  and 
Alpine  Counties  to  head  of  Owens  River  and  White  Mountains,  Mono  County ; 
Fort  Mojave?). — Woodcock,  Oreg.  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  28  (Oregon 
range). — Snodgrass,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  204  (Grand  Coulee,  etc.,  c.  Washington); 
xxi,  1904,  227  (Douglas  County,  Wash.). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905, 
23-25,  pi.  2  (range,  food,  etc.).— Cameron,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  258  (Custer  and 
Davenport  Counties,  Mont.;  habits;  breeds). — Bent,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  428  (sw. 
Saskatchewan;  Skull  Creek;  White  Mud  River);  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  300  (habits;  plum.;  distr.). — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii, 
1909,  599  (Washington;  habits;  distr.). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1909,  233  (Saskatchewan ;  Frenchman  River  Valley ;  south  of  Wood  Moun¬ 
tain;  Oroyoos  Lake;  Skull  Creek).— Visher,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  147  (w.  South 
Dakota)  ;  xxviii,  1911,  10  (Harding  County,  S.  Dak.)  ;  Wils.  Bull.,  1913,  90,  91 
(habits,  etc.). — Kermode,  (Visitors’  Guide)  Publ.  Provinc.  Mus.,  1909,  42 
(Osoyoos  Lake,  British  Columbia). — Saunders,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  35  (Gallatin 
County,  Mont.)  ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1921,  59  (Montana;  distr.;  nests  and 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


229 


eggs) . — Taylor,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Zool.,  vii,  1912,  362  (Humboldt  County,  Nev. ; 
habits;  etc.). — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  153  (Colorado;  distr.). 
Warren,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  300  (Elk  Mountain;  Colorado).  Howell,  Condor, 
xix,  1917,  187  (Big  Pine,  Mono  County,  Calif.).— Grinnell,  Bryant,  and 
Storer,  Game  Birds  California;  1918,  564  (descr. ;  distr.;  habits;  California). 
Dice,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  44  (se.  Washington).— Willett,  Condor,  xxi,  1919,  202 
(Clear  Lake,  Malheur  Lake,  etc.,  se.  Oregon  and  ne.  California).— Over  and 
Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  77  (formerly  w.  half  of  state,  now  limited 
to  Fall  River,  Butte,  and  Harding  Counties).— Wood,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool. 
Univ.  Michigan,  No.  10,  1923,  36  (  30  miles  s.  of  Medora;  near  Marmarth, 
Slope  County,  and  30  mi.  s.  of  Sentinel  Butte,  Butte  County,  N.  Dak.).— 
Potter,  Condor,  xxv,  1923,  103  in  text  (sw.  Saskatchewan;  increasing. 
Mitchell,  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  resident).— 
Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  298  (North  Dakota;  Sentinel  Butte); 
Birds  Oregon,  1940,  217  (Oregon;  distr.;  descr.;  habits). — Grinnell  and 
Storer,  Animal  Life  in  Yosemite,  1924,  275  (descr.;  distr.;  habits,  Yosemite). 
Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  37  (Oklahoma).— Jewett,  Condor,  xxvii, 
1925,  115  (nesting;  Siskiyou  County,  Calif.)  ;  Murrelet,  xvii,  1936,  43  (Oregon; 
Harney  County). — Bailey,  Condor,  xxvii,  1925,  172  in  text  (segregation  of 
sexes). — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  173  (fig.;  descr.;  distr.;  w. 
Canada)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  162  in  text  (descr.;  distr.;  habits)  ;  Can.  Water 
Birds,  1939,  174  (Canada;  field  marks).— Tanner,  Condor,  xxix,  1927,  198  (Pine 
Valley  Mountains;  Utah) .— Maillaird,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi, 
1927,  296  (Modoc  County,  Calif.;  numbers) .—Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928, 
211  (New  Mexico). — Hendee,  Condor,  xxvi,  1929,  25  (Moffat  County,  Colo.).  • 
Phillips,  Verh.  6th  Internat.  Orn.  ICongr.,  1929,  508  (range  in  detail).— Brooks, 
Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  205  (specialized  feathers). — Grinnell,  Dixon,  and  Lins- 
dale,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxv,  1930,  201  (Lassen  Peak  Region,  n.  Califor¬ 
nia). 1_Kemsies,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  204  (Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming)  .—Ful¬ 
ler  and  Bole,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1930,  49  (Wyoming).— 
Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  rev.  ed,  1931,  81  (Oklahoma).— Howard  and  Miller, 
Condor,  xxxv,  1933, 16  (bones  ex  New  Mexican  cave  deposits).— Hall,  Murrelet, 
xiv,  1933,  57  footnote,  70  (Washington  ;  Columbia  River)  ;  xv,  1934,  12,  14  (Wash¬ 
ington;  Columbia  River).— Miller,  Wils.  Bull,  xlvi,  1934,  160  (s.  Utah;  Fish 
Lake).— Davis,  Murrelet,  xv,  1934,  71  (Idaho;  Owyhee  County;  young).— 
McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull,  xlvii,  1935,  129  in  text  (se.  Wyoming; 
resident). — Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif,  No.  23,  1936,  23,  48  (Nevada;  resident 
in  northern  part;  formerly  commoner  than  now)  ;  Amer.  Midi.  Nat,  xix,  1938,  53 
(Joyabe  Mountains,  Nev.;  nesting;  many  records).— Hanna,  Condor,  xxxviii, 
1936,  38  (breeding  at  Fort  Bidwell,  Modoc  County,  Calif.).—' Weydemeyer  and 
Marsh  Condor,  xxxviii,  1936,  194  (Lake  Bowdoin,  Montana) .—Girard,  Univ. 
Wyoming  Publ,  iii,  2,  1937  1-56  (life  hist.;  food,  etc.).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel, 
ii,  1937,  106  in  text  (polygyny),  113  in  text  (dancing  grounds),  137  in  text 
(dancing  of  male),  139  in  text  (courtship),  167  data  on  breeding).— Huey,  Auk, 
Ivi,  1939,  321  (Arizona,  near  Nixon  Spring,  Mount  Trumbull  region,  July  29). 
— Borell,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  85  in  text  (Utah;  killed  by  flying  against  telephone 
covers). — Rowley,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  248  (Mono  County,  Calif.;  near  Virginia 
Lakes;  pair  with  young) .—Lack,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  269  in  text  (pairing  habits). 
—Simon,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  467  in  text  (mating  performance;  Kemmerer,  Wyo¬ 
ming;  photos).— Moos,  Auk,  lvii,  1941,  255  (Montana;  Winnett;  food).— Scott, 
Auk, ’fix,  1942,  477,  in  text  (mating  behavior).— Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North 
Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  318,  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage).— Behle, 


653008°— 4i 


16 


230 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Bull.  Univ.  Utah,  xxxiv,  1943,  24,  37  (Pine  Valley  Mountain  Region,  Utah)  ; 
Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  72  (Utah). 

[ Centrocercus ]  urophasianus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  233.— Sharp, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  20. 

C[entrocercus]  urophasianus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  580.— 
Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  205. — Reichenow,  Die  Vogel  i  1913 
322. 

Centrocercus  phasianus  Knowlton  and  Harmston,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  589  (Utah;  food). 

Family  PHASIANIDAE :  American  Quails,  Partridges,  and  Pheasants 

XPhasianidae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  609,  613  (includes  Mele- 
agrididae,  and  Numididae).— Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  323  (includes 
Numididae). 

<Phasianidae  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Ixxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3  (excludes 
Odontophorinae) . 

<Phasianidae  Sharpe,  Rev.  Recent.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68;  Hand-list,  i,  1899, 
x,  21  (Phasianinae  only) .— Beddard,  Struct,  and  Classif.  Birds,  1898,  303,  in 
text  (=  Phasianinae). 

=Phasianidae  Wetmore,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxvix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No. 
7,  1940,  6.— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. 

XPhasianidae  Nitzsch,  Syst.  Pterylog.,  1840  (includes  Meleagris  and  Numida) .— 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  177  (includes  Mele- 
agrididae). 

=Phasianidse  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1902,  286. 

< Phasianinae  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  216,  in  text  (genera  Ithaginis, 
Euplocomus,  Lobiophasis,  Thaumalea,  and  Phasianus). — Gadow,  in  Bronn, 
Thier-Reich,  Vog.,  ii,  1891,  172.— Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  304 
(excludes  Old  World  partridges  and  quails). 

<5Phasianinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  323  (genera  Lophophorus,  Phasi¬ 
anus,  Gallophasis,  and  Gallus). 

<Perdicinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  322  (genera  Caccabis,  Tetraogallus, 
Cryptonyx,  Francolinus,  Perdix,  and  Coturnix). 

<Perdicinae,  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  42  (genera  Lophortyx, 
Ortyx,  Francolinus,  Perdix,  Sterna,  Bonasia,  Tetrao,  and  Fagopus). — Coues, 
Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  594  (genera  Perdix,  Coturnix,  etc.).— 
Elliot,  Stand,  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  198,  in  text  (genera  Coturnix,  Synoicus, 
P erdicula,  Ophrysia,  Microperdix,  Excalf actoria,  Rollulus,  Hcematortyx,  Per¬ 
dix,  Ammoperdix,  Oreoperdix,  Caccabis,  Tetraogallus,  Lerwa,  Bambusicola, 
Caloperdix,  Francolinus,  Pternistes,  Ortygomis,  Rhizothera,  and  Gallo  perdix) . 

Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  94,  in  text  (genera  Lerwa, 
Tetraogallus,  Tetraophasis,  Perdix,  Caccabis,  Francolinus,  Pternistes,  Arbo- 
ricola,  Caloperdix,  Rollulus,  Melanoperdix,  Hcematortyx,  Rhizothera,  Micro¬ 
perdix,  Perdicula,  Ammoperdix,  Margaroperdix,  Coturnix,  Synoicus,  and  Ex¬ 
cel  f  actoria)  .—Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  299  (genera  Bambusicola, 
Galloperdix,  Ptilopachys,  Perdix,  Lerwa,  Tetraophasis,  Tetraogallus,  Caccabis, 
Francolinus,  Perdicula,  Arboricola,  and  Coturnix). 

XPerdicidae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  638  (includes  Odonto¬ 
phorinae  and  Turnicidae). 

>Perdicidae,  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
466  (includes  Odontophorinae). 

>Perdicidae  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Ixxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


231 


<Lophophorinas,  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  223,  in  text  (genera  Lopho- 
phorus,  Ceriornis,  and  Pucrasia). 

<Pavoninae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  324  (genera  Pavo,  Polyplectron, 
Argusianus) . 

<Pavoninae  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  59  (genera  Polyplectron ,  Crossoptilon , 
and  Pavo). 

<Gallinas  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  215  in  text  ( G alius  only).— Gadow, 
in  Bronn,  Thier-Reich,  Vog.,  ii,  1891,  172  (=Phasianinae) . 

<Caccabininae,  Gray,  Cat.  Gen.  and  Subgen.  Birds,  1855,  107  (genera  Caccabis, 
Alectoris,  Ammoperdix,  Tetraogallus,  and  Lerwa). 

<Odontophorin£e  Gray,  Cat.  Gen.  and  Subgen.  Birds,  1855,  107;  Hand-list,  ii, 
1870,  271.— Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  236;  ed.  2,  1884,  588.— 
Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. — Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist., 
iv,  1885,  198,  205,  in  text.— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxu,  1893, 
99. — Ridgway,  Orn.  Illinois,  ii,  1895,  14. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii  1902,  287. — Knowlton,  Birds  of  the  World,  1909,  293. 

< Odontophoridae  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  xi,  43.-American  Ornithologists' 
Union  Committee,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  134. — Dubois,  Rev.  Frang.  d  Orn. 
Nos.  49,  50,  1913  (3). 

<Ortyginae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  638.  Baird,  Brewer,  and 
Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  466. 

<Odontophorinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  321. 

><Perdicidae  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  638  (includes  Old  World 
partridges  and  quails  and  Turnicidae). 

<Perdicidae  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874, 
466  (includes  Old  World  partridges  and  quails) .—Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att. 
Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68  (includes  Old  World  partridges  and  quails). 

Alectoropode  galline  birds  with  postacetabular  region  only  moderately 
broad;  hypocleideum  oval  in  contour;  tarsometatarsus  more  than  half 
as  long  as  tibia;  tarsus  never  wholly  feathered  (rarely  with  upperpart 
feathered),  the  planta  tarsi  frequently  spurred  (spurs  1-5)  ;  toes  never 
pectinated  or  feathered;  nasal  fossae  wholly  unfeathered  (except,  some¬ 
times,  a  narrow  strip  along  lower  posterior  margin)  ;  neck  never  with 
inflatable  air  sacs  and  mandibular  tomium  not  serrated  or  toothed  (except 
in  subfamily  Odontophorinae) . 

The  Phasianidae  comprise  so  many  types  of  such  diverse  form  that 
it  is  difficult  to  frame  a  more  detailed  diagnosis  of  the  group  than  that 
given  above.  The  group  comprises  over  50  genera  and  between  250 
and  300  species  and  subspecies,  ranging  in  size  from  the  peacocks,  the 
males  of  which  are  6  to  nearly  7  feet  long  (including  the  long  train  ), 
to  the  diminutive  quails,  some  of  which  are  less  than  6  inches  in  total 
length.  Some,  as  the  true  pheasants,  the  monals  or  Impeyan  pheasants, 
and'  the  peacocks,  are  among  the  most  magnificent  of  birds,  the  brilliant 
and  varied  coloration  of  the  males  rivaling  even  that  of  the  humming¬ 
birds  and  birds-of-paradise ;  while  many  other  groups  are  composed  of 
species  as  plainly  colored  as  it  is  possible  for  birds  to  be. 

With  so  great  a  number  of  excessively  diverse  forms,  it  is  exceedingl) 
difficult  to  classify  the  genera  satisfactorily  into  trenchant  subfamily  and 


232  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

other  groups.  No  attempt  will  be  made  here,  since  so  few  of  the  genera 
have  any  relation  to  the  scope  of  the  present  work.  It  may,  however, 
be  of  interest  to  define,  roughly,  the  major  groups  into  which  the  family 
may,  for  convenience,  be  divided,  although  some  of  these,  at  least,  may  be 
purely  artificial  groups : 

(1)  Phasianinae  (the  true  pheasants).  These  exquisite  game  birds 
are  characterized  by  a  vaulted27  and  greatly  elongated  and  graduated 
tail,  the  adult  males  being  brilliant,  more  or  less  metallic  colors,  softened 
and  relieved  by  other  hues  in  elegant  pattern.  The  typical  genus  is 
Phasianus  (whence  the  English  name  pheasant  and  French  faisan),  of 
which  the  so-called  English  pheasant  (P.  colchicus )  is  a  more  or  less 
familiar  example ;  but  the  group  includes  besides  several  other  genera,  as 
Chrysoloplms,  including  the  golden  pheasant  (C.  pictus)  and  Lad)  Am¬ 
herst  pheasant  (C.  amherstiae )  ;  Gennaeus,  represented  by  the  silver 
pheasant  ( G .  nycthemerus )  and  more  than  half  a  dozen  other  species. 
The  subfamily  Phasianinae  may  be  divided  into  several  subgroups : 

(a)  Gallinae  (the  junglefowls) .  This  group  is  composed  of  several 
species  of  the  genus  Callus ,  from  one  or  more  of  which,  but  chiefly  from 
one  ( G .  ferrugineus) ,  have  been  derived,  by  artificial  selection,  all  the 
varieties  or  “breeds”  of  our  domestic  fowls.  They  differ  from  the  pheas¬ 
ants  in  having  the  tail  more  arched  (or  sickle-shaped)  and  in  the 
possession  of  a  fleshy  “comb”  and  wattles.  The  common  or  Bankiva 
junglefowl  ( G .  ferrugineus )  is  very  similar  to  the  ordinary  red  gamecock 
and  is  undoubtedly  the  wild  stock  from  which  the  latter  and  related 
domestic  breeds  have  been  derived.  It  is  a  native  of  parts  of  India,  Burma, 
Assam,  and  the  Malay  countries,  though  to  what  extent  its  original  range 
has  been  extended  by  artificial  means  cannot  now  be  ascertained. 

(b)  Lophopiioreae  (the  Impeyan  pheasants,  or  monals,  and  the  trago- 
pans,  or  horned  pheasants).  This  group  comprises  the  genera  Pucrasia 
(Pucrus  or  Ivoklass  pheasants),  Ceriornis  (tragopans),  and  Lophophorus 
(Impeyan  pheasants,  or  monals).  They  are  heavy-bodied  birds,  with 
comparatively  short,  rounded  or  slightly  cuneate  tails,  all  the  feathers 
of  which  lie  in  the  same  plane,  like  those  of  the  various  kinds  of  grouse 
and  most  other  birds,  instead  of  being  vaulted  as  in  the  true  pheasants 
and  junglefowl.  The  tragopans  have  fleshy  wattles,  hornlike  protuber¬ 
ances,  or  other  appendages  about  the  head,  and  their  plumage  is  character¬ 
ized  by  variety  and  beauty  of  pattern,  rather  than  brilliancy  of  colors. 
There  are  about  five  species,  found  in  the  mountainous  parts  of  India 
and  China.  The  monals,  or  Impeyan  pheasants,  are  birds  of  about  the 
same  size  and  general  form  as  the  tragopans  (the  males  weighing  about 
4)4  to  5  pounds).  They  have  no  wattles  or  other  fleshy  appendages  about 


v  A-shaped  in  transverse  section. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


233 


the  head,  which,  however,  is  ornamented  in  males  of  at  least  two  species 
by  a  hawthorn  crest,  and  the  plumage  is  brilliant  almost  beyond  compaiison. 
“It  is  difficult  by  means  of  a  written  description  to  give  any  idea  of  the 
magnificent  appearance  of  these  brilliant  birds  to  anyone  who  has  not 
seen  them.  Their  metallic  hues  of  fiery  red,  green,  purple,  and  gold 
vie  in  beauty  and  in  their  iridescent  quality  with  the  brightest  of  those 
seen  among  the  hummingbirds,  and  if  one  could  imagine  one  of  these 
small  flying  gems  increased  to  the  size  of  a  fowl,  something  of  the  ap¬ 
pearance  of  these  monauls  might  be  conveyed  to  the  mind.” 

These  birds  inhabit  the  Himalayan  Mountains,  always  near  the  snow¬ 
line,  and  in  summer  ascend  to  elevations  of  14,000  to  16,000  feet  above 
sea  level.  Being  thus  inured  to  great  cold,  it  is  probable  that  these 
splendid  birds  would  thrive  and  increase  if  liberated  on  our  higher  western 
mountains. 

(c)  Polyplectroneae  (the  peacock-pheasants).  This  group  includes 
a  single  genus  ( Polyplcctron )  comprising  six  or  seven  species,  inhabit¬ 
ing  India,  Burma,  Cochin  China,  the  Malay  Peninsula,  etc.  They  are 
rather  small  size  and  are  characterized  by  the  presence  of  two  or  more 
spurs  on  each  leg  and  a  broad,  fan-shaped  tail  ornamented  by  large  eye¬ 
like  spots  of  metallic  green,  blue,  or  purple,  the  upper  tail  coverts  and 
wing  coverts  having  similar  markings.  Some  of  the  species  are  crested. 

(d)  Pavoneae  (the  peacocks).  This  group  also  includes  a  single 
genus  ( Pavo ),  but  with  only  two,  possibly  three,  species.  The  common 
peacock  (P.  cristatus),  being  domesticated,  is  too  well  known  to  require 
description.  It  is  a  native  of  India  and  Ceylon.  The  Javan  peacock 
(P.  muticus )  is  similar  in  size  and  form  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  m 
coloration,  but  has  the  neck  and  underparts  green  instead  of  blue  and 
the  crest  quite  different,  the  feathers  composing  it  being  fully  webbed. 
It  inhabits  Burma,  Ceylon,  and  some  of  the  Malay  countries  as  well 
as  Java. 

(e)  Argusianae  (the  argus  pheasants).  This  group  contains  two 
remarkable  genera,  one  of  only  two  or  three  species,  the  other  monotypic. 
The  well-known  argus  pheasant  ( Argusianus  argus),  the  adult  male 
of  which  is  6  feet  long  (including  the  greatly  elongated  middle  rectrices), 
is  distinguished  by  the  enormous  development,  both  in  length  and  breadth, 
of  the  secondary  remiges,  which  are  ornamented  by  exquisitely  shaded 
eyelike  spots  or  ocelli,  while  the  middle  rectrices  are  also  enormously 
developed.  The  colors  are  not  brilliant,  consisting  wholly  of  various  hues 
and  tones  of  brown  and  gray,  with  minor  markings  of  black,  but  the 
exquisite  shadings  and  pencilings,  especially  those  on  the  secondaries, 
produce  an  effect  that  is  the  envy  of  every  artist.  This  remarkable  bird 
is  a  native  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  Sumatra,  while  the  closely 
related  A.  grayi  inhabits  Borneo.  A  third  species,  whose  native  country 
is  as  yet  a  mystery,  is  known  only  from  a  single  primary  quill  feather. 


234 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


A  second  genus  of  the  group,  Rheinardia,  contains  a  single  species 
(R.  ocellata).  This,  which  inhabits  the  interior  of  Tonkin,  is  much 
like  Argusianus  in  form,  having  equally  elongated  middle  rectrices  (the 
adult  male  measuring  about  seven  feet  in  total  length),  but  the  secondaries 
are  much  less  developed,  being  but  little  if  any  longer  than  the  primaries, 
and  the  coloration  quite  different. 

(2)  Perdicinae  (the  Old  World  quails).  This  group  contains  rela¬ 
tively  plain-colored  birds  of  small  to  medium  size,  with  the  bill  relatively 
shorter  and  stouter,  the  maxilla  deeper  and  narrower  (transversely)  and 
its  tip  less .  produced,  than  in  most  true  pheasants. 

(3)  Odontophorinue  (New  World  quails).  Galliform  birds  of  small 
to  medium  size  (wing  95—165  mm.)  with  the  mandibular  tomia  ser¬ 
rated  or  toothed  subterminally.  This  group  agrees  in  other  characters 
with  the  other  members  of  the  family,  especially  the  Perdicinae,  which 
it  represents  in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  Besides  the  presence  of  the 
serrations  of  the  cutting  edge  of  the  mandible,  possessed  by  all  its  members 
and  by  none  of  the  other  groups  of  the  family,  the  Odontophorinae  have 
the  bill  still  stouter  and  shorter.  None  of  them  have  spurs,  though  many 
of  the  Perdicinae  also  do  not.  Additional  characters  are  as  follows :  Tail 
less  than  half  as  long  as  to  slightly  longer  than  wings,  the  rectrices  (10— 
14)  never  acuminate;  tarsus  less  than  one-fourth  to  more  than  one-third 
as  long  as  wing,  the  acrotarsium  with  a  single  row  of  broad,  transverse 
scutella,  the  planta  tarsi  with  two  or  (usually)  more  definite  rows  of 
moderately  long  scutella  but  partly  covered  with  small  scales. 

The  remaining  members  of  the  Phasianidae,  comprising  about  26  genera 
and  more  than  175  species  and  subspecies,  are  not  so  easily  classified. 
Some  of  them  are  more  or  less  nearly  allied  to  one  or  another  of  the 
groups  described  above ;  but  much  the  greater  number  are  very  different, 
including  the  various  partridges,  francolins,  and  spurfowl,  for  the  most 
part  rather  plainly  colored  birds  of  small  to  very  small  size.  These  may 
well  be  dismissed,  in  this  connection,  without  further  mention,  since  the 
present  work  has  to  do  directly  only  with  the  few  forms  introduced  into 
North  America  with  the  view  to  their  naturalization. 

The  Phasiani  are  peculiar  to  Asia,  including  the  outlying  islands  of 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  Japan,  and  Formosa.  One  species  at  present 
occurs  in  Europe  but  is  generally  supposed,  on  the  evidence  of  “what 
passes  for  history,  ~8  to  have  been  introduced  from  western  Asia  into 
continental  Europe  by  the  Argonauts,  and  into  the  British  Islands  by  the 
Romans.  This,  the  so-called  English  pheasant  ( Phasianus  colchicus) , 
has  been  introduced  into  the  United  States  and  is  already  naturalized 
locally,  while  several  other  very  beautiful  species  have  been  introduced 
into  Oregon,  Washington,  and  other  parts  of  the  Far  West,  with  more 


28  Alfred  Newton,  Dictionary  of  Birds,  1894,  713. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


235 


or  less  success.  Several  of  the  smaller  and  less  ornamental  species  have 
also  been  introduced  but,  for  the  most  part  at  least,  with  unsatisfactory 
results. 

The  following  “key”  to  the  genera  includes  only  those  that  are  native 
to  our  region  or  that  have  been  introduced  into  North  America.  One 
of  the  genera  is  known  only  in  a  domesticated  state  as  far  as  our  region 
is  concerned  and  therefore  will  not  be  further  noticed  in  this  work. 

KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  GENERA  OF  PHASIANIDAE29 

a.  Mandibular  tomium  serrated  or  toothed  (Odontophorinae)  . 

b.  Rectrices  12-14;  tarsus  little  if  any  longer  (usually  shorter)  than  middle  toe 
with  claw ;  claws  medium-sized  to  large,  the  longest  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  second  phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  chord  of  culmen  much  shorter  than 
combined  length  of  first  and  second  phalanges  of  middle  toe ;  planta  tarsi 
with  more  than  2  definite  rows  of  scutella,  or  else  if  only  2  definite  rows 
the  remaining  scutella  of  planta  tarsal  area  much  smaller. 

c.  Tips  of  lateral  claws  extending  little  if  any  beyond  base  of  middle  claw, 
the  claws  not  noticeably  elongated  (that  of  middle  toe  usually  much 
less  than  one-third  as  long  as  tarsus)  ;  tail  moderately  long  to  very  long, 
always  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  its  tip  reaching  to  or  beyond 
extremities  of  outstretched  feet. 

d.  Tarsus  decidedly  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing;  outermost  primary 
not  longer  than  ninth  (from  outside),  usually  longer  than  eighth. 

e.  Tail  less  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing. 

f.  Scapulars,  tertials,  and  rump  spotted;  flanks  spotted  or  striped,  not 
banded;  chest  never  plain  slate-gray;  crest  (if  obvious)  always 
shorter  than  head;  sexes  more  or  less  different  in  color  (coloration 
of  head  always  different);  smaller  (wing  less  than  110  mm.). 

Colinus  (p.  305) 

ff.  Scapulars,  tertials,  and  rump  unspotted ;  flanks  banded  with  chestnut, 
white,  and  black;  chest  plain  slate-gray;  a  conspicuous  crest  of 
2  slender  much-elongated  plumes;  sexes  alike  in  color;  larger 

(wing  130-140  mm.) . Oreortyx  (p.  253) 

ee.  Tail  more  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing. 

/.  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing;  scapulars  and  tertials 
spotted ;  sides  and  flanks  banded  with  black  and  white. 

Philortyx  (p.  272) 

ff.  Tail  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing;  scapulars  and  tertials 
unspotted ;  sides  and  flanks  not  barred. 

g.  Tail  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing,  or  more,  of  12  rectrices;  crest 
longer,  club-shaped,  its  plumes  narrower  basally,  more  rigid, 
their  webs  conduplicate ;  chest  not  squamated ;  sexes  conspicu¬ 
ously  different  in  color . Lophortyx  (p.  275) 

gg.  Tail  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing,  with  14  rectrices; 
crest  shorter,  bushy,  its  plumes  broad,  softer  and  blended,  their 
webs  not  conduplicate;  chest  conspicuously  squamated;  sexes 
alike  in  color . Callipepla  (p.  264) 


Including  introduced  genera. 


236 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


dd.  Tarsus  very  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing  or  longer;  outermost 


primary  shorted  than  ninth  (from  outside). 

e.  Tail  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  wing . Odontophorus  (p.  364) 

ee.  Tail  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing  or  longer.  . .  .Dendrortyx  (p.  239) 
cc.  Tips  of  lateral  claws  extending  far  beyond  base  of  middle  claw,  claws 


elongated  (that  of  middle  toe  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  tarsus)  ; 
tail  very  short  (decidedly  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing),  its  tip  falling 
far  short  of  extremities  of  outstretched  feet. 
d.  1  arsus  less  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing ;  rectrices  soft,  narrower 
terminally,  hardly  distinguishable  from  coverts ;  crest  occipital  and 
nuchal,  very  full  or  bushy,  feathers  blended;  sides  and  flanks  spotted 

or  barred;  sexes  wholly  unlike  in  color . Cyrtonyx  (p.  390) 

dd.  Tarsus  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing;  rectrices  firm,  broad  and 
rounded  terminally,  very  distinct  from  coverts;  crest  coronal  (vertical), 
moderately  developed,  the  feathers  distinctly  outlined ;  sexes  not  con¬ 
spicuously  different  in  color . Dactylortyx  (p.  379) 

bb.  Rectrices  10;  tarsus  much  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw;  claws  very  small, 
the  longest  much  shorter  than  second  phalanx  of  middle  toe;  chord  of 
culmen  nearly  equal  to  combined  length  of  first  two  phalanges  of  middle 
toe;  planta  tarsi  with  2  definite  rows  (one  on  each  side)  of  rather  large, 

oblique  quadrate,  transverse  scutella . Rhynchortyx  (p.  403) 

aa.  Mandibular  tomium  not  serrated  or  toothed  (Phasianinae). 

b.  Larger  (wing  not  less  than  177  mm.)  ;  tail  at  least  three-fifths  as  long  as 
wing,  more  or  less  graduated  (in  adult  males  much  longer  than  wing, 
excessively  graduated,  the  rectrices  tapering  toward  their  narrow  tips)  ; 
sexes  very  different  in  coloration,  adult  males  bright  colored,  the  colors  in 
part  metallic. 

c.  Plumage  bright  colored.  (Males.) 

d.  Throat  feathered;  no  “comb”  on  forehead;  middle  rectrices  not  strongly 
falcate;  feathers  of  rump  broad  and  rounded  or  at  least  not  linear  or 
lanceolate  (Phasiani). 

e.  Loral  and  orbital  regions  partly  feathered,  the  malar  region  completely 
feathered;  tail  flat  or  moderately  compressed;  rectrices  18. 

/.  Tail  flat;  pileum  not  crested  ;  no  nuchal  “cape”. . .  .Phasianus  (p.  417) 
//.  Tail  distinctly  vaulted  or  compressed  (A-shaped  in  cross  section)  ; 
pileum  crested;  a  conspicuous  nuchal  “cape”  of  very  large,  broad, 
subtruncate  feathers .. Chrysolophus  (introduced  unsuccessfully).30 

“Chrysolophus  Gray,  Illustr.  Indian  Zook,  ii,  1833-34,  pi.  41,  fig.  2  (type,  by 
monotypy,  Phasianus  pictus  Linnaeus). — Thaumalea  (not  of  Ruthe,  1831)  Wagler, 
Isis,  1832,  1227  (type,  as  designated  by  Gray,  1840,  Phasianus  pictus  Linnaeus). — 
Thaumelia  (emendation)  Eyton,  Osteol.  Avium,  1867,  168,  172. — Epomia  Hodgson, 
in  Gray,  Zool.  Misc.,  No.  3,  1844,  85  (type,  as  designated  by  Elliot,  1872,  Phasianus 
pictus  Linnaeus). — Epoima  (emendation)  Gray,  Cat.  Mamm.  and  Birds  Nepal  and 
Thibet,  1846,  124. — Epomis  (emendation)  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1845,  497. 

Two  species  of  this  genus,  Chrysolophus  pictus  (Linnaeus)  and  Chrysolophus 
amherstiae  (Leadbeater),  have  occasionally  either  escaped  from  aviaries  or  been 
liberated,  but  neither  has  ever  succeeded  in  becoming  established  in  the  wild  in 
North  America. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


237 


ee.  Loral,  orbital,  and  malar  region  completely  nude,  the  skin  finely  papillose 
or  granulated,  developed  on  upper  and  lower  edges  into  a  conspicuous 
free  lobe ;  tail  excessively  compressed ;  rectrices  16. 

Gennaeus  (introduced  unsuccessfully)31 
del.  Throat  nude  and  wattled ;  a  median  fleshy  “comb”  on  forehead ;  middle 
rectrices  strongly  falcate ;  feathers  of  rump  elongated  and  linear,  or 

lanceolate  . Gallus  (extralimital)33 

cc.  Plumage  dull-colored  (brownish,  more  or  less  mottled  or  barred).  (Females.) 
d.  Tail  more  than  four-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  usually  much  longer  than 
wing,  excessively  graduated  (Phasiani). 
c.  Orbital  region  mostly  feathered;  rectrices  narrower,  distinctly  tapering 
toward  their  acuminate  or  subacuminate  tips;  rectrices  18. 

/.  Tail  flat,  with  middle  pair  of  rectrices  not  conspicuously  longer  than 

next  pair . Phasianus  (p.  417) 

ff.  Tail  distinctly  compressed  (A-shaped  in  cross  section),  with  middle 
pair  of  rectrices  conspicuously  longer  than  next  pair. 

Chrysolophus  (unsuccessfully  introduced) 
ee.  Orbital  region  extensively  nude;  rectrices  much  broader,  only  slightly 
tapering  to  their  rounded  tips ;  rectrices  16. 

Gennaeus  (unsuccessfully  introduced) 

dd.  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing,  slightly  graduated,  or  rounded. 

Gallus  (extralimital) 

bb.  Smaller  (wing  usually  much  less  than  177  mm.)33;  tail  less  than  three-fifths 
as  long  as  wing,  flat,  slightly  rounded ;  adult  males  not  brightly  colored  or 
at  least  without  metallic  colors,  the  sexes  alike  or  essentially  alike  in 
coloration. 


31  Gennaeus  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1228  (type,  as  designated  by  Gray,  1840,  Phasianus 
nycthemerus  Linnaeus).— Gennceeus  (emendation)  Engel,  Rev.  Frang.  d’Orn.,  iv, 
1915,  73.— Nycthemerus  Swainson,  in  Murray,  Encycl.  Geogr.,  1834,  264;  Amer.  ed. 
of  1837,  i,  271,  fig.  80  (type,  by  monotypy  and  tautonymy,  N.  argentatus  Swamson  = 
Phasianus  nycthemerus  Linnaeus).-— Alectrophasis  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1841, 
78  (type,  as  designated  by  Gray,  1845,  Lophophorus  cuvieri  Temminck).  Alec- 
torophasis  (emendation)  Agassiz,  Index  Zook,  1846,  13,  14  —Grammatophlus 
Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vdg.,  1853,  xxx  (type,  by  monotypy,  Phasianus  hneatus 
Vigors). — Grammatoptilos  (emendation)  Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  ii,  1870,  text 

to  pi.  21.  .  ,  £ 

One  species,  Gennaeus  nycthemerus  (Linnaeus),  has  occasionally  escaped  liom 

aviaries  or  been  liberated  in  North  America  but  has  never  succeeded  in  becoming 
established  in  the  wild. 

33  Gallus  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1760,  26,  166  (type,  by  tautonymy,  “Gallus’  —  Phasianus 
varius  Linnaeus) . — Ale  dor  Klein,  Plist.  Av.  Prodr.  1750,  111  (not  of  Merrem).- 
Alector  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  i,  1798,  135 .—Alector  Gloger,  Hand-  und  Hilfsbuch, 
i  1842,  384. — Creagrius  Gloger,  ibid.,  387. 

’  Indo-Malayan  Region,  Cochin  China,  Hainan,  Philippine  Islands,  Palawan,  Sumatra, 
Java  Timor  Lombock,  and  Celebes.  (Three  established  species  and  four  forms 
of  doubtful  status.)  The  type  of  this  genus,  Gallus  gallus,  the  wild  junglefowl  of 
India  and  the  Malay  countries,  is  the  original  stock  of  most  if  not  all  of  our  domestic 
breeds  of  “chickens.”  It  resembles  very  closely  the  domesticated  “red  game  variety. 
Although  introduced  by  the  earliest  colonists  into  America,  it  seems  not  to  have 
become  “wild”  or  feral  in  any  area. 

33  These  characters  apply  to  the  genera  that  have  been  introduced  into  the  United 
States,  but  not  to  many  others  of  the  group. 


238 


BULLETIN  5  0,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


c.  Rectrices  14-18,  firm,  broad,  with  broadly  rounded  tips,  the  tail  at  least 
half  as  long  as  wing,  moderately  rounded,  and  projecting  considerably 
beyond  coverts;  longer  primaries  exceeding  longest  (proximal)  sec¬ 
ondaries  by  much  less  than  length  of  tarsus;  nearly  straight  (not  dis¬ 
tinctly  if  at  all  bowed)  ;  outermost  primary  not  longer  (usually  shorter) 
than  sixth  (from  outside),  the  third  to  fifth  longest;  bill  relatively 
much  larger  and  thicker ;  the  culmen  broad  and  rounded,  the  basal 
portion  (mesoihinium)  broad,  short,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  posterior 
end;  legs  and  feet  much  stouter;  size  larger  (wing  150  mm.  or  more) 
(Perdicinae). 

d.  Rectrices  14  or  more. 

e.  Rectrices  14. 

/.  Tail  half  or  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing. 
g.  Tail  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing. 

Alectoris  (introduced ;  status  uncertain)31 
gg.  Tail  more  than  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  wing. 

Bambusicola  (introduced  unsuccessfully) sa 
ee‘  Rectrices  16-18;  outermost  primary  shorter  than  seventh  (from  outside)  ; 
bill  relatively  longer,  smaller,  and  slenderer,  the  distance  from  anterior 
margin  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla  equal  to  or  slightly  more 
than  distance  from  former  point  to  anterior  angle  of  eye;  tarsus 
longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw,  without  trace  of  rudimentary  spur ; 

upper  parts  conspicuously  variegated . Perdix  (p.  409) 

cc.  Rectrices  less  than  14. 

d.  Rectrices  8 . Excalfactoria  (introduced  unsuccessfully)30 

Alectoris  Kaup,  Naturl.  Syst.,  1829,  180  (type,  by  monotypy,  Perdix  petrosa 
auct.,  not  of  Gmelin  =  Perdix  barbara  Bonnaterre). — Caccabis  Kaup,  Naturl. 
Syst.,  1829,  183  (type,  by  monotypy,  Perdix  saxatilis  Wolf  and  Meyer)  .—Chacura 
Hodgson,  in  Gray,  Zool.  Misc.,  1844,  85  (type  by  monotypy,  Perdix  chukar  Gray). 

Pyctes  Hodgson,  in  Gray,  Zool.  Misc.,  1844,  85  (t}'pe  by  monotypy,  Perdix  chukar 
Gray) . 

Two  species,  Alectoris  graeca  (Meisner)  and  A.  rufa  (Linnaeus)  have  been 
introduced  in  North  America,  but  whether  successfully  or  not  remains  to  be  deter¬ 
mined.  At  least  three  subspecies  of  the  first  species  are  involved  in  these  intro¬ 
ductions,  probably  hopelessly  mixed. 

35  Bambusicola  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1862  (1863),  285  (type,  by 
subsequent  designation,  Perdix  thoracica  Temminck)  ;  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna, 
iii,  1921,  1943-44;  Stuart  Baker,  Fauna  Brit.  India,  ed.  2,  Birds,  v,  1928,  365-367 ; 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  105-106. 

Introduced  unsuccessfully  in  Stevens,  Spokane,  Yakima,  and  Garfield  Counties 
Wash. 

Excalf actoiia  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xhi,  1856,  881  (type,  by  tautonymy, 

Tetrao  chinensis  Linnaeus  [Coturnix  excalfactoria  Temminck  in  synonymy]). _ 

Compsortyx  Heine,  Norn.  Mus.  Hein.  Ornith.,  1890,  292  (new  name  for  Excalfactoria 
Bonaparte  on  grounds  of  purism) .— Excalf atoria  (emendation)  Gould,  Handb.  Birds 
Australia,  ii,  1865,  197. — Excalphatoria  (emendation)  A.  Newton  Diet  Birds  1894 
756. 

A  few  specimens  of  the  Australian  form,  Excalfactoria  chinensis  australis  Gould, 
were  liberated  near  Alvarado,  Calif.,  but  apparently  disappeared. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


239 


dd.  Rectrices  10-12,  soft,  narrow,  with  narrowly  rounded  tips,  the  tail  only 
one-third  as  long  as  wing,  graduated,  and  hidden  by  coverLs;  longei 
primaries  exceeding  longest  (proximal)  secondaries  by  more  than 
length  of  tarsus,  strongly  bowed ;  outermost  primary  as  long  as  second 
and  third  or  else  very  little  shorter,  the  second  and  third  (from  outside), 
or  first  to  third,  longest ;  bill  relatively  much  smaller  and  weaker,  the 
culmen  narrow  and  somewhat  rigid,  especially  the  basal  portion 
(mesorhinium),  which  is  very  narrow,  distinctly  ridged,  and  extended 
much  farther  between  the  laterofrontal  antiae,  its  posterior  and  acute, 
or  cuneate;  legs  and  feet  much  slenderer;  size  much  smaller  (wings  not 
■  more  than  117  mm.) . Coturnix  (unsuccessfully  introduced)31 

Genus  DENDRORTYX  Gould 

Dendrortyx  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  1,  1844,  pi.  20  and  text;  pt.  iii,  1850, 

introd.,  p.  20.  (Type  by  monotypy,  Ortyx  macroura  Jardine  and  Selby.) 

Very  large,  long-tailed  Odontophoridae  (wing  about  150-165  mm., 
the  tail  about  two-thirds  to  quite  as  long)  with  outermost  primary  shorter 
than  tenth  (from  outside),  the  fourth  to  eighth  (from  outside),  longest, 
the  tail  graduated  for  half  the  length  of  tarsus  to  more  than  the  taisal 
length,  and  either  with  a  continuous  row  of  large  transverse  scutella  on 
outer  side  of  planta  tarsi,  or  with  the  planta  tarsi  largely  covered  by  small 
hexagonal  scales  with  a  continuous  series  of  rather  small  transverse 
scutella  on  upper  portion  of  outer  side  only  ( D .  barbatus). 

Bill  relatively  large  and  stout,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme 
base)  equal  to  decidedly  more  than  one-third  to  nearly  one-half  the  length 
of  tarsus;  depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  much  more  than  distance  from 
anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla,  and  equal  to  or  gieatei  than 
width  of  bill  at  rictus;  culmen  strongly  convex,  sometimes  arched  basally, 
broadly  rounded  though  more  narrow  basally ;  gonys  very  broad,  distinctly 
to  slightly  convex,  its  basal  angle  prominent.  Outermost  primary  shorter 
than  ninth  or  tenth  (from  outside),  shorter  than  distal  secondaries,  the 
fifth  to  eighth  or  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  longest.  Tail  two-thirds  to  quite 
as  long  as  wing,  graduated  for  from  half  length  of  tarsus  to  the  length 
of  the  tarsus,  the  rectrices  (12)  broad,  with  broadly  rounded  tips.  Taisus 

”  Coturnix  (ex  Moehring)  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  lxxxvii,  216 
(type,  by  tautonymy,  C.  communis  Bonnaterre  =  Tetrao  coturnix  Linnaeus). 
Ortygion  Keyserling  and  Blasius,  Wirbelth.  Eur.,  1840,  lxvi,  112,  202  (type,  by 
monotypy,  Tetrao  coturnix  Linnaeus). — Perdortyx  Montessus,  Mem.  Soc.  Saone, 
vi,  1886,  36  (type,  by  monotypy,  P.  lodoisice  Montessus  =  Tetrao  coturnix  Linnaeus). 
—Cotumyx  (emendation)  Marno,  Zool.  Garten,  ix,  1868,  83.— Ortygimn  (emenda¬ 
tion;  not  Ortygia  Boie,  1828)  Agassiz,  Index  Zool.,  1846,  265  —Ortyx  (emendation; 
—not  of  Stephens,  1819)  Des  Murs,  in  Chenu,  Encycl.  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.,  vi,  1854,  154.— 
Maurotumix  Mathews,  Austral  Avian  Rec,  ii,  No.  5,  Sept.  24,  1914,  112  (type,  by 
original  designation  and  monotypy,  Coturnix  pectoralis  Gould). 

One  species,  Coturnix  coturnix  (Linnaeus),  was  introduced  in  large  num.ers 
in  New  England,  eastern  Canada,  Ohio,  and  Virginia,  but  after  migrating  south  in 
the  autumn  the  birds  were  never  heard  of  again. 


240 


BULLETIN  51),  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  equal  to  or  slightly  shorter  or  longer 
than  middle  toe  with  claw,  both  sides  of  the  planta  tarsi  either  with  a 
posterior  continuous  row  of  large,  transverse  scutella,  or  mostly  covered 
with  rather  small  hexagonal  scales  but  with  larger  obliquely  transverse 
scutella  on  the  upper  posterior  part  of  outer  side. 


Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  pileum  more  or  less  elongated, 
forming,  when  erected,  a  bushy  crest  of  rather  narrow  to  moderately  broad 
soft  and  decumbent,  or  decurved  feathers,  with  plane  surface  and  rounded 
tips;  orbital  region  and  lores  more  or  less  extensively  naked,  especially 
postocular  portion  of  the  former.  Coloration  rather  dull,  olive  and  ru- 
fescent  hues  predominantly  on  upperparts,  hindneck  striped  with  chestnut, 
underparts  dull  olive-grayish  more  or  less  streaked  with  chestnut  or 
dusky,  the  throat  uniform  black,  gray,  white,  or  buffy  white.  Sexes  alike 
in  coloration. 

Range.  Southern  Mexico  to  highlands  of  Costa  Rica.  (Three  species 
with  eight  races.) 

KEY  TO  THE  ADULTS  OP  THE  FORMS  OF  DENDRORTYX 

a.  Chin  and  throat  gray,  breast  uniform  chestnut  (mountain  forest  of  Veracruz). 

D.  barbatus  (p.  241) 

aa.  Chin  and  throat  white  or  black,  breast  gray  streaked  with  blackish  or  brownish. 

b.  Chin  and  throat  white. 

c.  Streaks  on  breast  almost  blackish  or  at  least  tipped  and  edged  with  blackish 

(highlands  of  Costa  Rica) . D.  leucophrys  hypospodius  (p.  252) 

cc.  Streaks  on  breast  chestnut  to  auburn  (highlands  of  Guatemala,  El  Salvador, 
Honduras,  and  northwestern  Nicaragua). 

■d.  Auriculars  brown ;  ground  color  of  underparts  buffy  brown ;  gray  of 
breast  pale  (Vera  Paz,  Guatemala)  .  D.  leucophrys  leucophrys  (p.  249) 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


241 


dd.  Auriculars  sooty  gray ;  ground  color  of  underparts  gray ;  gray  of  breast 
fairly  dark  (western  Guatemala,  El  Salvador,  Honduras,  and  north¬ 
western  Nicaragua) . D.  leucophrys  nicaraguae  (p.  250) 

bb.  Chin  and  throat  black. 

c.  With  prominent  white  superciliary  and  malar  stripes. 

d.  Chestnut  median  stripes  on  breast  feathers  small  and  faint,  these  stripes 
absent  on  breast  feathers. 

e.  Lower  back  and  rump  barred  with  black;  thighs  and  flanks  grayish 

brown  (Morelos) . D.  macroura  griseipectus  (p.  245) 

ee.  Lower  back  and  rump  with  no  or  little  black;  thighs  and  flanks  olive- 

brown  (northwest  Jalisco) . D.  macroura  diversus  (p.  246) 

dd.  Chestnut  median  stripes  on  breast  feathers  large  and  prominent. 

e.  General  color  of  back  and  rump  decidedly  olive-brown  with  little  or 
no  whitish  transverse  flecking  (Michoacan  and  Guerrero  highlands). 

D.  macroura  striatus  (p.  247) 
ee.  General  color  of  back  and  rump  not  decidedly  olive-brown  but  gray- 
brown  with  a  slightly  olive  tinge,  and  abundantly  cross-flecked  with 

whitish . D.  macroura  macroura  (p.  243) 

cc.  Superciliary  and  malar  stripes  not  white  and  conspicuous  but  heavily  suffused 
with  brownish . D.  macroura  oaxacae  (p.  248) 

DENDRORTYX  BARBATUS  Gould 

Bearded  Wood  Partridge 

Adult  (sexes  alike  in  color).— Forehead  and  anterior  part  of  crown 
buffy  brown,  darkening  to  buffy  brown  and  pale  sepia  on  the  hindcrown 
and  occiput,  the  feathers  of  the  forehead  with  pale  buffy  shafts  which, 
being  largely  uncovered,  show  noticeably ;  feathers  of  hindneck  mouse  gray 
to  dark  mouse  gray  with  terminally  broadening  shaft  streaks  of  russet  to 
chestnut,  these  streaks  subterminally  obscurely  blotched  with  dusky 
chaetura  drab ;  anterior  interscapulars  similar  but  with  the  chestnut  areas 
broader,  the  gray  restricted  to  the  margins  of  the  featheis  and  these 
margins  subterminally  crossed  by  black  spots ;  posterior  interscapulars 
similar  but  with  the  terminal  part  of  the  edges,  distal  to  the  black  marks, 
white,  and  the  more  proximal,  grayish  part  much  suffused  with  chestnut ; 
scapulars,  all  but  the  outermost  upper  wing  coverts,  and  the  feathers  of 
upper  back  buffy  brown  to  olive-brown  heavily  blotched  with  fuscous- 
black  and  barred  irregularly  with  the  same  and  with  light  pinkish  cin¬ 
namon  to  pinkish  buff  and  marginally  with  white,  the  feathers  of  the 
upper  back  with  a  chestnut  wash  along  the  shafts ;  outermost  upper  wing 
coverts  with  no  white  and  little  blackish;  the  secondaries  russet,  ex¬ 
ternally  edged  and  tipped  with  pinkish  buff  to  cinnamon-buff,  these 
areas  minutely  speckled  with  blackish,  and  the  feathers  crossed  by  8  to 
10  flatly  V-shaped  bars  of  chaetura  drab,  the  russet  immediately  distal 
to  each  bar  paler  than  elsewhere;  primaries  and  alula  cinnamon-russet, 
their  outer  webs  barred  with  pale  chaetura  drab,  their  inner  webs  ex¬ 
tensively  mottled  and  washed  with  the  same;  back,  lower  back,  lump, 
and  upper  tail  coverts  buffy  brown  to  olive-brown,  tipped  and  sub- 


242 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


terminally  banded  with  pale  buffy  to  almost  white  and  with  blackish 
blotches  between  the  tips  and  the  subterminal  bands ;  median  rectrices 
with  a  fairly  narrow  chestnut  shaft  streak  paling  laterally  into  buffy  dark 
vermiculated  and  speckled  with  chaetura  drab,  and  crossed  by  six  to 
eight  wavy  whitish  bars,  each  of  which  is  broadly  edged  proximally  and 
narrowly  edged  distally  with  blackish;  the  width  of  the  chestnut  median 
area  increases  laterally  on  each  pair  of  rectrices,  with  consequent  re¬ 
duction  of  the  drab  and  blackish  areas,  until  on  the  outermost  ones  the 
entire  feathers  are  chestnut,  incompletely  banded  with  chaetura  drab ; 
lores  like  the  forehead;  upper  cheeks  and  auriculars  similar  also;  sides 
of  neck  like  the  hindneck ;  chin  and  throat  mouse  gray  with  a  slate  tinge ; 
breast  and  uppei  abdomen  amber  brown  to  bright  cinnamon,  paling 
postei  iorly  to  cinnamon-buff ;  feathers  of  sides  cinnamon  edged  with 
grayish  drab,  splotched  with  black  and  white;  flanks  and  under  tail 
coverts  buffy  brown  to  olive-brown  edged  with  buffy  to  cinnamon  and 
with  large  subterminal  blotches  of  black  and  with  blackish  freckling  on 
the  more  basal  brownish  parts ;  thighs  olive-brown ;  under  wing  coverts 
dark  olive-brown  freckled  with  russet ;  bare  skin  around  eye,  bill,  tarsi, 
and  toes  red. 

Juvenal.  Similar  to  the  adult,  but  the  upper  abdomen  pale  buffy  whit¬ 
ish  nai  rowly  barred  with  drab ;  middle  of  breast  pale  cinnamon  narrowly 
barred  with  drab;  secondaries  as  in  adult  but  with  much  less  external 
buffy  mottling,  the  edges  more  cinnamomeous,  darker  and  duller. 

Downy  young,  forehead  and  superciliaries  broadly  antimony  yellow 
becoming  suffused  posteriorly  with  buckthorn  brown;  middle  of  crown 
and  occiput  dark  auburn ;  scapular  area  cinnamon-buffy  to  pinkish  cinna¬ 
mon;  spinal  tract  very  broadly  auburn,  fading  laterally  to  pale  Mikado 
brown  and  pinkish  cinnamon ;  wings  and  thighs  auburn  obscurely  mottled 
with  dusky ,  chin,  throat,  breast,  abdomen,  and  sides  between  cream  color 
and  Naples  yellow,  washed  on  the  breast  with  pale  ochraceous;  cheeks 
pale  buckthorn  brown. 

Adult  mde.— Wing  147-166  (154.8);  tail  117-121  (118.9);  culmen 
from  the  base  20.4-22.5  (21.6)  ;  tarsus  49.1-54  (51.8)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  42.0-45.6  (43.2  mm.).38 

Adult  female.  Wing  148-152  (150);  tail  110-119  (114);  culmen 
from  base  20.0-21.7  (20.6)  ;  tarsus  44.5-47.4  (46.6) ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.4-41  (38.8  mm.).39 

Range. — Resident  in  the  mountain  forests  of  the  State  of  Veracruz, 
Mexico  (Jalapa,  Orizaba,  Jico). 

Type  locality. — Jalapa,  Veracruz. 


38  Seven  specimens  from  Jico,  Veracruz. 

38  Four  specimens  from  Jico,  Orizaba,  and  Jalapa,  Veracruz. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


243 


Dendrortyx  barbatus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  22  and  text  (Jalapa, 
Veracruz,  Mexico;  coll.  Berlin  Museum). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1859,  369  (Jalapa,  Mexico;  spec.). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae, 
1867,  74. — Sumichrast,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xii,  1868,  225  (alpine 
region,  Veracruz)  ;  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1869,  562  (alpine  region 
of  Veracruz)  ;  La  Naturaleza,  ser.  1,  v,  1882,  229  (alpine  region  of  Orizaba). 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  393  (Jalapa)  ;  Handb.  Game 
Birds,  ii,  1897,  113  (monogr.).— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Revista 
Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Orizaba) .— S alvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  289  (Jalapa  and  Orizaba,  Veracruz).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  225  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Dendrortyx]  barbatus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9773.- — Sclater  and 
Salvtn,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138.— Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

D[endrortyx]  barbatus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  315. 

Dendrortyx  barbata  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1857,  206  (Jalapa).  Baird, 
List  Described  Birds  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  West  Indies  not  in  Coll. 
Smithsonian  Inst.,  1863,  6. 

DENDRORTYX  MACROURA  MACROURA  (Jardine  and  Selby) 

Eastern  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult  (sexes  alike  in  color). — Broad  forehead,  supraorbital  line,  chin, 
and  upper  throat  black;  feathers  of  crown  and  occiput  black  broadly- 
tipped  with  distally  widening  tear-shaped  spots  of  dull,  rather  pale,  russet 
to  Mikado  brown;  a  broad  white  superciliary  stripe  on  each  side,  the 
feathers  composing  which  are  black  basally  and  the  posteriormost  of 
which  have  narrow  terminal  shaft  marks  of  dull  russet ;  feathers  of  hind 
neck  dark  bright  hazel  to  dark  Sanford’s  brown  edged  termino-laterally 
with  white,  and  blackish  basally,  the  more  posterior  feathers  with  the 
white  edges  darkening  to  light  mouse  gray ;  interscapulars  dark  bright 
hazel  to  dark  Sanford’s  brown  broadly  edged  with  neutral  gray,  the  gray 
areas,  especially  of  the  more  posterior  feathers,  mottled  with  buffy  brown 
and  blackish  and  with  small  white  lateral  flecks ;  scapulars  grayish  buffy 
brown,  tipped  and  crossed  by  three  to  five  more  or  less  complete  white 
bars,  each  of  which  is  proximally  broadly  bordered  with  dark  fuscous  to 
black,  the  subterminal  black  area  bent  basally  on  the  two  sides  enclosing 
a  median  area  of  dull  dark  hazel,  the  grayish-brown  areas  of  the  feathers 
finely  speckled  with  black  dots ;  inner  secondaries  like  the  scapulars  but 
with  the  hazel  reduced  or  wanting ;  outer  secondaries  with  the  pale  and 
the  black  marking  restricted  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  outer  webs,  the 
rest  of  the  feathers  being  dark  dull  olive-brown  only  faintly  mottled  with 
paler;  primaries  dark  dull  olive-brown,  their  outer  webs  faintly  flecked 
with  light  pinkish  cinnamon ;  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  pale  buffy  brown 
vermiculated  sparingly  with  blackish;  median  upper  wing  coverts  similar 
but  with  faint  hazel  shaft  lines  and  tipped  with  pale  buffy  brown  to 
almost  white,  the  tip  basally  edged  with  blackish;  greater  upper  wing 
coverts  like  the  scapulars  but  with  less  whitish ;  alula  dark  dull  olive- 


244 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


brown,  the  outer  webs  with  a  dull  hazel  streak  next  to  the  shaft ;  upper 
back,  lower  back,  and  rump,  light  brownish  olive  tipped  with  smoke 
gray  to  almost  white,  these  tips  basally  bordered  with  black;  upper  tail 
coverts  slightly  darker  and  coarsely  but  sparingly  vermiculated  with  black 
and  with  two  small  lateral  white  flecks  on  each ;  median  rectrices  olive- 
brown  crossed  by  10  distally  pointed  broad  V-shaped  bands  of  pale  buffy 
brown  to  pale  olive-buff,  each  of  these  bordered  proximally  by  an  irregular 
blackish  band,  the  broad  interspaces  flecked  and  stippled  with  blackish, 
the  median  portion  of  the  feathers  suffused  with  dull  hazel;  lateral  rec¬ 
trices  with  their  inner  webs  darker  and  more  uniform  clove  brown,  the 
outer  webs  flecked  and  incompletely  banded  as  in  the  median  ones  but 
in  decreasing  amounts  centrifugally,  the  median  area  of  all  the  rectrices 
somewhat  suffused  with  hazel,  which  color  also  replaces  in  the  lateral 
ones  the  olive-brown  found  in  the  median  pair ;  circumocular  space  bare, 
subocular  area  and  auriculars  blackish,  the  feathers  of  the  latter  some¬ 
times  tinged  with  hazel ;  a  white  malar  stripe  beginning  narrowly  under 
the  anterior  end  of  the  eye  broadens  posteriorly  on  the  sides  of  the  neck, 
where  it  sometimes  appears  faintly  speckled  with  hazel  due  to  narrow 
dusky  tips  of  the  color  on  its  posterior  feathers ;  lower  throat,  breast, 
and  sides  of  neck  pale  neutral  gray  to  deep  gull  gray,  each  feather  with 
a  broad  shaft  stripe  of  hazel,  the  hazel  paling  slightly  all  along  the  margin 
of  the  shaft  stripe  forming  halationlike  edge,  all  these  feathers  hair  brown 
on  their  concealed  basal  portion ;  feathers  of  the  sides  similar  but  with  the 
hazel  stripes  narrower  and  paler,  the  gray  portions  becoming  buffy  brown 
to  buffy  drab  vermiculated  and  flecked  with  dark  drab,  and  spotted  with 
dirty  white ;  middle  of  abdomen  pale  drab  gray  to  very  pale  light  drab, 
each  feather  medially  suffused  and  mottled  with  grayish  drab;  flanks, 
thighs,  and  lower  abdomen  olive-drab  indistinctly  mottled  with  hair  brown 
and  tipped  with  grayish  buffy  white ;  under  tail  coverts  dark  chaetura  drab 
to  black  narrowly  tipped  with  white  and  crossed  by  a  narrow  but  irregular 
white  band  slightly  distal  to  the  middle  of  their  length,  under  wing  coverts 
like  the  lesser  upper  coverts  but  somewhat  darker,  iris,  circumocular  bare 
skin,  bill,  tarsi,  and  toes  coral  red ;  claws  buffy. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  163-166  (164.7);  tail  157-169  (163);  oilmen 
from  the  base  19.7-21.4  (20.5);  tarsus  47.1-52.8  (50.7);  middle  toe 
without  claw  374-41.2  (39.2  mm.).40 

Adult  female. — Wing  155-158  (157);  tail  147-151  (149.3);  oilmen 
from  base  18.9-19.5  (19.3)  ;  tarsus  49.2-53.3  (51.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.4-41.8  (39.6  mm.).41 

40  Four  specimens. 

41  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


245 


Range. — Resident  in  the  mountain  forests  of  the  \  alley  of  Mexico 
and  the  highlands  of  Veracruz. 

Type  locality. — Mexico  =  mountains  about  the  Valley  of  Mexico. 

Ortyx  macroura  Jardine  and  Selby,  Illustr.  Orn.,  i,  pi.  3,  1828,  pis.  38,  49  and  text 
(Mexico). — Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  128,  pi.  12. 

Dendrortyx  macrurns  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  1,  1844,  pi.  20  and  text. 
Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864,  178  (near  City  of  Mexico).  Gray, 
List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  Gallinae,  1867,  73.— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem. 
y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Orizaba) .— Ogilvie-Grant, 
Ibis,  1902,  237. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  287, 
part  (alpine  region  of  Orizaba,  Veracruz). 

[Dendrortyx]  macrurus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9771.  Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43,  part. 
Dendrortyx  macrourus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  392, 
part  (in  synonymy;  descr.?).— Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  44,  in  text  (crit.). 
D[cndrortyx]  macrourus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  315. 

D endrortyx  tnacrorus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1S97,  112  pait  (s. 
Mexico;  highlands  of  Oaxaca). 

[ Odontophorus ]  macrourus  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  1848,  pi.  194,  figs.  1692, 
i693. 

Dendrortyx  macroura  macroura  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. 

Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  225  (syn. ;  distr.). 
[Dendrortyx  macroura]  macroura  Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192,  in  text  ( ci  it. ) . 
Tctrao  marmoratus  La  Llave,  Registro  Trimestro,  i,  1832,  144  (mountains  near 
City  of  Mexico)  ;  La  Naturaleza,  vii,  1884,  App.,  p.  65. 

DENDRORTYX  MACROURA  GRISEIPECTUS  Nelson 

Gray-breasted  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  hazel  shaft 
stripes  of  the  breast  feathers  confined  to  the  basal  two-thirds  oi  less  of 
the  feathers,  and  almost  hidden  by  the  overlapping  of  these  feathers,  giving 
the  breast  a  nearly  uniform  deep  gull  gray;  the  hazel  stripes  of  the 
feathers  of  the  sides  also  greatly  reduced;  back  and  rump  slightly  more 
olivaceous. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult. _ Wing  167;  tail  145;  culmen  from  base  19.5;  tarsus  54;  middle 

toe  without  claw  42  mm.  (type) . 

Adult  female. — Wing  157;  tail  131;  culmen  from  base  20;  tarsus  54; 
middle  toe  without  claw  40  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. _ Known  only  from  the  heavy  oak  forest  on  the  Pacific  slope 

of  the  Cordillera,  in  the  State  of  Morelos  (and  possibly  in  the  State  of 
Mexico  as  well). 

Type  locality. — Huitzilac,  Morelos,  Mexico. 

Dendrortyx  macrurus  (not  Ortyx  macroura  Jardine  and  Selby)  Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  287,  part  (Morelos). 


fi53008° — 46 - 17 


246 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Dendrortyx  macrourus  griseipectus  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  44  (Huitzilac,  Pacific 
slope  of  Morelos,  c.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902, 
2 37. 

D[endrortyx]  macrourus  griseipectus  Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  388  (crit.).— S  alvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves.,  iii,  1903,  288,  in  text  (crit.). 
Dendrortyx  macroura  griseipectus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42.— 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  225. — Friedmann, 
Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii,  1943,  272  in  text  (crit.). 

[ Dendrortyx  macroura ]  griseipectus  Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192  in  text,  part — 
Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii,  1943,  272  in  text,  273  in 
text  (crit. ;  distr.). 

[Dendrortyx]  griseipectus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

DENDRORTYX  MACROURA  DIVERSUS  Friedmann 

Jalisco  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  m.  griseipectus  but  differing  from  it  in 
having  the  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  more  olive-brown 
and  with  no  or  little  black  barring,  in  having  the  flanks  and  thighs  more 
olive-brown,  less  barred,  and  in  having  the  under  tail  coverts  more  brown¬ 
ish,  less  blackish,  with  less  contrast  between  the  dark  areas  and  the 
whitish  tips. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  subocular  line  and  the 
auriculars  hazel  instead  of  black,  the  lateral  portions  of  the  feathers  of 
the  mantle  olive  buffy-brown  instead  of  gray;  the  hazel  shaft  stripes  on 
the  underparts  small  and  largely  concealed,  and  the  black  feathers  of 
the  chin  and  upper  throat  with  whitish  bases  and  narrow  shaft  streaks. 

Adult  male.— Wing  153-161  (156);  tail  138-149  (144.5);  culmen 
from  the  base  20.6-20.8  (20.65)  ;  tarsus  5Q-53  (51.1)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  39.7-41.1  (40.2  mm.).42 

Adult  female.— Wing  141-151  (146);  tail  119-141  (128.7);  culmen 
from  the  base  19.5-20.8  (20.3)  ;  tarsus  47-47.5  (47.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  38-38.9  (38.3  mm.).43 

Range. — Resident  in  the  highland  forests  of  northwestern  Jalisco 
(Mascota  and  San  Sebastian). 

Type  locality. — San  Sebastian,  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

Dendrortyx  macroura  griseipectus  (not  of  Nelson,  1897)  Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  225,  part  (San  Sebastian,  northwest  of  Mascota, 
Jalisco,  Mexico). 

[Dendrortyx  macroura]  griseipectus  Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192  in  text. 
Dendrortyx  macroura  diver sus  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  273  (San  Sebastian,  Jalisco,  Mexico;  crit.;  descr. ;  meas.). 

42  Four  specimens,  including  the  type. 

43  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


247 


DENDKORTYX  MACROURA  STRIATUS  Nelson 

Guerrero  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  crest  feathers 
more  extensively  black,  only  narrowly  tipped  with  hazel,  the  back  and 
rump  more  olive  brownish,  less  gray-brown,  and  with  little  or  no  trans¬ 
verse  whitish  and  .blackish  flecking ;  the  hazel  shaft  stripes  longer  and 
more  pronounced  on  the  feathers  of  the  sides  and  extending  posteriorly 
to  include  the  feathers  of  flanks.  This  is  the  most  variable  of  all  the 
forms  of  the  species  (possibly  it  only  seems  so  because  of  the  far  more 
extensive  material  of  it  available)  ;  thus  two  males  from  the  same  place 
and  date  present  the  two  extremes.  In  one  the  sides  and  flanks  and 
lower  abdomen  are  pale  buflfy  brown,  in  the  other  dark  olive-brown; 
in  the  former  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  is  very  pale  light  drab,  in  the 
latter  hair  brown  to  pale  olive-brown ;  in  the  former  the  lateral  portions 
of  the  breast  feathers  are  very  pale  light  drab  with  a  grayish  tinge,  in 
the  latter  light  mouse  gray;  “bill  and  feet  bright  yellowish  scarlet 
(Goodknight). 

Natal  down. — Broad  forehead  and  superciliaries  chamois  darkening  to 
honey  yellow  over  the  eyes ;  middle  of  crown,  occiput  and  nape  auburn ; 
entire  upperparts  of  body  and  wings  Brussels  brown,  obscurely  banded 
on  the  dorsolateral  portions  of  the  body  with  dusky  clove  brown;  chin, 
throat,  and  underpart  of  the  body  cream  buff,  brightest  on  the  chin  and 
throat  and  becoming  tinged  with  tawny-olive  on  the  sides  and  flanks 
which  merge  into  the  Brussels  brown  of  the  back ;  thighs  pale  Brussels 
brown;  bill  and  feet  yellowish  (in  dried  skins). 

Adult  male.— Wing  143-167  (154.7);  tail  132-175  (147.1);  culmen 
from  base  18.7-22.4  (20.8)  ;  tarsus  45.3-52  (49.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.4-43  (40.1  mm.).44 

Adult  female.— Wing  147-159  (151.6)  ;  tail  131-146  (138.3)  ;  culmen 
from  the  base  19.5-21.7  (20.8)  ;  tarsus  46.3-50  (48.5)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  37.6-39.5  (38.4  mm.).45 

Range. — Resident  in  the  highland  forests  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  of  Jalisco  (Sierra  Nevada  de  Colima,  Talpa,  Los  Masos)  to  Micho¬ 
acan  (Sierra  Madre,  Mount  Tancitaro,  Patzcuaro,  Patamban)  and  the 
Cordillera  of  Guerrero  above  8,000  feet  (Omilteme,  Chilpancingo). 

Type  locality. — Chilpancingo,  Guerrero,  Mexico. 

Dendrortyx  macrourus  (not  Ortyx  macroura  Jardine  and  Selby)  Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  392,  part  (Guerrero). 

Dendrortyx  macrorus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  112,  part  (high¬ 
lands  of  Guerrero). 


44  Twenty-one  specimens  from  Guerrero  and  Michoacan. 

45  Twelve  specimens  from  Guerrero  and  Michoacan. 


248 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Dendrortyx  macrurus  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  28 7, 
part  (Guerrero;  Michoacan). 

Dendrortyx  macrourus  striatus  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  44  ( Chilpancingo,  Guerrero, 
sw.  Mexico,  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902,  237. — Griscom, 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxv,  1934,  422  (Guerrero). 

D  [endrorlyx]  macrourus  striatus  Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  388. — Salvin  and  God- 
man,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  288,  in  text  (crit.). 

Dendrortyx  macroura  striatus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. — 
Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192,  (Omilteme,  Guerrero,  spec.;  crit.). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds.  Arner.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  226  (syn. ;  distr.). 

D[endrortyx]  m[acroura]  striatus  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  272  in  text,  273  in  text  (crit.). 

[Dendrortyx]  striatus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

Dendrortyx  macrourus  dilutus  Nelson,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  254  (Patzcuaro,  Michoacan, 
sw.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902,  237. 
D[cndrortyx]  macrourus  dilutus  Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  388. 

Dendrortyx  macroura  dilutus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. 

DENDRORTYX  MACROURA  OAXACAE  Nelson 

Oaxaca  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  superciliary 
and  malar  stripes  not  white  and  conspicuous  but  heavily  suffused  with 
brownish,  reducing  markedly  the  contrast  between  them  and  the  adjacent 
hazel  areas,  and  with  the  broad  brown  shaft  stripes  on  the  breast  and 
hindneck  and  interscapulars  darker — bright  argus  brown  to  almost  chest¬ 
nut,  and  with  the  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  less  barred  with 
blackish,  more  like  )D.  m.  diversus  in  these  parts. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  156;  tail  140;  culmen  from  the  base  19.5;  tarsus 
49;  middle  toe  without  claw  38  mm.  (1  specimen,  the  type). 

Adult  female. — Wing  152;  tail  122;  culmen  from  the  base  19.7;  tarsus 
50;  middle  toe  without  claw  37  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  mountain  forests  of  eastern  Oaxaca  from 
the  Cerro  San  Felipe,  near  Oaxaca  City,  to  Mount  Zempoaltepec. 

Type  locality. — Totontepec,  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

Dendrortyx  oaxacac  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  43  (Totontepec,  Oaxaca;  coll.  U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.);  xix,  1902,  388  (crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902,  237. 
D[endrortyx ]  oaxacae  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  288, 
in  text  (crit.). 

f Dendrortyx]  oaxacae  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

Dendrortyx  macrourus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  392,  part 
(Tonaguia,  Oaxaca). 

Dendrortyx  macrurus  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  287, 
part  (e.  Oaxaca). 

Dendrortyx  macroura  oaxacae  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43  — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.  i,  No.  1,  1942,  226  (syn.;  distr.). 
[Dendrortyx  macroura]  oaxacae  Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  192  in  text. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


249 


DENDRORTYX  LEUCOPHRYS  LEUCOPHRYS  (Gould) 

Guatemalan  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult  (sexes  alike  in  coloration). — Forehead,  anterior  part  of  crown, 
and  superciliaries  light  ivory  yellow  to  pale  pinkish  buff ;  rest  of  crown 
and  occiput  dull  sepia  tinged,  especially  terminally  and  posteriorly,  with 
russet ;  feathers  of  nape  and  the  interscapulars  bright  russet  to  bay  promi¬ 
nently  edged  with  white,  the  longest,  most  posterior  interscapulars  with 
the  white  replaced  by  neutral  gray  and  these  edgings  broader ;  median  and 
lesser  upper  wing  coverts  between  bright  buffy  brown  and  isabella  color, 
very  slightly  darker  and  more  rufescent  along  the  shafts ;  greater  upper 
wing  coverts  more  rufescent,  washed  with  orange-cinnamon,  and  with 
numerous  transverse  irregular  markings  of  pale  isabella  color,  each  of 
these  markings  bordered  proximally  with  clove  brown ;  scapulars  buffy 
brown  paling  laterally  to  brownish  olive-gray  and  darkening  medially  to 
Saccardo’s  umber  tinged  with  russet ;  secondaries  pale  cinnamon-brown 
mottled  and  flecked  with  Prout’s  brown  to  mummy  brown,  these  mottlings 
most  strongly  developed  on  the  inner  secondaries ;  primaries  externally 
bright  tawny  with  a  slight  orange  tinge,  their  inner  webs  duller  and  in¬ 
distinctly  mottled  with  Prout’s  brown,  the  darker  color  increasing  toward 
the  inner  edge  of  the  feathers ;  upper  back  like  the  interscapulars  but 
with  the  bright  bay  of  their  median  part  replaced  by  tawny-russet  trans¬ 
versely  flecked  with  blackish,  and  with  the  gray  lateral  parts  tinged 
with  buff}7  brown  and  indistinctly  barred  with  dusky  clove  brown ;  rest 
of  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  buffy  brown,  indistinctly  crossed 
by  fine  dusky  bars,  the  lower  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  with  whitish 
transverse  markings  proximally  and  distally  edged  with  blackish ;  lateral 
rectrices  bright  russet,  the  median  ones  with  this  color  largely  restricted 
to  a  broad  indistinct  shaft  stripe  the  rest  of  the  feathers  abundantly  crossed 
by  transverse  zigzag  markings  of  light  ochraceous-buff,  each  of  which 
markings  is  broadly  edged  on  both  sides  by  clove  brown ;  suboculars  and 
auriculars  dull  sepia ;  chin  and  upper  throat  white ;  sides  of  throat  and 
lower  throat  bright  russet  to  tawny-russet,  each  feather  edged  with  light 
neutral  gray;  breast  feathers  similar  but  with  the  edges  broader  and 
darker — neutral  gray — and  the  centers  paler — tawny- russet  to  tawny; 
upper  and  lateral  parts  of  abdomen  and  sides  pale  grayish  buffy  brown, 
most  grayish  on  the  upper  abdomen,  and  with  tawny  to  ochraceous-tawny 
shaft  stripes;  lower  middle  of  abdomen,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts 
darkening,  especially  posteriorly,  to  dusky  olive-brown ;  under  wing 
coverts  dull  cinnamon-brown ;  bare  skin  around  eye,  tarsi,  and  toes  orange- 
red  ;  bill  black,  lower  mandible  orange  below ;  iris  grayish  olive. 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  146.3;  tail  128;  culmen  from  the  base  18.1  ;  tarsus 
53.3;  middle  toe  without  claw  49.1  mm.  (1  specimen). 


250  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Adult  female. — Wing  139;  tail  123.7 ;  culmen  from  the  base  18.5  ;  tarsus 
49;  middle  toe  without  claw  36.7  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  highlands  of  northern  Guatemala  above  3,000 
feet,  in  states  of  Alta  Vera  Paz  (Coban,  Finca  Sepacuite),  Huetuetenango 
(Barrillos),  and  El  Quiche  (Nebaj). 

Type  locality. — Coban,  Guatemala. 

Ortyx  leucophrys  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1843  (1844),  132  (Coban,  Vera 
Paz,  Guatemala;  coll.  Derby  Mus.,  now  Liverpool  Mus.). 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  Gould,  Mon.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  21  and  text. — Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  226  (Coban,  Guatemala). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  73. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  394, 
part  (Duenas,  Guatemala)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  1897,  ii,  114,  part. — Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  289  part  (Coban,  Duenas). 
D[endrortyx]  leucophrys  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  315. 

[Dendrortyx]  leucophrys  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9772. — Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 
Dendrortyx  leucophrys  leucophrys  Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932, 
105  (Sepacuite,  Guatemala;  habits;  distr.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  43. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  227, 
part  (syn. ;  distr.;  Guatemala). 

Dendrortyx  l[eucophrys]  leucophrys  Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.  No. 
183,  1925,  2  (Guatemala). 

D[endrortyx ]  l[eucophrys ]  leucophrys  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador, 
1938,  156,  in  text  (El  Salvador;  possibly  Volcan  de  Santa  Ana;  Guatemala). 
[Dendrortyx  leucophrys]  leucophrys  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxix,  1941, 
535,  in  text  (crit.). 

DENDRORTYX  LEUCOPHRYS  NICARAGUAE  Miller  and  Griscom 

Nicaraguan  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  abdomen, 
sides,  and  flanks  less  huffy  brown,  more  grayish;  the  gray  of  the  margins 
of  the  feathers  of  the  breast  somewhat  darker  pale  gray  to  dark  gull 
gray ;  the  russet  to  bay  centers  of  the  feathers  of  the  lower  throat,  breast, 
and  the  paler  ochraceous-tawny  ones  of  the  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks, 
reduced  in  size  and  duller  in  color,  those  of  the  lower  throat  and  breast 
occasionally  tinged  and  edged  with  blackish;  ground  color  of  the  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  darker,  less  greenish  olive,  more  brownish ; 
and  auriculars  dark  sooty  gray,  occasionally  tinged  with  brownish ;  “iris, 
grayish  olive  or  yellowish  hazel ;  bill,  black ;  bare  skin  of  ocular  area, 
bright  red,  lower  eyelid,  flesh  color ;  tarsi  and  feet,  dull,  brownish  red 
or  dark  orange-red;  feet  slightly  darker.  These  slight  differences  do  not 
seem  to  be  correlated  with  sex  or  season.”40 

First  “winter”  plumage. — Very  similar  to  that  of  the  adult  but  with 
the  upper  throat  streaked  with  sooty  and  the  dark  dull  sepia  of  the  crown 
extending  forward  over  the  eyes  and  to  the  base  of  the  culmen  leaving 
only  a  large  loreal  and  supraloreal  huffy  whitish  area  on  each  side ;  the 


40  Ex  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  of  El  Salvador,  1938,  158. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


251 


auriculars  brownish;  rectrices  with  their  marking  more  definitely  ar¬ 
ranged  in  bars ;  remiges  more  pointed. 

Juvenal. — Forehead,  broad  superciliaries,  and  lores  pale  cream  buff; 
center  of  crown  dusky  sepia  anteriorly  becoming  bister  to  snuff  brown 
posteriorly  and  on  the  occiput ;  interscapulars  bright  tawny-olive  to  Sayal 
brown  with  narrow  whitish  shaft  streaks  which  broaden  out  terminally 
into  triangular  spots,  the  whitish  shafts  edged  laterally  with  clove  brown, 
which  extends  out  laterally  as  incomplete  bars  of  the  same ;  upper  wing 
coverts  similar  but  with  dusky  clove  brown  shafts,  the  greater  coverts 
tipped  with  buffy  white,  edged  with  blackish  proximally;  scapulars  and 
secondaries  bright  tawny-olive  to  bright  dark  ochraceous-tawny  heavily 
mottled  with  clove  brown  and  irregularly  and  incompletely  barred  with 
pale  cinnamon-buff ;  primaries  as  in  adults  but  more  pointed  terminally ; 
back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  as  in  adult  but  indistinctly 
but  abundantly  barred  with  Saccardo’s  umber;  all  the  rectrices  snuff  brown 
barred  with  cinnamon,  each  of  the  cinnamon  bars  broadly  edged  on  both 
sides  with  blackish ;  chin  and  upper  throat  pale  cream  buff  but  the  feathers 
with  dusky  shaft  streaks ;  lower  throat,  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks 
dark  hair  brown  to  pale  sepia,  the  feathers  with  distally  spreading 
triangular  terminal  spots  of  white  or  cinnamon-buff,  terminally  edged 
with  blackish. 

Natal  down. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  138-155  (146.2);  tail  113-149  (131.6);  culmen 
from  base  18.7-20.8  (19.7);  tarsus  48.8-54  (51.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  36.2-50  (40.5  mm.).47 

Adult  female. — Wing  129.9-142.6  (134.8);  tail  107.8-124.1  (118.6); 
culmen  from  base  17.6-19.2  (18.4)  ;  tarsus  49.0-55.5  (50.9)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  35 — 47.7  (40.0  mm.).48 

Range. — Resident  in  second  growth  and  brushy  places  from  the  upper 
limits  of  the  Arid  Lower  Tropical  Zone  to  over  9,000  feet  in  the  Humid 
Upper  Tropical  Zone,  from  the  Pacific  Cordillera  of  Guatemala  (Sierra 
Santa  Elena,  Panajachel,  and  Solola),  the  higher  mountains  throughout 
El  Salvador  (Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  Volcan  de  Santa  Ana,  Mount 
Cacaguatique,  Los  Esesmiles,  San  Jose  del  Sacare),  and  Honduras 
(Tegucigalpa;  Alto  Contoral ;  Cerro  Contoral ;  Santa  Barbara;  Yaro, 
Santa  Marta ;  Rancho  Quemada,  La  Libertad  Copan)  to  northern 
Nicaragua  (Jalapa).49 

■"Twenty  specimens  from  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  the  Pacific  slopes  of 
Guatemala. 

48  Twelve  specimens  from  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  El  Salvador. 

■"  Birds  from  the  Pacific  Cordillera  of  Guatemala  and  from  El  Salvador  are 
intermediate  between  this  form  and  the  nominate  race.  I  have  seen  specimens  from 
the  former  area  that  are  clearly  nicaraguae  and  others  from  El  Salvador  that  are 
just  as  clearly  leucophrys.  Inasmuch  as  the  bulk  are  nearer  to  nicaraguae  I  put 
them  all  in  this  form. 


252 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Type  locality. — Jalapa,  Nicaragua. 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  (not  of  Gould)  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  289,  part  (Panajachel,  Solola,  Pacific  Cordillera  of  Guatemala). 
Dendrortyx  leucophrys  leucophrys  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  227  part  (syn. ;  distr. ;  Honduras,  Nicaragua). 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  nicaraguae  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43. — 
Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  156  (El  Salvador — Volcan 
de  San  Miguel,  Mount  Cacaguatique,  and  Los  Esesmiles ;  spec. ;  habits ;  colors 
of  soft  parts;  crit.). — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxix,  1941,  534 
(Sierra  Santa  Elena,  west-central  Guatemala;  spec.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  227  (syn.;  distr.). 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  nicaraguae  Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.  No.  183, 
1925,  1  (Jalapa,  Nicaragua,  alt.  4,000  feet;  type  in  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.).— 
Griscom,  Ibis,  1935,  549  (Panajachel,  Solola,  Pacific  Cordillera  of  Guatemala; 
crit.) . 

Dendrortyx  l[eucophrys ]  nicaraguae  Miller  and  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No. 
183,  1925,  2  (Jalapa). 

DENDRORTYX  LEUCOPHRYS  HYPOSPODIUS  Salvin 

Costa  Rican  Long-tailed  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  leucophrys  nicaraguae  but  with  the 
median  streaks  on  the  feathers  of  the  lower  throat  and  breast  much 
darker — dark  bay  edged  broadly  with  black ;  the  streaks  thinning  out  to 
narrow  blackish  shaft  lines  on  the  feathers  of  the  abdomen,  only  the 
feathers  of  the  sides  and  flanks  with  tawny  to  ochraceous-tawny  shaft 
streaks;  and  the  gray  tone  of  the  underparts  generally  darker — neutral 
gray  to  deep  neutral  gray. 

First  zvinter  plumage. — Similar  to  that  of  D.  leucophrys  nicaraguae  but 
generally  darker  and  without  the  tawny  shaft  stripes  on  the  feathers 
of  the  sides  and  abdomen,  the  median  stripes  on  the  breast  feathers  nar¬ 
rower  and  darker — dark  bay  narrowly  edged  with  black. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  149.9-160  (152.4)  ;  tail  132.4-145  (137.8)  ;  culmen 
from  the  base  19.1-20.3  (19.9)  ;  tarsus  51.7-55  (53)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  41.1-41.5  (41.2  mm.).50 

Adult  female.— Wing  143-153  (147.1);  tail  116-157  (132.5);  oilmen 
from  base  19.9-20.9  (20.4)  ;  tarsus  50.3-51.8  (50.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  39.9-40.4  (40.1  mm.).51 

Range. — Resident  in  the  higher  mountains  of  Costa  Rica  (Alajuela, 
Azahar  de  Cartago,  Dota,  Estrella  de  Cartago,  La  Palma  de  San  Jose, 
Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria,  Poas,  Volcan  de  Irazu,  Agua  Caliente,  Pacaca, 
Navarro). 

Type  locality. — Azahar  de  Cartago,  Costa  Rica. 


“  Six  specimens. 
01  Five  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


253 


Dendrortyx  leucophrys  (not  of  Gould)  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
ix,  1868,  140  (Dota  and  Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria,  Costa  Rica).— Frantzius, 
Journ.  fiir.  Orn.,  xvii,  1869,  373  (Costa  Rica).— Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1878,  42  (Volcan  de  Irazu,  Costa  Rica,  7,000  feet).— Zeledon,  Anal. 
Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1888,  128  (La  Palma  de  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica).— 
Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  394,  part  (Costa  Rica)  ; 
Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  114,  part  (Costa  Rica) .— Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  289,  part  (Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria,  La 
Palma  de  Jose,  Dota  Mountains,  Poas,  and  Volcan  de  Irazu,  Costa  Rica). 
Dendrortyx  hypospodins  Salvin,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1896,  v  (  Azalia,  i.e. 
Azahar  de  Cartago,  Costa  Rica;  coll.  Salvin  and  Godman);  Ibis,  1897,  112 
(reprint  of  descr.) .—Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
289,  part  (Azahar  de  Cartago,  Estrella  de  Cartago,  Alajuela,  and  La  Palma  de 
San  Jose,  Costa  Rica) .— Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  385  (Volcan 
de  Irazu,  Costa  Rica). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  42. 

[ Dendrortyx ]  hypospodins  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys  hypospodins  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  228  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Dendrortyx  leucophrys]  hypospodins  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxix, 
1941,  535  in  text  (Costa  Rica;  crit.). 

Genus  OREORTYX  Baird 

Oreortyx  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  xlv,  642.  (Type,  by  original 
designation,  Ortyx  picta  Douglas.) 

Oreoortyx  (emendation)  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  236. 

Orortyx  (emendation)  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  98. 
Callipepla  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317,  part. 

Rather  large  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  130-140  mm.)  with  tarsus 
less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  tail  less  than  three-fifths  as  long  as 
wing,  scapulars,  tertials,  and  rump  unspotted,  flanks  broadly  banded  with 
chestnut,  white,  and  black,  chest  plain  slate-gray,  and  crown  with  a  long, 
slender  crest  of  two  plumes. 

Bill  relatively  small,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme  base)  much 
less  than  half  as  long  as  tarsus  (but  slightly  exceeding  length  of  basal 
phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  slightly  exceeding  distance 
from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla,  slightly  exceeding  its 
width  at  rictus;  culmen  moderately  convex,  not  distinctly  ridged  (the 
ridge  rather  broad  and  rounded).  Outermost  primary  intermediate  in 
length  between  seventh  and  eighth  (from  outside),  the  fourth  and  fifth 
longest.  Tail  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  moderately  rounded, 
the  rectrices  (12)  firm,  broad,  and  rounded  at  tips.  Tarsus  decidedly 
less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  shorter  than  middle  toe  with  claw, 
the  planta  tarsi  mostly  covered  on  outer  side  by  a  posterior  continuous 
series  of  rather  large  transverse  scutella,  the  inner  side  covered  by  smaller, 
more  hexagonal  scales. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — A  conspicuous  crest  of  two  elongated,  slender, 
nearly  straight  plumes  springing  from  center  of  vertex,  their  webs  con- 


254 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


duplicate,  the  upper  and  longer  plume  slightly  recurved  distally  and  en¬ 
closing  the  lower  and  shorter  one.  Upperparts  plain  olive,  the  inner 
webs  of  tertials  edged  with  buff ;  malar  and  suborbital  regions,  throat, 
and  foreneck  chestnut,  margined  posteriorly  by  a  white  stripe;  rest  of 


head  and  neck,  and  breast,  plain  slate-gray,  the  crest  black;  sides  and 
flanks  broadly  banded  with  chestnut,  black,  and  white.  Sexes  alike  in 
color. 

Range. — Mountains  near  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  south¬ 
ern  Washington  to  northern  Baja  California.  (Monotypic.) 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


255 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  (ADULTS  IN  FRESH  PLUMAGE)  OF  OREORTYX  PICTA 

(DOUGLAS) 

a.  Brown  of  the  back  darker,  between  dark  olive-brown  and  sepia,  and  extending 
anteriorly  over  the  mantle  and  nape  to  the  base  of  the  occipital  crest  (south¬ 
western  Washington,  western  Oregon,  and  western  California,  south  to  San 

Luis  Obispo  County) . Oreortyx  picta  palmeri  (p.  255) 

aa.  Brown  of  the  back  paler,  seldom  darker  than  dark  buffy  brown,  and  grayer,  and 
usually  not  extending  anteriorly  beyond  the  interscapulars,  the  mantle  usually 
slate-gray  but  occasionally  washed  with  buffy  brown. 

b.  Brown  of  the  black  more  olivaceous  than  grayish;  the  mantle  washed  with 
buffy  brown  (southern  Washington  east  of  Cascades  to  Nevada). 

Oreortyx  picta  picta  (p.  258) 
bb.  Brown  of  the  back  more  grayish  than  olivaceous,  the  mantle  almost  always  pure 
slate-gray. 

c.  Breast  paler,  between  light  neutral  gray  and  deep  gull  gray  (southern  and 

west-central  California) . Oreortyx  picta  eremophila  (p.  262 )82 

cc.  Breast  darker,  between  neutral  gray  and  dark  gull  gray  (Baja  California). 

Oreortyx  picta  confinis  (p.  261) 

OREORTYX  PICTA  PALMERI  Oberholser 

Northwestern  Mountain  Quail 

Adult  male. — Forehead  narrowly  white  or  pale  buffy  white;  crown 
slate-gray  to  slate  color;  occipital  crest  of  long  narrow  black  feathers; 
rest  of  occiput,  nape,  and  anterior  interscapulars  similar  but  heavily 
washed  with  dark  olive-brown  (sometimes  to  the  virtual  exclusion  of  the 
slate  color)  ;  rest  of  interscapulars,  back,  lower  back,  rump,  upper  tail 
coverts,  and  upper  wing  coverts  dark  olive-brown ;  innermost  secondaries 
and  their  greater  upper  coverts  similar  but  internally  edged  with  white 
to  pale  ochraceous-white  and  very  narrowly  tipped  with  the  same ;  outer 
secondaries  and  the  primaries  fuscous  washed  with  olive-brown  on  their 
outer  webs ;  rectrices  fuscous  very  finely  speckled  and  vermiculated  with 
olive-brown;  lores  and  narrow  superciliary  stripe  white;  chin  white; 
throat  and  cheeks  dark  bright  chestnut  becoming  blackish  under  the 
eye,  posterior  to  the  lores,  and  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  cheeks  and 
throat,  a  broad  white  line  from  the  eye  runs  posteroventrally  to  the  latero- 
posterior  corner  of  the  throat  separating  the  chestnut  area  from  the  slate- 
gray  to  slate-color  sides  of  the  neck  and  of  the  breast ;  posterior  breast 
feathers  slate-gray  to  slate  color  very  broadly  tipped  with  dark  bright 
chestnut ;  sides  of  lower  breast  and  upper  and  lateral  parts  of  abdomen  dark 
bright  chestnut  broadly  barred  with  white,  the  white  bars  often  proximally 
edged  with  blackish  brown;  flanks  tawny-russet  with  concealed,  sub¬ 
terminal  blackish  bands ;  thighs  pale  tawny-buff ;  middle  of  lower  abdomen 

«•  Doubtfully  distinct.  This  race  is  an  intermediate  group  combining  characters  of 
picta  and  of  confinis.  In  series  it  can  be  made  out  as  a  faintly  marked  aggregate. 


256  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  tawny-buffy,  the  feathers  grayish 
basally ;  under  tail  black  with  dark  russet  shafts ;  under  wing  coverts 
slate  color  washed  with  brownish;  bill  black,  slightly  brownish  terminally; 
iris  Vandyke  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  pale  sepia. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  male  but  smaller  and  with  a  shorter 
crest. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike).— Top  of  head,  nape,  interscapulars,  and  back 
between  dark  drab  and  hair  brown,  the  feathers  minutely  speckled  with 
buffy  drab,  many  with  a  terminal  triangular  white  shaft  spot ;  long  oc¬ 
cipital  crest  feathers  dull  fuscous  banded  on  their  terminal  third  with 
tawny-drab ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  more 
rufescent — pale  Saccardo’s  umber  vermiculated  and  transversely  mottled 
with  black ;  upper  wing  coverts  pale  Saccardo’s  umber  transversely  ver¬ 
miculated  with  black  and  each  feather  with  a  terminal  shaft  spot  of  white ; 
innermost  secondaries  similar  but  with  large  black  blotches ;  rest  of  sec¬ 
ondaries  and  all  the  primaries  dull  fuscous,  their  outer  webs  heavily  mot¬ 
tled  and  washed  with  pale  Saccardo’s  umber ;  rectrices  dusky  grayish 
Saccardo’s  umber  barred  with  black,  the  black  wavy  bars  distally  edged 
with  pale  grayish ;  a  pale  grayish  line  from  the  bill  across  the  lores, 
through  the  eye  to  the  posterodorsal  angle  of  the  auriculars ;  cheeks  and 
auricular s  and  sides  of  neck  like  the  upper  back  but  slightly  more  grayish, 
less  brownish ;  the  cheeks  also  averaging  paler ;  chin  grayish  white ;  throat, 
breast,  and  upper  abdomen  dusky  hair  brown  with  a  slight  slate  tinge  on 
the  most  posterior  parts,  and  each  feather  with  a  small  white  median 
terminal  spot;  middle  of  abdomen  grayish,  the  feathers  edged  and  tipped 
with  white ;  sides  similar  but  with  traces  of  dull  chestnut ;  flanks,  thighs, 
and  under  tail  coverts  pale  cinnamon-brown. 

Natal  down. — Forehead,  lores,  broad  supraorbital  bands,  sides  of 
crown  and  occiput,  sides  of  nape  pale  buffy  or  tawny-buff;  center  of 
crown,  occiput,  nape,  and  upperparts  posteriorly  to  the  tail  deep  chestnut- 
firown,  this  color  narrowly  bordered  with  black;  on  either  side  of  this 
on  the  body  is  a  whitish  line  followed,  on  the  caudal  half  or  so  of  the 
body,  by  a  second  blackish  one,  lateral  to  which  the  bird  is  pale  Saccardo’s 
umber  transversely  vermiculated  with  blackish  and  with  whitish;  wings 
pale  Saccardo’s  umber  the  upper  coverts  and  remiges,  just  sprouting, 
broadly  tipped  with  pale  buffy;  a  patch  of  deep  chestnut  brown  on  the 
band  of  the  wing;  chin,  throat,  and  underparts  of  body  whitish  with  a 
faint  buffy  tinge;  sides,  flanks,  and  thighs  pale  Saccardo’s  umber;  bill 
and  legs  pale  dull  brown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  129-136  (131.2)  ;  tail  71-82  (76.5)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  15.7— 17.9  (16.9);  tarsus  35.0—37  (36.3);  middle  toe  without  claw 
29.1-32.9  (31.4  mm.).53 


53  Eleven  specimens  from  western  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


257 


Adult  female. — Wing  125-134  (130.2)  ;  tail  69-79  (74.4)  ;  eulmen 
from  base  15.3-16.5  (16.0)  ;  tarsus  33.6-36.4  (35.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  27.2-32.3  (29.9  mm.).54 

Range. — Resident  in  the  humid  coastal  area  from  southwestern  Wash¬ 
ington  (Cedarville,  Columbia  River,  San  Juan  Island,  Tacoma,  Puget 
Sound)  south  through  western  Oregon  (coastal  counties,  and  in  the  Wil¬ 
lamette  Valley,  including  the  west  slope  of  the  Cascades  at  least  as  far 
south  as  Eugene)  to  western  California  as  far  as  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 

Introduced  into  Vancouver  Island;  erroneously  (?)  reported  from 
Kalama,  British  Columbia. 

Type  locality. — Yaquina,  Oreg. 

Oreortyx  pictus  (not  Ortyx  picta  Douglas)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858, 
642,  part;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  473,  part;  in  Cooper,  Om.  Cali¬ 
fornia,  Land  Birds,  1870,  546,  part.— Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  xii,  book  ii,  pt.  3,  1860,  225  (Vancouver,  Washington,  Willamette  Valley, 
Oreg.).- — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  390,  part.- — Baird, 
Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds  iii,  1874,  475,  part. — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  292,  part. — Anthony,  Auk,  iii, 
1886,  164  (Washington  County,  Oreg.) .—Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  iii,  1890,  133  (Kalama,  British  Columbia,  flock  of  about  20).— Rhoads, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  37  (Nisqually,  British  Columbia,  in¬ 
troduced;  Tacoma,  Wash.,  indigenous) .— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  397,  part  (Portland,  Oreg.;  Cloverdale  and  San  Francisco,  Calif.).— 
Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  197  (Vancouver  Island;  introduced).  Mc¬ 
Gregor,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  2,  1901,  5  (California;  Santa  Cruz  Mountains; 
rare;  breeds). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  117,  part 
(descr. ;  distr.) .— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.,  1905,  58,  part  (range;  habits; 
food). —Bowles,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  142  (Tacoma,  Wash.,  resident;  introduced?). 
— Kermode,  [Visitors’  Guide]  Publ.  Provinc.  Mus.,  1909,  40  (Vancouver  Island; 
introduced).— Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  of  Washington,  ii,  1909,  564  (Wash¬ 
ington;  habits;  distr.) .—Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  215 
(Vancouver  Island;  introd. ;  common). 

[ Oreortyx ]  pictus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  237  part. — Sharpe,  Hand¬ 
list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

0[rcortyx]  pictus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  191,  part;  Auk,  xi,  1894, 
195  part  (crit. ;  range). 

Oreortyx  picta  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Nom.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  481,  part.— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  161 
(Vancouver  Island;  introd.)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  165,  in  text  (introd.)  ;  Can. 
Water  Birds,  1939,  176  (Vancouver  Island;  introd.) .—Alford,  Ibis,  1928,  196 
(Vancouver  Island). — Clark,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  51  (Mount  St.  Helena,  Napa 
County,  Calif.). 

Orcoortyx  pictus  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  236  (Vancouver  Island). 
Or  ortyx  pieties  Coues,  Check  List,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  574,  part. 

0[rortyx ]  pictus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  591,  part. 

[Oreortyx  pictus]  Var.  pieties  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  476,  part. 


M  Eight  specimens  from  western  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 


258 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Oreortyx  pictus  pictus,  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  29  (California; 
common;  distr.). 

Oreortyx  p[ictus ]  pictus  Jenkins,  Condor,  viii,  1906,  125  (Monterey  County,  Calif., 
above  2,000  feet;  habits). 

Oreortyx  picta  picta  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  135, 
part. — Bowles,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  172  (Tacoma,  Wash.,  and  most  of  Puget  Sound 
district,  resident). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California; 
listed)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  58  (humid  coast  belt  from  Humboldt  County  to  Sonoma 
County  in  Santa  Cruz  Mountains). — Kellogg,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xii, 
1916,  379  (Helena,  Bear  Creek,  Castle  Lake,  and  n.  fork  of  Copper  Creek,  n. 
California;  crit.). — Kimball,  Condor,  xxiv,  1922,  96  (near  Adams,  Lake  County, 
Calif.). — Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1570  (California; 
habits).— Oberholser,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  592  (syn.).— Taverner,  Birds  Western 
Canada,  1926,  162  in  text  (introduced)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  165,  in  text. — Hall, 
Murrelet,  xiv,  1933,  64,  footnote,  70  (history  of  discovery;  spec.  Multnomah 
County,  Oreg.,  1805,  ex  Lewis  and  Clark  Exped.). — Griffee  and  Rapraeger, 
Murrelet,  xviii,  1937,  16  (Portland,  Oreg.;  nesting  dates). 

Callipepla  picta  Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  93,  part  (hills 
bordering  Willamette  Valley,  Oreg.;  habits). 

Lophortyx  plumifera  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1840,  791  (Willamette  Valley). 

Oreortyx  pictus  plumiferus  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No. 
292a,  part.— Woodcock,  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  25  (w.  slope  Cas¬ 
cade  Mountains,  Oreg.). — Anderson  and  Grinnell,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila¬ 
delphia,  1903,  6  (Siskiyou  Mountains,  n.  Calif.). — Ray,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  182  (Lake 
Valley,  centr.  Sierra  Nevada,  6,500  ft.). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila¬ 
delphia,  1904,  580  (Mount  Sanhedrin,  e.  Mendocino  County,  Calif.). 

0[reortyx]  pictus  plumiferus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  191. 
[Oreortyx]  plumiferus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

Oreortyx  picta  palmeri  Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  84  (Yaquina,  Oreg.;  coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.) ;  Auk,  xli,  1924,  592  (syn.). — Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  291,  in  text 
(patronymics). — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  90. 
- — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  40  (life  hist.,  distr.). — -Caum,  Occ.  Pap. 
Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  14  (Hawaii;  introduced;  not  known  to  have  become 
established). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43. — Miller,  Lumley, 
and  Hall,  Murrelet,  xvi,  1935,  57  (Washington,  San  Juan  Islands;  introduced). 
—van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxix,  1937,  21  (crit. ;  distr.). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett, 
Birds  of  Oregon,  1940,  223  (Oregon;  distr.;  descr. ;  habits;  photo  of  nest  and 
eggs).— Hellm ayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  227  (syn.; 
distr.). 

OREORTYX  PICTA  PICTA  (Douglas) 

Plumed  Mountain  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  of  O.  picta  palmeri, 
but  with  the  brown  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  body  and  wings  paler, 
huffy  brown  to  dark  huffy  brown  with  an  olivaceous  tinge ;  the  nape  and 
mantle  slate-gray,  occasionally  washed  with  huffy  brown,  but  never 
solidly  so  as  in  palmeri;  the  forehead  averaging  paler,  often  whitish,  the 
inner  edges  of  the  innermost  secondaries  and  the  scapulars  paler  light 
buff  to  buffy  whitish. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


259 


Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  0.  picta  palmeri  but  generally  somewhat 
more  grayish  above. 

Natal  down. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  0.  picta  palmeri. 

Adult  male. — Wing  125-140  (131.8)  ;  tail  73-84  (81.7)  ;  culmen  from 
base  15-17.6  (16.5);  tarsus  33.1-38.2  (35.7);  middle  toe  without  claw 
28.6-33.8  (30.5  mm.).55 

Adult  female. — Wing  126-135  (129.2);  tail  71-79  (75.6),  culmen 
from  base  13.4-17.9  (16.1)  ;  tarsus  32-36.8  (34.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  27.3-32.9  (29.8  mm.).55a 

Range.- — Resident  in  the  Transition  Zone  from  southwestern  Wash¬ 
ington  (where,  however,  introduced)  south  through  Oregon  east  of  the 
Cascades,  and  in  the  Rogue  River  Valley  west  of  the  Cascades  (Jackson 
and  Josephine  Counties),  and  east  to  southwestern  Idaho  (Indian  Creek, 
Boise  Bottom,  and  Owyhee  foothills),  south  through  the  Modoc  region 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  to  about  latitude  37°30'N.  and  to 
extreme  western  Nevada  (east  as  far  as  Landon  County)  ;  known  from 
Esmeralda,  Humboldt,  Lander,  Mineral,  Ormsby,  and  Washoe  Counties. 

Formerly  to  New  Mexico,  whence  its  bones  have  been  found  in  pre¬ 
historic,  but  recent,  sites  from  north  of  Carlsbad. 

Type  locality. — Interior  of  New  California=headquarters  of  the  Ump¬ 
qua  River  near  the  Calapooia  Mountains,  Oreg. ;  fide  Oberholser,  Auk, 
xl,  1923,  82. 

Ortyx  picta  Douglas,  Philos.  Mag.,  v,  Jan.  1,  1829,  74  (headwaters  of  Umpqua  River, 
near  the  Calapooia  Mountains;  see  Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  82).— Lesson, 
Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  507. — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
117,  part.— Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  277  in  text. — Wetmore,  Condor,  xxxiv, 
1932,  141  (bones  in  cave  deposits,  north  of  Carlsbad,  N.  Mex.). — Howard  and 
Miller,  Condor,  xxxv,  1933,  16  (bones,  Organ  Mountains,  N.  Mex.). — Hall, 
Murrelet,  xiv,  1933,  69  in  text,  64,  footnote  (history). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel, 

ii,  1937,  238  in  text  (care  of  eggs),  402  in  text  (parental  care). 

0[rtyx]  picta  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  143  (“interior  of  Cali¬ 
fornia,  and  .  .  .  extending  as  far  northward  as  45°  north  latitude  .  .  .  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  Columbia  Valley”;  habits). 

Callipepla  picta  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  15. — Baird,  Rep.  Stans- 
bury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  334  (California) .—Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  93,  part  (Lassen  Butte,  Siskiyou,  Calapoosa,  and 
Trinity  Mountains,  n.  California;  habits). — Blaauw,  Ardea,  xiv,  1925,  96,  in 
text  (California). 

C[allipepla]  picta  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317. 

Orcortyx  pictus  Baird,  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  473,  part;  in  Cooper,  Orn. 
California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  546,  part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds, 
1874,  No.  390,  part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 

iii,  1874,  475,  part,  pi.  63,  fig.  5,  523,  part  (Sierra  Nevada,  6,000  to  8,000  ft.). — 
Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  364  (Nevada  City,  Calif.). — 


00  Twenty-six  specimens  from  Oregon,  California,  and  Nevada. 

"*  Sixteen  specimens  from  Oregon,  California,  and  Nevada. 


260 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  397,  part  (Bear  Valley,  Michi¬ 
gan  Bluffs,  Lake  “Begles”  =  Bigler,  i.e.  Tahoe,  Calaveras  County,  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  Walker’s  Basin,  Calif.;  Carson,  Nev.). — American  Ornitholo¬ 
gists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  107;  ed.  3,  1910,  135. — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii, 
1900,  46  (molt,  etc.). — Woodcock,  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  25 
(Oregon  range). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  58,  part  (range;  habits; 
food). — Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  760  (care  in  captivity). 

[ Oreortyx ]  pictus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  237  part. 

Oreortyx  picta  Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1879,  438  (Sierra  Nevada,  Cali¬ 
fornia,  4,000  to  8,000  ft. ;  habits,  etc.). — Herman,  Jankiewicz,  and  Saarni,  Con¬ 
dor,  xliv,  1942,  169  in  text  (coccidiosis). — Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  226  (body 
weight  and  egg  weight). 

Oreortyx  picta  picta  Shelton,  Univ.  Oregon  Bull.,  new  ser.,  xiv,  No.  4,  1917,  20,  26 
(west  central  Oregon;  breeds). — Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  84,  part  (range). — 
Grinnell,  Dixon,  and  Linsdale,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxv,  1930,  210 
(distr. ;  Lassen  Peak  region,  n.  California). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  91,  part. — Gabrielson,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  112 
(common,  Cascades;  nests,  Butte  Creek,  Oreg.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Bull. 
162,  1932,  43  (habits;  distr.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43, 
part. — Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  23,  1936,  23,  49  (Nevada;  resident  in 
mountains  of  western  part). — van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxix,  1937,  22  (crit. ;  tax. ; 
distr.;  char.). — Linsdale,  Amer.  Midi.  Nat.,  xix,  1938,  54  (Toyabe  Mountains, 
Nev.;  nest;  not  common). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  225 
(Oregon;  distr.;  descr. ;  habits). — Vogt,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  162  (Lassen  Vol¬ 
canic  National  Park). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  228,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). — Dixon,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  208  (Kings  Canyon 
National  Park,  Calif.). 

Oreortyx  p[icta]  picta  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data  on  breeding  biology). 

Orortyx  picta  Coues,  Check-list,  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  574,  part. 

0[rortyx ]  picta  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  571,  part. 

Ortyx  plumifera  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1837  (1838),  42  ("California”; 
coll.  David  Douglas). — Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  200. 

Ortix  plumifera  Audubon,  Birds  Amer.,  8vo.  ed.,  v,  1842,  69,  pi.  291. 

Perdix  plumifera  Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  v,  1839,  226,  pi.  423,  figs.  1,  2  (Columbia 
River). 

Ortyx  plumifera  Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  83  in  text. 

Oreortyx  pictus  plumifera  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vii,  1875,  10  (w.  Nevada). — 
Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893,  26  (Cajon  Pass,  Panamint  Mountains, 
Argus  Range,  Coso  Mountains,  near  Owens  Lake,  Sierra  Liebre,  Sequoia  Na¬ 
tional  Park,  etc.,  Calif.;  Mt.  Magruder,  Nev.). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  107 ;  ed.  3,  1910,  135. — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds 
of  Washington,  ii,  1909,  567  (Washington;  habits;  distr.). — Taylor,  Univ.  Calif. 
Publ.  Zool.,  vii,  1912,  361  (mountains  of  Humboldt  County,  Nev.,  above  5,000 
ft). 

Oreortyx  pictus  plumiferus  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vii,  1875,  10  (e.  of  Sierra 
Nevada,  Calif.)  ;  13  (Carson  City,  Nev.). 

[ Oreortyx  pictus]  Var.  plumiferus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  476. 

Oreortyx  pictus  . .  .  var.  plumifera  Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vii,  1875,  39  (Nevada). 

Oreortyx  pictus  j3  plumiferus  Ridgway,  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  601  (Virginia 
Mountains,  nejr  Pyramid  Lake,  and  near  Carson,  Nev.). 

0[reortyx]  p[ictus]  plumiferus  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 

117. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


261 


Oreortyx  picta  plumiferus  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  29  (Cali 
fomia;  abundant  resident  of  arid  Transition  Zone). 

Oreortyx  picta  plumifera  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  197 ;  Nom.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  481a.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  135.— Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California; 
listed)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  58  (California).— Tyler,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  9,  1913, 
32  (Fresno,  Calif.;  resident  in  higher  Sierras) .—Willett,  Condor,  xxi, 
1919,  202  (mountains  w.  of  Warner  Valley,  se.  Oregon). — Oberholser,  Auk,  xl, 

1923,  81,  82,  83,  in  text  (crit.),  84  (distr.).— Grinnell  and  Storer,  Animal  Life 
in  Yosemite,  1924,  267  (descr. ;  distr. ;  habits  ;  Yosemite) .— Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli, 

1924,  555  (Imnaha  Canyon,  Wallowa  County,  Oreg.).— Oberholser,  Auk,  xli, 

1924,  592  (syn.). — Richards,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  99  (Grass  Valley  distr.,  Cali¬ 
fornia).— Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States, 

1925,  84  (descr.,  distr.) .—Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  162,  in  text. — 
Wythe,  Condor,  xxix,  1927,  65  (ecol.,  distr.).— Mailliard,  Proc.  California 
Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi,  1927,  294  (Modoc  County,  Calif.;  common).— 
Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  135,  in  text  (one  brood  a  year  in  higher  altitudes, 
two  a  year  in  lower  areas),  167  (data  on  breeding  biology). 

Oreortyx  p[icta\  plumifera  Hanna,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  147,  in  text  (egg  weight). 
[Oreortyx  picta ]  plumifera  Wyman,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  539,  in  text  (Indian  Creek, 
Boise  bottom,  Owyhee  foothills,  etc.,  w.  Idaho). 

OREORTYX  PICTA  CONFINIS  Anthony 

Southern  Mountain  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  corresponding  sex  of  O.  picta  picta  but  with 
the  upperparts  of  the  body  and  wings  more  grayish,  less  olivaceous,  the 
mantle  almost  always  pure  grayish,  not  tinged  with  brownish;  from 
O.  picta  ercmophila  it  differs  in  having  the  breast  darker,  between  neutral 
gray  and  dark  gull  gray ;  the  posterior  underparts  are  dark  claret  brown 
as  in  eremophila. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  O.  picta  picta. 

Natal  dovm. — Similar  to  that  of  O.  picta  picta. 

Adult  male. — Wing  132-139  (135.1)  ;  tail  79-92  (S4.9)  ;  culmen  from 
base  16.0-17.4  (16.9)  ;  tarsus  32.3-37.4  (35.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25.0-30.8  (28.4  mm.). 56 

Adult  female.— Wing  129-137  (132.8);  tail  76-86  (79.4);  culmen 
from  base  15.9-17.0  (16.4)  ;  tarsus  32.7-36.0  (34.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  27.9-29.9  (28.7  mm.).57 

Range.- — Resident  in  the  mountains  of  Baja  California  in  the  Sierra 
Juarez  and  Sierra  San  Pedro  Martir,  north  to  the  California  boundary. 

Type  locality. — San  Pedro  Martir  Range,  alt.  8,500  feet,  Baja  Cali¬ 
fornia. 

Oreortyx  picta  plumifera  (not  Ortyx  plumifera  Gould)  Ridcway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  v,  1883,  533,  footnote  (Cape  San  Lucas,  Baja  California,  April).— Grin¬ 
nell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  58,  part. 


“Ten  specimens. 

”  Seven  specimens. 


653008° 


262 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Oreortyx  picta  confinis  Anthony,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  2,  ii,  1889,  74 
(San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  at  8,500  feet,  n.  Baja  California;  coll.  A.  W. 
Anthony).— American  Ornithologists'’  Union,  Check  List,  ed.  3,  1910,  135, 
part;  ed.  4,  1931,  91  (distr.) . — Oberholser,  Auk,  xi,  1923,  84,  part  (San  Ber¬ 
nardino  and  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  Calif.). — Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud, 
ed.),  iii,  1923,  1571  (genl. ;  California;  part).- — Todd,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xviii, 
1928,  336  (type  spec,  in  Carnegie  Museum). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ. 
Zook,  xxxii,  1928,  100  (distr.;  Baja  California) .—Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Bull. 
162,  1932,  51  (habits;  distr.) .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43  — 
Rowley,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  163  (nest  and  eggs;  near  La  Paz,  Lower  Cali¬ 
fornia). — van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxix,  1937,  22  (crit. ;  distr.;  chars.). — Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  230  (syn. ;  distr.). 
0[reortyx]  p[icta ]  confinis  Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  in  text 
(does  not  occur  in  California). 

Oreortyx  pictus  confinis  Bryant,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  2,  ii,  1889,  276 
(San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains;  nesting  at  from  2,500  to  9,000  feet,  in  winter 
down  to  1,000  feet).— Anthony,  Zoe,  i,  1890,  5  (descr.  nest  and  eggs;  etc.); 
iv,  1893,  232  (San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  crit.). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  61  (Check-list  No.  292b,  part)  ;  ed.  2,  1895,  108;  ed.  3, 
1910,  135,  part.— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  17,  part.— 
Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1896,  588,  part. 

[Oreortyx]  confinis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

OREORTYX  PICTA  EREMOPIIILA  van  Rossem 

Desert  Mountain  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  of  O.  picta  picta  but 
averaging  slightly  paler  on  the  upperparts  and  breast  and  darker  brown 
— claret  brown — on  the  posterior  underparts.  This  race,  which  is  only 
doubtfully  valid,  combines  characters  of  O.  picta  picta  and  O.  picta  con¬ 
finis,  and  numerous  individuals  occur  that  cannot  be  told  from  one  or  the 
other  of  these  two ;  only  in  a  series  can  the  average  characters  of  eremo- 
phila  be  appreciated. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  O.  picta  picta. 

Natal  down.— Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  O.  picta  picta  or  O.  picta 
palmeri. 

Adult  male.  Wing  127—140  (134.9)  ;  tail  74—89  (82.2)  ;  culmen  from 
base  15.7— 17 .9  (16.7)  ;  tarsus  35.5— 37.7  (36.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

28.4- 33.6  (30.3  mm.).58 

Adult  jemale.  Wing  128— lo8  (131.6)  ;  tail  72—86  (79.4)  ;  culmen  from 
base  15.4—17.2  (16.1)  ;  tarsus  34.9-36.3  (35.5) ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

28.4- 29.9  (29.3  mm.).59 

Range.— Resident  in  the  mountains  of  southern  and  west-central  Cali¬ 
fornia  from  about  latitude  37°30'N.  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  south  to  the 
Baja  California  boundary;  also  in  extreme  southwestern  Nevada. 

08  Sixteen  specimens. 

“’Eight  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


263 


Type  locality.— Lang  Spring,  Mountain  Spring  Canyon,  Argus  Moun¬ 
tains,  Inyo  County,  Calif. 

Oreortyx  pictus  (not  Ortyx  picta  Douglas)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858, 
642  part  (Fort  Tejon,  Calif.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  473,  Part;  in 
Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  546,  part.— Xantus,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Philadelphia,  1859,  192,  (Fort  Tejon).— Coues,  Ibis,  1866,  266  (Cajon  Pass, 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  s.  California)  ;  Check  List,  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
No.  390,  part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  hi, 
1874,  475,  part. — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  292, 
part.— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  397,  part  (San  Bernar¬ 
dino  Mountains,  and  Ballena,  Nigger  Canyon,  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains,  San 

Diego  County,  Calif.).  . 

0[reortyx]  pictus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  191,  part;  Auk,  xi,  18.  , 

195,  part  (crit. ;  distr.). 

[Oreortyx]  pictus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  23 7,  part.  Sharpe,  Han 
list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

Oreortyx  picta  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196,  part;  Nomencl.  Norl  i 
Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  481,  part.— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 

1902,  117,  part. 

Orortyx  pictus  Coues,  Check  List,  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  574,  par  . 
0[rortyx]  pictus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  591,  part. 

Oreortyx  picta  picta  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  13o, 
part;  ed.  4,  1931,  91,  part.— Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  84,  part.— Willett, 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  21,  1933,  50  (sw.  California;  common  Upper  Sonoran 
zone  of  foothills  up  through  Transition  Zone  in  the  higher  mountains) .—Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  43,  part.— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  228,  part  (syn.;  distr.). 

Callipepla  picta  Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  pt.  4,  No.  2,  1859,  61  (near 

Tejon  Valley,  Calif.;  habits). 

Oreortyx  picta  plumifera  (not  Ortyx  plumifera  Gould)  Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  7,  1912,  42  (Pasadena,  Calif.;  San  Gabriel  Mountains ;  breeding  in  San  An¬ 
tonio  Canyon;  crit.) .— Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  x,  1913,  228  (San 
Jacinto  Mountains,  s.  California;  habits;  crit.)  ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915, 
58,  part  (mountains  of  California  except  Pacific  coastal  belt). 

Oreortyx  pictus  plumiferus  Grinnell,  Pasadena  Acad.  Sci.,  Publ.  2,  1898,  19  (Los 
Angeles  County,  Calif.;  resident)  ;  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  381  (Mount  Pinos,  Calif.)  ; 
Birds  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  1908,  56  (Breeding). 

Oreortyx  picta  confinis  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  North  Amer. 
Birds,  ed.  3,  1910,  135,  part— Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  in 
text  (distr.). — Oberholser,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  84,  part  (San  Bernardino  and  San 
Gabriel  Mountains,  s.  Calif.).— Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923, 
1571,  part. — Grinnell,  Condor,  xxvii,  1925,  76  (San  Bernardino  and  San 
Gabriel  Mountains). 

Oreortyx  pictus  confinis  American  Ornithologists  Union,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  61 
(Check-list  No.  292 b,  part)  ;  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  108,  part.  Bendire,  Life 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  17,  part.— Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1895,  588,  part. 

Oreortyx  picta  eremophila  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxix,  1937,  22  (Lang  Spring, 
Mountain  Spring  Canyon,  Argus  Mountains,  Inyo  County,  C  alif. ;  descr. ,  disti., 
crit.). 


264 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Genus  CALLIPEPLA  Wagler 


Callipepla  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  277.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  C.  strenua  Wagler  =zOrtyx 
squamatus  Vigors.) 

Calipepla  (emendation)  Hartlaub,  Arch,  fur  Naturg.,  1853,  ii,  40. 

Medium-sized  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  112-127  mm.)  with  14 
rectrices,  tail  more  than  two-thirds  (but  less  than  three-fourths)  as  long 
as  wing,  crest  rather  short  and  bushy  with  its  feathers  not  conduplicate, 
neck,  chest,  and  breast  conspicuously  squamated,  and  sexes  alike  in  colora¬ 
tion. 

Bill  relatively  small,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme  base)  much 
less  than  half  the  length  of  tarsus,  its  depth  at  base  not  greater  than  dis- 


xi 


Figure  16. — Callipepla  squamala. 


tance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla  and  slightly  less 
than  its  width  at  rictus ;  culmen  not  very  strongly  convex,  broadly 
rounded.  Outermost  primary  equal  to  eighth  or  very  slightly  shorter,  the 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth  longest.  Tail  a  little  more  than  two-thirds  (de¬ 
cidedly  less  than  three-fourths)  as  long  as  wing,  graduated  (the  gradu¬ 
ation  about  equal  to  length  of  first  two  phalanges  of  middle  toe),  the 
rectrices  (14)  firm,  slightly  tapering  terminally,  but  with  rounded  tips, 
larsus  much  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  slightly  shorter  than 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


265 


middle  toe  with  claw,  the  planta  tarsi  covered  with  hexagonal  or  rhom- 
boidal  scales,  of  which  the  more  posterior  (on  both  sides)  are  laiget, 
more  transverse,  and  form  a  more  or  less  continuous  row. 

Plumage  and  coloration.— Crest  bushy,  occupying  whole  of  pileum,  but 
its  central  feathers  longest,  these  rather  soft,  broad  with  rounded  tips, 
their  webs  not  conduplicate ;  contour  feathers  with  very  sharply  defined 
regularly  convex  outlines,  especially  on  neck,  chest,  and  breast.  Head 
light  grayish  brown,  the  crest  tipped  with  dull  white ;  neck  and  chest 
light  bluish  gray,  the  feathers  (those  of  breast  also)  sharply  maigined 
with  black,  producing  a  conspicuous  squamated  effect ;  upperparts  plain 
light  brownish  gray  or  drab,  the  inner  webs  of  tertials  edged  with  buff  or 
buffy  whitish.  Sexes  alike  in  coloration. 

Range. — Mexican  plateau  and  contiguous  portion  of  United  States, 
from  southern  Texas  to  Arizona.  (Monotypic.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  CALLIPEPLA  SQUAMATA  (VIGORS) 

a.  Scapulars  and  upper  surface  of  wings  deep  grayish  brown ;  posterior  lower  parts 
deep  buffy  to  ochraceous ;  the  abdomen  with  an  extensive  patch  of  rusty  chest¬ 
nut  in  the  male  and  usually  with  an  indication  of  it  in  the  female  (south-central 
Texas  to  northeastern  Mexico)  .  .Callipepla  squamata  castanogastris  (p.  26 )) 
aa.  Scapulars  and  upper  surface  of  wings  pale  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray; 
abdomen  pale  buffy  or  whitish ;  usually  without  trace  of  chestnut  in  either  sex. 
b.  Breast  and  upper  back  plumbeous-gray,  lower  back  and  rump  dusky  olive- 
brown  abdomen,  especially  in  the  male,  strongly  suffused  with  yellowish 
brown  (Valley  of  Mexico  from  southern  Coahuila  south  to  near  City  of 

Mexico) . . Callipepla  squamata  squamata  (p.  270) 

bb.  Breast  and  upper  back  pale  dull  gray ;  lower  back  and  rump  dull,  pale  olive- 
brown  ;  abdomen  cream-buff  to  buff,  not  suffused,  in  either  sex,  with  yellow¬ 
ish  brown  (Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  western  Texas,  south  to  northwestern 
Mexico) . Callipepla  squamata  pallida  (p.  265) 

CALLIPEPLA  SQUAMATA  PALLIDA  Brewster 

Arizona  Scaled  Partridge 

Adult  (sexes  alike  in  coloration).— Forehead  and  crown  between  light 
buff  and  pale  ochraceous-buff ,  often  with  a  grayish  wash ;  center  of  crown 
with  a  short,  bushy  crest,  the  anterior  feathers  of  which  are  wood  brown 
to  buffy  brown,  the  posterior  ones  paler,  all  broadly  tipped  with  white ; 
feathers  of  occiput  and  posterior  sides  of  neck  pale  grayish  with  a  buffy 
tinge,  barred  with  narrow  bands  of  dark  wood  brown ;  nape  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  gull  gray,  each  feather  narrowly  tipped  with  fuscous  to  chaetura 
drab;  upper  wing  coverts,  upper  back,  and  scapulars  pale  olive-brown 
washed  with  gull  gray  and  tipped  with  slightly  darker  olive-brown ;  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  with  a  grayish  wash ,  sec¬ 
ondaries  drab,  their  inner  webs  edged  with  buffy  white  and  narrowly 
tipped  with  the  same ;  primaries  uniformly  draff ;  upper  tail  coverts  pale 
drab  washed  with  gull  gray  ;  rectrices  between  mouse  gray  and  light  mouse 


266 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


gray ;  chin  and  upper  throat  light  buff ;  lores,  cheeks,  and  sides  of  throat 
pale  ochraceous-buff  with  a  grayish  wash ;  auriculars  tinged  with  wood 
brown ;  lower  throat  with  a  grayish  wash ;  feathers  of  breast  and  sides 
of  breast  gull  gray,  each  feather  narrowly  tipped  with  fuscous  and  with  a 
lanceolate  shaft  marking  of  wood  brown,  ending  in  a  point  some  distance 
short  of  the  terminal  border  of  fuscous ;  feathers  of  abdomen  white,  more 
or  less  tinged  with  pinkish  buff  on  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  and  each 
feather  sharply  banded  and  tipped  with  narrow,  but  widely  spaced,  bands 
of  mummy  brown  to  fuscous ;  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  between  drab 
and  hair  brown  with  long  terminal  tear-shaped  shaft  markings  of  white; 
thighs  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  buffy ;  under  tail  coverts  similar 
but  with  pale  buffy  brown  centers  and  terminally  converging  V-shaped 
marks  of  the  same;  under  wing  coverts  grayish  white  with  hair-brown 
centers ;  iris  brown ;  bill  blackish ;  feet  ashy  gray. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  lores,  sides  of  head  light  buff;  center 
of  crown  and  occiput  wood  brown,  the  crest  averaging  paler — avellaneous ; 
the  feathers  sometimes  with  white  terminal  shaft  stripes ;  nape  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  drab  with  white  shaft  streaks ;  scapulars,  upper  wing  coverts, 
and  upper  back  pinkish  cinnamon  to  pale  tawny-olive,  each  feather  with 
a  shaft  streak  of  white  and  crossed  by  four  or  five  fuscous  bands,  the 
bands  about  as  broad  as  the  interspaces ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper 
tail  coverts  grayish  drab  mottled  obscurely  with  darker,  and  many  of  the 
feathers  with  small  white  medioterminal  spots ;  secondaries  like  the  scapu¬ 
lars  but  with  their  inner  webs  largely  dusky  hair  brown ;  primaries  dusky 
hair  brown,  their  outer  webs  mottled  with  pale  tawny-olive  to  buffy; 
median  rectrices  drab  to  hair  brown  with  many  cross  bars  of  chaetura 
drab  and  with  some  whitish  in  the  interspaces ;  lateral  rectrices  similar 
but  with  their  inner  webs  more  uniformly  hair  brown,  less  barred;  chin 
and  upper  throat  white;  breast  pale  wood  brown  to  pale  tawny-olive 
with  white  shaft  streaks ;  lower  breast  feathers  with  the  dark  areas  paler ; 
abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  similar  but  still  paler, 
the  dark  bars  almost  disappearing,  and  without  the  white  shaft  streak. 

Natal  down. — Forehead,  front  half  of  crown,  in  front  of  a  little  gray 
topknot,  and  the  sides  of  the  head  cinnamon-buff  to  pinkish  buff;  a  broad 
band  of  chestnut  from  the  middle  of  the  crown,  back  of  the  topknot,  down 
to  the  hindneck,  bordered  narrowly  with  black  and  with  broad  stripes  of 
buffy  white;  auricular  spots  dark  chestnut;  chin  and  throat  buffy  white; 
rest  of  underparts  pale  grayish  buff;  back  mottled  with  pale  buff  and 
russet.00 

Adult  male.  Wing  116—121  (118.8)  ;  tail  80—90  (83.7)  ;  culmen  from 
base  16.1-17.7  (16.7)  ;  tarsus  31-35  (33)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  27-28 
(27.4  mm.).61 


60  None  seen ;  description  ex  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  54. 
01  Ten  specimens  from  Texas. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


267 


Adult  female.— Wing  113-119  (116.2)  ;  tail  76-86  (81) ;  culmen  from 
base  15-17.2  (16.3);  tarsus  30.5-34  (32.4);  middle  toe  without  claw 
26-28  (26.9  mm.).62 

Range. — Resident  in  arid  open  country  from  southern  Arizona  (Ask 
Peak,  Bisbee,  Camp  Grant,  Clifton,  Dos  Cabesos,  Fort  Huachuca,  Pima 
and  Pinal  Counties,  Picacho,  Oracle,  Rice,  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  San 
Bernardino  Ranch,  Tucson,  Wilcox),  northern  New  Mexico  (Haynes 
and  the  Taos  Mountains),  east-central  Colorado  (Matteson  and  Holly), 
extreme  southwestern  Oklahoma  (western  Cimarron  County)  and  ad¬ 
jacent  parts  of  southwestern  Kansas,  and  Texas  east  almost  to  longitude 
100°  W.  (to  Lipscomb  in  the  north  to  Del  Rio  in  the  south)  and  to 
northwestern  and  central-northern  Mexico  (Sonora — San  Jose  Moun¬ 
tains;  northern  Chihuahua — Casas  Grandes  and  Whitewater). 

Introduced,  but  unsuccessfully,  in  Louisiana,  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
Washington;  more  successfully  in  Colorado. 

Type  locality—  Rio  San  Pedro  and  Fort  Bowie,  Ariz  —  Rio  San  Pedro. 

Ortyx  squamatus  (not  of  Wagler)  Abert,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lii, 
1847,  221  (New  Mexico). 

Ortyx  squamata  Lesson,  Illustr.  Zool.,  1832,  text  to  pi.  52. 

Callipepla  squamata  Gambel,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  i,  1847,  219  (New 
Mexico  and  “adjoining  parts  of  California’’). — McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  1851,  222,  part  (Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.).— Baird,  in  Stansbury’s  Rep. 
Great  Salt  Lake,  1853,  326,  334  (New  Mexico)  ;  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix, 
1858,  646,  part  (Organ  Mountains,  Pecos,  etc.,  N.  Mex.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  1859,  No.  476,  part;  Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  23, 
part  (San  Bernardino,  Sonora)  ;  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870, 
556,  part.— Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds  California,  Texas,  etc.,  1854,  129,  pi.  19.— 
Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  1,  1859,  19,  part  (San  Pedro  River, 
Ariz.;  Fort  Clark,  Tex.;  habits) .— Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1866,  95  (valleys  of  Gila  and  Colorado  Rivers,  Ariz.)  ;  Check  List  North  Amer. 
Bird’s,  1874,  No.  393,  pt. ;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  577,  part;  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  487, 
part. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  487, 
part,  pi.  63,  fig.  6. — Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881,  72  (San  Pedro 
River,  Ariz.;  crit.)  ;  viii,  1883,  33  (w.  to  Picacho  Station,  Ariz.,  crit.).  Ameri¬ 
can  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  293;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  293, 
part;  and  ed.  3,  1910,  136,  part.— Scott,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  387  (San  Pedro  slope  of 
Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Ariz.,  up  to  3,500  feet;  etc.;  habits).— Allen,  Auk, 
iii,  1886,  388  (Arizona;  crit.).— (?)  Lloyd,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  187  (Tom  Green  and 
Concho  Counties,  w.  Tex.) .— Thurber,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  89  (Point  of  Rocks,  Col¬ 
fax  County,  N.  Mex. ) .— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  18,  part 
(chiefly). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  395,  part  (Pinal 
County,  Ariz.;  Engle,  N.  Mex.;  Chupadero  and  San  Diego,  Chihuahua;  Presidio 
County’,  w.  Tex.)  ;  Handb.  Game  Binfc,  ii,  1897,  115,  part.— Lowe,  Auk,  xii,  1895, 
298  (e.  foothills  of  Wet  Mountains,  Pueblo  County,  Colo.,  at  6,000  ft.,  June  10, 
1895)  ;  xxxiv,  1917,  453  (Pueblo  and  Huerfano  Counties,  Colo.).— Anthony, 
Auk,  xii,  1895,  388  (Platte  River  s.  of  Denver,  Colo.).— Cooke,  Colorado  State 
Agr.’  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  69  (e.  foothills  Wet  Mountains,  1  spec.,  June  1895)  ; 


“Eleven  specimens  from  Texas,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico. 


268 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Platte  River  e.  of  Denver,  winter  of  1892-3)  ;  Bull.  56,  1900,  202  (near 
Rocky  Ford,  Colo.,  common  resident). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  47,  part  (molt, 
etc.).— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  118,  part.— Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  290,  part  (w.  Texas;  New 
Mexico;  Arizona;  San  Pedro  and  Bisbee,  Sonora;  Chupadera  and  San  Diego, 
Chihuahua).— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  4,  1904,  4  (Huachuca  Moun¬ 
tains,  Ariz. ;  seldom ;  common  along  San  Pedro  River). —  ( ?)  Montgomery,  Auk, 
xxii,  1905,  13  (Brewster  County,  w.  Tex.). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21, 
1905,  61,  part  (range;  habits;  food). — Anderson,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Sci., 
xi,  1907,  232  (Tabor,  Iowa,  1  spec.,  May  2,  1889;  probably  introduced). — 
Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  141  (Colorado;  abundant  in  cedar  country, 
now  spreading  north  and  east,  even  to  sw.  Kansas). — Gardner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  lxvii,  art.  19,  1925,  pi.  2  (structure  of  tongue). — Law,  Condor,  xxxi,  1929, 
219  (Altar  Valley  and  I  ucson,  Ariz.). — Abbott,  Wils.  Bull.,  xli,  1929,  44  (com¬ 
mon;  Uvalde,  Tex.). — Howard  and  Miller,  Condor,  xxxv,  1933,  16  (bones, 
Organ  Mountains,  N.  Mex.).— del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  viii,  Nos.  1,  2, 
1937,  268  (Hidalgo;  Valle  del  Mezquital;  spec.). 

[ Callipepla ]  squamata  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  238,  part.— Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. — Sharpe,  Hand-list;  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

C[allipepla ]  squamata  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  573,  part. 

Callipepla  squamata  squamata  American  Ornithologists'’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3, 
1910,  136,  part.— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  10,  1914,  21  (Arizona;  com¬ 
mon  resident  in  Lower  Sonoran  Valleys  of  se.  Arizona,  north  to  Fort  Grant  and 
Clifton).— Jensen,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1923,  454;  xlii,  1925,  129  (near  Santa  Fe, 
N.  Mex.).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517  (nomencl.; 
crit.).— Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States, 
1925,  84  (descr. ;  chars.). 

[Callipepla  squamata]  pallida  Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881,  72  (San 
Pedro  River,  Ariz.;  coll.  William  Brewster). 

Callipepla  squamata  pallida  Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iv,  1914,  100 
(crit. ;  diagnosis;  Arizona  to  w.  Texas,  n.  to  s.  Colorado,  s.  to  n.  Sonora,  Chi¬ 
huahua,  and  Coahuila). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517 
(nomencl.;  crit.);  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  89  (distr.) .— Nice  and  Nice,  Birds 
Oklahoma,  1924,  36  (Oklahoma). — Simmons,  Birds  Austin  Region,  1925,  81 
(Austin,  Tex.;  habits;  nests;  eggs;  descr.).— Burt,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  262  (spec.; 
near  Elkhart,  Kans. ;  new  to  State  list). — Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  215 
(N.  Mex.)  ;  Auk,  xlv,  1928,  216  (hybridizing) —Swarth,  Proc.  California  Acad. 
Sci.,  ser.  4,  xviii,  1929,  288  (southern  Arizona;  distr.;  breeds). — Bangs,  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  158  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.) .—Nice,  Birds 
Oklahoma,  rev.  ed.,  1931,  82  (Oklahoma).— Bird  and  Bird,  Wils.  Bull.,  xliii, 

1931,  293  in  text  (food  in  winter;  Oklahoma).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,' 

1932,  51  (habits;  distr.).- — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  26 
in  footnote  (Tabor,  Iowa;  probably  an  escaped  cage  bird).— Phillips,  Condor, 
xxxv,  1933,  228  (Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
of  World,  ii,  1934,  44  (distr.).— Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiv,  1934,  13 
(Kenton,  Okla. ;  common  on  mesa  slopes).— Long,  Bull.  Univ.  Kansas  Sci., 
xxx  vi,  1935,  233  (Hamilton  County,  w.-Kans. ;  2  spec.;  Nov.  18).— van  Rossem! 
Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  viii,  1936,  127,  128  (photo;  south-central 
Arizona;  abundance;  distr.) .—Kelso,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Wildlife  Research  and 
Management  Leaflet  BS-84,  1937,  2,  in  text  (distr.;  food).-GROEBBELS,  Der 
Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data  on  breeding  biology). — van  Tyne  and  Sutton,  Misc. 
Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  37,  1937,  26  (Brewster  County/ Tex.; 
common).— Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain  Parks,  1939* 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


269 


64  (rare  straggler) .—Burleigh  and  Lowery,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.,  Louisiana 
State  Univ.,  No.  8,  1940,  98  (w.  Texas;  Guadalupe  Mountains;  abundant  in  open 
desert). — Long,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  441  (Kansas;  fairly  com¬ 
mon  resident  in  southwestern  part  of  State). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  231  (syn. ;  distri.) . — Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  22 
(body  weight  and  egg  weight). 

CALLIPEPLA  SQUAMATA  CASTANOGASTRIS  Brewster 

Chestnut-bellied  Scaled  Partridge 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Callipepla  squamata  pallida  but  with 
the  posterior  lower  parts  more  and  deeper  huffy  to  ochraceous  and  the 
abdomen  with  an  extensive  median  patch  of  dark  rusty  chestnut ;  the 
scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  somewhat  darker  grayish  brown ;  inter¬ 
scapulars  and  breast  darker — light  neutral  gray  to  neutral  gray;  head 
darker  and  more  brownish. 

Adult  female. — Like  the  male  but  with  little  or  none  of  the  dark  rusty 
chestnut  on  the  midabdomen. 

Juvenal. — Like  that  of  C.  s.  pallida. 

Natal  down. — Like  that  of  C.  s.  pallida. 

Adult  male. — Wing  109-117.5  (115.2)  ;  tail  77-86  (82)  ;  culmen  from 
base  16.1-17.2  (16.8);  tarsus  31-34.5  (32.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-28.5  (26.3  mm.).63 

Adtdt  female. — Wing  109.5-117.5  (113.7)  ;  tail  75.5-83.5  (79.7)  ;  cul¬ 
men  from  base  15.2-16.8  (16.1)  ;  tarsus  28-33  (31)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24-27  (25.3  mm.).64 

Range. — Resident  from  southeastern  Texas,  in  the  lower  Rio  Grande 
valley,  west  to  Kinney,  Dimmit,  and  Maverick  Counties,  east  to  Laredo 
and  to  Cameron  County,  and  to  northern  Tamaulipas  (Nuevo  Laredo; 
Reynosa),  northern  Nuevo  Leon  (Camargo,  China,  Rodriguez,  Mier), 
and  northern  Coahuila  (Sabinas). 

Type  locality. — Rio  Grande  City,  Texas. 

Callipepla  squamata  (not  Orty.v  squamatus  Vigors)  McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  1851,  222,  part  (Camargo,  Nuevo  Leon). —  (?)  McCown,  Ann. 
Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  9  (Texas;  habits). — Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds 
California,  Texas,  1854,  129,  part,  pi.  19.— Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix, 
1858,  646,  part  (Nuevo  Leon);  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  476,  part; 
Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  23,  part  (Nuevo  Leon) ;  in 
Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  556,  part. — Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  1,  1859,  19,  part  (San  Antonio,  Tex.;  habits). — Dresser, 
Ibis,  1866,  28  (s.  Texas). — Butcher,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1868, 
150  (Laredo,  Tex.). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
iii,  1874,  487,  part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  393,  part; 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  5 77,  part;  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  441,  part— Merrill,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  160  (Ringgold  Barracks  and  Hidalgo,  s.  Texas). — 


“Ten  specimens  from  Texas  and  from  Tamaulipas  and  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 
“Eight  specimens  from  Texas  and  from  Tamaulipas  and  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 


270 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Sennett,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull.  5,  No.  3,  1879,  429  (Lomita 
Ranch,  Tex.;  habits;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  290,  part  (Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley;  Nuevo  Leon). — 
Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  61,  part  (range;  habits;  food) .—Lacey, 
Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206  (Kerrville,  Tex.). 

C[allipepla]  squamata  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  593,  part. 
[Callipepla]  squamata  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  238,  part. — -Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 

Callipepla  squammata  McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  v,  1851,  222. 
Callipepla  squamata  castanogastris  Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  viii,  1883, 
34  (Rio  Grande  City,  s.  Tex.;  coll.  W.  Brewster). — American  Ornithologists'’ 
Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  293a;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  293a;  ed.  3,  1910,  p.  136; 
ed.  4,  1931,  89. — Sennett,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  25  (descr.  first  plumage). — Beckham, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1888,  656  (16  miles  nw.  of  Beeville,  Tex.). — Bendire, 
Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  22.— Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  47  (molt). 
— Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74  (San  Fernando  and  Aguas  Calientes,  Tamau- 
lipas) . — Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iv,  1914,  100  (range;  diagnosis; 
lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  s.  to  n.  Tamaulipas,  Nuevo  Leon,  and  Coahuila)  ;  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  159  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — Griscom 
and  Crosby,  Auk,  xliii,  1925,  532  (Brownsville,  Tex.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Bull.  162,  1932,  58  (distr. ;  life  hist.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii, 
1934,  44. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  230  (syn. ; 
distr.). 

C[allipepla\  s[quamata ]  castanogastris  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  U.  S.,  1902, 
119  (distr.,  descr.). — Kelso,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Wildlife  Research  and  Manage¬ 
ment  Leaflet  BS-84,  1937,  2  in  text  (distr.;  food). 

[Callipepla]  [squamata]  castanogastris  Burleigh  and  Lowery,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool. 

Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  12,  1942,  189,  in  text  (distr.). 

[Callipepla]  castanogastris  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

Callipepla  squamata  castaneogastris  Reichenow  and  Schalow,  Journ.  fur  Orn., 
1885,  456  (reprint  of  orig.  descr.). — Attwater,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  233  (near  San  An¬ 
tonio,  Tex.). 

Subsp.  a.  Callipepla  castaneiventer  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
396  (ne.  Mexico  and  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  Tex.)  ;  Handbook  Game  Birds, 
ii,  1897,  117  (monogr.). 

C[allipepla ]  castaneiventer  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
291,  in  text  (crit.). 

[Callipepla  squamata]  Subsp.  a.  Callipepla  castaneiventer  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  396  (Rio  Grande  City,  Fort  Duncan,  Eagle  Pass,  Bena¬ 
vides  in  Duval  County,  and  Laredo,  Tex.;  Nuevo  Laredo,  Tamaulipas). 

CALLIPEPLA  SQUAMATA  SQUAMATA  (Vigors) 

Scaled  Partridge 

Adult. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  of  Callipepla  squamata  pallida, 
but  darker,  the  forehead  and  crown  washed  with  wood  brown  to  buffy 
brown,  less  distinct  from  the  crest;  the  interscapulars,  nape,  sides  of 
breast,  and  breast  somewhat  darker — between  dark  gull  gray  and  light 
neutral  gray ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  averaging  slightly 
duskier  ;  middle  of  abdomen,  in  the  male  especially,  more  strongly  suffused 
with  pale  tawny  or  pale  ochraceous-tawny. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


271 


Juvenal— V ery  similar  to  that  of  C.  s.  pallida  but  the  brownish  tones 
slightly  more  mixed  with  grayish  (only  1  specimen  seen). 

Natal  down. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  113-121  (116.9)  ;  tail  75-90  (84.9)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  15.5-17.5  (16.4)  ;  tarsus  30.7-32.5  (31.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24.6-26.9  (25.8  mm.).65 

Adult  female.— Wing  111-120  (115.4);  tail  75-88  (81.7);  oilmen 
from  the  base  15.4-16.6  (15.9)  ;  tarsus  27.^32.0  (29.6)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  23.9-26.0  (24.8  mm.).66 

Range. — Resident  in  Mexico  from  southern  Coahuila,  southern  Chihua¬ 
hua,  and  southern  Sonora,  south  to  Guanajuato,  Jalisco,  Hidalgo,  and 
Mexico  (District  Federal). 

Type  locality. — Mexico. 

Ortyx  squamatus  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.,  v,  1830,  275  (dry  interior  of  Mexico). 

Ortyx  squamata  Lesson,  Illustr.  Zool.,  1832,  pi.  52  and  text. 

C[allipepla]  squamata  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  61 ;  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514. 
Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317. 

Callipepla  squamata  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  i,  1844,  pi.  19  and  text. 
Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  78.— Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  307  (Durango).— American  Ornithologists'  Union, 
Check-list,  1886,  No.  293,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  108,  part;  ed.  3,  1910,  136,  part— 
Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,  vii, 
1894,  219  (Mexico;  Valle  de  Mexico;  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Tamaulipas). 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Arner.  Birds,  i,  1892,  18,  part— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  395,  part  (San  Luis  Potosi;  near  City  of  Mexico)  ; 
Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  115,  part.— Jouy,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1894, 
790  ( Ahualulco,  San  Luis  Potosi;  Guadalajara,  Jalisco) .—Dwight,  Auk,  xvu, 
1900,  47  (molt). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  118,  part. 
— S alvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  290,  part  (Duiango, 
Ahualulco  and  plain  of  San  Luis  Potosi;  Guanajuato;  Guadalajara,  Jalisco, 
near  City  of  Mexico).— Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  760  (care  in  captivity). 
— del  Campo,  Anales  Inst.  Biol.,  viii,  1937,  268  (Hidalgo;  Valle  del  Mezquital). 
Stevenson,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  110  (central  Panhandle  of  Texas). 

[Callipepla]  squamata  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Galhnaceae  1848,  pi.  199,  figs. 
1918,  1919.— Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9794.— Sclater  and  Salvin,  Norn. 
Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 

Callipepla  squammata  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.,  e.  Hist,  de  los 
Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (common  names;  Mexico). 

Callipepla  squamata  squamata  Miller,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxn,  1906,  162 
(Rancho  Baillou,  nw.  Durango).— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check 
List,  ed.  3,  1910,  136,  part.— Bangs,  Proc.  New  England,  Zool.  Club,  iv,  1914,  99 
(diagnosis;  Valley  of  Mexico;  San  Luis  Potosi;  n.,  probably,  to  s.  Chihuahua 
and  s.  Sonora). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  44.  Burleigh  and 
Lowery,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  12,  1942,  188  (.e. 


65  Ten  specimens  from  Chihuahua,  Coahuila,  Durango,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo, 
and  Tamaulipas. 

“Eleven  specimens  from  Chihuahua,  Nuevo  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Durango,  and 

Hidalgo. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Coahuila;  spec.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1  1942 
231  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Callipepla]  [ squamala \  squamata  Burleigh  and  Lowery,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool., 
Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  12,  1942,  189,  in  text  (se.  Coahuila). 

Tetrao  cristata  (not  T.  cristatus  Linnaeus)  La  Llave,  Registro  Trimestro,  i,  1832, 
144  (Mexico)  ;  La  Naturaleza,  vii,  1884,  app.,  p.  65. 

Callipepla  strenua  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  278,  1229  (Mexico;  coll.  Wiirtemberg  Mus.). 
Callipepla  squamulata  Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique  1862  6 
(Mexico). 

Genus  PHILORTYX  Gould 

Philortyx  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  14  and  text,  and  Introd.  1850, 
p.  17.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Ortyx  fasciatus  Gould.) 

Small  Odontophoridae  (wing  about  95—100  mm.)  with  tail  nearly  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  wing,  scapulars  and  tertials  spotted  with  black,  and  with 
sides  and  flanks  broadly  banded  with  brownish  black  and  white. 


Bill  relatively  rather  small,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme  base) 
less  than  half  as  long  as  tarsus;  depth  of  bill  at  base  slightly  exceeding 
distance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla  and  decidedly 
greater  than  width  at  rictus.  Outermost  primary  nearly  as  long  as  sixth 
(from  outside),  the  third  and  fourth  longest.  Tail  nearly  two-thirds  as 
long  as  wing,  strongly  rounded,  its  graduation  equal  to  about  half  the 
length  of  tarsus,  the  rectrices  (12)  firm,  rather  broad,  obliquely  rounded 
or  subtiuncate  at  tips.  Tarsus  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  shorter 
than  middle  toe  with  claw,  the  outer  side  of  planta  tarsi  mostly  covered 
by  a  continuous  series  of  obliquely  transverse  scutella,  the  inner  side  with 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


273 


similar  but  less  oblique  scutella — both  with  smaller  scutella  of  longitudinal 
tendency  next  to  margins  of  acrotarsium. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — A  distinct  elongated  crest  of  several  rather 
narrow  parallel-edged  nearly  straight  flat  plumes  springing  from  center 
of  vertex.  Scapulars  and  tertials  spotted  with  black  and  tipped  with  buff ; 
sides  and  flanks  banded  with  white  and  brownish  black,  the  breast  and 
chest  more  narrowly  banded  or  barred.  Sexes  alike  in  color. 

Range. — Highlands  of  Mexico.  (Monotypic.) 

PHILORTYX  FASCIATUS  (Gould) 

Banded  Quail 

Adult  male. — Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  light  Saccardo’s  umber, 
tinged  with  bright  tawny-olive  on  the  crown ;  from  the  middle  of  the  crown 
arises  a  crest  of  fairly  long,  truncated,  fuscous-black  feathers  tipped  with 
bright  tawny-olive ;  feathers  of  hindneck  and  lower  sides  of  neck,  and 
the  anterior  interscapulars,  mouse  gray,  tipped  with  tawny-olive,  the  tips 
broader  on  the  neck  than  on  the  interscapulars,  and,  in  the  former  area, 
largely  hiding  the  gray  areas  in  the  overlapping  feathers ;  posterior  inter¬ 
scapulars,  back,  and  rump  feathers  dark  mouse  gray  narrowly  tipped 
with  pale  tawny-white,  many  of  them,  especially  in  the  upper  back,  sub- 
terminally  blotched  with  fuscous-black;  scapulars,  upper  wing  coverts, 
and  innermost  secondaries  grayish  Saccardo’s  umber,  tipped  and  crossed 
by  fine  tawny-white  to  white  bars  and  heavily  blotched  with  fuscous-black 
subterminally  on  both  webs  (in  some  feathers  the  blotches  on  the  two 
webs  are  coalesced;  in  others  they  are  separate);  secondaries  between 
grayish  Saccardo’s  umber  and  olive-brown  crossed  by  incomplete  marginal 
fine  bars  of  tawny-white  to  white ;  primaries  dull  olive-brown,  some  of  the 
outer  webs  with  faint  indications  of  marginal  spots  of  paler;  upper  tail 
coverts  like  the  rump  but  finely  speckled  and  vermiculated  with  dull  tawny- 
olive  tinged  with  gray,  the  longer  ones  crossed  sparingly  by  indistinct 
fine  whitish  bars,  and  slightly  blotched  with  fuscous-black  subterminally ; 
rectrices  dusky  grayish  Saccardo’s  umber  tipped  and  crossed  by  six  or 
more  wavy  whitish  bands  each  of  which  is  proximally  bordered  by  a 
slightly  broader  one  of  blackish,  the  umber  interspaces  finely  speckled 
with  dusky;  lores,  cheeks,  auriculars,  and  sides  of  throat  dusky  Sac¬ 
cardo’s  umber ;  chin  and  throat  whitish ;  upper  breast  feathers  light  mouse 
gray  broadly  tipped  with  tawny-olive,  the  more  posterior  ones  similar 
but  blotched  with  fuscous-blackish  succeeded  by  a  white  subterminal  band 
separating  the  blackish  from  the  brownish  tips ;  feathers  of  upper  abdomen, 
sides,  and  flanks  white  banded  heavily  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black, 
the  width  of  the  blackish  bands  and  tips  increasing  posteriorly;  middle 
of  abdomen,  and  vent  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  buffy ;  thighs  sim¬ 
ilar  but  tawnier ;  under  tail  coverts  buffy  white,  each  with  a  large  median, 


274 


BULLETIN  5  0,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


subterminal  blotch  of  fuscous-black ;  under  wing  coverts  dull  wood  brown 
to  hair  brown,  margined  with  slightly  paler. 

Adult  female. — Like  the  male  but  with  the  coronal  crest  shorter. 

Juvenal.— Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  forehead,  lores,  chin,  throat, 
and  cheeks  black,  the  blackish  coronal  crest  banded  with  bright  hazel, 
the  black  of  the  forehead  extending  back  over  the  eyes,  and  the  whole 
crown  hazel  irregularly  transversely  mottled  with  black ;  the  feathers  of 
sides  and  back  of  neck,  interscapulars,  upper  back,  upper  wing  coverts, 
and  secondaries  with  narrow  white  or  buffy-white  shaft  streaks  and  with 
the  rest  of  the  feathers  tawnier,  the  pale  cross  bars  pale  tawny-olive  and 
pale  antique  brown,  the  interspaces  bright  tawny-olive;  rump,  upper  tail 
coverts,  and  rectrices  slightly  paler  and  more  olivaceous,  less  dusky  than 
in  adult;  primaries  more  pointed  and  with  their  outer  webs  more  dis¬ 
tinctly  notched  with  pale  pinkish  buffy;  bill  light  reddish  brown;  tarsi 
and  toes  horn  brown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  95-102.5  (99)  ;  tail  58.3-66  (61.8)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  14.3-15.9  (14.9)  ;  tarsus  26.7-29.7  (28.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24—27.6  (25.7  mm.).67 

Adult  female. — Wing  94-104  (98.7)  ;  tail  59-68  (62.3)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.9-15.5  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  26.7-29.7  (28.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-27.9  (25.4  mm.).68 

Range. — Resident  in  open  bushy  places  in  southwestern  Mexico ;  in 
the  states  of  Colima,  Guerrero,  Michoacan,  Morelos,  and  Puebla. 

Type  locality. — California  =  Mexico. 

Ortyx  fasciatus  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1843  (1844),  133  (“California”; 
coll.  Mus.  Prince  Massena,  now  in  coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia;  ex  Nat- 
terer,  manuscript). — Cooper,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  ii,  1877,  95  (not  known 
north  of  Colima,  Mexico). 

Philortyx  fasciatus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  17,  pi.  14  and  text. — 
Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864,  178  (near  City  of  Mexico). — Lawrence, 
Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  307  (plains  of  Colima,  sw.  Mexico). — 
Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  1886,  177,  in  text  (Colima). — Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  406  (plains  of  Colima;  Sierra  Madre 
del  Sur  and  Dos  Arroyos,  Guerrero) ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  127 
(monogr.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  294  (Co¬ 
lima;  Sierra  Madre  del  Sur;  Dos  Arroyos;  Chietta,  Puebla) .—Todd,  Auk, 
xxxvii,  1920,  217,  in  text  (syn.). — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxv,  1934, 
422  (Guerrero). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  46  (distr.). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  238  (syn.;  distr.). — 
Blake  and  Hanson,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Zool.  Ser.,  xxii,  No.  9,  1942, 
527  (Michoacan;  Apatzingan ;  spec.). 

[Philortyx]  fasciatus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45. 

Phylortix  fasciatus  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Esta- 
dos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (common  names;  Mexico). 


CTTen  specimens  from  Michoacan,  Guerrero,  and  Morelos. 

08  Six  specimens  from  Michoacan,  Guerrero,  Colima,  and  Morelos. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


275 


Ptilortyx  fasciatus  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  761  (care  in  captivity). 
[Eupsychortyx]  fasciatus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. 
Eupsychortyx  fasciatus  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “An¬ 
tonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Colima,  Mexico). 

C[allipepla ]  fasciata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  193. 

Callipepla  fasciata  del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  viii,  1937,  336  (Morelos,  Tecuman; 
Las  Estacas;  spec.). 

Ortyx  perrotiana  Des  Murs,  Rev.  Zool.,  1845,  207  (Mexico). 

Philortyx  personatus  Ridgway,  Auk,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1886,  333  (Chietta,  Pueblo, 
Mexico;  coll.  Com.  Expl.  Geog.  de  Mexico)  ;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ix,  1886, 
176  (Chietta).— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio 
Alzate,”  vii,  No.  7-8,  1894,  218  (Puebla,  Mexico). 

C[allipcpla]  personata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  193. 

Genus  LOPHORTYX  Bonaparte 

Lophortyx  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  42.  (Type,  as  designated  by 
Gray,  1840,  Tetrao  calif omicus  Shaw.) 

Lophortix  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xxxviii,  1854,  663. 

Callipepla  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317,  part. 

Medium-sized  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  108-120  mm.)  with  tail 
more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing,  12  rectrices,  crest  long,  club- 
shaped,  consisting  of  several  plumes  with  webs  convolute,  the  uppermost 
plume  thus  enclosing  those  beneath;  chest  plain  grayish  (not  squamated), 
and  sexes  conspicuously  different  in  coloration. 

Bill  relatively  small,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme  base)  less 
than  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  its  depth  at  base  not  greater  than  distance 
from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla,  and  about  equal  to  its 
width  at  rictus.  Outermost  primary  shorter  than  eighth  (shorter  than 
ninth  in  L.  douglasii ),  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  or  fourth  (in  L.  doug- 
lasii)  longest.  Tail  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing  or  more,  graduated,  the 
graduation  equal  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  tarsus  or  more;  rectrices 
(12)  rather  broad,  slightly  tapering  terminally  (except  in  L.  douglasii ), 
with  rounded  tips.  Tarsus  decidedly  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing 
(about  one-fourth  as  long  in  L.  douglasii) ,  shorter  than  middle  toe  with 
claw,  the  planta  tarsi  covered  mostly  with  rather  small  hexagonal  scutella 
but  those  near  posterior  edge  of  outer  side  larger,  more  transverse,  and 
tending  to  form  a  continuous  linear  series. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  forehead  narrow,  erectile,  some¬ 
what  bristlelike ;  springing  from  center  of  crown  a  conspicuous  elongated 
club-shaped  crest  comprised  of  several  plumes  with  conduplicate  webs 
narrower  basally,  broader  terminally  (in  L.  californica  and  L.  gambelii ) 
or  in  middle  portion  (in  L.  douglasii),  the  uppermost  plume  folding  over 
or  enclosing  anteriorly  and  laterally  the  other  plumes.  Scapulars,  tertials, 
rump,  etc.,  unspotted,  but  inner  webs  of  tertials  edged  with  buff  or  white; 
chest  plain  gray.  Sexes  conspicuously  different  in  coloration. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Range. — Pacific  coast  district  of  United  States,  Baja  California, 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  extreme  western  Texas,  and  southward  over  west¬ 
ern  and  central  Mexico.  (Three  species.)69 


w  Lophortyx  leucoprosopon  Reichenow  (Orn.  Monatsb.,  iii,  1895,  11,  fig.  opp.  p.  97) 
is  omitted  from  this  account  as  it  is  almost  certainly  a  hybrid  between  L.  gambelii 
and  L.  douglasii,  and  has  no  locality,  being  based  on  two  captive  birds  in  a  German 
aviary. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


277 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  (ADULTS)  OF  THE  GENUS  LOPHORTYX 

a.  Breast  feathers  with  a  scalloped  pattern  like  those  of  abdomen. 

b.  Crest  usually  uniform  dark  sepia  to  fuscous  (Sonora). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  bensoni,  9  (p.  302) 
bb.  Crest  usually  spotted  or  incompletely  barred  with  dull  lawny. 

c.  Brown  of  underparts  darker — dark  olive-brown. 

d.  With  a  wing  tip  (the  primaries  extending  beyond  the  secondaries  in  the 
folded  wing)  of  15-20  mm.  (Nayarit). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  impedita,  $  (p.  304) 
dd.  With  little  or  no  wing  lip  (northwestern  Jalisco). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  teres,  9  (p.  303) 
cc.  Brown  of  underparts  paler — olive-brown  to  pale  olive-brown  (Sinaloa). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii,  9  (p.  299) 
aa.  Breast  feathers  uniform  gray  or  brownish  gray. 

b.  Flanks  dark  chestnut. 

c.  Throat  solid  black  rimmed  with  white. 

d.  Upper  back  gray  with  little  or  no  olive  wash. 

e.  Anterior  upperparts  between  neutral  gray  and  light  neutral  gray  (  Tibu- 
ron  Island,  Gulf  of  California). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  pembertoni,  $  ( p.  297) 
ee.  Anterior  upperparts  between  neutural  gray  and  light  mouse  gray  (west¬ 
ern  Colorado) . Lophortyx  gambelii  Sana,  $  (p.  297) 

dd.  Upper  back  gray  with  a  distinct  olive  wash. 

e.  Abdomen  deep  buffy  in  fresh  plumage  (southern  Sonora). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  fulvipectus,  $  (p.  296) 
ee.  Abdomen  pale  buffy  in  fresh  plumage. 

/.  Paler,  the  elongated  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  between  Sanford’s 
brown  and  chestnut  (western  Texas,  extreme  southeastern  New 

Mexico) . Lophortyx  gambelii  ignoscens,  $  (p.  298) 

ff.  Darker,  the  elongated  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks'  between  chestnut 
and  bay  (Utah,  southern  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  southern  Cali¬ 
fornia;  south  to  northeast  Baja  California,  north-central  Sonora, 
and  extreme  northwestern  Chihuahua). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  gambelii,  $  (p.  291) 
cc.  Throat  buffy  or  grayish  lightly  streaked  with  dusky  gray. 

d.  Crown  sepia  (western  Colorado)  .  .Lophortyx  gambelii  Sana,  9  (p.  297) 
dd.  Crown  cinnamon-drab. 

e.  Anterior  upperparts  with  little  or  no  oblivaceous  wash  (Tiburon  Island). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  pembertoni,  9  (p.  297) 
ee.  Anterior  upperparts  with  an  olivaceous  wash. 

/.  Abdomen  pale  buffy  in  fresh  plumage. 

g.  Paler,  elongated  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  between  Sanford’s 
brown  and  chestnut  (western  Texas,  extreme  southeastern  New 

Mexico) . Lophortyx  gambelii  ignoscens,  9  (p.  298) 

gg.  Darker,  elongated  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  between  chestnut  and 
bay  (southern  Utah,  southern  Nevada,  southern  California,  most 
of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  to  central  Sonora,  north¬ 
eastern  Baja  California,  and  northwestern  Chihuahua). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  gambelii,  9  (p.  291) 
ff.  Abdomen  deep  buffy  in  fresh  plumage  (southern  Sonora). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  fulvipectus,  9  (p.  296) 


653008°— 46 - 19 


278 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


bb.  Flanks  gray  or  olive-brown. 

c.  Throat  solid  black  rimmed  with  white. 

d.  Back  averaging  more  brown  than  gray  in  fresh  plumage. 

e.  Back  very  dark,  averaging  more  olive-brown  than  grayish  brown 
(coastal  belt  from  southwestern  Oregon  to  Santa  Cruz  County, 

Calif. ) . Lophortyx  californica  brunnescens,  $  (p.284) 

ee.  Back  lighter,  averaging  more  grayish  brown  than  olive-brown. 

f.  Larger,  wings  averaging  116  mm.  (Catalina  Island). 

Lophortyx  californica  catalinensis,  $  (p.  286) 
ff.  Smaller,  wings  averaging  110  mm.  (coastal  belt  from  San  Francisco 
south  to  San  Diego,  and  interior  valleys  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.) 

Lophortyx  californica  californica,  $  (p.  279) 
dd.  Back  averaging  more  gray  than  brown  in  fresh  plumage. 

e.  Back  with  considerable  olive-brownish  suffusion. 

/.  Darker,  the  breast  deep  neutral  gray  (southern  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  achrustera,  $  (p.  289) 
ff.  Paler,  the  breast  neutral  gray  (Owens  Valley,  east-central  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  canfieldae,  $  (p.  290) 
ee.  Back  with  little  or  no  olive-brownish  suffusion. 

f.  Darker,  the  breast  neutral  gray  (northwestern  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  plumbea,  $  (p.  287) 
ff.  Paler,  the  breast  light  neutral  gray  (Warner  Valley,  Oreg.). 

Lophortyx  californica  orecta,  $  (p.  290) 
cc.  Throat  not  solid  black  rimmed  with  white. 
d.  Throat  black  barred  with  white, 
c.  Breast  very  pale— smoke  gray  with  a  faint  bluish  tinge  (Sonora). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  bensoni,  $  (p.  302) 
ee.  Breast  darker — light  neutral  gray  or  darker. 

f.  Breast  feathers  mostly  with  indistinct  pale  rufescent  terminal  spots 

(Chihuahua) . Lophortyx  douglasii  languens,  $  (p.  305) 

ff.  Breast  feathers  mostly  with  no  such  spots. 

g.  With  a  wing  tip  of  15-20  mm. 

h.  General  coloration  averaging  darker,  gray  of  breast  and  abdomen 
neutral  gray,  white  abdominal  spots  more  or  less  ringed  with 
blackish  (Nayarit)  .  Lophortyx  douglasii  impedita,  $  (p.  304) 
hh.  General  coloration  averaging  paler,  gray  of  breast  and  abdomen 
light  neutral  gray,  white  abdominal  spots  with  no  blackish  rings 

(Sinaloa) . Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii,  $  (p.299) 

gg.  With  little  or  no  wing  tip  (Jalisco). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  teres,  $  (p.  303) 
dd.  Throat  not  black  barred  with  white,  but  grayish  or  grayish  buffy  streaked 
with  dusky. 

e.  Back  decidedly  brownish. 

/.  Upperparts  dark  olive-brown;  breast  brownish  (coastal  belt  from 
southwestern  Oregon  to  Santa  Cruz  County,  Calif.). 

Lophortyx  californica  brunnescens,  2  (p.  284) 
ff.  Upperparts  grayish  brown ;  breast  grayish. 

g.  Larger,  wings  averaging  116  mm.  (Catalina  Island). 

Lophortyx  californica  catalinensis,  2  (p.  286) 
gg.  Smaller,  wings  averaging  108  mm.  (coastal  belt  from  San  Francisco 
Bay  south  to  San  Diego  and  inland  west  of  Sierra  Nevada). 

Lophortyx  californica  californica,  2  (p.  279) 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


279 


ee.  Back  decidedly  grayish. 

f.  Darker,  the  breast  mouse  gray  (northwestern  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  plumbea,  9  (p.  287) 
ff.  Paler,  the  breast  grayish  drab  to  light  grayish  drab. 

g.  Back  suffused  with  olive-brownish  (southern  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  achrustera,  9  (p.  289) 
gg.  Back  with  little  or  no  brownish  suffusion. 

h.  Paler,  the  sides  and  flanks  buffy  brown  (Owens  Valley,  east-cen¬ 
tral  California)  .Lophortyx  californica  canfieldae,  9  (p.  290) 
hh.  Darker,  the  sides  and  flanks  olive-brown  (Warner  Valley,  Oreg.). 

Lophortyx  californica  orecta,  9  (p.  290) 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  CALIFORNICA  (Shaw) 

Valley  Quail 

Adult  male.— Forehead  and  anterior  part  of  crown  back  to  middle  of 
the  eyes  pale  olive-buff,  the  feathers  with  fine  dusky  shafts  and  the  more 
posterior  ones  tipped  with  white,  forming  a  white  line  of  demarcation 
across  the  crown ;  this  followed  by  a  broader  blackish  one  which  turns 
posteriorly  at  the  sides  to  form  the  lateral  margins  of  the  hindcrown  and 
occiput,  which  are  raw  umber;  coronal  crest  of  six  forward-drooping, 
terminally  expanded  black  feathers ;  feathers  of  hindneck  and  posterior 
sides  of  neck  dark  brownish  gray  margined  with  fuscous  to  black  and 
subterminally  spotted  finely  with  white,  giving  a  finely  speckled  appear¬ 
ance  ;  anterior  interscapulars  slate-gray  with  margins,  tips,  and  shaft 
streaks  of  fuscous  to  chaetura  drab,  the  gray  often  paler  subterminally, 
giving  a  diluted  reflection  of  the  nape  pattern;  posterior  interscapulars, 
back,  lower  back,  and  rump  brownish  olive;  scapulars  and  upper  wing 
coverts  between  buffy  brown  and  olive-brown  in  fresh  plumage  (fading 
to  more  slate-gray  in  spring),  the  longer  scapulars  internally  edged  with 
light  ochraceous-buff ;  secondaries  dark  olive-brown  narrowly  edged 
toward  their  ends  with  light  ochraceous-buff ;  primaries  dark  olive-brown  ; 
upper  tail  coverts  like  the  rump  but  with  a  slate-gray  tinge ,  rectrices 
between  slate-gray  and  deep  mouse  gray ;  lores,  chin,  and  throat  jet- 
black,  the  throat  bordered  posteriorly  by  a  broad  white  band  beginning 
at  the  lower  hind  end  of  the  eye  and  continuing  between  the  cheeks  and 
the  auriculars  to  the  sides  of  the  throat  and  across  the  throat ,  another 
white  band  begins  just  above  it  at  the  hind  end  of  the  eye  and  borders 
the  blackish  rim  of  the  crown  and  occiput ;  auriculars  and  a  posterolateral 
border  of  the  white  throat  border  black;  breast  solid  deep  neutral  gray 
with  a  slate  wash ;  middle  of  upper  abdomen  warm  buff,  sides  of  upper 
abdomen  white,  all  the  feathers  heavily  margined  with  black  terminally ; 
a  large  patch  in  the  center  of  the  abdomen  bright  hazel,  the  feathers 
margined  with  black ;  lower  middle  of  abdomen  pale  buffy  whitish  barred 
with  dark  olive-brown,  the  dark  bars  becoming  fainter  posteriorly; 
feathers  of  sides  deep  olive-brown  with  terminal  lanceolate  white  shaft 


280 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


streaks,  some  of  the  most  anterior  ones,  actually  on  the  lower  sides  of 
the  breast  with  the  brown  replaced  .by  deep  neutral  gray  on  all  but  their 
exposed  areas,  and  the  most  posterior  ones,  bordering  on  the  flanks, 
with  broad  margins  of  pale  ochraceous-buff  on  both  webs;  flanks,  vent, 
and  under  tail  coverts  pale  ochraceous-buff  with  broad  median  streaks 
of  olive-brown,  these  streaks  darkening  to  chaetura  drab  on  the  longer 
under  tail  coverts ;  under  wing  coverts  dull  grayish  brown  margined  with 
paler;  iris  dark  brown;  bill  black;  tarsi  and  toes  blackish. 

Adult  female. — Forehead,  lores,  and  anterior  part  of  crown  pale  buffy 
brown,  the  feathers  with  fine  black  shafts ;  posterior  half  of  crown  and 
the  occiput  sepia,  the  coronal  crest  smaller  and  less  recurved  than  in 
male,  dark  fuscous;  nape  and  lower  sides  of  neck  as  in  male  but  the 
grays  replaced  by  light,  dull  buffy  brown  which  color  also  tinges  the 
pale  subterminal  spots  on  these  feathers ;  rest  of  upperparts  of  body  as 
in  the  male  but  averaging  darker  and  more  brownish,  less  olive;  wings 
and  tail  as  in  male ;  chin  and  throat  grayish  white,  the  feathers  with  dull 
olive-brown  shaft  streaks,  cheeks  similar  but  with  the  streaks  finer  and 
blacker;  breast  grayish  buffy  brown  in  fresh  plumage  (becoming  more 
grayish  less  buffy  brown  with  wear)  ;  upper  and  lateral  parts  of  abdomen 
white  the  feathers  heavily  bordered  with  blackish ;  middle  lower  abdomen, 
vent,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  as  in  the  male. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Forehead  and  anterior  part  of  crown  as  in 
adult  female  but  the  feathers  with  indistinct  pale  grayish  terminal  spots ; 
rest  of  crown  and  the  occiput  as  in  adult  female  except  that  the  lateral, 
loreal-supraorbital  area  is  paler,  more  washed  with  pale  ochraceous-buff, 
and  the  coronal  crest  shorter  and  lighter — sepia;  lower  sides  of  neck 
and  hindneck  between  dusky  buffy  brown  and  hair  brown  with  no  dusky 
edges  or  pale  spots;  interscapulars  and  upper  back  hair  brown  with 
narrow  white  shafts,  which  spread  out  laterally  at  the  tip  and  with  fuscous 
blotches  on  each  web  just  before  this  whitish  tip;  interscapulars  and 
upper  wing  coverts  similar  but  with  the  hair  brown  washed  and  mottled 
with  dull  tawny-olive;  secondaries  with  their  outer  webs  chiefly  dull 
tawny-olive  barred  with  blackish,  each  bar  distally  broadly  bordered  with 
pale  warm  buff,  the  tawny-olive  interspaces  finely  dotted  with  black ;  their 
inner  webs  dull  clove  brown  sparsely  flecked,  chiefly  terminally,  with 
tawny-olive ;  primaries  similar  but  without  the  tawny-olive,  their  inner 
webs  uniform  dusky  clove  brown,  their  outer  ones  largely  pale  pinkish  buff 
with  incomplete,  indistinct  transverse  dusky  brownish  bars ;  back,  lower 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  dark  hair  brown  with  faint  cross  bars 
of  grayish  buffy  and  faint  shafts  of  the  same;  median  rectrices  dark  hair 
hrown  with  incomplete  marginal  cross  bars  of  fuscous  distally  bordered 
by  dirty  white  on  both  webs;  the  ground  color  of  the  rectrices  becoming 
more  slate-gray  on  the  lateral  ones  and  the  marginal  bars  becoming 
shorter;  chin  and  throat  grayish  white;  cheeks,  auriculars,  and  sides  of 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


281 


neck  buffy  hair  brown ;  breast  feathers  hair  brown  with  narrow  whitish 
shafts  terminally  broadening  into  round  spots  and  subterminally  crossed 
by  fuscous  transverse  spots;  feathers  of  sides  similar;  rest  of  underparts 
white  with  a  faint  grayish  buffy  tinge,  barred  with  faint  dull  olive-brown ; 
the  posterior  underparts  more  heavily  washed  with  buffy  than  the  more 
anterior  areas. 

Natal  dozun. — General  color  above  light  buff  tinged  with  pale  cinnamon- 
buff  ;  a  lengthwise  patch  of  pale  snuff  brown  on  the  middle  of  the  fore¬ 
head  ;  center  of  crown  and  occiput  snuff  brown  bordered  by  blackish ;  a 
spot  of  pale  snuff  brown  on  the  auriculars ;  a  longitudinal  fuscous  line 
on  each  side  of  the  spinal  tract,  paralleled  by  a  similar  pair  on  the  sides 
of  the  back,  the  spinal  tract  itself  becoming  more  and  more  tinged  with 
pale  hazel  posteriorly;  a  semitransverse  humeral  line  of  blackish  brown 
and  two  incomplete  transverse  bands  of  the  same  on  each  wing;  below 
dull  white,  tinged  with  pale  buff  on  the  breast,  flanks,  thighs,  and  vent. 

Adult  male. — Wing  106-117  (110.6);  tail  83.8-99.5  (  89.2);  oilmen 
from  base  14.8-16.0  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  31.5-34.5  (32.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25-30  (27.4  mm.).70 

Adult  female.- — Wing  105-111.5  (107.8)  ;  tail  79-88.5  (83.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14-16  (14.8)  ;  tarsus  28.5-32.5  (30.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24—28  (26  mm.).71 

Range. — Resident  in  the  semiarid  interior  of  California  from  the 
Oregon  line  south  to  central  San  Diego  County ;  in  the  coastal  belt  from 
just  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  extreme 
western  Nevada.  Oregon  occurrences  are  apparently  due  to  introductions. 
Introduced  into  Hawaii,  Utah,  Arizona  (native?),  and  New  Mexico 
(Santa  Fe  County). 

Type  locality. — Monterey,  Calif. 

Tctrao  calif ornicus  Shaw,  Nat.  Misc.,  ix,  1798,  pi.  345  (California;  San  Francisco 
or  Monterey  ?). 

Callipepla  californica  Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  92  part 
(Sacramento  Valley;  Willamette  Valley).— Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  x,  pt.  4,  No.  2,  1859,  60,  part  (chiefly;  s.  to  Vallecito;  habits). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  109,  part. 

C[allipepla]  californica  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  318. 

Lophortyx  californica  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1840,  789,  part— Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  xii,  book  2, 
pt.  3,  1860,  225,  part.— Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1879,  439  (valleys  and 
foothills,  and  w.  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada;  habits).— Ridgw ay,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  iii,  1830,  197;  Norn.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  482,  part.— Coues,  Check 
List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  575,  part.— Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli,  1924, 
505  (Wallowa  Valley,  Oregon;  common);  (?)  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  112 
(abundant  in  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oreg.).— (?)  Miller,  in  Chaney,  Miller,  and 


70  Thirty-five  specimens. 

71  Thirteen  specimens. 


282 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Dice,  Carnegie  Inst.  Washington  Publ.  349,  1925,  79  (bones;  Rancho  La  Brea). 
—  (?)  Miller,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  118  (San  Pedro  Pleistocene) ;  (?)  Condor, 
xxxvii,  1935,  78  (bones,  McKittrick  Pleistocene  deposits).— Price,  Condor, 
xxxiii,  1931,  1  (flocking  habits)  ;  xl,  1938,  87  in  text  (male  incubating). — 
Compton,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  249  (young)  ;  xxxiv,  1932,  48  (hybrid  between 
this  form  and  Texas  bobwhite). — Wythe,  Condor,  xxxv,  1933,  34  (attached  by 
snake). — Sumner,  California  Fish  and  Game,  xxi,  1935,  200-221  (behavior).— 
Grinnell  and  Linsdale,  Vert.  Anim.  Point  Lobos  Reserve,  1936,  39,  59  (Point 
Lobos,  Calif.;  nesting;  food).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  115  (territory), 
145  in  text  (mating  behavior),  237  in  text  (egg  laying),  239  in  text  (no.  of  eggs), 
280  (white  eggs),  323  in  text  (107  eggs  laid  in  115  days  by  one  bird),  397  in  text 
(time  of  day  of  hatching),  415  in  text  (eggs  eaten  by  snakes). — Emlen,  Journ. 
Wildlife  Manag.,  iii,  1939,  118-130  (behavior). — Jewett,  Condor,  xli,  1939,  30, 
in  text  (Tule  Lake,  Calif.;  killed  by  snake). — Herman,  Jankiewicz,  and 
Saarni,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  169,  in  text  (coccidiosis) . — De  May,  Condor,  xliv, 
1942,  229  (Buena  Vista  Lake,  Calif.;  bones). — Miller,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  105, 
in  text  (bone  meas.). — Behle,  Condor,  xlvi,  19-14,  72  (Utah,  introduced). 

L[ophortyx]  califomica  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  592,  part. 

Lophortyx  calif ornicus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  644,  part  (Tulare 
Valley,  Tejon  Vallejo,  Fort  Tejon,  San  Diego,  and  Mohave  River,  Calif.;  Wil¬ 
lamette  Valley,  Oreg.  ?)  ;  Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  22 
(near  San  Diego)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  474,  part;  in  Cooper,  Orn. 
California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  549,  part— Xantus,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadel¬ 
phia,  1859,  192  (Fort  Tejon). — Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  40  (Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  escaped  cage  bird)  ;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  391,  part.— 
Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  479,  part,  pi. 
61,  fig.  4,  pi.  64,  figs.  1,  2. — Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1874,  172  (Nevada; 
western  foothills  of  Sierra  Nevada,  1867)  ;  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  602,  part 
(w.  foothills  of  Sierra  Nevada). — Nelson,  Bull.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii, 
1875,  364  (Nevada  City,  Calif.;  abundant). — Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
viii,  1883,  32,  in  text  (San  Gorgonio  Pass,  Ariz. ;  most  eastern  locality).— 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  400  part  (Kernville,  Fort 
Tejon,  Jolon,  San  Bernardino  County,  Coahuila  Valley,  Colton,  San  Diego 
County,  Colorado  Desert,  etc.,  Calif.;  Carson,  w.  Nevada). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol. 
Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  47,  part  (range;  habits;  food). — Portielje,  Ardea,  xvi, 
1927,  20,  in  text  (psychology) .— Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  760  (captivity). 
—Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  185  (alt.  distr.),  619  (body  weight),  664  (body 
temperature). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxviii,  1932,  268  (type 
loc. ;  crit.). 

[ Lophortyx ]  calif ornicus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  238,  part. 

Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  355 
(“interior  valleys  of  California;  type  from  Baird,  Shasta  County,  in  coll.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.).— American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  294a;  ed. 
2,  1895,  No.  294  a;  ed.  3,  1910,  136.— Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893, 
28  (Cajon  Pass,  Lone  Willow  Spring,  Panamint  Mountains,  Argus  Range,  Coso 
Mountains,  Owens  Lake,  Walker  Pass,  Kern  River,  etc.,  Calif.). — Holzner, 
Auk,  xiii,  1896,  81,  part  (San  Diego  County;  habits). — Grinnell,  Pasadena 
Acad.  Sci.,  Publ.  1,  1897,  12  (San  Clemente  Island;  introduced).— Woodcock, 
Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  25  (interior  valleys,  etc.,  of  w.  Oregon). 

C[allipepla]  California  vallicola  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  192. 

Lophortyx  calif  ornicus  vallicola  Elliot,  Gallin.  Game  Birds  North  America,  1897, 
60.— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  106.— Stone,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1904,  580  (Mount  Sanhedrin,  Mendocino  County, 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


283 


h.  California).— Goldman,  Condor,  x,  1908,  203  (w.  side  Tulare  Lake  and  Buena 
Vista  Lake,  s.  California).— Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  of  Washington,  ii,  1909, 
570  (Washington;  habits;  distr. ;  introduced) .— Kessel,  Condor,  xxiii,  1921, 
167  in  text  (flocking  habits). — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3, 
1932,  26  footnote  (Missouri;  introduced;  established  in  Newton  and  McDonald 
Counties). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  13  (Hawaii;  intro¬ 
duced;  established). — Emlen  and  Lorenz,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  369  in  text  (pairing 
response  to  sex  hormone  pellet  implants). 

L[ophortyx]  c[alifomicus]  vallicola  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 

1902,  120. 

Lophortyx  calif  arnica  vallicola  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3, 
1910,  136;  ed.  4,  1931,  89,  part. — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10 
(California)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  59,  part  (Sonoran  zones  of  California  e.  of  humid 
coast  belt  and  w.  of  Mojave  and  Colorado  Deserts)  ;  Univ.  California  Publ. 
Zool.,  x,  1913,  230  (San  Jacinto  Mountains,  s.  California;  habits,  etc.)  ;  xxxviii, 
1932,  269  (type  loc.;  crit.)  ;  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  128  in  text  (crit.).— Willett, 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  part  (Pacific  slope  of  s.  California)  ; 
Condor,  xxi,  1919,  202  (Clear  Lake  to  Diamond  Valley,  ne.  California). — Tyler, 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  9,  1913,  32  (Fresno  district,  Calif.;  very  common; 
economic  status). — Kellogg,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xii,  1916,  379  (Helena, 
Scott  River,  and  Tower  House,  n.  Calif.) .—Howell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  12, 
1917,  52,  part  (introduced  on  San  Clemente  and  Santa  Cruz  Islands;  crit.). — 
Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1576,  part  (California;  habits; 
distr.). — Richards,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  99  (Grass  Valley  district,  Calif.). — 
Grinnell  and  Storer,  Animal  Life  in  Yosemite,  1924,  270  (Yosemite;  habits; 
descr. ;  distr.). — Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United 
States,  1925,  86  (descr.;  chars.). — Mailliard,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4, 
xvi,  1927,  294  (Modoc  County,  Calif.;  nesting  season).— Grinnell,  Dixon,  and 
Linsdale,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxv,  1930,  208  (Lassen  Peak  region,  n. 
California).— Clark,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  51  (Mount  St.  Helena,  Napa  County, 
Calif.).- — Cookman,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  65  (Santa  Cruz,  Idaho,  Calif.). — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  62  (habits;  distr.).— Compton,  Condor, 
xxxv,  1933,  71  (eggs  eaten  by  snake).— Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  23, 

1936,  23,  48  (Nevada;  resident  in  w.  part  of  State).— Arnold,  Condor,  xxxix, 

1937,  32  (Coalinga  area,  Fresno,  Calif.,  abundant).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii, 
1937,  167  (breeding  biology) .—Emlen,  Condor,  xl,  1938,  41  in  text  (near 
Madera,  Calif.;  nests  robbed  by  squirrels).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds 
Oregon,  1940,  221  (Oregon;  distr.;  habits).— Einarsen,  Murrelet,  xxii,  1941, 
9,  11,  in  text  (management).— Errington,  Wils.  Bull.,  liii,  1941,  91. 

Lophortyx  californicus  vallicolus  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  30 
(California;  abundant  resident  arid  Upper  Sonoran  Zone);  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  381 
(Mount  Pinos,  Calif.). 

Lophortyx  c[alif arnica]  vallicola  Hanna,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  147,  in  text  (egg 
weight). 

[Lophortyx]  vallicola  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

Lophortyx  calif ornica  calif ornica  Jensen,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  454  (n.  Santa  Fe  County, 
N.  Mex.,  nesting). — Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  21, 1933,49  (common  resi¬ 
dent  in  lowlands  and  foothills  of  sw.  California).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of 
World,  ii,  1934,  44— Glading,  Condor,  xl,  1938,  261  in  text  (male  incubating).— 
Emlen,  Condor,  xl,  1938,  85  in  text  (chicks  attacked  by  ants). — van  Rossem, 
Auk,  lvi,  1939,  68,  in  text  (crit.).— Miller  and  Curtis,  Murrelet,  xxi,  1940,  42 


284 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


(Washington).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  232 
(syn. ;  distr.). 

Lophortyx  c[alifomica ]  Dunlavy,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  42S  (ecol.,  distr.). — Groebbei.s, 
Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data  on  breeding  biology). 

Lophortyx  c[alifornica]  califomica  Marshall  and  Leatham,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  44 
(Great  Salt  Lake  Islands,  Utah). — Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  226  (body  weight 
and  egg  weight). 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  BRUNNESCENS  Ridgway 

California  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  of  the  nominate  race  but 
darker,  the  upperparts  much  browner,  the  back  and  upper  surface  of 
the  wings  olive-brown  to  almost  Dresden  brown  in  fresh  plumage ;  the 
breast  in  the  male  slightly  deeper  and  more  slate  colored ;  in  the  female 
the  breast  is  more  olive-brownish,  less  grayish  than  in  the  typical  form. 

Juvenal.- — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  upper- 
parts  more  suffused  with  tawny-olive,  the  lower  parts  with  an  ochraceous 
wash,  and  the  dark  markings  averaging  greater  in  size  both  above  and 
below. 

Natal  down. — Similar  to  that  of  the  typical  form. 

Adult  male. — Wing  108-119  (113.6)  ;  tail  85—94  (88.9)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.8-16.5  (15.7)  ;  tarsus  30-34  (32.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  26.5- 
30.5  (27.9  mm.).73 

Adult  female.— Wing  106-113  (110);  tail  79.5-88  (83.5);  culmen 
from  base  14.5-16  (15.2);  tarsus  29-34.5  (31.4);  middle  toe  without 
claw  26-29.5  (27.4  mm.).73 

Range. — Resident  in  the  humid  coastal  area  of  California  from  the 
noithern  border  south  to  Santa  Cruz  County.  Often  recorded  in  literature 
as  extending  north  to  southwestern  Oregon,  but  no  specimens  of  this 
form  have  ever  been  taken  there.74 

Introduced  into  Hawaii,  New  Zealand,  Chile,  and  locally  in  western 
United  States  (Washington,  Colorado,  etc.)  and  Vancouver  Island, 
Canada. 

Type  locality. — San  Francisco,  Calif.75 

P[erdix\  califomica  Latham,  Index  Orn.  Suppl.,  1801,  p.  lxii. 

Perdix  califomica  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxv,  1817,  259.— Bonaparte, 
Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  125;  Contr.  Maclurian  Lyc., 
1827,  22.  Lesson,  Traite  d  Orn.,  1831,  507. — Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States 
and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  655,  part. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  v,  1839  152  pi 
413. 


7>  Twenty-five  specimens. 

7>  Eleven  specimens. 

74  Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  of  Oregon,  1940,  222. 

70  Specimens  from  the  east  side  of  San  Francisco  Bay  are  typical  L.  c.  califomica, 
and  so  the  type  locality  must  be  on  the  western  side  of  the  Bay. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


285 


Lophortyx  calif arnica  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  42.- — Nuttall,  Man. 
Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  ed.  2,  1840,  789,  part  (Oregon; 
Monterey). — Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  92,  part 
(habits). — Cooper  and  Suckley,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  xii,  book  2,  pt.  3, 
1860,  225,  part  (introduced,  from  San  Francisco  and  liberated  near  Olympia, 
Washington;  introduced  into  Puget  Sound  region  in  spring  of  1857). — Ridgway, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  197 ;  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  482, 
part. — Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  575,  part. — 
Henshaw,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  viii,  1883,  184  (story  of  a  semidomesticated 
bird). — Bryan,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  1908,  56  [146]  (Molokai,  Hawaii;  in¬ 
troduced). — Barros,  Rev.  Chil.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxiii,  1919,  Nos.  1-2,  p.  15. — Dabbene, 
El  Hornero,  ii,  1920,  56  (introduced  into  Chile). — Housse,  Rev.  Chil.  Hist.  Nat., 
xxix,  1925,  148  (San  Bernardino,  Chile;  introduced). — Taverner,  Birds  Western 
Canada,  1926,  162  (fig.;  descr. ;  habits;  distr. ;  w.  Canada).— Swarth,  Condor, 
xxix,  1927,  164,  in  text  (imported  from  Chile). — Alford,  Ibis,  1928,  196  (Van¬ 
couver  Island). — Brown,  Murrelet,  xi,  1930,  18,  in  text  (Seattle,  Wash.). — 
Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  164,  in  text  (introduced  in  Canada);  Can. 
Water  Birds,  1939,  176  (Canada;  introduced).— Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  225 
(St.  Joe  National  Forest,  Idaho,  introduced). 

L[ophortyx]  californica  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  592,  part.— 
Bryan,  Key  to  the  Birds  Hawaiian  Group,  1901,  30  (Hawaiian  Islands;  intro¬ 
duced). 

Lophortyx  calif ornicus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  644,  part  (Bodega, 
Petaluma,  San  Francisco,  and  San  Jose,  Calif.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859, 
No.  474,  part;  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  549,  part. — Ali.en, 
Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  171  (Ogden,  Utah;  introduced),  181  (Salt 
Lake  Valley,  Utah,  introduced). — Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  479,  part.— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
No.  391,  part— Ridgway,  Orn.  40th  Parallel,  1877,  602,  part  (near  San  Fran¬ 
cisco). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  400,  part  (Whidley, 
Wash.;  Redwood,  Big  Trees  of  Santa  Cruz  County,  and  Monterey,  Calif.). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  106. — Van  Denburgh, 
Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  xxxviii,  1899,  157  (Santa  Clara  County,  Calif.;  habits, 
etc.).— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  197  (Vancouver  Island;  introduced). — 
Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  56,  1900,  202  (Colorado;  Grand  Junction; 
introduced). — McGregor,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  2,  1901,  5  (California;  Santa 
Cruz  County;  common). — Henshaw,  Birds  Hawaiian  Is.,  1902,  134  (introduced 
on  Hawaii  and  other  islands). — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  120,  part— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  47,  part  (range;  food; 
habits).— Bowles,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  142  (Tacoma,  Washington;  introduced).— 
Rockwell,  Condor,  x,  1908,  160  (Mesa  County,  Colo.;  introduced;  abundant). — 
ICermode,  [Visitors’  Guide]  Publ.  Provinc.  Mus.,  1909,  40  (Vancouver  Island; 
introduced). — Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909,  568  (Wash¬ 
ington;  habits;  distr.).— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909,  216 
(Vancouver  Island;  introduced). — Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  143 
(Colorado;  introduced;  now  abundant).— Reed,  Av.  Prov.  Mendoza,  1921,  206 
(Mendoza,  Argentina;  introduced) —Poll,  Verb.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii,  1927, 
410  (lower  Bavaria;  escaped  cage  bird?). — Dabbene,  Rev.  Diosa  Cazadora, 
No.  85,  1934,  125  (descr.;  distr.). 

[Lophortyx]  calif omicus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  238,  part. — Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 


286 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lophortyx  calif ornianus  Henshaw,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  xi,  1874,  10 
introduced  near  Ogden,  Utah). — Lonnberg,  Nat.  Hist.  Juan  Fernandez  Is.,  pt.  i, 
1920,  2,  17  (Juan  Fernandez  Islands,  introduced;  Masatierra.  Masafuera). 

Callipepla  californica  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  1,  1844,  pi.  16  and  text.— 
Newberry,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  vi,  pt.  4,  1857,  92,  part. — Heermann,  Rep. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  pt.  iv,  No.  2,  1859,  60,  part  ?. — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.' 
London,  1859,  206  (length  of  incubation).— American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  1886,  No.  294;  1895,  2  ed.,  No.  294. — Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna, 
No.  7,  1893,  27  (coast  of  California,  from  Monterey  to  Boulder  Creek).— 
Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1893,  37  (Nisqually  and  Van¬ 
couver  Island,  British  Columbia;  introduced). — Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr. 
Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  69  (Colorado;  introduced). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  48 
(molt,  etc.).— Woodcock,  Oregon  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  68,  1902,  25  (coast 
region  of  Oregon).— von  Burg,  in  Fatio  and  Studer,  Ois.  Suisse,  xv,  1926,  3154 
(Switzerland;  introduced).— Gaedechens,  Orn.  Monatsb.,  xli,  1933,  60,  in  text 
(Schleswig-Holstein;  escaped  introduced  birds). 

C[allipepla ]  californica  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  192. 

[Callipepla]  californica  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae  1848  pi  199 
figs.  1914-1916. 

Ortyx  californica  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  384.— Lesson, 
Cent.  Zool.,  1830,  188,  pi.  60.— Vigors,  Zool.  Voy.  Blossom,  Birds,  1839,  27.— 
Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  199;  Birds  Amer.,  8vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  67,  pi.  290.— 
Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.  Orn.,  1834  iv,  pi.  11. 

Lophortyx  californica  californica  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  136;  ed.  4,  1931,  89.— Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10 
(California);  No.  11,  1915,  59  (humid  coast  belt  s.  to  Monterey). — Shelton, 
Univ.  Oregon  Bull.,  new  ser.  xiv,  No.  4,  1917,  20,  26  (w.  central  Oregon;  intro¬ 
duced).— Jensen,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  454  (n.  Sante  Fe  County,  N.  Mex.). 

Lophortyx  californicus  californicus  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  29 
(California;  humid  coast  belt  s.  to  Monterey). — Ray,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  439 
(Farallon  Islands,  present  for  7  years).— Low,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  li,  1930,  15, 
in  text  (near  Victoria,  Vancouver  Island). 

Lophortyx  c[alifortiicus]  californicus  Jenkins,  Condor,  viii,  1906,  126  (Monterey 
County,  Calif.). 

Lophortyx  californicus  brunnescens  Ridgway,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  ii,  1885 
(pub.  Apr.  10,  1884),  94  (Santa  Barbara,  Calif. ;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Lophortyx  californica  brunnescens  Grinnell,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  38  (crit.)  ;  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxviii,  1932,  269  (type  loc. ;  crit.) .— Hellmayr,  Publ. 
Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xix,  1932,  423  (Chile  and  Juan  Fernandez 

Islands;  introduced). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  44. _ 

Anonymous,  El  Hornero,  vi,  1935,  196  (introduced  into  Argentina  and  Chile— 
Coquimbo,  Talea,  Juan  Fernandez  Islands). — Steullet  and  Deautier,  Obra  Cin- 
cuentenario  Mus.  Plata,  i,  pt.  3,  1939,  502  (introduced  into  Chile  and  Argentina). 
—Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  233  (syn. ;  distr.).— 
Jewett,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  36  (Coos  County,  Oreg.).-^AMADON,  Auk,  lx,  1943, 
226  (body  weight  and  egg  weight). 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  CATALINENSIS  Grinnell 

Santa  Catalina  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  of  the  nominate  race 

but  larger  throughout  and  averaging  darker. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


287 


Adult  male. — Wing  116-119  (117.7)  ;  tail  89.5-90  (89.7);  oilmen 
from  base  14.5-16  (15)  ;  tarsus  33-35  (34.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
27.5-29  (28.3  mm.).76 

Adult  female. — Wing  113.5-117  (115.7)  ;  tail  87.5-88  (87.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.5-16  (14.8)  ;  tarsus  32-33  (32.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
27-28  (27.6  mm.).76 

Range. — Resident  on  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Calif. 

Type  locality. — Avalon,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Calif. 

Lophortyx  calif ornicus  (not  Tetrao  calif ornicus  Shaw)  Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn. 

California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  549,  part  (Santa  Catalina  Island). 

Callipepla  califomica  vallicola  (not  of  Ridgway)  Grinnell,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  234 
(Santa  Catalina  Island) —Howell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  12,  1917,  52,  part 
(Santa  Catalina  Island;  crit.). 

Lophortyx  catalinensis  Grinnell,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  262  (Avalon,  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  Santa  Barbara  group,  Calif.;  coll.  J.  Grinnell);  Condor,  x,  1908,  94 
(crit.).— Childs,  Warbler,  iii,  1907,  1,  col.  pi.  (eggs;  descr.  nest  and  eggs).— 
Richardson,  Condor,  x,  1908,  66  (Santa  Catalina  Island). — Oberholser,  Auk, 
xxxiv,  1917,  194  (crit.). — Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxviii,  No. 
3,  1932,  270  (type  loc. ;  crit.). 

Lophortyx  califomica  catalinensis  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  8,  1912,  10 
(California;  listed)  ;  No.  11,  1915,  59  (Santa  Catalina  Island)  ;  Condor,  xxxiii, 
1931,  38  (crit.).— Oberholser,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917,  194  (crit.)  ;  xxxv,  1918,  206.— 
Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  537  (distr.). — 
Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud,  ed.),  iii,  1923,  1578  (California;  habits;  distr.). 
—American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  89  (distr.). — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  70  (habits;  distr.) .—Willett,  Pacific 
Coast  Avif.  No.  21,  1933,  49  (abundant;  Catalina  Island;  considers  this  race 
only  doubtfully  distinct)  .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  45.— 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  234  (syn. ;  distr.). 
Lophortyx  [califomica]  catalinensis  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,,  Condor,  xxiv,  1922, 
34,  in  text  (crit.;  maintains  its  validity). 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  PLUMBEA  Grinnell 

San  Quintin  Valley  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  back 
more  grayish  in  fresh  plumage,  having  little  or  no  brownish  suffusion ; 
the  breast  is  neutral  gray,  by  which  darker  tone  it  may  be  distinguished 
from  L.  c.  orecta  (in  which  the  breast  is  light  neutral  gray). 

Adult  jemale. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  much  more 
grayish,  less  brownish  above;  the  breast  is  mouse  gray  (as  opposed  to 
grayish  drab  to  light  grayish  drab  in  the  races  achrustera,  canfieldae,  and 
orecta. 

Adult  male. — Wing  102-115  (107.3)  ;  tail  77-88.5  (83)  ;  culmen  from 
base  13.8-15.5  (14.5);  tarsus  28-33  (30.9);  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-27.5  (25.8  mm.).77 


10  Three  specimens  of  each  sex. 
'"Eighteen  specimens. 


28S 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  101-110  (105.3);  tail  78-85  (82.2);  culmen 
from  base  14—15  (14.5)  ;  tarsus  28.5-32  (29.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-27  (25  mm.).78 

Range. — Resident  in  open  chaparral  country  from  southwestern  San 
Diego  County,  Calif.  (Dulzura,  Campo,  and  Mountain  Spring),  through 
northwestern  Baja  California,  roughly  south  to  latitude  30°  N. — the  so- 
called  San  Quintin  subfaunal  district;  east  in  canyons  to  the  east  base 
of  the  Sierra  San  Pedro  Martir,  and  to  San  Felipe  on  the  Gulf  of  Cali¬ 
fornia,  also  on  Los  Coronados  Islands. 

Type  locality. — San  Jose,  alt.  2,500  feet,  45  miles  northeast  of  San 
Quintin,  Baja  California. 

Lophortyx  californica  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1840,  789,  part.— Salle  and  Parzudaki,  Cat.  Oiseaux  Mexique,  1862,  6 
(Mexico).— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  575,  part.— 
Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894, 
219  part. 

Lophortyx  calif ornicus  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  644,  part;  Cat. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  474,  part.— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds’  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  400,  part  (s.  San  Diego  County,  Calif.).— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol. 
Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  47,  part. 

Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Bryant,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  2,  ii,  1889, 
276,  part  (San  Quintin,  etc.,  Baja  California;  descrip,  of  nest  and  eggs). — 
Holzner,  Auk,  xii,  1896,  81,  part  (s.  San  Diego  County,  Calif.). 

Lophortyx  californica  vallicola  Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43,  part 
(extreme  sw.  California).— Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  59,  part 
(w.  of  Colorado  Desert,  part)  ;  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxii,  1928,  101 
(extreme  n.  Baja  California). — Howell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  12,  1917,  52, 
part  (Los  Coronados  Ids.,  Baja  California). — Dawson,  Birds  California  (stud, 
ed.),  iii,  1923,  1576,  part  (habits;  etc.). — Anthony,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci., 
ser.  4,  xiv,  1925,  294  (e.  of  San  Quintin,  Baj.a  California). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  4,  1931,  89,  part 
(extreme  n.  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  calif  ornicus  vallicola  Thayer  and  Bangs,  Condor,  ix,  1907,  136  (Rosario, 
San  Javier,  San  Andreas,  and  Rosarito,  Baja  California). — Wright,  Condor, 
xi,  1909,  100  (Los  Coronados  Islands,  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1883,  528  (San  Quintin 
Bay,  Baja  California). 

\ Lophortyx]  vallicola  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

Lophortyx  californica  plumhea  Grinnell,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  128  (orig.  descr. ; 
San  Jose,  45  miles  northeast  of  San  Quintin,  Baja  California;  crit.)  ;  Univ. 
California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxii,  1928,  101  (distr.). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  90  (distr.) .—Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  71  (life  hist.).— Rowley,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  163  (nesting;  San  Telmo  to 
San  Fernando,  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californica  californica  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  44, 
part  (n.  Baja  California  s.  to  lat.  30°  N.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  232,  part  (n.  Baja  California,  s.  to  lat.  30°  N.). 


78  Twelve  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


289 


LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNIA  ACHRUSTERA  Peters 

San  Lucas  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  back  darker, 
averaging  more  gray  than  brown  in  fresh  plumage  (the  opposite  is  true 
in  typical  calif ornica)  ;  the  breast  deep  neutral  gray  (darker  than  the 
race  plumbea  of  northern  Baja  California). 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  the  back  de¬ 
cidedly  grayish  rather  than  brownish,  the  breast  grayish  drab  to  light 
grayish  drab.  From  the  races  canfieldae  and  orecta  this  form  differs  in 
being  slightly  less  grayish  above. 

Other  plumage  like  the  corresponding  ones  of  the  nominate  race. 

Adult  male . — Wing  107-114  (110);  tail  86-100  (91);  oilmen  from 
base  14-17  (15.4);  tarsus  28.5-33  (31.2);  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-27  (25.8  mm.).79 

Adult  female. — Wing  105-108  (106)  ;  tail  81-88  (84.9)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5-15.5  (15);  tarsus  29-31  (30.2);  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-25.5  (24.8  mm.).  80 

Range. — Resident  in  the  southern  half  or  more  of  Baja  California  from 
Cape  San  Lucas  north  to  about  latitude  30°  N. 

Type  locality. — La  Paz,  Baja  California. 

Lophortyx  californicus  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1859,  305  (Cape 
San  Lucas) ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  474,  part.— Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  400  part  (Cape  San  Lucas). 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  v,  1883,  544  (Cape  San  Lucas). 
— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii, 
1894,  219  part  (Baja  California;  part). 

Lophortyx  calif  ornica  vallicola  Bryant,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  2,  ii,  1889, 
276,  part  (Cape  San  Lucas  region).— Townsend,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xlviii,  1923,  13  (Gulf  Coast  of  Baja  California  from  Cape  San  Lucas  to  Agua 
Verde  Bay). — Mailliard,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xiii,  1923,  454  (San 
Francisquito  Bay,  Point  Santa  Antonita,  and  Agua  Verde  Bay,  Baja  California, 
May). 

Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Townsend,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiii,  1890,  136 
(Cape  San  Lucas). — Anthony,  Zoe,  iv,  1893,  232  (Baja  California;  habits); 
Auk,  xii,  1895,  136  (San  Fernando,  Baja  California). 

Lophortyx  californicus  vallicola  Brewster,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xli,  1902  (Tri- 
unfo,  San  Jose  del  Rancho,  La  Paz,  and  Sierra  de  la  Laguna,  s.  Baja  Cali¬ 
fornia;  crit.). 

[Lophortyx]  vallicola  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

Lophortyx  californica  achrustera  Peters,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  viii,  1923, 
79  (La  Paz,  Baja  California;  orig.  descr. ;  crit.).— Oberholser,  Auk,  xli,  1924, 
592  (addition  to  North  Amer.  Check-list) —Grinnell,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  128, 
in  text  (crit.)  ;  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxii,  1928,  103  (distr.  in  Baja 
California).— Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  159  (type  spec,  in 


10  Twenty  specimens. 
"  Five  specimens. 


290 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — Bancroft,  Condor,  xxii,  1930,  25  (Jose  Maria  Canon; 
breeding;  San  Ignacio,  Baja  California). — American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  90  (distr.) . — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Bull.  162,  1932,  72 
(life  hist.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  45. — Rowley,  Condor, 
xxxvii,  1935,  163,  in  text  (nesting;  Miraflores,  Baja  California) .—van  Rossem, 
Auk,  lvi,  1939,  68,  in  text  (crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  234  (syn. ;  distr.). 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  CANFIELD AE  van  Rossem 

Olathe  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  c.  achrustera  but  paler,  the  breast 
neutral  gray  (as  opposed  to  deep  neutral  gray  in  the  San  Lucas  quail). 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  L.  c.  achrustera  but  paler,  the  back 
with  little  or  none  of  the  olive  brownish  suffusion  found  in  that  form ; 
paler  than  L.  c.  orecta ,  the  sides  and  flanks  huffy  brown  (as  opposed  to 
olive  brown  in  L.  c.  orecta). 

Range. — Resident  in  Owens  Valley,  east-central  California.81 

Type  locality. — Lone  Pine,  Inyo  County,  Calif. 

Callipepla  californica  vallicola  Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893,  28,  part 
(Owens  Valley;  young  just  able  to  fly,  Lone  Pine,  June  4  to  15). — Grinnell, 
Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  514,  part  (Lone  Pine,  Inyo 
County). 

Lophortyx  californica  canficldae  van  Rossem,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  68  (Lone  Pine,  Inyo 
County,  Calif. ;  orig.  descr. ;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  234  (syn.;  crit.;  distr.). 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICA  ORECTA  Oberholser 
Warner  Valley  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  back 
much  more  grayish  in  fresh  plumage,  having  little  or  no  olive-brownish 
suffusion ;  very  pale  generally,  the  breast  light  neutral  gray. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  with  the 
back  much  grayer,  with  little  or  no  brownish  suffusion;  nearest  in  color 
to  L.  c.  canfieldae,  but  differs  in  having  the  sides  and  flanks  darker — 
olive-brown  (as  opposed  to  huffy  brown  in  canficldae) . 

Adult  male. — Wing  109.5-118.5  (113.1);  tail  87-96.5  (91);  culmen 
from  base  13.5-15.5  (14.6)  ;  tarsus  28.5-32.5  (31.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25-28.5  (26.5  mm.).82 

Adult  female. — Wing  110-113  (111.1)  ;  tail  84-92  (86.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14—15.5  (15);  tarsus  28-32.5  (30.3);  middle  toe  without 
claw  25-28.5  (26.5  mm.).83 


81  Birds  from  the  Sacramento  Valley,  while  nearer  to  the  typical  race  show  some 
variation  in  the  direction  of  canfieldae. 

88  Seventeen  specimens, 

88  Six  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


291 


Range. — Resident  in  the  Warner  Valley,  southeastern  Oregon.  Birds 
from  Malheur  County  to  the  west  show  some  variation  toward  orecta. 
The  race  is  only  faintly  characterized,  but  in  fresh  material  it  is 
recognizable. 

Type  locality. — Mouth  of  Twenty  Mile  Creek,  Warner  Valley,  9  miles 
south  of  Adel,  Oreg. 

Lophortyx  calif  arnica  orecta  Oberholser,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv, 
1932,  2  (mouth  of  Twenty  Mile  Creek,  Warner  Valley,  9  miles  south  of  Adel, 
Oreg.;  orig.  descr. ;  crit.). — van  Rossem,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  69,  in  text  (crit.). — 
— Miller,  Condor,  xliii,  1941,  259  (crit.). 

Lophortyx  calif ornica  calif ornica  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  44, 
part. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  232,  part. 

LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  GAMBELII  Gambel 

Gambel's  Quail 

Adult  male.— Forehead,  lores,  and  anterior  part  of  crown  black  finely 
streaked  with  pale  huffy,  the  pale  streaks  ending  just  anterior  to  the 
posterior  limit  of  the  coronal  black,  producing  a  narrow  black  posterior 
border  to  this  area,  which,  in  turn,  is  bounded  posteriorly  by  a  transverse 
white  band  between  the  eyes  which  turns  back  on  each  side  to  continue 
over  the  eyes  and  auriculars  to  the  sides  of  the  neck,  this  white  band 
narrowly  rimmed  with  black ;  the  black  posterior  rim  broadest  on  the 
crown ;  top  and  back  of  head  between  cinnamon-rufous  and  Sudan  brown ; 
crest  of  six  terminally  broadening,  spatulate  black  feathers  beginning  at 
midposterior  point  of  the  coronal  white  band ;  nape  and  sides  of  neck 
and  anterior  interscapulars  between  neutral  gray  and  light  neutral  gray, 
each  feather  with  a  Dresden  brown  narrow  shaft  streak;  posterior  inter¬ 
scapulars,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  neutral  gray,  all  but  the 
posterior  interscapulars  washed  more  or  less  with  mouse  gray;  upper 
wing  coverts  and  scapulars  mouse  gray  washed  with  drab ;  the  scapulars 
and  innermost  secondaries  with  whitish  or  buffy  whitish  margins  on 
their  inner  webs,  the  secondaries  with  narrower  similar  edges  on  their 
outer  webs ;  primaries  between  .buffy  brown  and  olive-brown,  grayish  on 
their  outer  webs ;  rectrices  between  neutral  gray  and  deep  neutral  gray ; 
chin  and  throat  and  cheeks  solid  black,  the  area  bordered  by  a  white 
band  running  across  the  lower  throat  and  turning  forward  on  the  sides 
of  the  head  to  separate  the  cheeks  from  the  auriculars,  and  ending  at 
the  posterior  angle  of  the  eye,  this  white  band  narrowly  rimmed  poste¬ 
riorly  with  black ;  auriculars  between  Dresden  brown  and  sepia ;  breast 
uniform  neutral  gray;  sides  and  anterior  flanks  with  elongated  feathers 
of  bright,  dark  chestnut,  each  with  a  terminally  widening,  narrowly  spatu¬ 
late  white  shaft  stripe ;  abdomen  pale  buffy  white  with  a  large  patch  on 
the  midposterior  part ;  the  posterior  flank  feathers  pale  buffy  white  with 
fairly  broad  hazel  shaft  stripes;  under  tail  coverts  similar  but  with  the 


292 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


shaft  stripes  clove  brown  to  chaetura  drab;  under  wing  coverts  dusky 
hair  brown ;  iris  dark  brown ;  bill  black ;  tarsi  and  toes  dull  greenish  gray, 
claws  black. 

Adult  female.- — Very  different  from  the  male:  forehead,  lores,  and 
anterior  part  of  crown  posterior  to  the  hind  end  of  the  eyes  pale  hair 
brown  finely  streaked  with  huffy  white;  crest  smaller  than  in  male  and 
dark  clove  brown  to  fuscous;  posterior  part  of  crown,  occiput,  and 
auriculars  between  wood  brown  and  sayal  brown,  the  auriculars  with 
fine  dusky  streaks ;  nape  and  sides  of  neck  and  anterior  interscapulars  as 
in  the  male  but  washed  with  brownish  gray  and  the  shaft  streaks  less 
rufescent,  more  dusky;  rest  of  upperparts  of  the  body,  the  wings,  and 
tail  as  in  the  male  but  averaging  slightly  more  brownish ;  chin  and  throat 
white  faintly  washed  with  huffy  and  the  feathers  with  shaft  streaks  of 
pale  buffy  brown;  cheeks  similar  but  with  the  streaks  much  darker- 
dingy  sepia;  breast  like  the  back  but  slightly  paler;  abdomen  light  buffy 
whitish  without  the  large  central  black  patch  found  in  the  male,  and  the 
feathers  with  narrow,  incomplete  shaft  streaks  of  dark  brown,  these 
streaks  disappearing  on  the  lower  abdomen ;  elongated  feathers  of  the 
sides  and  upper  flanks  as  in  the  male  but  averaging  paler  chestnut;  lower 
flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  as  in  the  male. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Lores,  forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  Saccardo’s 
umber,  bordered  on  each  side  by  very  broad  supraorbital  bands  of  very 
pale  cinnamon-buff;  entire  upperparts  of  body  pale  tawny-olive  finely 
speckled  with  dusky;  interscapulars,  scapulars,  innermost  secondaries 
and  inner  upper  wing  coverts  with  broad  white  shaft  streaks,  which  spread 
out  at  the  tips  of  the  feathers,  the  feathers  heavily  blotched  with  dark 
mummy  brown  subterminally ;  innermost  secondaries  with  the  white  shaft 
stripes  greatly  reduced,  the  feathers  crossed  by  heavy  transverse  blotches 
of  dusky  mummy  brown,  and  their  inner  webs  extensively  suffused  with 
the  same;  remaining  secondaries  and  the  primaries  dull  clove  brown, 
their  outer  webs  mottled  with  dull  pale  tawny-olive;  rectrices  dusky  bister 
transversely  mottled  and  tipped  with  pale  dull  olive-buff;  chin  and  throat 
whitish  somewhat  tinged  with  pale  buffy ;  breast,  sides,  flanks,  thighs, 
and  under  tail  coverts  dingy  buffy  white  transversely  mottled  and  barred 
with  hair  brown  to  dusky  hair  brown ;  middle  of  abdomen  uniformly 
dingy  buffy  white. 

Natal  dozvn. — Forehead,  lores,  and  anterior  half  of  crown  and  the 
sides  of  the  head  vary  from  clay  color  to  pinkish  buff;  a  broad  band 
of  russet,  rimmed  with  black  from  the  point  of  origin  of  the  crest  to 
hindneck  ;  auriculars  dark  brownish ;  remainder  of  upperparts  light  pinkish 
buff,  broadly  striped  and  blotched  with  warm  sepia;  underparts  pale 
grayish  buff. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


293 


Adult  male. — Wing  108-122  (112.1);  tail  91-107  (96.3);  culmen 
from  base  13.9-16.4  (15.4)  ;  tarsus  27.6-32.5  (30.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.1-29.4  (26.9  mm.)84 

Adult  female. — Wing  105-118  (112.1)  ;  tail  83—102  (94.2)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.3-16.2  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  27.9-31.9  (30.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.1-28.4  (26.0  mm.).85 

Range. — Resident  from  southwestern  Utah  (St.  George,  Uinta, 
Toquerville)  and  southern  Nevada  (Ash  Meadows,  Pahrump  Valley) 
south  to  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Fort  Bayard,  Frisco,  Joseph,  Silver 
City,  Grafton)  ;  Arizona,  to  extreme  northwestern  Chihuahua  (Cajon, 
Bonito  Creek),  and  through  southern  California  (Death  Valley,  Needles, 
Calipatria,  San  Diego  County,  etc.)  to  central  Sonora  (south  to  Guaymas 
and  Tecoripa)  and  to  extreme  northeastern  Baja  California  (Cocopah 
Mountains;  Volcano  Lake,  Seven  Wells,  etc.).  Introduced  in  many 
places— Hawaii,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  etc.,  mostly  without  success. 

Type  locality.- — “Some  distance  west  [i.  e.,  east]  of  California”=south- 
ern  Nevada. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  Gambel,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1843,  260  (“some 
distance  west  [ i.e.,  east]  of  California”  =  s.  Nevada;  ex  Nuttall,  manuscript)  ; 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  i,  1847,  219. — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Surv.,  ix,  1858,  645,  part  (Gila  River,  Ariz. ;  Colorado  River,  Calif.)  ;  Rep.  U.  S. 
and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  23  (s.  to  Presidio  del  Norte,  Tex.;  w.  to 
San  Bernardino,  n.  Sonora)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  475 ;  in  Cooper, 
Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  553  (Fort  Mojave,  etc.).— Heermann,  Rep. 
Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  Parke’s  Route,  1859,  19  part  (Fort  Yuma,  Ariz.).— Ken- 
nerly,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  3,  1859,  33,  part  (Colorado  River;  habits). 
— Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1866,  94  (Fort  Whipple,  etc.,  Arizona; 
habits;  descr.  young  in  various  stages). — Henshaw,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New 
York,  xi,  1874,  10  (s.  Utah) —American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Auk,  xvi, 
1899,  106. — Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  121  (descr.; 
distr. ) . — Bruner,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  232  (Baboquivari  Mountains,  Ariz.). — 
Miller,  Taylor,  and  Swarth,  Condor,  xxxi,  1929,  77  in  text  (winter  at  Tucson, 
Ariz.). — Miller,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  139  (bones  ex  Indian  dwellings,  Arizona). 
— Gorsuch,  Condor,  xxviii,  1936,  126  in  text  (banding  records,  Tucson,  Ariz.). 
— Carter,  Condor,  xxxix,  1937,  212  (Twentynine  Palms,  Calif.). — Neff,  Con¬ 
dor,  xliii,  1941,  117  in  text  (arboreal  nests  in  Arizona). 

Callipepla  gambelii  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  1850,  pi.  17,  text  (unpaged). — Ameri¬ 
can  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  109,  part. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  gambelii  Grinnell,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xiii,  1923, 
60  (Furnace  Creek  Ranch,  Death  Valley,  Calif. ;  food)  ;  Distr.  Summ.  Orn.  Baja 
California,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  xxxii,  1928,  103  (Baja  California; 
distr.). — Abbott,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  163  (Borego  Valley,  Calif.). — Swarth, 


M  Fifty-six  specimens  from  Nevada,  California,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Utah,  and  Mexico  (Sonora,  Chihuahua,  and  Baja  California). 

85  Forty-one  specimens  from  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  California,  and 
Mexico  (Sonora,  Chihuahua,  and  Baja  California). 


653008° 


20 


294 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xviii,  1929,  289  (e.  of  Patagonia,  Ariz. ; 
young;  distr. ;  plum.).— van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi, 
19ol,  245  (Sonora,  Mexico  El  Doctor,  Pesquira,  Tecoripa,  Saric,  Guaymas,  12 
miles  w.  of  Magdalena,  15  miles  sw.  of  Nogales,  Sasabe  Valley;  spec.)  ;  vii,  1932, 
132,  in  text  (colors  of  soft  parts)  ;  viii,  1936,  128,  photo  (south-central  Arizona)  ; 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  431  (Mexico— Bacoachi,  San  Pedro,  Opo- 
sura,  Granados;  spec.)  ;  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  24,  1936,  21  (Charleston  Moun¬ 
tains,  Nev.;  common  resident  Lower  Sonoran  Zone).— Miller,  Condor,  xxxiv, 
1932,  96  (Grand  Canyon,  Collums  Ranch,  Ariz.).— Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  21,  1933,  49  (San  Gorgonio  Pass  and  near  Banning,  sw.  California).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  46. — Linsdale,  Pacific  Coast  Avif., 
No.  23,  1936,  23,  49  (Nevada;  resident,  common  in  southern  part  of  State  north 
to  Quinn  Canyon  Mountains).— Bond,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  221  (Lincoln  County, 
Nev.;  common  in  desert  brush  near  water  or  wet  meadows). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  235,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). — Behle,  Bull. 
Univ.  Utah,  xxxiv,  1943,  24,  37  (Washington  County,  Utah)  ;  Condor,  xlvi'  1944 
72  (Utah). 

Lophortyx  g[ambelii ]  gambelii  Law,  Condor,  xxxi,  1929,  219  (range  in  s.  Arizona). 

[Lophortyx]  [ gambelii ]  gambelii  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii, 
1932,  132,  in  text  (distr.);  viii,  1936,  128  (Sonora). 

Lophortyx  gambeli  Coues,  Ibis,  1866,  45-55  (Arizona;  habits,  etc.);  Check  List 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  392,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  576;  Birds  Northwest,  1874, 
432  (synonymy;  habits).— Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer! 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  482  pi.  64,  figs.  4,  5,  p.  523  (Tucson,  Ariz.;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). 
—Brewster,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  viii,  1883,  32  (Tucson,  etc.,  up  to  5,000 
feet).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  403,  part  (Toquerville 
and  Washington,  s.  Utah;  New  Mexico;  Camp  Grant,  Gila  River,  and  Yuma, 
Arizona;  Agua  Caliente  and  Colorado  Desert,  Calif.).— Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  3,  1902,  30  (California;  common  resident  of  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  se. 
of  Sierras) ;  No.  8,  1912,  10  (California) ;  Univ.  California  Publ.  Zool.,  x,  1913, 
231  (arid  eastern  base  of  San  Jacinto  Mountains).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.' 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  292,  part  (New  Mexico;  Arizona;  s.  Utah;  s. 
Nevada;  Colorado  Valley,  se.  California). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21, 
1905,  56,  part,  pi.  2  (range;  habits;  food).— Brown,  Condor,  ix,  1907,  109,  in 
text  (\ alley  between  Cocopah  and  Coast  ranges,  w.  Baja  California,  for  70 
miles  s.  of  boundary;  w.  side  of  Salton  Sea  to  Calexico,  on  New  River).— 
Gilman,  Condor,  ix,  1907,  148  (California  range)  ;  x,  1908,  147  (Aztec,  N.  Mex.). 
—American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  137,  part— Wil¬ 
lett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  7,  1912,  43  (near  Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  Sept.  16, 
1896;  near  San  Bernardino,  Jan.  15,  1890).— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif,  No! 

10,  1914,  22  (Arizona;  abundant  in  lowlands  in  s.  and  sw.  parts  of  State). _ 

Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  of  California,  1918,  538  (California; 
habits;  distr.).— Willard,  Condor,  xxv,  1923,  122,  fig.  43  (near  Tucson,  Ari¬ 
zona;  eggs  in  nest  of  Toxostoma  palmeri)  .—Dawson,  Birds  of  California  (stud, 
ed.),  iii,  1923,  1586  (general;  California). — Bancroft,  Condor,  xxvi,  1924,  229, 
in  text  (San  Diego,  Calif.).— Blincoe,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  419  (near  Bardstown,' 
Ky. ;  introduced).— Tanner,  Condor,  xxix,  1927,  197  (Virgin  River  Valley! 
Utah) .—Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  278,  in  text  (patronymics). — Caum,  Occ. 
Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  13  (Hawaii,  introduced). — Groebbels,  Der 
V«gel,  ii,  1937,  232,  in  text  (lays  eggs  in  nests  of  thrasher  and  wren),  237  in 
text  (number  of  eggs),  383,  in  text  (runt  eggs),  402,  in  text  (parental  care).— 
Bagg  and  Eliot,  Birds  Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  174  (intro¬ 
duced  unsuccessfully). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


295 


L[ophortyx ]  gambeli  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  761  (care  in  captivity). 

Lophortyx  gambclli  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  ‘‘Antonio 
Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Sonora  and  Chihuahua). 

Lophortis  gambelii  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.,  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (common  names,  Mexico). 

L[ophortyx]  gambeli  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  593,  part. 

[ Lophorlyx ]  gambeli  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part. 

Callipepla  gambeli  Gambel,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  n.  s.,  i,  1847,  219. 
— Baird,  Rep.  Stansbury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  326  (New  Mexico),  334 
(New  Mexico;  California). — Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds  California,  Texas,  etc.,  1854, 
45. — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  Gallinse,  pt.  5,  1867,  79,  part. — Bryant,  Proc. 
California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  2,  ii,  1889,  277  (e.  side  Baja  California,  lat.  30°N.). — 
Johnson,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  280  (Palm  Springs,  s.  California). — Bendire,  Life  Hist. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  29.— Wall,  Auk,  x,  1893,  204  (San  Bernardino, 
Calif.). — Fisher,  North  Amer.  Fauna,  No.  7,  1893,  29  (Death  Valley,  Amargosa 
Valley,  and  Resting  Springs,  Calif. ;  Ash  Meadows,  Pahrump  Valley,  Charleston 
Mountains,  Upper  Cottonwood  Springs,  and  Great  Bend  of  Colorado  River,  s. 
Nevada;  Beaverdam  Creek,  nw.  Arizona;  Beaverdam  Mountains,  Santa  Clara 
Valley,  and  s.  end  of  Escalante  Desert,  s.  Utah).— Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  49 
(molt,  etc.). 

C[allipepla]  gambeli  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317. 

[Callipepla]  gambelii  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  274,  No.  9799. 

Gallipepla  gambeli  Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds  California,  Texas,  etc.,  1854,  pi.  9. 

Callipepla  gambelii  Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  pt.  iv,  No.  2,  1859,  60 
(Mojave  Desert  and  Big  Lagoon  of  New  River,  Calif.;  Fort  Yuma,  Ariz. ; 
habits). — Grinnell,  Pasadena  Acad.  Sci.,  Publ.  2,  1898,  19  (near  Los  Angeles, 
Calif.,  Aug.  1,  Sept.  16,  1896;  common  50  miles  n.  and  e.). 

Lophortyx  gambeli  gambeli  Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  60  (abun¬ 
dant  locally  on  Colorado  and  Mojave  Deserts,  n.  to  Amargosa  and  Death  Val¬ 
leys;  w.  to  Hesperia  and  n.  flank  of  Santa  Rosa  Mountains,  and  through  Gor- 
gonio  Pass  to  Banning;  casual  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  Counties). — 
Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States,  1925,  86 
(descr.;  chars.). — Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  218,  part  (genl. ;  New 
Mexico). — Pemberton,  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  219  (San  Clemente  Island). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  90,  part  (distr.). 
— Huey,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  46  (introduced  on  San  Clemente  Island  in  1912). — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  73,  part  (life  hist.,  distr.;  descr.).— 
Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  26,  in  footnote  (Missouri;  in¬ 
troduced;  not  yet  with  success).— Gorsuch,  Bull.  Univ.  Arizona,  v,  1935,  i 
(Arizona;  life  hist.).— Huey,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  252  (Punta  Pinascosa,  Sonora); 
Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  1942,  364  (Organ  Pipe  Cactus  National 
Monument,  Ariz.;  common;  spec.). 

Lophortyx  g[ambeli]  gambeli  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data  on  breeding 
biology). 

Callipepla  venusta  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1846  (pub.  Oct.  1846),  70  (Cali¬ 
fornia?;  coll.  Mus.  Neufchatel). 

Lophortyx  calif ornicus  (not  Tetrao  calif ornicus  Shaw)  Kennerly,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  3,  1859,  33  (Mojave  River,  se.  California).— Coues,  Ibis, 
1865,  165,  in  text  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.). 

Callipepla  gambeli  dcserlicola  Stephens,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  371  (Palm  Springs,  San 
Diego  County,  Calif.;  coll.  F.  Stephens).— Grinnell,  Univ.  California  Publ. 
Zool.,  xxxviii,  1932,  270  (type  loc.;  crit.). 


296 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  FULVIPECTUS  (Nelson) 

Fulvous-breasted  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  with  the  abdomen 
more  deeply  colored — light  warm  buff ;  the  pale  edging  of  the  scapulars 
and  inner  secondaries  also  huffier  and  the  back  slightly  more  washed 
with  olive-brown.86 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  with  the  ab¬ 
domen  more  deeply  colored — light  warm  buff ;  the  pale  edgings  of  the 
inner  remiges  also  huffier ;  and  the  upperparts  more  extensively  tinged  with 
buffy  brown.  In  the  majority  of  specimens  (but  not  in  all)  there  is  a 
faint  but  noticeable  white  line  beginning  behind  the  eye  and  posteriorly 
limiting  the  cheeks  and  sides  of  the  throat,  and  another  along  the  antero¬ 
lateral  edge  of  the  crown  on  each  side.  The  crown  and  occiput  average 
more  rufescent  in  this  race  than  in  any  of  the  others. 

Adult  male.-— Wing  106-115  (112)  ;  tail  88-101  (95.6)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.8—16.2  (15.4)  ;  tarsus  30.5-33.0  (31.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
27.1-28.3  (27.7  mm.).87 

Adult  female. — Wing  105-118  (110.6);  tail  85-98  (89.4);  culmen 
from  base  14.9-16.7  (15.7)  ;  tarsus  29.0-31.3  (30.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  26.3-26.9  (26.6  mm.).88 

Range. — Resident  in  north-central  to  southwestern  Sonora  (Camoa, 
Obregon,  Opodepe,  Tesia,  Tobari  Bay,  Agiabampo;  25  miles  southeast 
of  Guaymas),  intergrading  with  gambelii  near  Guaymas. 

Type  locality. — Camoa,  Rio  Mayo,  Sonora. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  (not  of  Gambel)  Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii, 
1874,  307  (Sonora). 

Lophortyx  gambeli  Belding,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1884,  344  (Guaymas).— 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  292,  part  (Santa  Bar¬ 
bara,  Hermosillo,  Guaymas,  and  Rio  Mayo,  Sonora). 

Callipepla  gambeli  Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  103,  part  (nw. 
Mexico) .—Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1893,  33  (Santa  Barbara, 
Sonora).— Jouy,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1894,  790  (Guadalajara,  Jalisco). 
Callipepla  gambeli  fulvipectus  Nelson,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  26  (Camoa,  Rio  Mayo,  sw. 
Sonora;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.);  xix,  1902,  388  (crit.).- — Thayer  and  Bangs, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xix,  1906,  18  (Opodepe,  north-central  Sonora). 

[ Lophortyx ]  fulvipectus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  fulvipectus  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi, 
1931,  245  (Sonora — Obregon,  Tesia,  Tobari  Bay,  Agiabampo)  ;  vii,  1932,  132  in 
text  (Sonora;  colors  of  soft  parts). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii, 
1934,  46. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  gambelii  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  235,  part  (Camoa,  Sonora). 


“These  differences  hold  only  in  freshly  plumaged  birds.  The  buffy  tones  appear  to 
fade  away  fairly  rapidly  so  that  by  winter  specimens  of  fulvipectus  are  indistinguish¬ 
able  from  gambelii.  This  is  also  true  of  the  females. 

87  Seven  specimens  from  Sonora. 

68  Eleven  specimens  from  Sonora. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


297 


LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  PEMBERTONI  van  Rossem 

Tibur6n  Island  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  paler,  purer 
gray,  above  with  little  or  no  olive  wash,  the  gray  of  the  anterior  upper- 
parts  between  neutral  gray  and  light  neutral  gray. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  paler,  the 
upperparts  gray  with  little  or  no  olive  wash,  the  elongated  feathers  of 
the  sides  and  flanks  paler,  as  in  the  Texan  race,  ignoscens. 

Adult  male. — Wing  119;  tail  97;  culmen  from  base  13,  tarsus  31,  mid¬ 
dle  toe  without  claw  28.5  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Adult  female. — Wing  113-115;  tail  88-93;  culmen  from  base  12-13; 
tarsus  30.5-31 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  27-28  mm.  (2  specimens). 
Range. — Confined  to  Tiburon  Island,  Gulf  of  California. 

Type  locality. — Petrel  Bay,  just  south  of  Narragansett  Point,  east 
side  of  Tiburon  Island,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  pembertoni  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vii, 
1932,  132  (Petrel  Bay,  Just  south  of  Narragansett  Point,  east  side  of  Tiburon 
Island,  Sonora,  Mexico;  descr. ;  crit.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934, 
46. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  236  (syn. ;  distr.). 

LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  SANA  Mearns 

Colorado  Gambel’s  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  darker,  the 
upper  back  gray  with  little  or  no  olive  wash,  the  general  tone  being  be¬ 
tween  neutral  gray  and  light  mouse  gray  (being  nearest  to  L.  g.  pember- 
toni  in  this  regard,  but  darker). 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  but  differing  from 
it  in  the  same  way  that  the  males  of  the  two  forms  do. 

Adult  male. — Wing  117,  tail  84;  culmen  from  the  base  14;  tarsus  32; 
middle  toe  without  claw  29  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Adult  female. — Wing  115-117;  tail  85-86;  culmen  from  base  14-15; 
tarsus  26-29;  middle  toe  without  claw  27-28  mm.  (2  specimens). 

Range. — Resident  in  western  Colorado  in  the  drainage  areas  of  the 
Uncompahgre  and  Gunnison  Rivers  and  the  portion  of  the  Rio  Grande 
Valley  lying  in  Colorado. 

Type  locality. — Olathe,  Montrose  County,  Colo. 

Callipepla  gambeli  (not  Lophortyx  gambelii  Gambel)  Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr. 

Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  70  (sw.  Colorado,  40  miles  sw.  of  Fort  Lewis). 

Lophortyx  gambeli  Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado,  1912,  144  (Colorado;  doubtful). 

— Figgins,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  62,  64,  68,  in  text  (Colorado;  meas. ;  crit.). 
Lophortyx  gambelii  Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  56,  1900,  202  (cited;  syn.). 
Lophortyx  gambelii  sanus  Mearns,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxvii,  1914,  113 
(Olathe,  Montrose  County,  sw.  Colorado;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  517  (sw.  Colorado;  Check-list  No. 
295a). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  45. 


29S 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lophortyx  gambeli  sanus  American  Ornithologists'’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931, 
90  (distr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  84  (life  histr. distr.’). 
Lophortyx  gambelii  sana  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
234  (syn. ;  distr.). 

LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  IGNOSCENS  Friedmann 

Texas  Gambel’s  Quail 

Adult.  Similar  to  the  corresponding  sex  of  the  nominate  race,  but 
with  the  long  feathers  of  the  sides  and  upper  flanks  lighter  in  color — - 
between  Sanford’s  brown  and  chestnut,  while  in  typical  gambelii  they 
are  between  chestnut  and  bay;  and  somewhat  paler  generally,  especially 
so  on  the  crown,  breast,  and  back.89 

Adult  male.  Wing  111—121  (116)  ;  tail  92—100  (96.2)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5—15.6  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  29—31.5  (30.2);  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.1- 27.7  (26.1  mm.).90 

Adult  female.— Wing  105-118  (112.3)  ;  tail  84-92  (87)  ;  culmen  from 
base  13-14.9  (14.1);  tarsus  29.9—31  (30.3);  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.1- 28  (26  mm.).91 

Range.  Inhabits  the  extremely  dry  desert  region,  sometimes  called 
the  “eastern  succulent  desert,”  from  Fort  Fillmore,  N.  Mex.,  east  to 
extreme  western  Texas— El  Paso,  Belen,  San  Elizario,  and  Fort  Han¬ 
cock,  east  to  Presidio  del  Norte  and  to  the  Limpia  River,  Jeff  Davis 
County.  It  does  not  extend  farther  eastward  into  Brewster  County,  and 
apparently  does  not  go  southward  into  adjacent  areas  of  Mexico,  but 
is  limited  to  the  area  of  low  rainfall  (under  10  inches  a  year). 

Type  locality — San  Elizario,  Tex. 

Lophortyx  gambelii  (not  of  Gambel,  1843)  McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila¬ 
delphia,  1851,  221  (Limpia  River,  w.  Texas,  and  westward;  habits). — Baird, 
Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  645,  part  (San  Elizario,  Tex.;  Fort  Fillmore, 
N.  Mex.).— Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  Parke’s  Route,  1859,  19,  part 
Eagle  Springs,  Tex.).— Kennerly,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  3,  1859,  33, 
part  (Upper  Rio  Grande). 

Callipepla  gambelii  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  109, 
part. 

Lophortyx  gambeli  Dresser,  Ibis,  1866,  28  (near  Fort  Clark,  Tex.).— Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves.,  iii,  1903,  292,  part  (w.  Texas ;  New  Mexico, 
part).— Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  56,  part,  pi.  2  (range;  habits; 
food).— American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  137,  part. 
L[ophortyx]  gambeli  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  593,  part  (Pecos 
and  San  Elizario,  Tex.). 

[Lophortyx]  gambeli  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44,  part  (w.  Texas). 

Callipepla  gambeli  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  79,  part.— 
Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  103,  part  (w.  Texas). 

m  The  characters  of  this  race  are  more  pronounced  in  the  males  than  the  females. 

00  Five  specimens  including  the  type. 

1,1  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


299 


Lophortyx  gambeli  gambeli  Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  218,  part  (New 
Mexico). — American  Ornithologists'  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  90,  part. — 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  73,  part  (life  hist.;  distr. ;  descr.). 
Lophortyx  calif ornicus  Dresser,  Ibis,  1866,  27  (Devils  River,  Tex.). 

Callipepla  elegans  (not  Ortyx  clegans  Lesson)  Woodhouse,  in  Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl. 

Zuni  and  Colorado  R.,  1853,  95  (Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso,  Tex.). 

Lophortyx  gambelii  ignosccns  Friedmann,  Joum.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  371  (San  Elizario,  Tex.;  descr.;  distr.;  crit. ;  type  in  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

LOPHORTYX  DOUGLASII  DOUGLASII  (Visors) 

Elegant  Quail 

Adult  male. — Forehead,  anterior  and  lateral  parts  of  crown,  sides  of 
occiput,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  white  narrowly  streaked  with  black,  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  forehead  and  the  lores  more  or  less  suffused  with 
olive-brown,  and  the  immediate  supra-  and  postocular  area  tinged  with 
tawny ;  crest  coming  from  hindcenter  of  crown  ochraceous-salmon  to 
bright  orange-cinnamon;  feathers  of  the  middle  of  the  occiput  from 
immediately  behind  the  base  of  the  crest  to  the  nape,  grayish  white  with 
wedge-shaped  terminal  shaft  spots  of  argus  brown  to  Brussels  brown, 
the  more  proximal  (hidden)  parts  of  the  shafts  blackish;  hindneck  and 
lower  sides  of  neck  between  neutral  gray  and  pale  neutral  gray,  the 
feathers  with  tear-shaped  terminal  shaft  spots  of  Brussels  brown;  inter¬ 
scapulars  neutral  gray  somewhat  tinged  with  buffy  brown ;  scapulars 
and  innermost  secondaries  bright  to  dark  Sanford’s  brown  laterally 
edged  with  white,  a  narrow  dusky  line  separating  the  Sanford’s  brown 
from  the  white  edges,  these  feathers  basally  dusky  buffy  brown;  upper 
wing  coverts  buffy  brown  or  slightly  darker,  the  innermost  ones  with 
reduced  broad  medial  streaks  of  Sanford’s  brown ;  secondaries,  other 
than  the  innermost  ones,  olive-brown,  their  external  edges  finely  dap¬ 
pled  with  buffy  or  whitish  forming  indistinct  margins  of  paler ;  primaries 
dark  olive-brown;  feathers  of  the  upper  back  neutral  gray  tinged  with 
buffy  brown  and  with  terminally  broadening  shaft  streaks  of  Sanford’s 
brown;  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  light  brownish 
olive  much  tinged  with  deep  grayish;  rectrices  deep  neutral  gray  tipped 
and  edged  with  buffy  brownish ;  chin  and  upper  throat  barred  black  and 
white,  the  chin  more  blackish  than  white;  lower  throat  and  breast  be¬ 
tween  pale  neutral  gray  and  light  mouse  gray;  upper  and  middle  ab¬ 
domen  similar  but  spotted  with  fairly  large  oval  white  spots,  some  of 
the  posterolateral  feathers  with  a  strong  tinge  of  dull  orange-cinnamon 
on  the  gray  portions;  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  with  broad  median 
areas  orange-cinnamon  to  Sanford’s  brown,  the  gray  lateral  areas  broken 
by  narrow,  elongate  oval  white  spots  corresponding  to  those  on  the 
abdomen;  lower  abdomen  and  under  tail  coverts  pale  pinkish  buff  to 
buffy  white,  each  feather  with  a  broad  shaft  stripe  of  dull  hazel  to  Van- 


300 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


dyke  brown ;  thighs  pale  avellaneous  to  wood  brown ;  under  wing  cov¬ 
erts  pale  smoky  wood  brown,  edged  with  grayish  white;  iris  hazel;  bill 
brownish  black ;  feet  described  by  collectors  as  “bluish  black,”  “pale 
olive  brown,”  “dirty  greenish  white,”  etc.!  (see  Miller,  Bull.  Amer. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxi,  1905,  342). 

Adult  female. — Very  different  from  the  male:  forehead,  lores,  crown, 
and  sides  of  occiput  light  wood  brown  with  shaft  streaks  of  blackish  ; 
crest  averaging  shorter  than  in  male  and  dark  olive-brown  usually  in¬ 
conspicuously  spotted  or  incompletely  barred  with  dull  tawny;  center 
of  occiput  from  immediately  behind  the  base  of  the  crest  to  the  hindneck 
like  the  sides  of  occiput  but  with  broader  dark  shaft  streaks ;  interscapu¬ 
lars  dark  hair  brown  with  a  grayish  suffusion  and  vermiculated  with 
buffy  brown ;  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  similar  but  with  less  grayish 
and  more  buffy  brown ;  scapulars  and  innermost  secondaries  and  the 
inner  upper  secondary  coverts  edged  on  both  webs  with  cartridge  buff 
to  light  pinkish  cinnamon,  the  median  portion  of  the  feathers  Saccardo’s 
umber  heavily  blotched  with  mummy  brown  distally  and  speckled  and 
vermiculated  with  the  same  in  the  more  proximal  parts ;  outer  upper 
wing  coverts  buffy  brown  edged  with  light  ochraceous-buff ;  outer 
secondaries  dusky  olive-brown  with  small  light  buffy  brown  f recklings 
on  the  outer  part  of  the  outer  webs,  these  paler  markings  forming 
indistinct  edgings  and  tips  to  the  feathers;  primaries  dusky  olive- 
brown,  the  longest  primaries,  in  the  folded  wing,  exceeding  the 
longest  secondaries  by  15-20  mm.;  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  rump  but 
slightly  darker,  less  olivaceous ;  rectrices  between  neutral  gray  and  deep 
neutral  gray,  laterally  and  terminally  mottled  with  pale  hair  brown  to 
pale  buffy,  the  sides  and  tips  of  the  feathers  often  with  a  buffy  wash 
over  the  grayish;  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  whitish  the  chin  and 
throat  with  small  specks  of  hair  brown  the  sides  of  the  head  with  these 
specks  elongated  into  streaks  and  darker;  auriculars  much  washed  with 
olive-brown,  forming  a  dark  area  surrounded  by  lighter;  lower  throat, 
breast,  and  lower  sides  of  neck  washed  with  pale  buffy  brown,  the 
feathers  with  dark  olive-brown  tips;  feathers  of  abdomen  dusky  olive- 
brown,  the  feathers  very  broadly  tipped  and  barred  with  whitish,  these 
tips  and  bars  interrupted  by  a  dark  olive-brown  shaft  streak  causing  the 
segments  of  the  bars  to  appear  like  large  rounded  spots;  sides  similar 
but  the  shaft  streaks  broader  and  suffused  with  cinnamon-brown  to 
Verona  brown;  lower  abdomen,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts 
similar  to  the  upper  abdomen  but  with  the  pale  spots  narrowed  and 
connected  longitudinally  to  form  pale  edgings  to  the  feathers,  the  brown 
shaft  streaks  correspondingly  increased  in  width ;  under  wing  coverts 
buffy  brown  edged  with  grayish  white. 

Immature  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  darker; 
more  rufescent  on  the  top  of  the  head,  wings,  and  upper  back,  and  tail ; 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


301 


the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  abdomen  buffy  white  barred  with  olive- 
brown,  not  with  round  white  spots. 

Natal  down. — Forehead,  lores,  sides  of  head  light  ochraceous-buff ; 
center  of  crown  and  occiput  mummy  brown,  edged  laterally  with  buffy 
white;  this  dark  area  extending  caudally  in  an  unbroken  spinal  tract  to 
the  tail,  bordered  from  the  neck  back  to  the  tail  with  white,  almost 
devoid  of  any  buffy  tinge;  similar  but  narrow  stripes  of  mummy  brown 
to  fuscous  in  the  following  places — from  behind  the  eye  to  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  side  of  the  neck,  two  on  each  femoral  tract,  two  short  ones 
on  each  wing,  and  an  incomplete,  interrupted  one  on  each  side  from  the 
hind  end  of  the  postocular  stripe  to  the  wing ;  underparts  whitish  faintly 
tinged  with  buffy;  bill  and  feet  (in  dried  skin)  light  yellow. 

Adult  male. — Wing  109-114  (111.7);  tail  70-78  (74.6);  culmen 
from  base  13-14.3  (13.7);  tarsus  30-33  (31.3);  middle  toe  without 
claw  27-30.4  (28.1  mm.).92 

Adult  female. — Wing  105.4—113  (108.8);  tail  66—68  (  67);  culmen 
from  base  13.3-14.8  (14.1)  ;  tarsus  31-33  (32)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
26.5-27.5  (27.1  mm.).93 

Range.- — Resident  from  extreme  southern  Sonora  (Tesia,  Cheno- 
bampo,  Guirocoba)  south  throughout  Sinaloa,  and  to  northwestern 
Durango  (Casa  Blanca). 

Type  locality. — Mazatlan,  Sinaloa. 

0[rtyx]  dougtasii  Douglas,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xvi,  1829,  145  [California]  ; 

“never  higher  than  42°  north  latitude”;  ex  Vigors,  manuscript). 

Ortyx  dougtasii  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.,  iv,  1829,  353;  Zool.  Voy.  Blossom,  Birds,  1839, 
27,  pi.  11  (“Monterey,  California”).— Jardine  and  Selby,  Illustr.  Orn.,  ii,  1830, 
pi.  107. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  508  (“California”). 

[Ortyx]  douglassii  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  1848,  Gallinaceae  [2],  pi.  193, 
fig.  1677. 

Ortyx  douglassii  Cooper,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  1875,  202  (crit.). 
Callipepla  douglassii  Gambel,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  i,  1847,  218,  part 
(“Common  about  the  Gulf  [of  California],  particularly  at  Mazatlan”). — Baird, 
Rep.  Stansbury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  334  (“Monterey,  California”). 
Callipepla  dougtasii  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  78. 

C[allipepla]  douglasi  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1943,  317. 

[ Callipepla ]  douglasii  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9796  (Monterey). 
Lophortyx  douglasi  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  43. — Nuttall,  Man. 
Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds,  ed.  2,  1840,  793.— Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  404,  part,  (Mazatlan  and  Presidio  de  Mazat¬ 
lan,  Sinaloa)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  126,  part  (Sinaloa).— Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903.  293.  part  (Mazatlan;  Presidio  de 
Mazatlan). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  180  (California;  hypo¬ 
thetical).— Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  277,  in  text  (patronymics). 

L[ophortyx ]  douglasi  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  761  (care  in  captivity). 
[Lophortyx]  douglasi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  44  (w.  Mexico). 

02  Eight  specimens,  all  from  Sinaloa. 
m  Four  specimens  from  Sinaloa  and  Durango. 


302  BULLETIN  GO,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  McLellan,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  xvi, 
1927,  7  (near  Labrados,  Mexico;  plum.). — van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1931,  245  (Sonora;  Tesia,  Chenobampo,  Guirocoba ;  spec.). 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  46,  part. — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  1,  No.  1,  1942,  237,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[ Lophortyx  douglasii]  douglasii  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii 
1943,  370  (crit.). 

Lophortyx  douglasi  douglasi  Miller,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxi,  1905, 
342  (Escuinapa,  etc.,  s.  Sinaloa;  crit.);  xxii,  1906,  162  (Casa  Blanca,  nw. 
Durango,  1,000  ft.). 

Ortyx  elegans  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  508  (“California”)  ;  Cent.  Zook,  1832 
189,  pi.  61  (“California”). 

[Callipepla]  elegans  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  Feb.  1848,  pi.  199, 
fig.  1917.  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9795. — Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. 

Callipepla  elegans  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  18  and  text.— Baird, 
Rep.  Stansbury’s  Expl.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  334  (“California”).— Gray! 
List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  78.— Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  Verh. 
Bremen,  1870,  357  (Mazatlan). — Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii, 
1874,  306  (Mazatlan).— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  Rev.  Soc.  Cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219,  part  (Sinaloa). 

C[allipepla ]  elegans  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geograph.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los 
Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (common  names;  Mexico). — Ridgway, 
Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  585 ;  2d  ed.,  1895,  588. 

Lophortyx  elegans  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1840,  792  (“Upper  California”).— Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3, 
Gallinae,  1844,  45. 

Callipepla  elegans  hensoni  Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7  (1899), 
219  (Culiacan  and  Limoncito,  Sinaloa). 

Ortyx  spilogaster  Vigors,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  pt.  2,  1832,  4  (Mexico  or 
Chile;  coll.  Ft.  Cuming). 

LOPHORTYX  DOUGLASII  BENSONI  (Ridgway) 

Benson’s  Quail 

Adult  male.  Similar  to  that  of  Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  but 
the  black  color  of  the  throat  decidedly  predominating  over  the  white,  the 
rusty  markings  of  the  hindneck,  scapulars,  inner  secondaries,  and  flanks 
averaging  less  rufescent ;  the  gray  of  the  breast  paler— smoke  gray  with 
a  faint  brownish  tinge,  and  the  crest  averaging  paler. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  but 
with  the  crest  usually  uniformly  dark  sepia  to  fuscous  (not  barred  and 
spotted  with  tawny)  ;  the  upper  throat  more  broadly  and  heavily  streaked 
with  dusky;  whitish  spots  on  the  abdomen  larger. 

Juvenal  female.— Similar  to  the  adult  but  somewhat  darker  in  gen¬ 
eral  tone ;  the  scapulars  and  inner  secondaries  with  more  extensive  olive- 
buff;  the  crest  feathers  transversely  spotted  with  olive-tawny;  the  outer 
webs  of  the  primaries  mottled  with  pale  huffy  hair  brown  and  the  remiges 
more  pointedly  distally. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDRE  AMERICA 


303 


Adult  male. — Wing  107-115  (111.3) ;  tail  77-94  (83.8)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  15-16.1  (15.6);  tarsus  28.6-31  (29.7);  middle  toe  without  claw 
25.6-29.4  (27.6  mm.).04 

Adult  female.— Wmg  108-115  (112.2);  tail  80-87  (83.8);  oilmen 
from  base  14.9-15.4  (15.1);  tarsus  28.9-29.3  (29.0);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  25.3-27.1  (26.1  mm.).8' 

Range. — Resident  in  Sonora  from  close  to  the  northern  boundary  to 
Guaymas  and  San  Javier ;  in  extreme  southern  Sonora  it  is  replaced  by 
the  nominate  form. 

Type  locality. — Campos  =  18  miles  north  of  Cumpas,  Sonora. 

(?)  Callipepla  douglassii  Gambel,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  i,  1847,  218, 
part  (“common  about  the  Gulf”  [of  California]). 

Lophortyx  douglasi  Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  404,  part 
(Ysleta,  Guadalupe,  Quiriego,  and  Sierra  de  Alamos,  Sonora).— Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  293  (Ysleta,  Campos,  Guadalupe, 
Quiriego,  Sierra  de  Alamos,  and  Nacori,  Sonora). 

Callipepla  elegans  bensoni  Ridgway,  Forest  and  Stream,  xxviii,  No.  6,  1887,  106; 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1887,  148  (Campos,  Sonora;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 
C[allipepla]  elegans  bensoni  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  585 ,  ed.  2, 
1896,  587. 

[ Lophortyx ]  bensoni  Sharpe,  Hand-List,  i,  1899,  44. 

Lophortyx  bensoni  Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  239  (crit.). 

Lophortyx  douglasi  bensoni  Thayer  and  Bangs,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xix, 
1906,  18  (Opodepe,  north-central  Sonora). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  bensoni  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1931, 
246  (Sonora;  Pesqueira,  Tecoripa,  San  Javier,  Guaymas;  spec.).— Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  46— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  236  (syn.;  distr.). 

[Lophortyx  douglasii]  bensoni  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  370  (crit.). 

Callipepla  elegans  (not  Ortyx  elegans  Lesson)  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
v,  1893,  33  (Nacori,  Sonora). 

LOPHORTYX  DOUGLASII  TERES  Friedmann 

Jalisco  Crested  Quail 

Adult  male. — Like  that  of  Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  but  with 
shorter  wing,  101-104  (as  opposed  to  109-114)  ;  with  the  longest  sec¬ 
ondaries  reaching  the  tips  of  the  primaries  (in  douglasii  the  priinaiies 
extend  15-20  mm.  beyond  the  secondaries)  in  the  closed  wing;  and 
with  the  general  coloration  darker,  the  reddish  brown  on  the  wings 
chestnut  instead  of  Sanford’s  brown  (as  in  douglasii'),  the  lowci  back 
and  rump  more  brownish;  the  gray  of  the  breast  darker— neutral  gray 
(pale  neutral  gray  in  douglasii )  and  the  white  spots  on  the  abdomen 
with  blackish  ringlike  edges. 


81  Ten  specimens. 
85  Five  specimens. 


304 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  shorter 
wing,  98-102  (as  opposed  to  101-104)  ;  with  the  longest  secondaries 
reaching  the  tips  of  the  primaries  (in  douglasii  the  primaries  extend 
15—20  mm.  beyond  the  secondaries)  in  the  closed  wing;  and  generally 
darker  in  color,  the  brown  on  the  underparts  noticeably  darker — dark 
olive-brown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  101-104  (102.6);  tail  66-72  (68.6);  oilmen 
from  base  14-14.5  (14.1);  tarsus  25-29  (27.8);  middle  toe  without 
claw  27-29  (28  mm.).96 

Adult  female.— Wing  98-102  (  99.7)  ;  tail  65-67  (66.1)  ;  culmen  from 
base  13.8—14.3  (14);  tarsus  27.5—29  (28.3);  middle  toe  without  claw 
26-27  (26.3  mm.).97 

Range.  Northwestern  Jalisco  (Las  Palmas;  Las  Penas),  possibly 
to  Colima.  However,  no  specimens  appear  to  have  been  taken  yet  in 
Colima.  This  State  is  included  in  current  accounts  of  the  range  of  the 
species  on  the  sole  basis  of  Grayson’s  statement  that  he  “also  found  it 
in  the  State  of  Jalisco  and  Colima,  but  not  as  far  south  as  Tehuantepec” 
(in  Lawrence’s  paper,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306). 

Type  locality. — Las  Palmas,  northwestern  Jalisco. 

Callipepla  elegans  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio 
Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219,  part  (Colima). 

Lophortyx  douglasi  Ogie vie- Grant,  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  126,  part 
(Jalisco).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  293,  part 
(Jalisco,  Colima). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  46,  part.— 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  237,  part.  ' 

Lophortyx  douglasii  teres  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii,  1943, 
369  (Las  Palmas,  nw.  Jalisco;  descr. ;  distr. ;  crit. ;  type  in  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)! 

LOPHORTYX  DOUGLASII  IMPEDITA  Friedmann 

Nayarit  Crested  Quail 

Adult.  Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  same  sex  of  typical  douglasii  and 
of  teres,  combining  the  darker  coloration  of  the  latter  with  the  wing  tip 
of  the  former ;  in  other  words— a  dark  Douglas’s  quail  with  a  noticeable 
wing  tip. 

Adult  male.— Wing  105.4-110  (107.7);  tail  70-77  (73.7);  culmen 
from  base  14-15  (14.6);  tarsus  29.5-34.7  (32.4);  middle  toe  without 
claw  27-30  (28.8  mm.).98 

Adult  female.— Wing  100.5;  tail  68;  culmen  from  the  base  13.5;  tar¬ 
sus  33;  middle  toe  without  claw  28  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Known  only  from  Nayarit. 

Type  locality. — San  Bias,  Tepic,  Nayarit. 

M  Five  specimens  including  the  type. 

07  Three  specimens. 

“  Six  specimens,  including  the  type. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


305 


Lophortyx  douglasi  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  404,  part  (San 
Bias,  Tepic). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  293,  part 
(San  Bias). — Bailey,  Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  384  (San  Bias,  Tepic). 

Lophortyx  douglasii  douglasii  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  46,  part.— 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  237,  part. 

Lophortyx  douglasii  impedita  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  369  (San  Bias,  Tepic,  Nayarit;  descr. ;  distr. ;  crit. ;  type  in  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.). 

LOPHORTYX  DOUGLASII  LANGUENS  Friedmann 

Chihuahua  Crested  Quail 

Adult  male. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  gray  of  the 
breast  less  pure  gray,  lightly  washed  with  brownish,  most  of  the  feathers 
with  indistinct  pure  rufescent  medioterminal  spots ;  the  pale  spots  on 
the  abdomen  slightly  huffier,  and  the  pale  buffy  area  on  the  lower  median 
part  of  the  abdomen  more  extensive;  wing  110-111;  tail  77.5-79;  cul- 
men  from  the  base  15.5-15.8;  tarsus  29-30;  middle  toe  without  claw 
28.5-29.5  mm.  (2  specimens,  including  the  type). 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality — Trompa,  or  La  Trompa, 
western  Chihuahua. 

Lophortyx  douglasii  languens  Friedmann,  Journ.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxiii, 
1943,  370  (Trompa,  Chihuahua;  descr.;  distr.;  crit.,  type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zook). 

Genus  COLINUS  Goldfuss 

Ortyx  (not  of  Oken,  1816)  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  ZooL,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  376.  (Type, 
as  designated  by  Gray,  1840,  Perdix  borealis  Temminck  =  Tetrao  virginianus 
Linnaeus.) 

Ortix  (emendation)  D’Orbigny,  in  La  Sagra,  Hist.  Fis.  Pol.  y  Nat.  Cuba,  iii,  Aves, 
1839,  10. 

Ortygia  (not  Ortygis  Illiger,  1811)  Boie,  Isis,  1826,  978.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
"Perdix  virginiana  Lath.  Wils.,  pi.  47,  fig.  2  u.s.w.”). 

Colinus  Goldfuss,  Handb.  Zook,  ii,  1820,  220.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Tetrao  mexicanus 
Linnaeus  [  =  T.  virginianus  Linnaeus  ?].) 

Colinia  (emendation  ?)  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  Land  Birds, 
1832,  646.  (New  name  for  Ortyx  Stephens.) 

Colina  (emendation)  Wood,  Orn.  Guide  [1837],  217. 

Gnathodon  Streubel,  in  Ersch  and  Gruber,  Allg.  Encych,  sect.  3,  xvi,  1842,  283, 
290.  (Type,  by  original  designation,  Perdix  marilandica  Latham  =  Tetrao  vir¬ 
ginianus  Linnaeus.) 

Philortix  (not  Philortyx  Gould,  1845)  Des  Murs,  in  Chenu,  Encych  Hist.  Nat. 
Ois.,  vi,  1854,  147. 

Eupsychbrtyx  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  i,  1844,  pi.  10.  (Type,  as  fixed  by 
Reichenbach,  1850,  Tetrao  cristatus  Linnaeus.) 

Eupsychortix  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xxxviii,  1854,  663. 
Eupsichortyx  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  954. 
Eupsycortyx  (emendation)  Sclater,  Guide  to  Gardens  Zook  Soc.  London,  ed.  23, 
1870,  7. 

■Callipepla  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317,  part  (includes  Colinus  cristata  and 
Colinas  nigrogularis  as  well  as  Callipepla,  Oreoriyx,  and  Lophortyx) . 


306 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Medium-sized  to  rather  small  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  96-120 
mm.)  with  tail  less  than  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  scapulars,  tertials, 
and  rump  spotted  or  blotched  with  blackish,  and  with  crest  indistinct 
(obvious  only  when  erected)  or  distinct  (subgenus  Eupsychortyx) . 

Bill  moderate  in  size,  the  culmen  (chord,  from  extreme  base)  less 
than  half  to  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  its  depth  at  base  greater  than  distance 
from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla,  its  width  at  rictus 
equal  to  or  greater  than  its  depth  at  same  point;  culmen  strongly  con¬ 
vex,  more  or  less  distinctly  ridged,  especially  toward  base.  Outermost 
primary  usually  longer  than  eighth  (from  outside)  (shorter  than 
eighth  in  subgenus  Eupsychortyx) ,  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  (from 
outside)  longest,  the  second  and  sixth  but  little  shorter.  Tail  between 
one-half  and  three-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  distinctly  rounded,  the  rec- 


trices  (12)  firm,  broad,  and  rounded  at  tips.  Tarsus  a  little  less  than 
one-third  as  long  as  wing,  shorter  than  middle  toe  with  claw;  planta 
tarsi  covered  with  small  hexagonal  scutella,  those  along  posterior  edge 
of  outer  side  larger  (more  or  less)  and  forming  a  nearly  to  quite  con¬ 
tinuous  row. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  crown  somewhat,  to  distinctly, 
elongated  either  forming  or  not  a  distinct  crest  when  not  erected. 
Upperparts  mixed  gray  and  cinnamon-rufous,  vermiculated  with  darker, 
the  posterior  scapulars,  tertials,  and  rump  (especially  upper  portion) 
blotched  or  irregularly  spotted  with  black,  the  upper  tail  coverts  and 
median  rectrices  with  shaft  streaks  of  the  same,  the  inner  webs  of  tertials 
broadly  edged  with  buff ;  underparts  largely  white  variously  marked  with 
black  and  cinnamon-rufous,  sometimes  plain  cinnamon-rufous ;  head 
striped  with  black  and  white,  but  sometimes  mostly  black,  in  males,  buff 
replacing  white  in  females. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


307 


Range. — Transition  Life  Zone  of  eastern  North  America  southward 
to  Cuba  and  through  Central  America  to  northern  South  America 
(northern  Brazil,  the  Guianas,  Venezuela,  Colombia).  (Four  species 
with  many  races.) 

KEY  TO  THE  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  FORMS  OF  COLINUS 

a.  Chin  and  upper  throat  pure  white,  not  washed  with  buff. 

b.  White  of  chin  and  upper  throat  completely  surrounded  by  a  black  band 
laterally  and' posteriorly. 

c.  Abdomen  rufescent  or  chestnut,  unbarred. 

d.  Abdomen  uniform,  unmarked,  chestnut. 

e.  Black  breast  band  very  narrow,  less  than  15  mm.  broad  in  midventral 
line  (southern  tableland  of  Mexico  from  northern  Jalisco  and  west¬ 
ern  San  Luis  Potosi  to  Valley  of  Mexico). 

Colinus  virginianus  graysoni,  ad.  $  (p.  333) 
ee.  Black  breast  band  broader,  more  than  30  mm.  wide  in  midventral  line. 

f.  Abdomen  paler — vinaceous-cinnamon  to  cinnamon  (southern  Puebla). 

Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus,  ad.  S  (p.  334) 
ff.  Abdomen  darker;  sayal  brown. 

g.  Black  feathers  of  pectoral  band  with  concealed  white  shaft  spots 
(eastern  base  of  Cordillera  in  Veracruz  from  Jalapa  to  Isthmus 
of  Tehuantepec)  Colinus  virginianus  pectoralis,  ad.  $  (p.  335) 
gg.  Black  feathers  of  pectoral  band  with  no,  or  few  and  small,  con¬ 
cealed  white  shaft  spots  (Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  eastern 

Oaxaca) . Colinus  virginianus  thayeri,  ad.  $  (p.  343) 

dd.  Abdomen  not  uniform  chestnut,  but  abundantly  streaked  with  black. 
e.  Black  confined  to  breast  and  upper  abdomen  (Cuba  and  Isle  of  Pines). 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis,  ad.  $  (p.  329) 
ee.  Black  marks  continuing  down  midventrally  to  lower  portion  of  abdomen. 
f.  Breast  and  middle  of  abdomen  nearly  to  vent  almost  solid  black, 
chestnut  largely  confined  to  sides  (lowlands  of  southern  Veracruz). 

Colinus  virginianus  godmani,  ad.  $  (p.  336) 
ff.  Breast  and  upper  abdomen  chestnut,  the  feathers  edged  with  blackish, 
separating  black  collar  from  black  midabdominal  area  (north¬ 
eastern  Chiapas  and  adjacent  Tabasco). 

Colinus  virginianus  minor,  ad.  $  (p.  337) 
cc.  Abdomen  not  chestnut,  but  whitish,  more  or  less  barred  with  black. 

d.  Scapulars,  tertials,  and  lower  back  usually  without  conspicuous  blackish 
blotches. 

e.  Underparts  extensively  reddish  laterally  (central  and  southwestern 
Tamaulipas  to  central-eastern  San  Luis  Potosi). 

Colinus  virginianus  aridus,  ad.  $  (p.332) 
ee.  Underparts  not  extensively  reddish  laterally  (central  and  southern 
Texas,  northern  and  central  Tamaulipas). 

Colinus  virginianus  texanus,  ad.  $  (p.  323) 
dd.  Scapulars,  tertials,  and  lower  back  with  conspicuous  blackish  blotches. 
g  A  broad  conspicuous  cinnamomeous  area  just  below  black  pectoral  band 
(the  area  may  be  streaked  with  black  or  plain). 

f.  Reddish  color  of  underparts  richer— chestnut  (Florida  Peninsula; 
introduced  in  Bahamas). 


308 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


g.  Smaller,  wing  97  mm.  (Key  West;  extinct;  doubtfully  distinct  from 
the  next  race)  .  . .  .Colinus  virginianus  insulanus,  ad.  $  (p.  328) 
gg.  Larger,  wing  over  100  mm.  (Florida  Peninsula;  introduced  in 

Bahamas) . Colinus  virginianus  floridanus,  ad.  $  (p.  326) 

ff.  Reddish  color  of  upperparts  paler — hazel  or  paler. 

g.  Black  areas  of  upperparts  well  developed  and  extensive  (arid 
tropical  zone  from  central  Tamaulipas  to  eastern  San  Luis 

Potosi) . Colinus  virginianus  maculatus,  ad.  $  (p.  331) 

gg.  Black  areas  of  upperparts  reduced  and  grayish  (between  Tropical 
and  Lower  Sonoran  Zones  from  central  Tamaulipas  to  south¬ 
eastern  San  Luis  Potosi). 

Colinus  virginianus  aridus,  ad.  $  (p.  332) 
ee.  No  broad  conspicuous  cinnamomeous  area  below  black  pectoral  band, 
sometimes  washed  with  cinnamon,  but  not  conspicuously  enough  to 
form  a  definite  band  (southeastern  Canada,  eastern  and  central 
United  States;  introduced  in  West  Indies  and  western  United  States). 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus,  ad.  $  (p.  312) 
bb.  White  of  chin  and  throat  not  completely  bordered  with  black. 

c.  Breast  and  most  of  abdomen  white. 

d.  Slightly  paler,  the  scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  only  slightly  suffused 
with  rufescent  (western  Guatemala). 

Colinus  leucopogon  incanus,  ad.  $  (p.  359) 
dd.  Slightly  darker,  the  scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  richly  suffused 
with  rufescent  (El  Salvador  west  of  Lempa  River). 

Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus,  ad.  $  (p.  358) 
cc.  Breast  and  most  of  abdomen  not  white. 
d.  With  a  well-developed  occipital  crest. 

e.  Auriculars  pale  buffy  to  whitish;  crest  pale  wood  brown  to  buffv 
(Pacific  lowlands  of  western  Panama). 

Colinus  cristatus  panamensis,  ad.  $  (p.  363) 
ee.  Auriculars  dusky  brown;  crest  dark  brown  (chiefly  extralimital — the 
Guianas,  Brazil,  and  Venezuela;  introduced  in  Grenadines  and  Virgin 


Islands) . Colinus  cristatus  sonnini,  ad.  $  (p.  360) 

dd.  With  no  well-developed  occipital  crest  (El  Salvador,  east  of  Lempa 
(River) . Colinus  leucopogon  leucopogon,  ad.  $  (p.357) 


aa.  Chin  and  upper  throat  not  pure  white. 

b.  Chin  and  upper  throat  blackish  or  blackish  brown,  uniform  or  spotted  with 
white. 

c.  Abdomen  uniform  hazel  brown. 

d.  A  distinct  white  superciliary  or  postocular  stripe. 
e.  Sides  of  head  and  neck  partly  chestnut  (southern  Arizona  and  Sonora). 

Colinus  virginianus  ridgwayi,  ad.  $  (p.  344) 
ee.  Sides  of  head  and  neck  plain  black  (eastern  Chiapas  and  western 

Guatemala) . Colinus  virginianus  insignis,  ad.  $  (p.  338) 

dd.  Superciliary  region  entirely  black,  but  sometimes  with  an  indication  of 
a  white  postocular  stripe. 

e.  Upper  breast  solid  black. 

/.  Lower  breast  and  belly  solid  chestnut ;  rufous  above  fairly  extensive 
(western  Oaxaca)  . . .  .Colinus  virginianus  atriceps,  ad.  $  (p.  344) 
//.  Lower  breast  and  belly  solid  chestnut;  usually  marked  with  black; 
rufous  above  much  restricted  (San  Benito  and  Tapachula, 

Chiapas) . Colinus  virginianus  salvini,  ad.  $  (p.  341) 

ee.  Upper  breast  mainly  rufous,  with  black  streaks  or  squamations. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


309 


/.  Feathers  of  center  of  crown  with  broad  brown  edges ;  crissum 
heavily  marked  (Tehuantepec,  Oaxaca,  to  Tonala,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  coyolcos,  ad.  $  (p.  339) 
ff.  Feathers  of  whole  head  and  neck  usually  black,  crissum  scarcely 
marked  (Chicomuselo,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  nelsoni,  ad.  8  (p.  342) 
cc.  Abdomen  not  uniform  hazel  brown. 

d.  Breast  wood  brown  finely  vermiculated  with  black. 

e.  A  distinct,  broad  whitish  malar  stripe  present ;  feathers  of  chin  and 
throat  brownish  basally. 

/.  Malar  and  postorbital  stripes  heavily  washed  with  buffy  (western 

Nicaragua) . Colinus  leucopogon  sclateri,  ad.  8  (p.  355) 

//.  Malar  and  postorbital  stripes  white  or  only  slightly  tinged  with 
buffy  (western  Flonduras) . 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi,  ad.  8  (p.  353) 
ee.  White  malar  stripe  broken  and  indefinite ;  feathers  of  chin  and  throat 
white  basally  (plateau  and  western  slope  of  Costa  Rica). 

Colinus  leucopogon  dickeyi,  ad.  8  (p.  356) 
dd.  Breast  not  wood  brown,  but  white,  the  feathers  edged  with  black. 

e.  Tail  largely  unspeckled  (Yucatan  exclusive  of  the  Progreso  region). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti,  ad.  8  (p.  347) 

ee.  Tail  largely  speckled. 

f.  Brown  of  hindneck  and  interscapulars  paler — pale  argus  brown 
(arid  region  about  Progreso,  Yucatan). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  persiccus,  ad.  8  (p.  350) 
ff.  Brown  of  hindneck  and  scapulars  darker — rich  chestnut  (Guatemala, 

Honduras) . Colinus  nigrogularis  nigrogularis,  ad.  8  (p.  350) 

bb.  Chin  and  upper  throat  buffy. 

c.  Abdomen  more  or  less  barred,  not  spotted,  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  only 
lightly  or  not  at  all  barred. 

d.  Breast  with  a  distinct  cinnamomeous  wash. 

e.  Upperparts  (crown,  nape,  back,  and  wings)  decidedly  more  grayish 
than  reddish  brownish. 

f.  General  coloration  richer  and  darker,  the  ventral  V-shaped  bars  deep 
black  (Mexican  tableland  from  northern  Jalisco  and  southern  San 
Luis  Potosi  to  the  Valley  of  Mexico). 

Colinus  virginianus  graysoni,  ad.  9  (p.  333) 
ff.  General  coloration  paler;  the  ventral  V-shaped  bars  fuscous. 

g.  Pinkish  cinnamon  pectoral  band  well  developed. 

h.  Dorsal  dark  markings  darker — fuscous-black  (Arid  Tropical 
Zone  from  central  Tamaulipas  to  eastern  San  Luis  Potosi). 

Colinus  virginianus  maculatus,  ad.  9  (p.  331) 
hh.  Dorsal  dark  markings  paler — marbled  with  sayal  brown. 

i.  Pale  edges  of  dorsal  feathers  white  (southern  Arizona  and 
northern  Sonora). 

Colinus  virginianus  ridgwayi,  ad.  9  (p.  344) 
it.  Pale  edges  of  dorsal  feathers  grayish  (central  southern  Texas 
to  northern  and  central  Tamaulipas). 

Colinus  virginianus  texanus,  ad.  9  (p.323) 
gg.  Pinkish  cinnamon  pectoral  band  very  faint  (between  Tropical  Arid 
and  Lower  Sonora  Zones  from  central  and  southwestern 
Tamaulipas  to  central  eastern  San  Luis  Potosi). 

Colinus  virginianus  aridus,  ad.  9  (p.  332) 


653008° — 4 


-21 


310 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ee.  Upperparts  (crown,  nape,  back,  and  wings)  more  reddish  brown  than 
grayish. 

f.  Pale  edges  of  feathers  of  crown  more  grayish  than  brownish 
(Palenque  area,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  minor,  ad.  9  (p.  337) 
ff.  Pale  edges  of  feathers  of  crown  more  brownish  than  grayish. 

g.  Size  smaller;  wing  under  110  mm.  (Florida  Peninsula;  introduced 
in  the  Bahamas). 

Colinus  virginianus  floridanus,  ad.  9  (p.  326) 
gg.  Size  larger;  wing  over  110  mm.  (eastern  and  central  United  States; 
southeastern  Canada;  introduced  in  West  Indies  and  western 
United  States). 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus,  ad.  9  (p.  312) 
dd.  Breast  without  a  distinct  cinnamomeous  wash. 

e.  Size  larger;  wing  over  106  mm.  (southern  Puebla). 

Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus,  ad.  9  (p.  334) 
ee.  Size  smaller;  wing  under  106  mm. 

f.  Pale  edges  of  feathers  of  crown  more  grayish  than  brownish. 

g.  Smaller,  wing  under  95  mm. 

h.  Breast  washed  with  tawny-buff  (Palenque  area,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  minor,  ad.  9  (p.  337) 
hh.  Breast  not  washed  with  tawny-buff  (Honduras  and  Guatemala). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  nigrogularis,  ad.  9  (p.  350) 
gg.  Larger,  wing  over  95  mm. 

h.  Upperparts  slightly  darker,  more  brownish,  less  grayish00 
(Yucatan,  except  Progreso  region). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti,  ad.  9  (p.  347) 
hh.  Upperparts  slightly  paler,  less  brownish,  more  grayish  (Progreso 
region,  Yucatan). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  persiccus,  ad.  9  (p.  350) 
ff.  Pale  edges  of  feathers  of  crown  more  brownish  than  grayish. 

g.  Dorsal  coloration  grayer ;  interscapulars  and  upper  brown  more 
grayish  than  rufescent. 

li.  Buff  confined  to  chin  and  upper  throat  (Cuba  and  Isle  of  Pines). 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis,  ad.  9  (p.  329) 
hh.  Entire  throat  and  upper  breast  buffy  (Putla  area,  western 

Oaxaca) . Colinus  virginianus  atriceps,  ad.  9  (p.  344) 

gg.  Dorsal  coloration  more  rufescent;  interscapulars  and  upper  back 
with  little  grayish;  dark  brown  and  rufescent-brown. 
h.  Shaft  streaks  of  interscapulars  broader  and  darker — Mikado 
brown  (eastern  Chiapas  and  adjacent  western  Guatemala). 

Colinus  virginianus  insignis,  ad.  9  (p.  338) 
hh.  Shaft  streaks  of  interscapulars  narrower  and  paler — cinnamon- 

rufous . Colinus  virginianus  thayeri,  ad.  9  (p.343) 

Colinus  virginianus  coyolcos,  ad.  9  (p.339)* 1 

00  The  females  of  C.  n.  caboti  and  C.  n.  persiccus  are  impossible  to  “key  out”  except 
by  such  comparative  adjectives,  which  are,  admittedly,  useless  when  the  reader  has 
but  one  of  the  two  forms  available.  In  such  cases,  geography  must  be  used  as  a 
guide. 

1  These  two  races  cannot  be  distinguished  in  this  sex.  The  range  of  C.  v.  thayeri 
is  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  eastern  Oaxaca;  that  of  C.  v.  coyolcos  is  the  Pacific 
slope  of  Oaxaca  and  Chiapas,  from  Tehuantepec  City  to  Tonala. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA  311 

cc.  Abdomen  spotted  rather  than  barred  (spots  sometimes  broadened  so  as  to 
approximate  barrings).3 

d.  Entire  chin  and  upper  throat  streaked  or  heavily  spotted  with  blackish 
brown. 

e.  Upperparts  dark  grayish  black,  not  brownish  (coastal  plains  of  southern 

Chiapas) . Colinus  virginianus  salvini,  ad.  $  (p.  341) 

ee.  Upperparts  definitely  brownish. 

f.  Feathers  of  upper  back  tawny  to  dark  brown  with  numerous  black 
blotches  as  well  as  vermiculations. 

g.  General  tone  of  upperparts  rufescent-tawny  (Pacific  lowlands  of 
western  Panama). 

Colinus  cristatus  panamensis,  ad.  2  (p.  363) 
gg.  General  tone  of  upperparts  bister  (largely  extralimital — the 
Guianas,  Brazil,  and  Venezuela;  introduced  in  the  Grenadines  and 

Virgin  Islands) . Colinus  cristatus  sonnini,  ad.  2  (p.  360) 

ff.  Feathers  of  upper  back  grayish  brown,  with  no  black  blotches  but 
only  vermiculations. 

g.  Pale  spots  on  abdomen  definitely  buffy  (El  Salvador,  east  of 
Lempa  River). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leucopogon,  ad.  2  (p.  357) 
gg.  Pale  spots  on  abdomen  white,  only  slightly  tinged  with  buffy. 

h.  Chin,  throat,  and  superciliaries  darker — ochraceous-buff  to  honey 
yellow  (western  Nicaragua). 

Colinus  leucopogon  sclateri,  ad.  2  (p.355) 
hh.  Chin,  throat,  and  superciliaries  paler — light  pinkish  buff  to  pale 
ochraceous-buff  (western  Honduras). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi,  ad.  2  (p.  353) 
dd.  Entire  chin  and  upper  throat  immaculate  or  only  faintly  spotted  with 
blackish  brown. 

e.  Chin  and  upper  throat  with  some  blackish  spots. 

f.  Chin  and  upper  throat  bordered  laterally  and  posteriorly  with  a  band 
of  tawny  spotted  with  blackish. 

g.  Paler,  general  color  of  upperparts  pale  buckthorn  brown  with  a 
grayish  tinge  (western  Guatemala). 

Colinus  leucopogon  incanus,  ad.  2  (p.  359) 
gg.  Darker,  general  color  of  upperparts  snuff  brown  with  a  grayish 
tinge  (El  Salvador  west  of  Lempa  River). 

Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus,  ad.  2  (p.  358) 
ff.  Chin  and  upper  throat  without  a  tawny,  black-spotted  border  (plateau 
and  western  slope  of  Costa  Rica). 

Colinus  leucopogon  dickeyi,  ad.  2  (p.  356) 
ee.  Chin  and  upper  throat  immaculate. 

f.  Breast  feathers  avellaneous  to  wood  brown,  finely  vermiculated  with 
blackish,  forming  a  distinct  pectoral  band. 
g.  Throat  generally  pale,  slightly  washed  with  buffy;  middle  of 
abdomen  also  slightly  tinged  with  buffy  (western  Honduras). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi,  ad.  2  (p.  353) 
gg.  Throat  generally  darker,  heavily  suffused  with  ochraceous-buff; 
middle  of  abdomen  definitely  buffy  (western  Nicaragua). 

Colinus  leucopogon  sclateri,  ad.  2  (p.  355) 


3  As  in  some  specimens  of  Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus. 


312 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


ff.  Breast  feathers  not  avellaneous  to  wood  brown,  not  vermiculated,  but 
broadly  tipped  with  white  to  buff,  subterminally  barred  with  fuscous. 
g.  Upperparts  with  much  hazel  to  pale  chestnut,  especially  on  the 
back;  the  upper  tail  coverts  decidedly  brownish  (lowlands  of 
southern  Veracruz). 

Colinus  virginianus  godmani,  ad.  $  (p.  336) 
gg.  Upperparts  with  little  or  no  hazel  or  pale  chestnut  but  decidedly 
grayish  wood  brown;  upper  tail  coverts  grayish  (eastern  base  of 
the  Cordillera  in  Veracruz  from  Jalapa  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec) . Colinus  virginianus  pectoralis,  ad.  $  (335) 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  VIRGINIANUS  (Linnaeus) 

Eastern  Bobwhite 

Adult  male  (normal  phase). — Forehead  and  broad  superciliary  stripe 
extending  back  to  the  sides  of  the  nape  white,  the  forehead  usually  very 
narrowly  interrupted  at  the  base  of  the  culmen  by  the  black  of  the  ante¬ 
rior  part  of  the  crown  which  extends  posteriorly  as  a  narrow  black 
upper  margin  to  the  superciliaries ;  rest  of  crown  and  occiput  hazel  to 
dark  russet,  many  of  the  coronal  feathers  blackish  on  the  basal  two- 
thirds,  this  color  often  showing  through  as  spots,  and  many  of  the 
occipital  feathers  laterally,  but  not  terminally,  edged  with  pale  huffy 
which  also  often  shows  through  as  streaks;  feathers  of  nape  bicolored, 
their  median  portion  russet  to  chestnut,  separated  by  a  blackish  line 
on  each  web  from  the  broad  lateral  white  edgings,  the  more  lateral  nape 
feathers  tending  to  have  broader  white  marks  on  their  outer  than  on 
their  inner  webs;  interscapulars  and  upper  back  Mikado  brown  to  Ver¬ 
ona  brown  edged  and  clouded  with  light  drab  to  smoke  gray,  and  later¬ 
ally  incompletely  barred  with  blackish,  the  more  posterior  feathers  fre¬ 
quently  completely  crossed  by  these  bars ;  scapulars  dark  hazel  to  amber 
brown  very  heavily  blotched,  and  basally  irregularly  barred  with  .black; 
and  broadly  edged,  especially  on  their  inner  webs  with  pale  warm  buff; 
upper  wing  coverts  orange-cinnamon  to  cinnamomeous  Mikado  brown, 
the  lesser  coverts  often  with  largely  grayish  median  portions,  and  the 
feathers  incompletely,  narrowly  barred  with  dusky  along  their  edges; 
secondaries  between  pale  clove  brown  and  hair  brown,  the  innermost 
ones  suffused  with  hazel  terminally  and  crossed  by  narrow,  but  widely 
spaced  grayish  white  wavy  bars  each  of  which  is  narrowly  bordered 
with  blackish,  the  intervening  dark  area  sparingly  vermiculated  with 
dusky,  and  the  feathers  edged  on  both  webs,  and  narrowly  tipped,  with 
pinkish  buff  to  pale  pinkish  buff ;  remaining  secondaries  similar  but  with 
the  pale  bars  restricted  to  the  outer  half  of  the  outer  web,  which  alone 
is  edged  with  pinkish  buff  (in  some  specimens  the  edging  and  the  in¬ 
complete  external  bars  are  heavily  washed  with  pale  russet)  ;  primaries 
uniform,  between  pale  clove  brown  and  hair  brown;  feathers  of  middle 
of  upper  back  dark  amber  brown  to  almost  chestnut,  subterminally  very 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


313 


heavily  blotched  with  fuscous-black,  and  very  narrowly  tipped  and 
edged  with  pale  warm  buff ;  lateral  feathers  of  upper  back,  and  feathers 
of  lower  back,  and  rump  paler — pale  slightly  grayish  buckthorn  brown 
to  antique  brown,  narrowly  barred  with  dusky  and  crossed  by  numerous 
dusky-bordered,  pale  warm  buffy  bands ;  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but 
more  rufescent  and  with  black  shaft  streaks,  the  streaks  sometimes 
broken  into  a  series  of  connected  blotches;  rectrices  neutral  gray  to  deep 
neutral  gray,  the  median  pair  freckled  with  pale  vinaceous-buff  becom¬ 
ing  slightly  rufescent  terminally,  the  more  lateral  ones  either  uniform 
or  only  slightly  freckled  terminally;  lores  white  in  their  upper  part, 
black  in  their  lower  part ;  circumocular  ring  blackish ;  cheeks  and  auricu- 
lars  hazen  to  dark  russet  bordered  above  and  below  by  a  narrow  line 
of  black;  chin  and  upper  throat  white;  a  fairly  broad  blackish  band 
across  the  lower  throat,  followed  posteriorly  by  a  broader  one  of  cin¬ 
namon  to  sayal  brown;  this  band  is  fairly  uniform  in  some  birds  while 
in  others  it  is  broken  to  the  extent  of  being  little  moi*e  than  a  series 
of  brownish  lateral  segments  of  white  centered  feathers ;  the  posterior 
feathers  comprising  this  band  are  narrowly  tipped  with  black  and  are 
subterminally  white ;  upper  abdomen  white  washed  with  pale  warm 
buflf,  the  feathers  crossed  by  4  or  5  narrow  black  bars ;  lower  abdomen 
without  the  buffy  wash  and  with  the  blackish  bars  fewer  or  absent ; 
feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  like  those  of  the  abdomen  but  longer  and 
with  broad  median  stripes  of  bright  ochraceous-tawny ;  thighs  like  the 
abdomen  but  slightly  washed  in  spots  with  pale  ochraceous-tawny ;  under 
tail  coverts  pale  ochraceous-tawny,  the  longer  ones  with  incomplete 
blackish  shaft  stripes;  inner  under  wing  coverts  hair  brown  broadly 
edged  with  white;  outer  under  wing  coverts  similar  but  with  narrow 
whitish  margins ;  bill  blackish ;  iris  dark  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  grayish 
flesh  color,  claws  horn  color. 

Adult  male  (erythristic  phase). — Entire  bird  rich  auburn  to  chestnut; 
the  blackish  or  fuscous  markings  of  the  normal  plumage  (on  head,  scapu¬ 
lars,  upper  back,  etc.)  also  present  in  this  plumage  but  less  distinct  as 
there  is  less  contrast  in  tone  in  these  dark  birds ;  chin  and  throat  black¬ 
ish  ;  a  white  transverse  patch  on  the  breast  in  some  and  not  in  other 
specimens ;  dusky  ventral  barrings  smaller,  finer,  and  more  restricted  to 
the  margins  of  the  feathers  than  in  normal  plumaged  birds. 

Adult  female  (normal  phase) — Similar  to  the  adult  male  except  for 
the  coloration  of  the  head,  which  is  as  follows :  Lores,  broad  superciliary 
stripe,  chin,  and  throat  between  ochraceous-buff  and  pale  orange-yellow ; 
center  of  forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  between  tawny  and  russet,  the 
coronal  feathers  with  largely  concealed  black  median  areas,  the  occipital 
ones  with  buffy  edges ;  the  postocular  area,  including  the  auriculars,  like 
the  crown ;  the  posterior  border  of  the  upper  throat  very  narrowly  fus¬ 
cous  to  auburn,  not  black  as  in  males ;  underparts  generally  as  in  males 


314 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


but  the  dark  bars  on  the  abdominal  feathers  paler,  narrower,  more 
widely  spaced  and  less  conspicuous;  bill  blackish  with  the  base  of  the 
mandible  pale  yellowish ;  iris  dark  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  as  in  males 
but  paler. 

Adult  female  (erythristic  phase). — Similar  to  the  erythristic  male, 
with  the  chestnut  color  even  more  uniformly  distributed,  including  the 
chin,  throat,  and  the  whole  head  (no  blackish  frontal  or  parietal  marks). 

Immature  (first  winter). — Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  corresponding 
sex  and  phase  but  with  the  two  outer  primaries  more  pointed  terminally 
(retained  from  the  ju venal  plumage). 

Juvenal  male  (normal  phase). — Forehead  and  center  of  crown  and 
occiput  dull  fuscous  to  chaetura  drab,  bordered  laterally  with  broad 
hair-brown  superciliaries ;  scapulars,  interscapulars,  and  feathers  of 
upper  back  between  snuff  brown  and  Saccardo’s  umber,  each  feather 
with  a  pale  buffy  shaft  streak  and  subterminally  blotched  with  dark 
sepia  to  fuscous,  the  rest  of  the  feather  sometimes  indistinctly  banded 
with  pale  ochraceous-tawny ;  feathers  of  middle  of  lower  back  Saccardo’s 
umber  with  very  large  subterminal  blotches  of  deep  fuscous,  the  umber 
often  merely  forming  a  narrow  edge;  rest  of  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  dull  wood  brown  indistinctly  mottled  transversely  with  dusky, 
the  upper  tail  coverts  being  more  distinctly  barred ;  wings  practically 
as  in  adults  but  all  the  primaries  more  pointed ;  rectrices  as  in  adult  but 
the  median  ones  with  the  freckling  more  definitely  arranged  into  bars ; 
lores,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  like  the  crown;  chin  and  upper  throat 
dirty  white,  the  breast  dull  light  vinaceous-cinnamon  with  a  grayish  wash  ; 
abdomen  dull  whitish,  the  sides,  flanks,  and  thighs  washed  with  grayish 
wood  brown,  a  few  of  the  side  feathers  with  russet  shaft  stripes ;  ventral 
under  tail  coverts  wood  brown  tinged  with  cinnamomeous ;  bill  dusky 
or  reddish  brown  above  and  on  the  tip  of  the  mandible,  paling  to  pinkish 
white  on  its  base ;  tarsi  and  toes  dull  yellowish  white ;  iris  dark  brown. 

Juvenal  female  (normal  phase). — Like  the  male  of  the  same  stage 
but  duller,  the  white  areas  more  clouded  with  grayish,  the  brown  areas 
less  rufescent. 

Juvenal  (erythristic  phase).— Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  same  phase 
but  with  considerable  white  on  the  chin,  throat,  and  upper  breast. 

Natal  dozvn  (normal  phase). — Forehead,  lores,  broad  superciliaries, 
cheeks,  and  auriculars  pale  ochraceous-tawny  to  ochraceous-buff ;  a  line 
of  blackish  from  back  of  the  eye  to  the  nape;  center  of  crown  and  oc¬ 
ciput  and  entire  middorsal  tract  to  the  tail  deep  russet  to  chestnut  deep¬ 
ening  along  the  edges  to  bay ;  wings  pale  ochraceous-tawny  mixed  and 
blotched  with  russet  to  chestnut ;  rest  of  upperparts  wood  brown  vari¬ 
ously  tinged  with  ochraceous-buff  and  transversely  mottled  with  dusky; 
chin  and  throat  pale  buffy  white ;  rest  of  underparts  similar  but  slightly 
duskier ;  bill,  tarsi,  and  toes  pinkish  white ;  iris  dark  brown. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


315 


Natal  down  (erythristic  phase).— Like  that  of  the  normal  phase  but 
with  the  russet  to  chestnut  covering  the  entire  upper  surface  of  the 
head  and  body;  also  the  underparts  of  the  body. 

Adult  male. — Wing  106-119  (111.5)  ;  tail  53.6-69.7  (62.1)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.7-18.2  (16.3)  ;  tarsus  28.0-34.1  (31.5)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  24.8-30.3  (29.3  mm.).* 3 

Adult  female. — Wing  103.5-118  (111.6);  tail  51.5-63  (57.7);  cul¬ 
men  from  the  base  14—15.5  (14.7)  ;  tarsus  28.5-34  (30.8)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  25.5-31  (28.1  mm.).4 

Range. — Resident  in  open  uplands  from  southwestern  Maine  (West 
Gardiner  and  West  Fryeburg),  Vermont  (Londonderry),  eastern  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and  southern  New  England,  southern  On¬ 
tario  (Toronto,  Port  Hope,  etc.),  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  southern 
Minnesota,  North  Dakota  (Bartlett,  Larimore,  etc.),  southeastern 
Wyoming  (Horse  Shoe  Creek)  south  through  eastern  and  central 
United  States  to  northern  Florida  (south  to  Gainesville),  the  Gulf 
coast,  eastern  and  northern  Texas,  and  eastern  Colorado. 

Introduced  successfully,  either  as  pure  or  as  mixed  stock,  in  Utah, 
Montana,  Idaho,  Oregon,  Washington,  California,  British  Columbia, 
Manitoba,  New  Zealand  (in  the  South  Aukland  district  only),  and  some 
of  the  West  Indian  Islands.  Introduced  unsuccessfully  in  China,  England, 
France,  Germany,  and  Sweden. 

Type  locality. — South  Carolina. 

[Tetrao]  virginianus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  161  (“America”  =  Vir¬ 
ginia;  based  on  Perdix  virginiana  Catesby,  Carolina,  i,  12,  pi.  12,  etc.)  ;  ed.  12, 
i,  1766,  277. — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  761. 

Tetrao  virginiana  Richmond,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  79,  in  text  (nomencl.). 

[Perdix]  znrginiana  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  650. 

Perdix  virginiana  Wilson,  Amer.  Orn.,  vi,  1812,  21,  pi.  47. — Bonaparte,  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  iv,  1825,  268,  No.  203;  Contr.  Maclurean  Lyc.,  i, 
1827,  22;  Syn.,  1828,  124  (subg.  Ortyx ). — Doughty,  Cab.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1830, 
37,  pi.  4. — Audubon,  Orn.  Biogr.,  i,  1831,  388,  pi.  76;  v,  1839,  564,  pi.  76.— 
Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  i,  1832,  646. — Brown,  in  Wilson 
and  Bonaparte,  Illustr.  Amer.  Orn.,  1835,  pi.  xi  [lxix]. — Faxon,  Auk,  xx,  1903, 
239,  in  text  (nomencl.). 

C(oturnix)  virginiana  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  219. 

Ortyx  virginianus  Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  123,  pi.  10;  Contr.  Orn.,  1848, 
79  (Bermudas). — Audubon,  Synopsis,  1939,  199. — Gosse,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847, 
328  (Jamaica). — Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  i,  1844,  pi.  1. — Woodhouse, 
Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuni  and  Colorado  R.,  1853,  94  (Indian  Territory  and 
Texas). — Barry,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  1854,  8  (Racine,  Wis. ; 
abundant). — Kneeland,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1857,  237  (Keweenaw 
Point,  Lake  Superior). — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  640;  Rep. 
U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  x,  pt.  2,  1859,  32.— Newton,  Ibis,  1859,  254  (St. 


’  One  hundred  twenty-nine  specimens  selected  from  a  much  larger  series,  to  cover 

the  whole  range  of  the  form. 

4  Sixty-eight  specimens  from  all  parts  of  the  range. 


316 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Croix,  West  Indies;  introduced) —Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.  R.  Surv.,  1860,  640. — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1861,  80  (Jamaica; 
introduced).  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xxiii,  1909,  70  (Jamaica,  exterminated  by- 
mongoose) . — Albrecht,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1862,  205  (Jamaica).— Hayden,  Trans. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  xii,  1862,  173  (Missouri  River  to  White  River). — March, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1863,  303  (Jamaica). — Gray,  List  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  75;  Handlist,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9777. — Samuels, 
Orn.  and  Ool.  New  England,  1868,  393  (New  England;  habits). — Allen, 
Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1868,  501  (w.  Iowa;  very  common),  526  (Rich¬ 
mond,  Ind.)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  ii,  1871,  352  (crit.)  ;  iii,  1872,  181 
(Kansas)  ;  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  x,  1878,  23  (Massachusetts;  common)  ;  Ibis,  1883, 
226  in  text  (distr.). — Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  1871,  118  (Minnesota)  ; 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv,  1872,  240  (Iowa) .—Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas, 
ed.  2,  1872,  12  (Kansas;  abundant). — Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872, 
237;  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  431  (monogr). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  468,  pi.  63  (monogr.). — Ridgway,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1874,  23  (lower  Wabash  Valley). — Brewer,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  12  (New  England). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex 
Inst.,  ix  1877,  62  (s.  Illinois;  Union  County)  65  (s.  Illinois). — Purdie,  Bull. 
Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  ii,  1877,  15  in  text  (New  England).— Bendire,  Proc.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1877,  140  (Boise  City,  Idaho  and  Oregon  side  Snake  River; 
introduced). — Lawrence,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  237,  487  (Antigua; 
West  Indies;  introduced),  450  (Guadeloupe  and  Martinique;  introduced). — 
Scott,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  147  (w.  Missouri;  abundant).— 
Langdon,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1879,  15  (Cincinnati,  Ohio). — 
Loomis,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  217  (South  Carolina;  abundant). — 
Dalgleish,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  v,  1880,  144  (Great  Britain;  intro¬ 
duced)  .—Cory,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1881,  154  (Haiti;  introduced)  ;  Birds 
Haiti  and  San  Domingo,  1885,  138. — Newton,  Handb.  Jamaica,  1881,  117.— 
Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  448,  580,  587  (Ohio;  syn. ;  descr. ;  habits).— 
Beckham,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vi,  1882,  165  (Bayou  Sara,  La.;  abundant).— 
Cooke,  Auk,  i,  1884,  247  (Chippewa  name). — Drew,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  14  (Colorado; 
introduced). — Feilden,  Ibis,  1889,  410  Barbadoes  ;  introduced). — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  415;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  135 
(monogr.). — Feilden,  West  Indian  Bull.,  iii,  1902,  346  (Barbados). — Oliver, 
New  Zealand  Birds,  1930,  377  (New  Zealand;  introduced). 

0[rtyx]  virginianus  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  x,  1874,  382 
(Illinois;  resident). — Hatch,  Bull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1874,  62  (Minne¬ 
sota;  introduced;  not  yet  common). — Boies,  Cat.  Birds  Southern  Michigan, 
1875,  No.  148  (s.  Michigan). — Deane,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  i,  1876,  22,  in 
text  (albinism). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  122  (ne.  Illinois;  common 
resident;  ix,  1877,  59  (Cairo,  s.  Illinois;  few  seen). 

Orlyx  virginiana  Audubon,  Synopsis,  1839,  199;  Birds  Amer.,  v,  1842,  59,  pi.  289. — 
DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  202,  pi.  75  (New  York). — Giraud,  Birds  Long 
Island,  1814,  187  (Long  Island,  N.  Y.;  habits). — Gosse,  Birds  Jamaica,  1847, 
328  (Jamaica).— Coues,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1868,  40  (spec.;  Essex  County, 
Mass.;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  589. — Trippe,  Comm.  Essex  Inst., 

vi,  1871,  118  (Minnesota;  abundant). — Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr. 
Bull.  5,  1879,  491  (Michigan;  common  resident) .—Dalgleish,  Bull.  Nuttall 
Orn.  Club,  v,  1880,  66,  in  text  (Europe). — Hay,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii, 
1882,  93  (Lower  Mississippi;  Vicksburg). — Ridgway,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 

vii,  1882,  22  (Knox  County,  Ind.). — Bailey,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  viii,  1883, 
41  (eggs;  Georgia). — Agersborg,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  285  (se.  Dakota;  common). — 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


317 


Wilcox,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  315,  in  text  (Boise  Valley,  Idaho;  introduced). — Tippen- 
hauer,  Die  Insel  Haiti,  1892,  320,  322  (Haiti). 

0[rtyx]  virginiana  Maximilian,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1858,  443  (descr.). 

Perdix  (Colima)  virginiana  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and  Canada,  i,  1832, 
646. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  var.  virginianus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  468. 

0[rtyx]  virginianus  var.  virginianus  Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  ix,  1877,  43  (s. 
Illinois;  very  numerous  on  the  uplands). 

Ortyx  virginianus  a  virginianus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  431  (monogr.) 

Philortyx  virginianus  Des  Murs,  in  Chenu,  Encycl.  Hist.  Nat.,  vi,  1854,  148  ( fig. 
of  head  and  foot) . 

Colinus  virginianus  Cory,  List  Birds  West  Indies,  1885,  24;  Auk,  iv,  1887,  224,  part 
(Haiti,  San  Domingo,  Jamaica,  St.  Croix,  Antigua),  viii,  1891,  47  (Antigua)  ; 
Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  892,  96  (Greater  and  Lesser  Antilles).— Stejneger, 
Auk,  ii,  1885,  45  (nom end.). —Brewster,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  100,  in  text,  103  (w. 
North  Carolina;  abundant);  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  4,  1906,  170  (Cam¬ 
bridge  region,  Mass.;  resident).— Batchelder,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  314  (North 
Carolina  mountains  in  winter). — Rives,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  161  in  text  (Salt  Pond 
Mountain,  Va.).— Anthony,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  164  (Oregon;  introduced  in  Wash¬ 
ington  County).— Fox,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  319  (Roane  County,  Tenn.,  very  com¬ 
mon). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  167;  ed.  2,  1895, 
106.— Langdon,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  129  (Chilhowee  Mountain,  Tenn.,  abundant).— 
Richmond,  Auk,  v,  1888,  20  (District  of  Columbia;  quite  rare)  ;  xvii,  1900,  178 
(Oneida  County,  N.  Y.). — Evermann,  Auk,  v,  1888,  349  (Carroll  County,  Ind. ; 
now  rare). — Lawrence,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  53,  in  text  (White  Top  Mountain,  Va.). — 
Faxon,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  99,  footnote  (Berkshire  County,  Mass.);  xiii,  1896,  215 
(Abbot’s  drawing  of  a  Georgia  bird). — Pindar,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  313  (Fulton 
County,  Ky.). — Belding,  Occ.  Pap.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ii,  1890,  8. — Loomis, 
Auk,  vii,  1890,  35  (Pickens  County,  S.  C.) ;  viii,  1891,  326  (Caesars  Head,  S.  C.). 
— Goss,  Plist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  219  (Kansas;  abundant;  habits) .—Hatch, 
Notes  Birds  Minnesota,  1892,  155,  454  (Minnesota;  distr. ;  habits). — Scott, 
Auk,  ix,  1892,  120  (Jamaica;  introduced).— Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  i,  1892,  1,  pi.  1  (life  hist.).— Coombs,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  204  (Louisiana;  very 
common) .—Todd,  Auk,  x,  1893,  37  in  text  (Indiana  and  Clearfield  Counties, 
Pa.).— Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  133  (distr.);  xxv,  1908,  59  (s.  Vermont).— 
White,  Auk,  x,  1893,  223  (Mackinac  Island,  Mich.).— Field,  Auk,  xi,  1894, 
123  (Jamaica). — Shufeldt,  Auk,  xi,  1894,  129,  in  text,  pi.  v  (plum.). — Stone, 
Auk,  xi,  1894,  136  (Cape  May  County,  N.  J.)  ;  Birds  New  Jersey,  1908,  149 
(New  Jersey;  descr.;  habits).— Hoffman,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  88  (c.  Berkshire 
County,  Mass.).— Young,  Auk,  xiii,  1896,  281  (Lumber  Yard,  Luzerne  County, 
Pa.).— Bagg,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  226  (near  Oneida  Lake,  N.  Y.).— Johnson,  Auk, 
xiv,  1897,  316,  in  text  (Oneida  and  Lewis  Counties,  N.  Y.)  ;  Condor,  viii, 
1906,  26  (Cheney,  Wash.;  introduced).— Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull. 
37,  1897,  69  (Colorado;  introduced  in  places);  56,  1900,  201  (Colorado;  intro¬ 
duced)  ;  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  410  (Colorado;  native  60  years  ago  at  Bents  Fork).— 
Oberholser,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  184  (plum.). — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci., 
1896-1897  (1899),  253  (Kansas;  resident;  abundant).— Rhoads,  Auk,  xvi,  1899, 
310  (w.  Pennsylvania;  rare). — Barlow,  Condor,  ii,  1900,  131  (Santa  Clara 
County,  Calif.;  introduced) .— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  197  (s.  Ontario). 
—Nash,  Check-list  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  26  (Ontario;  common);  Check-list 
Vert.  Ontario;  Birds,  1905,  34  (Ontario;  common) .—Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900, 
43,  151  in  text  (molts  and  plum.).— Bangs  and  Bradlee,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  250 


318 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


(Bermuda;  introduced).— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902, 
115  (descr. ;  distr.) Rathbun,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  133  (Seattle,  Wash.;  intro¬ 
duced).— Wayne,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  197  (abnormal  plum,;  Mt.  Pleasant,  S.  C.).— 
Dawson,  Birds  Ohio,  1903,  437,  652,  pi.  53  (Ohio;  descr.;  habits). — Jones, 
Birds  Ohio,  Revised  Cat.,  1903,  83  (Ohio;  common). — Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas, 
ed.  5,  1903,  15  (Kansas;  abundant).— Maxon,  Auk,  xx,  1903,  263  (Madison 
County,  N.  Y.).— Judd,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Yearbook  for  1903  (1904),  193  (eco¬ 
nomic  value).— Eifrig,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  237  (w.  Maryland).— Williams,  Auk, 
xxi,  1904,  453  (Leon  County,  Fla. ) —Allison,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  476  (West 
Baton  Rouge  Parish,  La.) ;  xxiv,  1907,  16  (Tishomingo  County,  Miss.) .—Town¬ 
send,  Mem.  Nuttall  Om.  Club,  iii,  1905,  201  (Essex  County,  Mass.). — Wood 
and  Frothingham,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  46  (Au  Sable  Valley,  Mich.;  occasional).— 
Kopman,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  141  (Jefferson  Parish,  La.). — Stockard,  Auk,  xxii, 

1905,  149  (Mississippi;  abundant).— Rhoads  and  Pennock,  Auk,  xxii,  1905, 
199  (Delaware).— Clark,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  262  in  text  (Barbados;  2  records)  ; 
Pioc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxii,  1905,  246  (Barbados;  very  rare). — Bowles, 
Auk,  xxiii,  1906,  142  (Tacoma,  Wash.;  introduced).— Warren,  Condor,  viii] 

1906,  19  (se.  Colorado;  s.  of  Monon) .—Fleming,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  71  (Toronto, 
Canada).— Ferry,  Auk,  xxiv,  1907,  283,  432  (s.  Illinois;  abundant  at  Olive 
Branch).— Woodruff,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  198  (Shannon  and  Carter  Counties, 
Mo.). — Saunders,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  417  (c.  Alabama). — Edson,  Auk,  xxv,  1908, 
432  (Bellingham  Bay,  Wash.;  introduced). — Beyer,  Allison,  and  Kopman, 
Auk,  xxv,  1908,  439  (Louisiana;  common).— Reagan,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  464 
(Rosebud  Reservation,  S.  Dak.;  rare).— Rockwell,  Condor,  x,  1908,  160  (Mesa 
County,  Colo.;  introduced).— Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  Washington,  ii,  1909, 
560  (Washington;  habits;  distr.).— Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed. 
2,  1909,  215  (s.  Ontario).— Hersey  and  Rockwell,  Condor,  xi,  1909,  116  (Barr 
Lake  District,  Colo.;  common). — Palmer,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  25,  in  text  (instinct¬ 
ive  stillness).— Howell,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  132  (Young  Harris,  Brasstown  Bald, 
Tate,  and  Ellijay;  n.  Georgia)  ;  xxvi,  1910,  296  (Kentucky  and  Tennessee),  301 
(Tennessee— High  Cliff,  Coal  Creek,  Crass  Mountain,  Walden  Ridge,  and 
Lawrenceburg).— Visher,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  147  (near  Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.).— 
Trotter,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  355  (common  names). — Hess,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  22 
(centr.  Illinois).— Embody,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  171  (Ashland,  Va.) .—Chaney, 
Auk,  xxvii,  1910,  273  (Mason  County,  Mich.).— Philipp,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910, 
322  (St.  James  Island,  S.  C.).— Tullsen,  Condor,  xiii,  1911,  104,  in  text 
(S.  D.).— Widmann,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  312  (Estes  Park,  Colo.).— Zimmer, 
Proc.  Nebraska  Orn.  Union,  v,  pt.  2,  1911,  20  (Dawes  County,  Nebr. ;  resident)  ; 
pt.  5,  1913,  69  (Nebraska;  Thomas  County  Forest  Reserve). — Sclater,  Hist. 
Birds  Colorado,  1912,  139  (Colorado;  recently  spread  into  eastern  Colorado; 
introduced  from  Pueblo  to  Fort  Collins).— Isely,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  28  (Sedg¬ 
wick  County,  Kans.).— Kennedy,  Condor,  xvi,  1914,  254,  in  text  (Yakima 
Valley,  Wash.) .— Rust,  Condor,  xvii,  1915,  123  (Kootenai  County,  Idaho; 
influx  from  Spokane  Prairie,  Wash.).— Phillips,  Auk,  xxxii,  1915,  204,  in  text] 
pi.  xvi  (New  England;  crit. ;  plum.;  meas.)  ;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Techn.  Bull.  6l] 
1928,  31  (introduced  into  Bermuda  and  New  Providence,  Jamaica;  Puerto 
Rico,  and  other  West  Indian  Islands). — Griscom,  Birds  New  York  City  Region, 
1923,  175  (status;  New  York  City  Region). — Johnston,  Birds  West  Virginia, 
1923,  8,  88  (West  Virginia).— Neilson,  Condor,  xxvii,  1925,  73,  in  text  (Wheat- 
land,  Wyo.).— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  160  (w.  Canada;  descr.; 
habits)  ;  Birds  Canada,  1934,  164  in  text  (Canada,  distr.)  ;  Can.  Water  Birds] 
1939,  177  (Canada;  field  characters).— Beebe,  Zool.  Soc.  Bull.,  xxx,  1927,  139; 
Beneath  Tropic  Seas,  1928,  220  (Bizoton,  Ltang  Miragoane,  Haiti). — Sprunt, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


319 


Auk,  xlv,  1928,  210,  in  text  (albinism)  ;  Hi,  1935,  80  in  text  (North  Carolina, 
Blowing  Rock,  Watauga  County,  nest  with  17  eggs,  August  10,  1934;  nest  with  11 
eggs,  August  27). — Bond,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxx,  1928  (1929), 
493  (Haiti)  ;  Auk,  xlvii,  1930,  270  (St.  Croix,  V.  I.). — Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x, 
1929,  762  (care  in  captivity). — Danforth,  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  362  (Mirebalais, 
Grand  Goave,  Fonds  des  Negres,  Hispaniola)  ;  Leeward  Isl.  Gazeteer,  Suppl.,  Nov. 
16,  1933,  2  (Antigua;  introduced;  now  extinct). — Uuner,  Abstr.  Linn.  Soc.  New 
York,  Nos.  39,40,  1930,  71  (Union  County,  N.  J.).— Miller,  Murrelet,  xi,  1930,  60 
in  text  (Washington;  Palouse  region;  habits;  food).— Christy,  Auk,  xlviii, 
1931,  367  (change  of  status;  Sandusky  Bay,  Lake  Erie). — Bailey  and  Wright, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xliii,  1931,  201  (Avery  Island,  La.). — Gabrielson,  Condor,  xxxiii, 
1931,  112  (Brownsboro,  Tolo,  Jackson  County,  Oreg. ;  introduced). — Groebbels, 
Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  532  in  text  (lining  of  gizzard),  664  (body  temperature) ;  ii, 
1937,  384  in  text  (infertile  eggs),  402  in  text  (parental  care). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap. 
Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  12  (Hawaii;  introduced;  not  known  to  breed). — 
Nice  and  Kraft,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvi,  1934,  122,  in  table  (erythrocite  count). — 
Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiv,  1934,  12  (Arnett,  Laverne,  and  Kenton, 
Okla. ;  crit.). — Anderson,  Journ.  Barbados  Mus.  Hist.  Soc.,  ii,  1935,  138 
(Barbados;  accidental). — Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus. 
Zool.,  No.  8,  1936,  30  (Ontario;  formerly  common;  reduced  in  numbers;  native 
and  introduced  races  mixed  and  not  now  identifiable) . — Bagg  and  Eliot,  Birds 
Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  173  (status;  habits).— Griffee  and 
Rapraeger,  Murrelet,  xviii,  1937,  14  in  text,  16  (Portland,  Oreg.;  1  nesting 
record). — Errington,  Wils.  Bull.,  Ii,  1939,  22,  in  text  (ability  to  withstand  cold 
and  hunger)  ;  liii,  1941,  85  in  text  (central  Iowa;  habits)  ;  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  170, 
in  text  (food  habits;  Wisconsin). — Todd,  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940,  131, 
in  text  (remains  found  in  stomachs  of  eastern  goshawks). — McCabe  and  Leo¬ 
pold,  Wils.  Bull.,  lii,  1940,  280  (Wisconsin;  snow-killed). — Lack,  Condor,  xlii, 

1940,  270,  in  text,  274  in  text  (pairing  habit). — Allin,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst., 
xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  96  (Darlington  Township,  Ontario;  extinct) .— Lesher  and 
Kendeigh,  Wils.  Bull.,  liii,  1941,  170  in  text  (molt). — Hand,  Condor,  xliii, 

1941,  225  (St.  Joe  Natl.  Forest,  Idaho). — Stevenson,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  110 
(Central  Panhandle  of  Texas). — Baiile,  Condor,  xlvi,  1944,  72  (Utah;  introd.). 

C[olinus]  virginiamis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Arner.  Birds,  1887,  188. — Reichenow, 
DieVdgel,  i,  1913,  315. 

Colinus  virginiana  Petiudes,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  322,  in 
text  (age  indicators  in  plumage). 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus  Wetmore,  Condor,  xi  1909,  157  (e.  Kansas)  ;  Sci. 
Surv.  Puerto  Rico  and  Virgin  Ids.,  ix,  pt.  3,  1927,  330  (Puerto  Rico;  Virgin 
Islands ;  distr. ;  habits)  ;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxiv,  1937,  407  (West  Virginia ; 
spec. ;  Big  Bend,  Calhoun  County;  seen  near  Gilboa,  Freed,  and  near  Grantsville)  ; 
lxxxvi,  1939,  184  (Tennessee;  spec,  from  Shady  Valley);  lxxxviii,  1940,  535 
(Kentucky;  spec,  from  near  Bedford  ;  sev.  sight  records). — American  Ornithol¬ 
ogists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  134;  ed.  4,  1931,  88. — Saunders,  Condor, 
xiv,  1912,  24  (sw.  Montana ;  introduced  in  Deer  Lodge  Valley;  not  yet  common)  ; 
Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1921,  172  (introduced  into  Montana  with  local 
success). — Bailey,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  80  (mountains  of  Virginia;  abundant). — 
Bruner  and  Field,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  376  (w.  North  Carolina). — Harlow, 
Auk,  xxix,  1912,  477  (Chester  County,  Pa.)  ;  xxxv,  1918,  23  (Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey). — Smyth,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  514  (Montgomery  County,  Va.). — 
Allen,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  24  (Essex  County,  Mass.). — Eifrig,  Auk,  xxx,  1913, 
239,  in  text  (Chicago  area). — Stone,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  338  (William  Bartram’s 
records)  ;  Bird  Studies  Cape  May,  i,  1937,  323  (New  Jersey;  habits;  distr.). — 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Wright  and  Harper,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  494  (Okefinokee  Swamp,  Ga.). — 
Bailey,  Birds  Virginia,  1913,  83  (Virginia;  distr. ;  habits). — Grave  and  Walker, 
Birds  Wyoming,  1913,  38  (Wyoming;  small  coveys  on  lower  portions  of  Platte 
and  Laramie  Rivers  in  eastern  part  of  the  State). — Kennedy,  Ibis,  1914,  188 
(Bermuda;  spec.). — Tinker,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  77  (Clay  and  Palo  Alto  Counties, 
Iowa). — Golsan  and  Holt,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  219  (Alabama;  abundant). — 
Rockwell  and  Wetmore,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  314  (Golden,  Colo.,  introduced).— 
Cooke,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  478  (Oklahoma;  winter). — Smith,  Condor,  xvii,  1915, 
42  (Boston  Mountains,  Ark.;  very  local). — Grinnell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No. 
11,  1915,  180  (California;  hypothetical) .—Shelton,  Univ.  Oregon  Bull.,  new 
ser.,  xiv,  No.  4,  1917,  20,  26  (west-central  Oregon;  introduced). — Dice,  Auk, 
xxxv,  1918,  43  (se.  Washington,  introduced). — Burns,  Orn.  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  1919,  48  (Chester  County,  Pa.;  common). — Pearson,  Brimley,  and 
Brimley,  Birds  of  North  Carolina,  1919,  152  (North  Carolina;  descr. ;  distr.); 
1942,  108. — Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  5,  1920,  95  (Essex  County, 
Mass.;  rare). — Fleisher,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  569  (southeastern  North  Caro¬ 
lina).- — Bangs  and  Kennard,  List  Birds  Jamaica,  1920,  688  (Jamaica;  intro¬ 
duced). — Hunt,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  376  (Tillar,  Ark.;  common)  ;  xlviii,  1931, 
236  (near  Maumelle,  Ark.).- — Over  and  Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota,  1921, 
75  (South  Dakota;  common  throughout). — Holt,  Geol.  Surv.  Alabama,  Mus. 
Pap.  No.  4,  1921,  36,  53  in  text  (Alabama;  abundant;  habits;  food;  spec.). — 
Wilson,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  235  (Bowling  Green,  Ky.). — Corrington,  Auk,  xxxix, 
1922,  543  (Biloxi,  Miss.;  winter). — Swope,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  323  in  text,  (increas¬ 
ing  in  Ohio). — Wood,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.,  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  10,  1923,  81 
(North  Dakota,  introduced;  rare). — Pindar,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi,  1924,  204 
(status,  s.  Arkansas)  ;  xxxviii,  1925,  83  (Fulton  County,  Ky.).— Beck,  Auk,  xli, 

1924,  292,  in  text  (Pennsylvania;  German  common  names). — Gabrielson,  Auk, 
xli,  1924,  554  (Imnaha  Canyon,  Wallowa  County,  Oreg.)  ;  Wils.  Bull.,  xlviii,  1936, 
306  (Lake  Francis,  Minn.;  abundant). — Howell,  Birds  Alabama,  1924,  117; 
ed.  2,  1928,  117  (Alabama;  habits;  distr.);  Florida  Bird  Life,  1932,  192 
(Florida;  distr.;  descr.;  habits). — Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  35 
(Oklahoma;  distr.;  habits). — Wheeler,  Birds  Arkansas,  1925,  38,  xiv,  xx 
(Arkansas;  descr.;1  habits;  food;  nests  and  eggs) .—Bailey,  Birds  Florida, 

1925,  i,  59,  pi.  32  (col.  fig.;  distr.;  Florida). — Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii, 
1925,  27  (status;  Sioux  Falls  region,  S.  Dak.). — Blincoe,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  408 
(Bardstown,  Ky.). — Holland,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  94,  in  text  (late  nesting, 
Illinois)  ;  xliv,  1927,  100,  in  text  (late  nesting). — Worthington  and  Todd, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  211  (Florida;  Choctowhatchee  Bay). — Forbush, 
Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other  New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  2,  pi.  34  (col. 
fig.;  New  England;  distr.;  descr.;  habits).- — Linsdale  and  Hall,  Wils.  Bull., 
xxxix,  1927,  96  (Douglas  County,  Kans.).— Linsdale,  Auk,  xliv.  1927,  52 
(Pratt,  Garden  City,  and  Coolidge,  sw.  Kansas)  ;  Univ.  Kansas  Sci.  Bull.,  xviii, 
1928,  532  (near  Geary,  e.  Kansas). — Horsey,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  119  (Montgomery 
and  Boyd  Counties,  Ky.). — Davis,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  418,  in  text  (late  nest¬ 
ing).—  Baerg,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  546  (Mount  Magazine,  Ark.);  Univ.  Arkansas 
Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  258,  1931,  53  (Arkansas;  distr.;  descr.;  habits;  food). — 
Sutton,  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  52  (Pennsylvania;  distr.;  habits)  ;  Ann.  Car¬ 
negie  Mus.,  xxvii,  1938,  178  (Tarrant  County,  Tex.;  breeds). — Pickens,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xl,  1928,  189  (upper  South  Carolina). — Bond,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila¬ 
delphia,  lxxx,  1928  (1929),  493  (Haiti;  distr.;  habits)  ;  Birds  West  Indies,  1936, 
414  (distr.  in  West  Indies)  ;  Check  List  Birds  West  Indies,  1940,  164  (introduced 
and  now  extirpated  in  St.  Kitts,  Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  and  Martinique;  intro¬ 
duced  and  established  in  Jamaica,  s.  Haiti,  and  St.  Croix,  in  all  of  which 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


321 


islands  it  is  not  common). — Cahn  and  Hyde,  Wils.  Bull.,  xli,  1929,  36  (Little 
Egypt  HI.;  ecol.,  distr.). — Cooke,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlii,  1929,  33 
(Washington,  D.  C.). — Harper,  Wils.  Bull.,  xli,  1929,  236  (Randolph  County, 
Ga.) .— Moltoni,  Atti  Soc.  Ital.  Sci.  Nat.,  lxviii,  1929,  311  (Dominican  Re¬ 
public). — Danforth,  Journ.  Agr.  Porto  Rico,  xiv,  1930,  115  (St.  Croix,  V.  I.)  ; 
xix,  1935,  466  (St.  Croix;  introduced)  ;  xxiii,  1938,  22  (Guadeloupe,  intro¬ 
duced  1886-7;  now  extinct);  Auk,  li,  1934,  357  (introduced  into  Antigua; 
became  extinct  there  soon  after  1890)  ;  Trop.  Agr.,  xiii,  1936,  214  (St.  Kitts; 
introduced;  now  extinct). — Beatty,  Journ.  Agr.  Porto  Rico,  xiv,  1930,  139 
(St.  Croix,  V.  I.;  breeds). — Roads,  Auk,  xlvii,  1930,  268,  in  text  (late  nest¬ 
ing;  Ohio). — Fitzpatrick,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  125  (status  in  northeastern 
Colorado). — Brooks,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  246  (Cranberry  Glades,  W.  Va.). — 
Pierce,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  265  (Buchanan  County,  Iowa)  ;  Proc.  Iowa  Acad. 
Sci.,  xlvii,  1941,  376  (ne.  Iowa,  recently  became  scarce). — Nice,  Birds  Okla¬ 
homa,  rev.  ed.,  1931,  81  (Oklahoma;  distr.;  habits);  Auk,  1,  1933,  97  (hen 
giving  call  of  male) .—[Arthur],  Birds  Louisiana,  1931,  216  (Louisiana;  habits; 
descr. ;  status). — Wetmore  and  Swales,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  155,  1931,  122 
(Hispaniola;  distr.;  habits;  syn.). — Snyder  and  Logier,  Trans.  Roy.  Canadian 
Inst.,  xviii,  pt.  1,  1931,  176  (Long  Point  area,  Norfolk  County;  Ontario; 
formerly). — Esten,  Auk,  xlviii,  1931,  573  (weight). — Bird  and  Bird,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xliii,  1931,  293,  in  text  (food  in  winter;  Oklahoma). — Bradlee  and 
Mowbray,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  His.,  xxxix,  1931,  325  (Bermuda;  not  com¬ 
mon;  spec.). — Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  408  (distr.;  habits;  Minne¬ 
sota). — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  July  1932,  26  (Missouri;  res¬ 
ident). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  9  (life  hist,  monogr. ;  distr.; 
plum.). — Griscom,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  iii,  1933,  97  (Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y. ;  now  largely  extirpated). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  47 
(distr.). — Brodkorb  and  Stevenson,  Auk,  li,  1934,  101  (Beach,  Ill.,  adult 
female  in  male  plumage). — Nagel,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvi,  1934,  147  (Missouri;  diet 
and  internal  parasites). — Breckenridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  269  (Minne¬ 
sota).— McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  129  in  text  (se. 
Wyoming;  resident). — Youngworth,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  217  (Fort 
Sisseton,  South  Dakota;  few  seen). — Perkins,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  460  (Berwick, 
Maine). — Fisher,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlviii,  1935,  161  (Plummers 
Island,  Md.). — Imler,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxix,  1936,  301  (Rooks 
County,  Kans. ;  fairly  common  until  1934;  since  quite  uncommon) .— Bellrose, 
Auk,  liii,  1936,  348  (nesting  September  8  near  Ottawa,  n.  Illinois). — Scott, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xlix,  1937,  21  (Iowa;  snow-killing). — Stewart,  Auk,  liv,  1937, 
326,  in  table  (weight). — Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.,  No.  24,  1937,  91 
(Boulder  County,  Colo.;  infrequent) .— Murphey,  Contr.  Charleston  Mus.,  ix, 
1937,  14  (Savannah  Valley,  Ga. ;  abundant;  varying  in  numbers  from  year  to 
year).— Deaderick,  Wils.  Bull.,  1,  1938,  263  (Hot  Springs  Nat.  Park,  Arkansas; 
common). — Bennett,  Blue-winged  Teal,  1938,  46  in  text  (egg  dropping). — 
Van  Tyne,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  12  (Michigan; 
permanent  resident). — Sutton,  Ann.  Carngie  Mus.,  xxvii,  1938,  178  (Tarrant 
County,  Tex.;  breeds). — Oberholser,  Bird  Life  Louisiana,  1938,  191  (Louisiana, 
common;  habits). — Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain 
Parks,  1939,  64  (Denver,  Colo.,  region;  distr.;  habits;  not  common). — 
Trautman,  Bills,  and  Wickliff,  Wils.  Bull.,  li,  1939,  99,  in  text  (winter 
mortality;  Ohio). — Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  63  (Lucas  County, 
Ohio;  spec.;  common;  eggs).— Long,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  440 
(Kansas;  fairly  common  resident  in  east  but  not  so  abundantly  as  formerly).— 
Trautman,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  44,  1940,  224  (Buckeye 


322 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Lake,  Ohio;  habits;  common). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940, 
220  (Oregon;  distr. ;  descr. ;  habits). — Todd,  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940, 
172  (w.  Pennsylvania;  descr.;  distr.;  habits;  syn.). — Burleigh,  Auk,  lviii, 
1941,  337  (North  Carolina,  Mount  Mitchell) .— Goodpaster,  Journ.  Cincinnati 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1941,  13  (sw.  Ohio;  resident). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  238  (syn.;  distr.).— PIerm an,  Jankiewicz, 
and  Saarni,  Condor,  xliv,  1942,  168  in  text  (coccidiosis) . — Cruickshank, 
Birds  New  York  City,  1942,  151  (status;  habits). 

Colinus  v[irginianus]  virginianus  Wetmore,  Condor,  xi,  1909,  155  (e.  Kansas) ; 
Maryland  Conservationist,  1930,  4,  5  in  text.— Peck,  Condor,  xiii,  1911,  65 
(Willow  Creek  Valley,  Oreg.).— Lincoln,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  65  (Clear  Creek 
district,  Colo.;  introduced) .— Soper,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  497  (Wellington  and  Water¬ 
loo  Counties,  Ontario). — Holt,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  147  (nesting  dates,  Alabama). — 
Wing,  Auk,  xlvii,  1930,  417  (killed  by  pheasants). — Stoddard,  The  Bobwhite 
Quail,  1931,  83  (monogr.).— Hicks,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  180  (Ashtabula 
County,  Ohio).— Breckenridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  272  (eaten  by  marsh 
hawk).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data  on  breeding  biology),  239, 
in  text  (egg  number).— Poole,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  516,  in  table  (weight;  wing  area)! 

Stabler,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  561  (used  in  parasite  experiment). — Amadon,  Auk, 
lx,  1943,  225  (body  weight  and  egg  weight). 

C[olinus]  v[irgmianus]  virginianus  Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiv,  1934,  12, 
in  text  (Panhandle,  Oklahoma).— Bond,  Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  82  in  text,'  403 
in  text  (introduced,  but  now  extirpated,  in  Puerto  Rico,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua, 
Guadeloupe,  and  Martinique;  established  in  Jamaica,  southern  Haiti  and 
St.  Croix). 

[Colinus]  virginianus  virginianus  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  Zook,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  30,  in  text  (native  Ontario  race  now  mixed  with 
imported  stock). 

Colinus  virginianus  texanus  (not  of  Lawrence,  1853)  Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas, 
1891,  222  (Kansas;  spec.;  descr.).— Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  1896-97 
(1899),  253  (Kansas;  resident  in  southwestern  part).— Cooke,  Colorado  State 
Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  56,  1900,  201,  part  (Colorado). — Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed. 
5,  1903,  15  (sw.  Kansas;  rare). 

Colinus  v[irginianus]  texanus  Niedrach,  Condor,  xxv,  1923,  182,  in  text  (Baca 
County,  Colo.). 

Colinus  virginianus  floridanus  (not  of  Coues,  1872)  Figgins,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  674 
(Black  Bayou,  La.). 

O  [rtyx]  virginianus  var.  floridanus  (not  of  Coues,  1872)  Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst., 
ix,  1877,  43  (Mount  Carmel,  Ill,). 

Tetrao  marilandicus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  277  (based  on  Perdix 
novae-angliae  Brisson,  i,  229). 

Tetrao  marilandica  Brackenridge,  Views  of  Louisiana,  1817,  119  (Louisiana). 

Tetrao  marilandus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  761. 

Perdix  marilanda  Latham,  Index  Orn.  ii,  1790,  651. 

Tetrao  marylandus  Smith,  Wonders  of  Nature  and  Art,  rev.  ed.,  1807,  xiv,  69 
(New  York,  Pennsylvania). 

Ortyx  marylandus  Denny,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1847,  38  (part;  Jamaica). 

(?)  Tetrao  mexicanus  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  277.— Gmelin  Syst 
Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  762. 

Perdix  mexicana  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  653.— Richmond,  Auk,  xix,  1902, 
79,  in  text  (nomencl.). 

Tetrao  colin  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.,  1776,  129  (“America”). 

Tetrao  colinicui  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.,  1776,  130  (Louisiana). 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


323 


Perdix  borealis  Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  436,  475  (part). — Vieillot, 
Gal.  Ois.,  ii,  1825,  44,  pi.  214. 

Ortyx  borealis  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  1819,  3 77. — Jardine  and  Selby, 
lllustr.  Orn.,  i,  1828,  text  to  pi.  38;  Nat.  Libr.  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  pi.  10. 

T[etrao  minor ]  Bartram,  Trav.  in  Florida,  etc.,  1791,  290. 

(?)  Ortyx  castanea  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1842  (1843),  142  (“South 
America”;  coll.  J.  Gould). 

(?)  Ortyx  castaneus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  3.- — Gray,  List 
Birds,  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  76;  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9780.— 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.  xxii,  1893,  424;  Handbook  Game  Birds, 
ii,  1897,  145  (monogr.). 

(?)  Colinus  virginianus  castaneus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  49  and 
footnote. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  247. 
Ortyx  hoopesii  “Krider,”  "Homo”  [pseudonym],  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  1875,  243 
(near  Philadelphia,  Pa.  =  black-throated  variety). 

C[olinus]  v[irginianus]  verus  Allen,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  276,  in  text  (not  apparently 
intended  as  a  new  name  but  signifying  “true”  or  “typical”  virginianus) . 

Colinus  virginianus  taylori  Lincoln,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xxviii,  1915,  103 
(Laird,  Yuma  County,  Colo.;  coll.  Colorado  Museum  Nat.  Hist.). — American 
Ornithologists'  Union,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  426. — Long,  Bull.  Univ.  Kansas  Sci., 
xxxvi,  1935,  233  (common;  w.  Kansas)  ;  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940, 
441  (Kansas;  common  resident  in  western  part;  probably  as  far  east  as  the 
Flint  Hills). 

Colinus  v[irginianus]  taylori  Lincoln,  Proc.  Colorado  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1915,  6 
(Yuma  County,  Colo.;  resident). 

[Colinus]  [virginianus]  taylori  Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxiv,  1934,  12,  in  text. 
COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  TEXANUS  (Lawrence) 

Texas  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  form  but  without  any 
black  loreal  band  from  the  bill  to  the  eye  and  without  large,  conspicuous 
black  blotches  on  the  scapulars,  innermost  secondaries,  and  back;  gen¬ 
erally  much  more  grayish,  less  rufescent  above,  and  less  tinged  with  ochra- 
ceous  or  buffy  below ;  the  feathers  of  upperparts  of  head  and  body  paler 
in  their  brownish  parts  than  in  the  typical  form  and  each  feather  termi¬ 
nally  edged  with  pale  smoke  grayish,  the  interscapulars  and  feathers  of 
the  back  and  upper  wing  coverts  barred  with  whitish  each  of  these  bars 
bordered  by  blackish ;  the  black  border  posterior  to  the  white  throat  nar¬ 
rower;  size  generally  smaller. 

Adult  jemale. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  slightly  paler 
and  much  grayer,  as  in  the  male,  and  without  large  black  blotches  on  the 
scapulars,  inner  secondaries,  and  back. 

Immature. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex,  but  with  the 
two  outer  primaries  more  pointed  terminally. 

Juvenal. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  of  corresponding  sex  but 
somewhat  paler,  and,  for  this  reason,  appearing  somewhat  more  brownish, 
less  dusky. 

Natal  down. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  typical  race. 


324 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male. — Wing  103-112.5  (107.9)  ;  tail  57-64  (61)  ;  culmen  from 
the  base  13.5-14  (13.7)  ;  tarsus  28-31  (29.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-28  (26.3  mm.).5 

Adult  female. — Wing  98.5—110.5  (107.1)  ;  tail  50.5—62  (56.3)  ;  culmen 
from  base  12.5—14  (13.1)  ;  tarsus  28—31  (29.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-28  (26.5  mm.).5 

Range. — Resident  in  open  country  in  the  Upper  and  Lower  Sonoran 
Zone  from  southeastern  New  Mexico  (Carlsbad,  Texline,  Nara  Vasa, 
sandhills  near  Logan,  etc.)  ;  central  and  southern  Texas  (north  to  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Brazos  River,  where  it  intergrades  with  the  nominate 
race),  south  to  northeastern  Coahuila  and  Nuevo  Leon  and  to  north- 
central  Tamaulipas. 

Introduced,  either  by  itself  or  mixed  with  typical  virginianus,  and  now 
hopelessly  mixed  beyond  the  point  of  subspecific  identifiability,  into  central 
Colorado,  Utah,  Idaho,  California,  Montana,  Oregon,  Washington,  many 
of  the  eastern  States,  and  in  the  West  Indies,  especially  Haiti. 

Type  locality. — Above  Ringgold  Barracks,  Tex. 

Ortyx  virginiana  (not  Tetrao  virginianus  Linnaeus)  McCall,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  1851,  220  (sw.  Texas;  “New  Mexico”). — Nehrling,  Bull.  Nuttall 
Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  175  (Houston,  etc.,  se.  Texas). 

Ortyx  virginianus  Woodhouse,  in  Rep.  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuni  and  Colorado  Rivers, 
1853,  94  (Indian  Territory;  Texas  e.  of  San  Pedro  River) .—Baird,  Rep.  U.  S. 
and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  22  (e.  Texas). 

Colinus  virginianus  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  106; 
ed.  3,  1910,  134,  part— Friedmann,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  543  (lower  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  Tex.) —Sutton  and  Burleigh,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zook,  Louisiana  State 
Univ.,  No.  3,  1939,  28  (ne.  Mexico;  common  n.  Tamaulipas,  n.  Nuevo  Leon). 
Ortyx  texanus  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  1  (Ringgold 
Barracks,  Tex.;  coll.  G.  N.  Lawrence). — Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  ix, 

1858,  641;  Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  22,  pi.  24  (Devils 
River  and  Laredo,  Tex.;  Matamoros,  Tamaulipas;  Nuevo  Leon);  Cat.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  472. — Heermann,  Rep.  Pacific  R.R.  Surv.,  x,  No.  1, 

1859,  18  (Pecos  River,  Tex.). — Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.R.  Surv.,  1860,  atlas,  pi.  62. — Dresser,  Ibis,  1865,  315,  317,  in  text,  1866,  27 
(s.  Texas).— Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  75.— Butcher, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1868,  150  (Laredo,  Tex.). — Baird,  Brewer, 
and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  pi.  63,  figs.  3,  4— Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  298,  part  (s.  and  w.  Texas; 
Matamoros,  etc.,  n.  Tamaulipas;  Hacienda  de  las  Escobas,  San  Agustin,  San 
Pedro,  Vaqueria,  Estancia,  and  Topo  Chico,  Nuevo  Leon?).” 

Ortix  texanus  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  175  (common  names;  Mexico). 

[Ortyx  virginianus ]  Var.  texanus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  237. 

Ortyx  virginianus  .  .  var.  texanus  Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874  No 
389b. 


'  Ten  specimens  of  each  sex. 

"  Some  of  these  localities,  at  least,  may  refer  to  C.  v.  maculatus. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


325 


0[rtyx]  virginianus,  var.  texanus  Ridgway,  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  No.  19,  1873, 
290,  in  text. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  var.  texanus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  474. 

Ortyx  virginiana  var.  texana  Merrill,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  160  (Fort 
Brown,  Tex.;  habits;  descr.  nest  and  eggs). 

Ortyx  virginiana  texana  Sennett,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.,  Bull.  4, 
No.  1,  1878,  53  (Rio  Grande  Valley,  Tex.;  eggs);  Bull.  5,  1879,  429  (Lomita 
Ranch,  Texas;  habits). — Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196  (Nom. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  480b. — Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds, 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  573. — Brown,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  41  (Boerne, 
Kendall  County,  w.  Texas). 

0  [rtyx]  v[irginiana\  texana  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  591. 

[Ortyx  virginianus]  b.  texanus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  431  (synonymy). 

[Ortyx  virginianus]  Subsp.  b.  Ortyx  texanus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  419,  part  (Hacienda  de  las  Escobas,  San  Agustin,  San  Pedro, 
Vaqueria,  Estancia  near  Monterey,  and  Topo  Chico,  Nuevo  Leon;  Brownsville, 
Corpus  Christi,  Medina,  San  Antonio,  and  Papalote,  Bee  County,  Texas). 

Colinus  virginianus  texanus  Stejneger,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  45  (nomencl.). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  289b;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  289b; 
ed.  3,  1910,  p.  134. — Goss,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  9  (Republican  Fork,  w.  Kans.). — 
Sennett,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  24  (descr.  first  plumage). — Lloyd,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  186 
(Tom  Green  and  Concho  Counties,  Tex.,  west  to  Pecos  River). — Beckham, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1888,  637,  640,  655  (Bexar  and  Bee  Counties,  Texas). — 
Hasbrouck,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  237  (Eastland  County,  Texas). — Bendire,  Life  Hist. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  8. — Attwater,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  233  (San  Antonio, 
Tex.). — Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  121  (Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas,  ne.  Mexico, 
sea  level  up  to  2,500  feet)  ;  xix,  1902,  pi.  14,  fig.  5. — Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas 
Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-97  (1899),  253  (sw.  Kansas).— Cooke,  Colorado  State 
Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  56,  1900,  201,  part  (distr.) . — Carroll,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  341 
Refugio  County,  Tex. ;  abundant). — Dwight,  Auk,  xviii,  1900,  46  (molts,  etc.). — 
Smith,  Condor,  xii,  1910,  95,  in  text  (lower  Rio  Grande  Valley)  ;  Auk,  xxxiii, 
1916,  188  (Kerr  County,  Tex.;  nests;  eggs). — Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74 
(Matamoros  and  San  Fernando,  Tamaulipas). — Lacey,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206 
Kerrville,  Kerr  County,  Tex.). — Simmons,  Auk,  xxxii,  1915,  321  (se.  Texas; 
habits;  Birds  Austin  Region,  1925,  79  (Austin,  Tex.;  habits;  local  distr.). — 
Quillin  and  Holleman,  Condor,  xx,  1918,  39  (Bexar  County,  Tex.). — Pearson, 
Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  523  (se.  Texas).— Cahn,  Condor,  xxiv,  1922,  176  (Bird 
Island,  Tex.;  none  seen,  but  common  on  mainland) .—Bent,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi, 
1924,  12  (se.  Texas)  ;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  34  (life  hist.;  distr.).— 
De  Laubenfels,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi,  1924,  170  (Brownsville,  Tex.). — Griscom 
and  Crosby,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  532  (Brownsville  region,  s.  Texas). — Bailey, 
Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  213  (New  Mexico;  habits;  distr.).- — Burleigh,  Auk, 
xlvi,  1929,  509  (Tacoma,  Wash.;  introduced). — Compton,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932, 
48  (hybrid  between  this  species  and  Lophortyx  calif  ornica) . — Bennitt,  Univ. 
Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  26  (Missouri;  uncommon). — Ransom, 
Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  52,  in  text  (flight;  habits;  Benton  County,  Wash.;  intro¬ 
duced). — Murray,  Auk,  1,  1933,  199  (introd.  in  all  parts  of  Virginia). — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  47. — Miller,  Lumley,  and  Hall,  Murrelet, 
xvi,  1935,  57  (Washington,  San  Juan  Islands;  introduced). — Edson,  Murrelet, 
xvi,  1935,  12  (Washington,  Whatcom  County;  introduced). — Groebbels,  Der 
Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (breeding  biology). — Davis,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  81  (Brazos 


653008 


22 


326 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


County,  Tex.;  resident).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  241  (syn.;  distr.).— Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lv,  1942,  69 
(crit. ;  spec.;  distr.). — Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  226  (body  weight  and  egg 
weight) . 

Colinus  virginianus  texensis  Allen,  Auk,  x,  1893,  134. 

C[olinus]  virginianus  texanus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  188. 
C\olinus]  v[irginianus ]  texanus  Bailey,  Plandbook  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  116  (descr. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  v [irginianus]  texanus  Niedrach,  Condor,  xxv,  1923,  182  (se.  Colorado  near 
Oklahoma  boundary;  crit.). — Wetmore,  Maryland  Conservationist,  1930,  4,  5, 
in  text  (introduced  in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland;  hybridizing). — Stoddard, 
The  Bobwhite  Quail,  1931,  84  (imported  to  Georgia  and  Florida). 

[Colinus]  v[irginianus]  texanus  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  239,  in  text  (number 
of  eggs). 

[Colinus]  texanus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45,  part. 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  FLORIDANUS  (Coues) 

Florida  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  slightly  smaller 
and  generally  darker  in  color,  more  heavily  marked  with  black  above 
and  below,  the  pectoral  area  immediately  posterior  to  the  black  collar 
with  a  distinct,  broad  band  of  tawny  to  hazel,  streaked  with  black ;  the 
lower  back  and  rump  more  olive-grayish,  more  contrasting  with  the  color 
of  the  upper  back  and  rump  than  in  the  typical  form. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  slightly  smaller 
and  with  all  the  blackish  marks  more  heavily  and  conspicuously  developed ; 
and  with  a  broad  pectoral  band  of  dull  tawny-cinnamon  more  or  less 
mottled  with  black. 

Immature. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  corresponding  sex  but  with 
the  outermost  primaries  more  pointed  terminally. 

Juvenal.- — Similar  to  that  of  the  corresponding  sex  of  the  nominate 
form  but  darker,  the  black  markings  larger  and  heavier. 

Natal  down. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  form  but  slightly  darker. 
Adult  male. — Wing  110-111  (106.1)  ;  tail  53-62  (57.4)  ;  oilmen  from 
the  base  14-15.5  (14.8)  ;  tarsus  27-31  (29.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-29  (26.6  mm.).6 

Adult  female. — Wing  101-110  (105.8)  ;  tail  49-61.5  (56.1)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  14-16  (14.5)  ;  tarsus  28-30  (28.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-29  (26.2  mm.).6 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Florida  Peninsula,  north  to  Gainesville,  and, 
on  the  east  coast,  to  Anastasia  Island,  south  to  Miami  and  Paradise  Key, 
in  open  pinelands,  on  prairies  among  palmetto  scrub,  and  about  the  borders 
of  bushy  “hammocks.” 

Type  locality. — Enterprise,  Volusia  County,  Fla. 


0  Ten  specimens  of  each  sex. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


327 


Ortyx  virginianus  (not  Tetrao  virginianus  Linnaeus)  Bryant,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vii,  1859,  120  (Bahamas).— Taylor,  Ibis,  1862,  129  (Florida).— 
Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  ii,  1871,  352  (e.  Florida). — Cory,  Birds  Bahama 
Islands,  1880,  142. 

Ortyx  virginiana  Albrecht,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1861,  55  (Bahamas). 

[ Ortyx  virginianus]  Var.  floridanus  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  237  (En¬ 
terprise,  Volusia  County,  Fla.). 

Ortyx  virginianus  .  .  .  var.  floridanus  Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874 
No.  389a. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  var.  floridanus,  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  522  (Miami,  Fla.). 

[Ortyx  virginianus ]  c.  floridanus  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  431. 

Ortyx  virginiana  floridana  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  196 ;  Norn. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  480a.— Coues,  Check-list  North  Amer.  Birds 
ed.  2,  1882,  No.  572. 

0[rtyx]  v[irginiana]  floridana  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  591. 

Ortyx  virginianus  floridanus  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  20,  1883,  332.— Bangs, 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Ixx,  1930,  159  (type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). 

[Ortyx  virginianus ]  Subsp.  a  Ortyx  floridanus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  418. 

Colinus  virginianus  floridanus  Stejneger,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  45  (nomencl.).— American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  289a;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  289a; 
ed.  3,  1910,  p.  134;  ed.  4,  1931,  88  (distr.). — Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv, 
1892,  290  (San  Pablo,  s.  Cuba;  crit.). — Scott,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  245  (Tarpon 
Springs,  Fla.;  abundant);  ix,  1892,  212  (Caloosahatchie  River  area,  Fla.).— 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  7— Wayne,  Auk,  x,  1893, 
337  (Suwannee  River,  nw.  Florida);  xii,  1895,  364  (vicinity  of  Waukeenah, 
Jefferson  County,  Fla.).— Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  45  (molt,  etc.).— Todd, 
Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vii,  1911,  412  (New  Providence,  Bahamas;  spec.;  crit.).— 
Worthington,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vii,  1911,  446  (New  Providence;  habits). — 
Baynard,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  243  (Alachua  County,  Fla.;  abundant;  breeding). — 
Phillips,  Auk,  xxxii,  1915,  207,  in  text.— Griscom,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  330 
(Leon  County,  Fla.;  winter).— Pancborn,  Auk,  xxxvi,  1919,  400  (Pinellas 
County,  Fla.).— Howell,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  255  (Royal  Palm  Hammock, 
Fla.;  rare  resident);  Florida  Bird  Life,  1932,  193  (genl. ;  habits; 

distr.;  Florida).— Bailey,  Birds  of  Florida,  i,  1925,  59,  pi.  32  (col.  fig.;  distr. 
Florida)  .—Holt  and  Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xvi,  1926,  426  (habits,  s. 
Florida) —Fargo,  Wils.  Bull,  xxxviii,  1926,  148  (Pinellas  and  Pasco  Counties, 
Fla.).— Bent  and  Copeland,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  379  (near  Orlando,  Fla.).— 
Williams,  Auk,  xlv,  1928,  167  (Leon  County,  Fla.). — DuMont,  Auk,  xlviii, 
1931,  250  (Pinellas  County,  Fla.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  32 
(habits;  distr.;  plum.) .—Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  47. — Bond, 
Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  414  (introduced  in  West  Indies)  ;  Check-list  Birds 
West  Indies,  1940,  164  (introduced  on  Abaco  and  Whale  Cay  (Berry  Island) 
where  now  extirpated;  established  on  New  Providence). — Hellmayr  and  Con¬ 
over,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  240  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  v[ir ginianus]  floridanus  Stoddard,  The  Bobwhite  Quail,  1931,  83  (Florida). 

C[olinus]  virginianus  floridanus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  188. 

C[olinus]  v[irginianus]  floridanus  Stone,  Birds  New  Jersey,  1908,  149,  in  text. 

Bond,  Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  82,  in  text,  403,  in  text  (introduced  on  some  of 
the  Bahama  Islands — New  Providence,  Abaco  (?),  and  Whale  Cay,  but  appar¬ 
ently  established  only  on  New  Providence). 

[Colinus]  floridanus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45. 


328 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


[Colinus]  virginianus  Cory,  List  Birds  West  Indies,  1885,  24,  part;  rev.  ed.,  1886, 
24,  part. 

Colinus  virginianus  Cory,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  224,  part;  Birds  West  Indies,  1889,  223, 
part;  Auk,  viii,  1891,  294  (New  Providence);  Cat.  West.  Indian  Birds,  1892, 
96,  part  (New  Providence),  138,  part  (crit.) .—American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  106;  ed.  3,  1910,  134,  part. — Bonhote,  Ibis,  1899, 
517  (New  Providence). 

Ortyx  bahamensis  Bonhote,  Ibis,  1903,  299  (New  Providence;  spec.). 

Colinus  bahamensis  Maynard,  App.  Cat.  Birds  West  Indies,  1899,  33  (New  Provi¬ 
dence  Island,  Bahamas;  coll.  C.  J.  Maynard). — Bangs,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  286 
(New  Providence;  crit.);  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  lxx,  1930,  159  (type  in 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — Bonhote,  Ibis,  1903,  299  (New  Providence;  crit.; 
habits). — Allen,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  122  (NeW  Providence). 

Colinus  virginianus  bahamensis  Riley,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  352  (New  Providence)  ; 

in  Shattuck,  Bahama  Islands,  1905,  360  (New  Providence;  breeds). 

C[olinus ]  virginianus  cubanensis  (not  Ortyx  cubanensis  Gould)  Ridgway,  Man. 

North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  188,  part  (sw.  Florida). 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  593, 
part. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Suppl.  Check  List,  rev.  ed.,  1889, 
7,  part. — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  9,  part. 

(?)  Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  Scott,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  245  (Key  West,  Fla.). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  INSULANUS  Howe 

Key  West  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  C.  v.  florid  anus  but  smaller,  “crown 
uniform  dark  fuscous,  forehead  showing  more  white.  Otherwise  colored 
like  floridanus  .  .  .  wing  97,  tail  44,  culmen  14,  tarsus  30  mm.” 

Known  only  from  the  type  specimen,  doubtfully  distinct  from  C.  v. 
floridanus.1 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality,  Key  West,  Fla. ;  now 
extinct. 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  (not  of  Gray)  Scott,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  245  (Key  West, 
July  5,  1888;  spec.). 

Colinus  virginianus  insulanus  Howe,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xvii,  1904,  168 
(Key  West,  Fla.;  meas. ;  crit.). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,  lxx,  1930,  160 
(type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check 
List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.,  4,  1931,  88  (Key  West;  extinct). — Howell,  Florida 
Bird  Life,  1932,  194  (Key  West;  history). — Peters,  Check  List  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  47  (Key  West;  extinct). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  240  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162, 
1932,  31,  in  text,  part  (Key  West). 


7  According  to  persons  who  have  been  in  Key  West,  there  is  reason  to  question 
whether  there  ever  was  any  country  there  suitable  for  bobwhites.  This  would  make 
the  present  form  seem  more  likely  to  have  been  based  on  a  stray,  small  example 
of  the  south  Floridian  race.  For  this  reason,  and  also  since,  being  extinct  and  known 
from  only  a  single  example,  material  of  it  is  not  apt  to  be  forthcoming  for  identi¬ 
fication,  it  might  well  be  looked  upon  as  not  distinct  from  C.  v.  floridanus. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


329 


COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  CUBANENSIS  (Gray) 

Cuban  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  much  darker 
and  more  reddish,  the  black  gular  collar  very  much  broader,  the  entire 
upper  and  lateral  parts  of  the  abdomen  between  hazel  and  ochraceous- 
tawny,  the  feathers  margined  with  black  (the  black  broken  with  white 
patches  on  the  feathers  of  the  sides)  and  not  transversely  barred  with 
black  as  in  the  typical  subspecies  (except  in  examples  with  mixed  blood 
due  to  the  introduction  of  birds  from  the  North  American  mainland)  ; 
anterior  upperparts  with  less  grayish  and  more  deep  tawny  russet  than 
in  the  nominate  race ;  posterior  upperparts  with  no  rufescent,  all  grayish ; 
the  grayish  edgings  of  the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  darker — deep 
mouse  gray,  the  black  blotches  on  the  wings  and  lower  back  much  larger ; 
the  black  feather  edgings  on  the  interscapulars  nape  much  broader,  forming 
almost  a  black  collar  across  that  area. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  the  Texas  race  Colinus  virgin- 
ianus  texanus  but  darker,  the  blackish  blotches,  edges,  and  bars  broader 
and  thereby  appearing  darker,  the  ground  color  of  the  upperparts  more 
grayish,  less  rufescent ;  the  broad  superciliaries,  the  chin  and  upper  throat 
averaging  darker — ochraceous-buff  with  a  slightly  dusky  tinge,  and  the 
edges  of  the  feathers  of  the  crown  more  grayish  than  brownish. 

Immature. — Like  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex  but  with  the  outer 
primaries  more  pointed  terminally. 

Juvenal. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  generally  slightly  darker. 

Natal  down. — Like  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Adult  male. — Wing  97.5-106  (101.9);  tail  48.5-56  (53.3);  culmen 
from  base  15.1-17.2  (16.0)  ;  tarsus  28.3-31.4  (30.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.5-27.1  (25.7  mm.).8 

Adult  female. — Wing  98-106  (102.4);  tail  51.5-58  (54.1);  culmen 
from  base  15.0-16.5  (16.0)  ;  tarsus  28.5-31  (29.6);  middle  toe  without 
claw  23.8-27.4  (25.4  mm.).9 

Range. — Resident  in  Cuba  and  the  Isle  of  Pines ;  introduced  into  Puerto 
Rico  (where  now  apparently  extinct)  and  the  Dominican  Republic.  Now 
much  mixed  with  stock  introduced  from  the  North  American  mainland 
and  into  Cuba. 

Type  locality. — Cuba. 

Ortyx  virginianus  (not  Tetrao  "virginianus  Linnaeus)  D’Orbigny,  in  La  Sagra,  Hist. 
Fis.  Pol.  y  Nat.  Cuba,  Aves,  1839,  133;  8vo  ed.,  p.  182. — Sundevall,  Ofv. 
Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  1869,  601  (Puerto  Rico). 

Ortyx  (virginianus  ?)  Gundlach,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1878,  186  (Puerto  Rico). 

Ortyx  marykmdus  (not  Tetrao  marilandicus  Linnaeus,  T.  marilandus  Gmelin) 
Denny,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1847,  38,  part  (Cuba). 


*  Twenty  specimens. 

*  Eleven  specimens. 


330 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Ortyx  cubanensis  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514  (Cuba) ;  Mon.  Odontoph., 
pt.  iii,  1850,  pi.  2  and  text. — Cabanis,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1856,  357  (Cuba;  habits; 
crit.). — Albrecht,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1861,  213  (Cuba). — Gundlach,  Journ.  fur 
Orn.,  1862,  81  (Cuba)  ;  1874,  300  (Cuba,  habits)  ;  1875,  293  (Cuba,  habits)  ; 
1878,  161  (Puerto  Rico)  ;  Contr.  Orn.  Cubana,  “1876”  (=  1873),  140. 
Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1860,  270  (crit.). — Stahl, 
Fauna  Puerto  Rico,  1883,  62,  149  (Puerto  Rico;  spec.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  421  (Cuba). 

Ort[y.v]  cubanensis  Gundlach,  Anal.  Hist.  Nat.,  ii,  1873,  148  (Cuba;  habits). 

[Ortyx]  cubanensis  Gundlach,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1861,  336  (Cuba)  ;  Rep.  Fisico  Nat. 
Cuba,  i,  1865-6,  302. 

0[rtyx]  cubanensis  Lawrence,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  237,  in  text  (chars.). 

Ortix  cubanensis  ?  Gundlach,  Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.,  1878,  350  (Puerto  Rico; 
introduced  at  Hacienda  Sta.  Ines,  near  Vega  Baja). 

0[rtyx]  virginianus,  var.  cubanensis  Ridgway,  Forest  and  Stream,  i,  No.  19,  1873, 
290,  in  text. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  var.  cubanensis  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  468,  part. 

Ortyx  (virginianus? )  cubanensis  Gundlach,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1874,  313  (Puerto 
Rico)  ;  1878,  161  (Puerto  Rico). 

[Ortyx  virginianus]  d.  cubanensis  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874,  431  (synonymy). 

Ortyx  cubanensis  Gundlach,  Auk,  viii,  1891,  190  (Cuba;  albino). 

[Colinus]  cubanensis  Cory,  List  Birds  West  Indies,  1885,  and  rev.  ed.,  1886,  24 
(Cuba;  Puerto  Rico). 

Colinus  cubanensis  Cory,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  233  (syn. ;  descr.)  ;  Birds  West  Indies,  1889, 
223  (Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico;  syn.;  descr.)  ;  Auk,  viii,  1891,  294  (recorded  in  list 
of  Cuban  birds)  ;  ix,  1892,  272  (Habana  markets)  ;  Auk,  xii,  1895,  279  (Santo 
Domingo). — Gundlach,  Orn.  Cubana,  1893,  171  (Cuba;  habits). — Clierrie, 
Contr.  Orn.  San  Domingo,  1896,  24  (introduced  into  Santo  Domingo). — Bangs 
and  Zappey,  Amer.  Nat.,  xxxix,  1905,  192  (Isle  of  Pines;  crit.). — Todd,  Ann. 
Carnegie  Mus.,  x,  1916,  199  (Bibijagua,  Los  Indios,  and  Neuva  Gerona,  Isle 
of  Pines;  crit.). — Barbour,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  6,  1923,  51  (habits; 
etc. ;  the  only  form  indigenous  to  Cuba,  C.  v.  floridanus  and  C.  v.  texanus  having 
been  introduced)  ;  No.  9,  1943,  40  (Cuba;  habits;  hist.) .—Bailey,  Birds  Florida, 
i,  1925,  60,  pi.  32,  (fig.;  distr. ;  Florida;  introduced). — Danforth,  Wils.  Bull., 
xl,  1928,  180  (vicinity  of  Santiago  de  Cuba)  ;  Journ.  Agr.  Univ.  Puerto  Rico, 
xix,  1935,  423,  424,  425  (Cuba;  economic  status)  ;  Pajaros  de  Puerto  Rico,  1936, 
51  (Puerto  Rico;  introduced;  none  seen  since  1900) .—Rutter,  Ardea,  xxiii, 
1934,  116  (Cuba;  Santa  Clara,  Sierra  del  Regidor,  Sierra  de  los  Organos). 

Colinus  cubanensis  Cory,  Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  1892,  96  (Cuba;  Isle  of  Pines; 
Puerto  Rico). 

[Colinus]  cubanensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45  (Cuba;  ?  Puerto  Rico). 

C[olinus]  cubanensis  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  315. 

Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  593, 
part;  Auk,  xi,  1894,  324  (crit.,  not  found  in  Florida). — Chapman,  Auk,  v,  1888, 
395,  part  (Cuba)  ;  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1892,  290  (near  Trinidad, 
s.  Cuba,  in  mountains),  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  rev. 
ed.,  1889,  7,  part;  Auk,  xii,  1895,  168  (eliminated  from  North  Amer.  Check¬ 
list). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  9,  part. — Bowdish, 
Auk,  xix,  1902,  360  (Puerto  Rico;  very  rare;  saw  only  one).— Menegaux, 
Rev.  Frang.  d’Orn.,  No.  2,  1909,  31  (Figuabas,  e.  Cuba). — Wetmore,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  Bull.  326,  1916,  34  (Puerto  Rico;  introduced);  Sci.  Surv.  Porto 
Rico  and  Virgin  Islands,  ix,  pt.  3,  1927,  331  (Puerto  Rico;  introduced;  now 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


331 


probably  extinct). — Gardner,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxvii,  art.  19,  1925,  pi.  8 
(structure  of  tongue). — Wetmore  and  Swales,  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  Bull.  155, 
1931,  124  (habits;  distr. ;  Hispaniola). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii, 
1934,  47. — Bond,  Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  414;  Check-list  Birds  West  Indies, 
1940,  27  (Cuba  and  Isle  of  Pines;  introduced  in  Dominican  Republic,  and 
Puerto  Rico  where  now  extirpated). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  241  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  v[irginianus]  cnbanensis  Stoddard,  The  Bobwhite  Quail,  1931,  61  (hunted 
with  dogs). 

C[olinus]  virginianus  cubanensis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  188, 
part  (Cuba);  ed.  2,  1895,  188,  exclusively. 

C[olinus]  v[irginianus]  cubanensis  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  763,  in  text 
(care  in  cantivity).— Bond,  Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  81  in  text,  82,  in  text 
(descr. ;  Cuba;  Isle  of  Pines;  Dominican  Republic  (introduced;  Puerto  Rico 
(introduced,  now  extirpated)). 

\Ortyx]  cubensis  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

Colinus  cubensis  Balboa,  Las  Aves  de  Cuba,  1941,  201  (Cuba;  descr.;  habits). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  MACULATUS  Nelson 
Spotted-bellied  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  texanus  but  with 
the  entire  lower  surface  posterior  to  the  black  pectoral  band  ochraceous- 
tawny  instead  of  white  and  with  no  dark  transverse  wavy  bars,  but  the 
feathers  with  black  and  white  elongated  spots  on  their  lateral  edges  near 
their  tips,  these  spots,  especially  the  white  ones,  largest  and  most  numer¬ 
ous  on  the  thighs,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts;  above  like  the  Texas 
race  but  darker,  the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  more  clearly  dull  russet, 
less  obscured  by  grayish  transverse  markings,  crown  and  postocular  stripe 
more  blackish ;  back,  lower  back,  and  upper  tail  coverts  with  the  dark 
blotches  larger  and  darker — dark  sepia  to  mummy  brown,  and  the  rest 
of  the  plumage  of  these  areas  less  grayish,  more  brownish. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  texanus  but 
darker  above,  the  dark  markings  larger  and  deeper,  the  rufescent  areas 
more  clouded  and  blotched  with  dusky  grayish  (this  is  especially  true  of 
the  crown,  occiput,  interscapulars,  and  upper  back)  ;  below  with  a  some¬ 
what  darker  pectoral  band  of  ochraceous-fawn  color  spotted  with  blackish 
and  white. 

Other  plumages  apparently  not  known. 

Adult  male. — Wing  100-104.5  (102.7);  tail  52.5-60  (55.5);  culmen 
from  base  15.2—16.3  (15.6)  ;  tarsus  28.2-32.4  (30.3)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25-27.4  (21.9  mm.).10 

Adult  female. — Wing  100-107  (104.3);  tail  51-58  (53.8);  culmen 
from  base  15.2-15.9  (15.5);  tarsus  29-31  (30.2);  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.3-25.9  (25.4  mm.).* 11 


“  Fifteen  specimens  from  Tamaulipas,  Veracruz,  and  San  Luis  Potosi. 

11  Five  specimens  from  Tamaulipas. 


332 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Range. — Resident  in  the  Arid  Tropical  Zone  from  southeastern  Tamauli- 
pas  (Alta  Mira,  Tampico,  Hacienda  de  Naranjo)  and  central  northern 
Veracruz  (Chijol)  to  southeastern  San  Luis  Potosi  (Tancanhuitz,  Ma- 
talpa,  near  Tamazunchale,  and  south  of  Valles). 

Type  locality— Alta  Mira,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 

Colinus  virginianus  maculatus  Nelson,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  26,  part  (Alta  Mira,  s. 
Tamaulipas,  e.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xix,  1902,  389  (crit.),  pi.  14, 
fig.  6. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1903,  110  (crit.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol. 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  299,  in  text  under  Ortyx  texanus  (crit.).— 
Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74,  part  (Alta  Mira,  Tamaulipas). — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  48,  part.— Sutton  and  Burleigh,  Condor,  xlii,  1940, 
260  (Valles,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico)  ;  Wils.  Bull.,  Iii,  1940,  223  (fairly  com¬ 
mon;  Tamazunchale,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico). — Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
Washington,  lv,  1942,  67  in  text,  68  in  text  (crit.;  spec.;  distr.). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  242,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Colinus]  maculatus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45. 

Ortyx  texanus  (not  of  Lawrence)  Salvtn  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1903,  298,  part  (Xicotencatl,  Sierra  Madre  above  Victoria,  and  Alta  Mira, 
Tamaulipas). 

Ortyx  graysoni  panucensis  Lowe,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xxiii,  1908,  18  (Valley  of  the 
Panuco  River,  near  Tampico,  Mexico) —Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washing¬ 
ton,  lv,  1942,  67,  in  text  (crit.). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  ARIDUS  Aldrich 

Jaumave  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  maculatus  but  paler, 
more  grayish,  the  black  areas  more  restricted  above  and  the  reddish 
coloration  of  underparts  paler;  from  C.  v.  texanus  it  differs  in  being 
more  grayish  with  the  underparts  more  extensively  rufescent. 

Adult  female . — Similar  to  that  of  C.  v.  maculatus  but  paler  and  more 
grayish,  the  reddish  pectoral  band  almost  obsolete;  more  grayish  also 
than  C.  v.  texanus. 

Adult  male—  Wing  104-109.5  (106.8);  tail  56-65.5  (60.2);  exposed 
culmen  13-14  (13.8);  tarsus  29-32.5  (30.8);  middle  toe  without  claw 

25.5- 27.5  (26.4  mm.).12 

Adult  female. — Wing  104.5-106.5  (105.6)  ;  tail  58-65  (60.8)  ;  exposed 
culmen  14-14.5  (14.2)  ;  tarsus  29.5-31  (30.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

25.5- 28  (26.5  mm.).13 

Range. — Resident  in  the  arid  regions  of  the  interior  of  the  coastal 
plain  and  valley  of  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  high  tableland  of  north¬ 
eastern  Mexico,  between  the  Arid  Tropical  and  the  Lower  Sonoran 


u  Nine  specimens,  measurements  ex  Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lv, 
1942,  68. 

“Four  specimens,  measurements  ex  Aldrich,  cit.  supra. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


333 


Life  Zones,  from  central  and  central-western  Tamaulipas  south  to  the 
northern  part  of  southeastern  San  Luis  Potosi. 

Type  locality. — Jaumave,  Tamaulipas. 

Colinus  virginianus  maculatus  Nelson,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  26,  part  (Jaumave  Valley, 
Tamaulipas).— Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74,  part  (Guiaves,  Rio  Santo, 
Santa  Leonara,  Rio  de  la  Cruz,  Montelunga,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico).- — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  48,  part.— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  242,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

C[olinus]  v[irginianus ]  maculatus  Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  12,  in  text 
(Gomez  Farias  region,  southwestern  Tamaulipas;  crit.). 

Colinus  virginianus  aridus  Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lv,  1942,  67 
(Jaumave,  Tamaulipas;  orig.  descr. ;  crit.;  meas.). 

Colinus  virginianus  Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  12  (Gomez  Farias  area, 
sw.  Tamaulipas). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  GRAYSONI  (Lawrence) 

Grayson’s  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  form  but  with  the  entire 
underparts  posterior  to  a  narrow  black  pectoral  band  uniform  bright 
ochraceous-tawny  with  a  slight  hazel  tinge;  the  top  of  the  head  darker, 
more  blackish;  the  interscapulars  darker  and  redder — between  dark  cin¬ 
namon-rufous  and  hazel,  the  feathers  marginally  incompletely  barred  with 
blackish ;  rest  of  upperparts  darker,  the  blackish  markings  more  extensive 
and  the  brownish  ground  color  duskier,  more  grayish ;  upper  wing  coverts 
brighter  reddish — hazel  to  bright  ochraceous-tawny,  heavily  barred  with 
black  and  white,  the  white  bars  always  bordered  broadly  with  black ;  the 
superciliary,  lores,  chin,  and  upper  throat  often  washed  with  pale  buff. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race,  even  more  similar 
to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  t exanus  but  with  the  entire  underparts  warm 
buff  tinged  with  pale  ochraceous,  becoming  fairly  tawny  on  the  breast,  the 
markings  on  this  ground  color  as  in  the  nominate  form,  but  many  of  the 
abdominal  V-shaped  bars  fuscous  instead  of  black;  the  black  pectoral 
necklace  narrower  and  more  interrupted ;  the  immediately  posterior  tawny 
area  less  extensive  than  in  the  typical  race ;  above  very  similar  to  texanus 
but  more  rufescent,  the  interscapulars  bright  ochraceous-tawny  to  hazel 
barred  very  heavily  with  black  and,  to  a  lesser  extent,  with  whitish ;  rest 
of  upperparts  buffy  brown  abundantly  barred  with  black-bordered  white 
bars  and  splotched  with  black  to  dark  sepia. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  104—114.5  (108.5);  tail  57.5-67  (61.3);  culmen 
from  base  15-17.1  (15.7)  ;  tarsus  29.1-32.5  (31.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25.5-28.7  (26.9  mm.).14 


u  Twenty  specimens  from  Jalisco,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo,  Guadalajara,  and 
Guanajuato. 


334 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  101-112  (106.9)  ;  tail  54.5-67  (59.6)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  14.5-17.2  (15.6)  ;  tarsus  28.1-32.5  (30.3)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25.4—27.9  (26.2  mm.).15 

Range. — Resident  in  the  southern  part  of  the  tableland  of  Mexico  from 
northern  Jalisco  (Ameca,  Etzatlan,  Guadalajara,  Hacienda  El  Molino, 
Hacienda  El  Rosario,  La  Barca,  Lagos,  Lake  Chapala,  Ocotlan,  Santa 
Ana,  and  Tuxpan)  ;  western  and  southern  San  Luis  Potosi  (Rio  Verde, 
Llacienda  Angostura)  ;  and  southeastern  Nayarit  (Rio  Ameca,  near 
Amatlan  de  Canos)  to  Guanajuato  (Guanajuato  and  Celaya)  ;  Hidalgo 
(Pachuca)  ;  and  northern  Morelos  (Alpuyeca). 

Type  locality. — Guadalajara,  Jalisco;  Mexico. 

Orty.v  graysoni  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  viii,  1867,  476  (Guada¬ 
lajara,  Jalisco,  w.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306  (Guadalajara;  habits). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  422  (Santa  Ana,  near  Guadalajara,  and  Lake  Chapala,  Jalisco)  ; 
Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  142,  pi.  32  (fig.;  descr. ;  distr. ;  habtis). — Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  300  (Guadalajara,  Santa  Ana 
near  Guadalajara,  Hacienda  El  Rosario,  Hacienda  El  Molino,  and  Lake  Chapala, 
Jalisco;  Hacienda  Angostura,  San  Luis  Potosi). 

0[rtix]  graysoni  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  175  (common  names). 

Colinus  graysoni  Stejneger,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  45. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
189,  1887,  189,  585. — Chapman,  Auk,  v,  1888,  401  (deleted  from  Check-list). — 
Jouy,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1894,  790  (Guadalajara  and  Hacienda  El 
Molino,  Jalisco;  Llacienda  Angostura,  San  Luis  Potosi). — Nelson,  Auk,  xv, 
1898,  121  (San  Luis  Potosi  and  n.  Jalisco  to  Valley  of  Mexico,  3,000  to  7,500 
feet). — del  Campo,  Anal.  Inst.  Biol.,  viii,  No.  3,  1937,  336  (Morelos;  Alpiryeca ; 
spec.). 

C[olinus]  graysoni  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1886,  289,  290.  in  text 
(crit.). 

[ Colimis ]  graysoni  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

C\olinus ]  v[ irginianus]  graysoni  Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
lxviii,  1928,  386,  in  text  (crit.). 

Colinus  virginianus  graysoni  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  48  (s. 
Mexican  tableland  from  n.  Jalisco,  w.  and  s.  San  Luis  Potosi,  south  to  the 
Valley  of  Mexico). — Aldrich,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lv,  1942,  68,  in 
text  (sw.  San  Luis  Potosi  southward). — LIellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  243  (syn. ;  distr.). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  NIGRIPECTUS  Nelson 

Puebla  Bobvvhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  graysoni  above; 
similar  also  below  but  with  the  blackish  pectoral  band  very  much  broader, 
extending  from  the  posterior  margin  of  the  white  throat  patch  over  the 
entire  breast  and  the  sides  of  the  neck,  this  black  area  considerably  blotched 

15  Fourteen  specimens  from  Jalisco,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Guadalajara,  and  Guana¬ 
juato. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


335 


with  white;  the  uniformly  colored  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  and  thighs 
slightly  paler  than  in  graysoni — cinnamon  to  orange-cinnamon. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  graysoni 
but  darker,  more  grayish  above,  the  pectoral  band  of  dark  markings  much 
broader,  and  the  ground  color  of  the  underparts  whiter,  less  buffy. 
Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  101—109  (105.1)  ;  tail  53—63  (57.9)  ;  culmen  from 
base  15—17.8  (16.3)  ;  tarsus  28.1—32.2  (30.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25-28.7  (26.8mm.).10 

Adult  female.— Wing  102-106.5  (104.6);  tail  52-55  (54.1);  culmen 
from  base  15.3—16.4  (15.8)  ;  tarsus  28.2—31.5  (30.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  27-27.1  (27.05  mm.).17 

Range. — Resident  in  the  plains  country  of  the  tableland  of  the  southern 
half  of  the  States  of  Puebla  (Atlixco,  Chietla)  and  Morelos  (Cuernavaca, 
Puente  de  Ixtla). 

Type  locality. — Atlixco,  Puebla,  Mexico. 

Colinus  graysoni  nigripectus  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  47  (Atlixco,  s.  Puebla, 
Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) ;  xv,  1898,  121  (s.  Puebla);  xix,  1902,  389 
(crit.),  pi.  14,  fig.  2.— Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1903,  110  (crit.). — Salvin  and 
Gorman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  300,  in  text  (crit.). — Smith, 
Condor,  xi,  1909,  64,  in  text  (Morelos,  Mexico). 

[Colinus]  nigripectus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  48 
(tableland  of  southern  part  of  Puebla). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  244  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  pectoralis  (not  Ortyx  pectoralis  Gould)  Ferrari-Perez,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  ix,  1886,  176  (Chietla,  Puebla). 

Ortyx  pectoralis  Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio 
Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  part  (Puebla). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  299,  part  (Chietla  and  Atlixco,  Puebla). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  PECTORALIS  (Gould) 

Black-breasted  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus 
but  smaller  and  the  abdomen  darker — sayal  brown — and  with  the  thighs 
and  vent  more  or  less  barred  with  blackish  and  spotted  with  white ;  the 
black  breast  band  with  less  white  showing,  but  all  the  black  breast  feathers 
extensively  white  basally. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  nigripectus  but 
smaller  and  with  the  darker  markings,  especially  on  the  undersurface, 
heavier  and  darker;  the  interscapulars  with  their  centers  less  hazel,  more 
pale  tawny. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 


10  Seventeen  specimens  from  Puebla  and  Morelos. 
IT  Four  specimens  from  Puebla  and  Morelos. 


336  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Adult  male. — Wing  95—100.5  (98.7)  ;  tail  47-53  (48.9)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.8-15.8  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  25.7—29.2  (27.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.5-25.6  (24.3  mm.).18 

Adult  female. — Wing  98-99;  tail  49-53.5;  culmen  from  base  14.8 — 1 5.6 ; 
tarsus  28.3-29.2;  middle  toe  without  claw  25-26  mm.  (2  specimens). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Tropical  Zone  along  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Cordillera  of  central  Veracruz  from  500  to  5,000  feet  (Jalapa,  Orizaba, 
Carrizal,  Coatepec,  La  Estranzuela,  Cordoba,  Llanos  de  Paso  de  Orejas). 

Type  locality. — Mexico. 

Ortyx  pectoralis  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1842  (1843),  182  (Mexico;  coll. 
Earl  of  Derby)  ;  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  5  and  text.— Hartlaub, 
Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1854,  412  (descr.  female). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1856,  310  (Cordoba,  Veracruz)  ;  1857,  206  (Jalapa,  Veracruz). — Gray,  List 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  76. — Sumichrast,  Mem.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1869,  560  (tierra  caliente  of  Veracruz). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  421  (Jalapa);  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  142; 
Ibis,  1902,  240  (crit.). — Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219,  part  (Veracruz). — Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902, 
pi.  14,  fig.  1. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  299, 
part  (Llanos  de  Paso  de  Orejas,  La  Estranzuela,  Orizaba,  Cordoba,  and  Carrizal, 
Veracruz). 

[Ortyx]  pectoralis  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

0[rtex]  pectoralis  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.,  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  175  (common  names;  Mexico). 

Colinus  pectoralis  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1886,  289,  in  text  (crit.). — 
Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  117,  in  text  (near  Orizaba),  121  (e.  base  of  Cordillera 
in  Veracruz;  Jalapa  to  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  500  to  5,000  feet  alt.). — 
Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-7  (1899),  219  (Coatepec,  Vera¬ 
cruz). — Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  1  (descr.;  plum.). 

C[olimis]  pectoralis  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  189. — Bailey,  Avicult. 
Mag.,  ser.  3,  ix,  1918,  114  (breeding  in  captivity). — Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i, 
1913,  315. 

[ Colinus ]  pectoralis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45. 

C[olinus]  v[irginianus ]  pectoralis  Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
lxviii,  1928,  386,  in  text. — Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  763,  in  text  (care 
in  captivity). 

Colinus  virginianus  pectoralis  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  48  (e.  base 
of  the  Cordillera  in  Veracruz  from  Jalapa  to  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  243  (syn. ;  distr.). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  GODMANI  Nelson 

Godman’s  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Above  very  similar  in  coloration  to  that  of  Colinus  virgi¬ 
nianus  pectoralis  but  with  the  dark  blotches  on  the  back,  lower  back,  and 
wings  averaging  larger  and  darker;  below  like  pectoralis  as  far  as  the 
head  and  throat  are  concerned ;  breast  blackish  but  the  basal  parts  of  the 
feathers  not  white  as  in  pectoralis  but  orange-cinnamon;  abdomen  bright 


18  Four  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


337 


orange-cinnamon  to  hazel,  the  feathers  broadly  margined  with  black,  those 
of  the  midventral  area  with  these  margins  so  broad  as  to  leave  only  a 
narrow  shaft  line  (wider  basally)  of  cinnamon  causing  the  appearance  of 
a  large  midabdominal  continuation  of  the  black  pectoral  band;  feathers 
of  thighs  and  vent  with  a  white  lateroterminal  spot  on  each  web,  these 
spots  proximally  bordered  with  black. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  in  coloration  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus 
pectoralis  but  with  more  rufescent  on  the  interscapulars,  and  with  the 
upper  tail  coverts  also  more  rufescent ;  size  smaller. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  98.5  ;  tail  56.5  ;  culmen  from  base  14.4;  tarsus  26.0; 
middle  toe  without  claw  23.1  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Adult  female. — Wing  94.5-96.5  (95.0)  ;  tail  49.5-54  (51.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  13.5—14.7  (14.0)  ;  tarsus  25.9—28.5  (27.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  22.2-26.2  (22.9  mm.).19 

Range. — Resident  in  the  lowlands  of  southern  Veracruz  (Catemaco, 
Jaltipan,  Minantlan)  and  probably  Tabasco  from  sea  level  up  to  about 
1500  feet. 

Type  locality. — Jaltipan,  Veracruz,  Mexico. 

Colinus  godmani  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  45  (Jaltipan,  Veracruz,  se.  Mexico;  coll. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xv,  1898,  121,  pi.  2  (lowlands  of  s.  Veracruz;  Tabasco  ?;  sea 
level  to  1,500  feet)  ;  xix,  1902,  pi.  14,  fig.  4. 

[Colinus]  godmani  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Ortyx  godmani  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  iii,  sig.  38,  Feb.  1903,  301 
(coast  plain  above  Jaltipan  and  Minantlan  and  n.  to  Lake  Catemaco,  Veracruz). 
Colinus  virginianus  godmani  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  48  (low¬ 
lands  of  southern  Veracruz). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  244  (syn.;  distr.) .— Brodkorb,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michi¬ 
gan,  No.  56,  1943,  31  (Veracruz,  Mexico). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  MINOR  Nelson 

Least  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Above  very  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  god¬ 
mani;  below  differs  in  that  the  black  pectoral  band  is  much  narrower,  the 
feathers  of  the  lower  breast,  upper  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  orange- 
cinnamon  edged  with  black,  feathers  of  the  midventral  part  with  these 
margins  much  broader,  forming  a  conspicuously  blackish  streaked  area 
(in  some  specimens  these  feathers  have  a  good  deal  of  white  subterminally, 
in  others  none  at  all)  ;  thighs  and  vent  spotted  with  white  and  barred 
irregularly  and  incompletely  with  black  as  in  godmani;  size  smaller. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  C.  v.  godmani  but  generally  less 
rufescent,  more  dusky  brown ;  the  edges  of  the  coronal  feathers  more 
grayish  than  brownish,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  much  less 


“Three  specimens  from  Veracruz. 


338 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


brownish,  more  grayish;  below  with  the  abdominal  bars  smaller  and  more 
numerous ;  size  smaller. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  90.5-96.5  (93)  ;  tail  45-50.5  (48.2)  ;  culmen  from 
base  13.8-15.6  (14.3)  ;  tarsus  25-27.9  (26.0)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
21.7-23.1  (22.5  mm.).20 

Adidt  female. — Wing  94.5  ;  tail  46;  culmen  — ;  tarsus  26.5  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  22.5  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  grassy  plains  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Chiapas,  the  adjacent  portion  of  Tabasco,  and  probably  also  the  neighbor¬ 
ing  sections  of  Guatemala. 

Type  locality. — Plains  of  Chiapas,  near  Palenque. 

Colinus  minor  Nelson,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  47  (plains  of  Chiapas,  near  Palenque ;  coll. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) ;  xix,  1902,  pi.  14,  fig.  3. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1903,  111  (crit.). 
C[olinus ]  minor  Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  389  (crit.). 

0[rtyx]  minor  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves.  iii,  1903,  300,  in  text 
(crit.). 

Ortyx  pectoralis  (not  of  Gould)  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii, 
1903,  299,  part  (Palenque,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  minor  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  48  ( grassy 
plains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Chiapas  and  adjacent  portion  of  Tabasco; 
probably  also  neighboring  sections  of  Guatemala). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  244  (syn. ;  distr.). — Brodkorb,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus. 
Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  56,  1943,  31  (Chiapas,  Palenque;  crit.). 

Cyrtonyx  sp.  Rovirosa,  La  Naturaleza,  vii,  1887,  380  (Valle  de  Baluji  and  Cerro  del 
Limon,  Chiapas). 


COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  INSIGNIS  Nelson 
Guatemalan  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Above  very  similar  to  Colinus  virginianus  godmani  but 
with  the  forehead,  lores,  chin,  and  throat  solid  black  (not  white),  the 
superciliaries  narrower;  below  the  entire  underparts  posterior  to  the  black 
chin  and  throat  between  orange-cinnamon  and  hazel,  the  breast  feathers 
with  or  without  blackish  margins,  the  abdomen  and  sides  uniformly  hazel ; 
feathers  of  thighs,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts  spotted  with  white,  the 
spots  edged  with  black. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  C.  v.  godmani  in  coloration,  but 
somewhat  paler  above,  the  interscapulars  with  more  extensive  median 
cinnamomeous  areas,  the  dark  blotches  of  the  upperparts  generally  smaller 
and  less  intense,  and  the  ground  color  paler  and  grayer;  and  the  ventral 
barrings  narrower  and  paler — dark  sepia  to  fuscous  instead  of  fuscous- 
black  to  blackish. 

Juvenal  female.- — Like  the  adult  but  with  the  interscapulars  without 
cinnamomeous  shaft  stripes  but  broadly  barred  with  dark  sepia  to  fuscous, 


Five  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


339 


the  dark  bars  much  wider  than  the  narrow  cinnamon-buff  interspaces; 
general  ground  color  of  upperparts  slightly  more  brownish;  the  ventral 
barrings  averaging  wider. 

Other  plumage  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  98-108  (101.8)  ;  tail  54.5-64  (57.8)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.7-16.3  (15.4)  ;  tarsus  27.8-30.8  (28.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23-26.5  (25.0  mm.).21 

Adult  female. — Wing  93-103  (98.9)  ;  tail  51-58.5  (54.2)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.4-16.2  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  27.4—30.2  (28.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.5-25.5  (24.7  mm.).21 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Comitan-Nenton  Valley  of  eastern  Chiapas 
and  western  Guatemala,  between  3,000  and  6,000  feet. 

Type  locality. — Nenton,  Guatemala. 

Colinus  insignis,  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  46  (Nenton,  Guatemala;  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.)  ;  xv,  1898,  119,  in  text,  122  (Valley  of  Comitan,  Chiapas,  to  w.  Guate¬ 
mala). 

[ Colinus ]  insignis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Ortyx  insignis  Salvtn  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  302  (Valley 
of  Comitan  and  Cailco,  Chiapas;  Nenton,  Guatemala). 

Colinus  virginianus  insignis  Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  106 
(distr. ;  parts  of  Chiapas  and  the  adjacent  border  of  western  Guatemala  between 
3,000  and  6,000  feet). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  48  (Comitan 
Valley  in  eastern  Chiapas,  and  in  adjacent  part  of  western  Guatemala). — 
Berlioz,  Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ser.  2,  xi,  1939,  361  (Chiapas,  Juncana; 
spec.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  245, 
part  (syn. ;  Vallej'  of  Rio  Chiapas  from  Nenton,  Guatemala,  to  the  western 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Chiapas,  Mexico;  spec.;  Chiapas — Moriscal,  Ocozoco- 
autla,  Jiquipilas,  Comitan,  Tuxtla  Guitierrez,  San  Bartolome,  San  Vicente, 
Chiapa,  Petapa,  Hda.  La  Razon,  Valle  de  Zintalpa,  Valley  of  Jiquipilas;  Guate¬ 
mala — Nenton). — Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  467, 
1942,  3,  in  text  (crit.). 

C[olinus ]  v[irginianus]  insignis  Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan, 
No.  467,  1942,  3,  in  key  (Comitan-Nenton  Valley  of  eastern  Chiapas  and  western 
Guatemala). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  COYOLCOS  (Mailer) 

Coyolcos  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  graysoni  above,  but 
with  the  forehead  and  lores  black,  as  are  also  the  chin  and  throat,  the  only 
white  on  the  head  being  the  superciliaries  and  occasional  feathers  on  the 
throat ;  feathers  of  crown  and  occiput  with  broad  brown  edges ;  black  of 
throat  extending  over  the  breast  either  as  a  solid  mass  or  as  broad  mar¬ 
gins  to  the  pectoral  feathers ;  rest  of  the  underparts  as  in  graysoni ;  size 
smaller ;  bill  deep  black,  iris  brown ;  feet  cinereous. 

“Twenty  specimens  of  each  sex  from  Chiapas  and  Oaxaca. 

“To  judge  by  the  variations  in  the  series  studied,  it  appears  that  some  mixture 
of  stocks  has  transpired  in  Oaxaca,  possibly  owing  to  introductions  of  birds  from 


340 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  oi  C.  v.  graysoni  but  averaging  slightly 
darker  above,  and  with  the  breast  less  washed  with  ochraceous-tawny, 
more  heavily  barred  with  dark  brown  to  black,  and  the  abdomen  ground 
color  less  bufify;  thighs,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts  more  heavily  barred 
with  dark  brown ;  size  smaller ;  maxilla  dusky,  mandible  pale  brownish ; 
iris  brown ;  feet  full  grayish. 

Juvenal  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  with  the  chin,  throat,  and 
superciliaries  buffy,  the  top  of  the  head  paler,  wood  brown  to  buffy  brown, 
some  of  the  feathers  with  broad  medial  streaks  of  dull  sepia ;  interscapulars 
with  the  rufescent  median  parts  duller  and  with  whitish  shafts ;  wings  and 
lower  back  somewhat  browner;  iris  light  brown;  feet  pale  flesh  color;  bill 
(in  dried  skin)  tawny-brown  above,  yellowish  below. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  98-105  (101.9)  ;  tail  51-62  (57.8)  ;  culmen  from 
cere  15.4-16.6  (16.0)  ;  tarsus  27.5-31  (29.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-26.5  (26.0  mm.).23 

Adult  female.— -Wing  101-105  (103.1);  tail  57-57.5  (57.3);  culmen 
from  base  15.3-15.8  (15.5)  ;  tarsus  28.1-30.2  (29.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  25.2-27  (26.1  mm.).24 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coastal  area  (from  sea  level  to  3,000  feet)  of 
southeastern  Oaxaca  and  southwestern  Chiapas,  from  Tehuantepec  City 
to  Tonala. 

Type  locality. — Mexico,  based  on  “Le  Coyolcos”  of  Buffon. 

Tetrao  coyoleos  (typog.  error)  Muller,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.,  1776,  129  (Mexico; 
based  on  Le  Coyolcos  Buffon,  Hist.  Nat.  Ois.,  ii,  486,  ex  “Coyolcozque”  Her¬ 
nandez,  Hist.  Anim.  Nov.  Hisp.  p.  19). 

C\olinus]  coyoleos  Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  200,  in  text. 

[ Tetrao ]  coyolcos  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  763  (cites  Coturnix  mexicana 
Brisson,  Av.,  i,  256;  Coyolcozque  sen  Coli  sonalis  Ray,  Av.,  158;  Coyolcos 
Buffon,  Ois.,  ii,  486;  Lesser  Mexican  Quail  Latham,  Synopsis,  ii,  pt.  2,  786;  etc.). 
Tetrao  coyolcos  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxv,  1817,  241. 

[Perdix]  coyolcos  Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  653. 

P[erdix ]  coyolcos  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  215. 

Ofrtyx]  coyolcos  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514. 

Ortyx  coyolcos  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  6,  right-band  fig.,  and 
text,  part.- — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  76. — Lawrence, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  4,  1876,  45  (Tapana  and  Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec, 
Oaxaca). — Ocilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  423  (Juchitan, 


elsewhere.  Thus,  one  male  from  San  Mateo  del  Mar  has  the  black  area  sharply 
terminated  at  the  posterior  margin  of  the  throat,  the  breast  being  rufescent  like 
the  abdomen,  while  another  from  the  same  place  has  the  breast  all  black.  Two 
birds  from  Huilotepec  have  unusually  extensive  amounts  of  white  on  the  chin 
and  upper  throat  and  resemble  C.  v.  thayeri!  The  dark  markings  on  the  lower 
back  and  rump  vary  greatly;  most  birds  have  them  deep  and  numerous,  one  has 
hardly  any,  while  another  has  them  very  rufescent. 

23  Nine  specimens  from  Oaxaca. 

54  Three  specimens  from  Oaxaca. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


341 


Oaxaca)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  144.- — Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem. 
y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Mexico,  se.  coast). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  303  (Tehuantepec 
City,  Juchitan,  Tapana,  Santa  Efigenia,  and  Cacoprieto,  Oaxaca;  Tonala,  n. 
Chiapas). 

[Orlyx]  coyolcos  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

C[olinus]  coyolcos  Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1886,  290,  in  text  (crit.).— 
Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  189. 

Colinus  coyolcos  Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  117,  in  text,  121  (Pacific  coast,  Oaxaca 
and  Chiapas;  Tehuantepec  City  to  Tonala,  sea  level  to  3,000  feet). 

[ Colinus ]  coyolcos  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Colinus  virginianus  coyolcos  Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxviii, 
1928,  386  (Tapanatepec,  Oaxaca,  Mexico).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  49  (Pacific  coast  of  Oaxaca  and  Chiapas  from  the  City  of  Tehuantepec 
to  Tonala).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  246 
(syn. ;  distr.). 

C[olinus ]  v[irginianus]  coyolcos  Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxviii, 
1928,  386,  in  text.— Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  467, 
1942,  1,  in  text,  4,  in  key. 

Orlyx  nigrogularis  (not  of  Gould)  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae, 
1844,  44. 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  SALVINI  Nelson 

Salvin’s  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — The  darkest  of  all  the  races  of  the  species ;  above  very 
similar  to  the  male  of  Colinus  virginianus  insignis  but  darker,  the  head 
with  less  rufescent,  more  solidly  fuscous  to  fuscous-black,  the  rufescent 
median  areas  of  the  interscapulars  between  dark  hazel  and  Sanford’s 
brown ;  the  blackish  markings  on  the  wings,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  larger  and  less  mixed  with  rufescent,  the  ground  color  of  these 
areas  duskier ;  entire  head,  chin,  and  throat  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous-black 
with  an  interrupted,  narrow,  white  postocular  line  on  each  side ;  the 
feathers  of  the  occiput  and  nape  with  narrow  whitish  edges;  the  blackish 
brown  of  the  throat  extends  over  the  entire  breast,  where  the  feathers 
have  narrow  cinnamon  to  hazel  shaft  streaks ;  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks 
uniform  hazel,  vent  and  under  tail  coverts  barred  with  black  and  white. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  C.  v.  insignis  but  generally  darker, 
more  grayish,  less  brownish  above,  the  interscapulars,  back,  lower  back, 
and  rump  deep  hair  brown  edged  with  dusky  smoke  gray  and  subterminally 
blotched  very  extensively  with  chaetura  drab  to  chaetura  black,  the  more 
posterior  parts  with  a  considerable  mixture  of  dark  olive-brown  ;  the  dark 
markings  on  the  underside  heavier,  darker,  and  more  numerous. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  91.5-96  (93.8);  tail  48.5-53.5  (51.1);  culmen 
from  base  14.5-15.8  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  26-28.3  (26.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21.5—25.6  (23.8  mm.).25 


“  Seven  specimens. 


653008°— 46 - 23 


342 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  93-96.5  (94.3)  ;  tail  45.5-49  (46.8)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5-15.5  (15.0)  ;  tarsus  26.5-27.3  (26.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.3-24.4  (23.3  mm.).26 

Range. — Resident  in  the  coastal  plains  of  southern  Chiapas,  Mexico, 
near  the  Guatemalan  border  (Tapachula,  San  Benito)  from  sea  level  to 
500  feet. 

Type  locality. — Tapachula,  Chiapas. 

Colinus  salvini  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  45  (Tapachula,  Chiapas,  s.  Mexico;  coll. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xv,  1898,  122  (s.  Chiapas,  Pacific  coast  to  500  feet). — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902,  241  (crit. ;  spec.;  San  Benito,  Chiapas;  plum.). 

[ Colinus ]  salvini  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Ortyx  salvini  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  304  (Tapa¬ 
chula  and  San  Benito,  Chiapas). 

Colinus  virginianus  salvini  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  48  (coast  plains 
of  southern  Chiapas  near  the  Guatemalan  border). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  246  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Colinus]  v  [irginianus]  salvini  Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No. 
467,  1942,  1,  in  text,  4,  in  key. 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  NELSONI  Brodkorb 

Nelson’s  Bobwi-iite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  salvini  but  with 
the  dark  markings  even  darker,  purer  black,  instead  of  brownish  black, 
although  less  extensive ;  the  white  markings  also  purer,  less  grayish,  and 
smaller  in  extent ;  rufescent  markings  brighter  and  more  extensive ;  the 
black  of  the  chin  and  throat  not  extending  over  the  breast,  except  as  a  few 
of  the  pectoral  feathers  have  blackish  margins ;  some  of  the  abdominal 
feathers,  especially  the  midventral  ones,  may  also  have  narrow  blackish 
margins;  thighs,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts  almost  pure  bright  hazel 
with  no  or  few  blackish  markings.  From  C.  v.  coy  ole  os  it  differs  in  hav¬ 
ing  more  extensive  and  deeper  black  markings,  deeper  hazel  markings, 
and  purer  (less  buffy)  white  markings,  all  of  which  are  more  in  contrast 
with  each  other ;  no  white  superciliaries ;  the  crown  is  entirely  black  in 
two  males,  but  has  a  brown  patch  on  the  occiput  and  nape  in  one  example. 

Adult  female. — Like  that  of  C.  v.  salvini  but  with  the  black  markings 
smaller  and  the  brown  and  buff  markings  more  extensive.  All  the  colors 
are  brighter,  clearer,  more  sharply  contrasted.  From  C.  v.  coyolcos  it 
differs  in  being  darker  and  in  having  all  the  markings  more  sharply 
contrasted. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  102.5-103  ;  tail  56-57 ;  culmen  from  base  14.9-15.1 ; 
tarsus  27.5-28.6;  middle  toe  without  claw  23.6-24.7  mm.  (2  specimens). 


28  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


343 


Adult  female. — Wing  97.5-101.5;  tail  53-54.5;  oilmen  from  base  14.4- 
15.4;  tarsus  25.1-28.2;  middle  toe  without  claw  24  mm.  (2  specimens). 
Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality,  Chicomuselo,  Chiapas. 

Colinus  virginianus  insignis  (not  of  Nelson)  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  245,  part  (Chiapas,  Chicomuselo). 

Colinus  virginianus  nelsoni  Bkodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No. 
467,  1942,  1  (Chicomuselo,  Chiapas;  spec.;  descr. ;  crit. ;  meas.). 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  THAYERI  Bangs  and  Peters 

Thayer’s  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  coyolcos  but  writh 
the  chin  and  throat,  upper  lores,  forehead,  and  superciliaries  white,  the 
throat  sometimes  streaked  with  black ;  above  slightly  paler  and  grayer, 
less  blotched  and  spotted.  Similar  also  to  the  male  of  C.  v.  pectorahs  but 
with  a  broader  black  pectoral  band,  with  less  or  no  white  at  the  base  of 
the  feathers  of  this  area.27 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to,  not  certainly  distinguishable  from,  that 
of  C.  v.  coyolcos.  In  very  fresh  plumage  thayeri  seems  to  have  more 
grayish  on  the  upper  back  and  interscapulars,  but  after  even  slight  wear 
this  distinction  disappears. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  97-101  (99.9)  ;  tail  48-55.5  (52.6)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  14.8-16.2  (15.3)  ;  tarsus  27.6-30  (28.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.8- 26.6  (25.4  mm.).28 

Adult  female. — Wing  98-102.5  (100.1)  ;  tail  50-54  (52)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  14.5-16.2  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  26.9-29.6  (28.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

23.8- 25.3  (24.7  mm.).29 

Range. — Resident  in  the  dry  country  of  inland  eastern  Oaxaca  from 
Chivela  to  Guichicovi  and  Tutla. 

Type  locality. — Chivela,  Oaxaca. 

Colinus  virginianus  thayeri  Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxviii,  1928, 
386  (Chivela,  Oaxaca,  Mexico;  spec.;  descr.;  crit.). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  160  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.).— Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  49  (known  only  from  the  type  locality). — Heli.mayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  245  (syn. ;  distr. ;  Oaxaca,  Tutla, 
and  Guichicovi;  spec.). 


27  The  status  of  thayeri  and  coyolcos  is  puzzling  and  cannot  be  settled  with  present 
information.  While  the  two  groups  are  easily  distinguished  in  the  male  plumage, 
as  noted  in  the  description  of  coyolcos,  two  adult  males  from  Huilotepec  are  more  like 
thayeri  than  like  coyolcos,  even  though  they  come  from  the  farthest  side  of  the 
range  of  the  latter ! 

”  Eight  specimens. 

79  Six  specimens. 


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COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  ATRICEPS  (Ogilvie-Grant) 

Black-headed  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  Colinus  vir ginianus  salvini  but  larger  and  paler, 
the  lower  breast  and  abdomen  with  no  blackish  markings ;  the  rufescent 
color  above  more  extensive.  “Differs  chiefly  from  the  male  of  .  .  .  coyolcos 
in  having  the  top  of  the  head,  superciliary  stripe,  chin,  and  throat  all 
uniform  black  without  a  trace  of  white,  and  the  general  color  of  both  upper 
and  underparts  darker”  (ex  Ogilvie-Grant) . 

Adult  female. — -  Differs  from  the  female  of  .  .  .  coyolcos  in  being 
altogether  darker,  especially  on  the  upper  parts ;  the  gray  markings  of  the 
mantle  in  the  latter  .  .  .  being  replaced  by  brownish  black”  (ex  Ogilvie- 
Grant)  . 

Adidt  male. — Wing  106.6;  tail  58.4;  tarsus  30.4;  middle  toe  and  claw 
35.5  mm. 

Adult  female. — Wing  101.6;  tail  58.4;  tarsus  27.9;  middle  toe  and  claw 
34.3  mm.30 

Other  plumages  unknown. 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality,  Putla,  western  Oaxaca. 
May  range  into  Guerrero,  but  this  is  yet  to  be  established. 

Ortyx  coyolcos  (not  Tetrao  coyoleos  Muller)  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3, 
1850,  pi.  6,  left  fig. 

Ortyx  atriceps  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  424  (Putla,  w. 
Oaxaca,  sw.  Mexico;  coll.  Brit.  Mus.).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  303. 

Colinus  atriceps  Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  122  (Putla,  w.  Oaxaca,  4,000  feet  alt.). 

[ Colinus ]  atriceps  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Colinus  vir  ginianus  atriceps  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  49  (known 
only  from  type  locality) .— Hellm a yr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No. 
1,  1942,  245  (syn. ;  distr. ;  known  only  from  Putla,  w.  Oaxaca,  probably  ranging 
into  Guerrero). 

C[olinus ]  v[irginicmus ]  atriceps  Brodkorb,  Occ.  Papers  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan, 
No.  467,  4,  in  key. 

COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  RIDGWAYI  Brewster 

Masked  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  insignis  but  with 
the  sides  of  the  head,  at  least  the  auriculars  and  sides  of  neck,  rufescent  ; 
above,  especially  on  the  head,  back,  rump,  and  wings,  paler,  the  blackish 
markings  much  reduced  and  replaced  largely  by  brown ;  the  interscapulars 
paler  hazel ;  breast  and  abdomen  also  slightly  paler.  “Hind  part  of  crown, 
occiput,  and  nape,  light  hazel-brown,  spotted  with  black,  and  streaked, 
especially  on  the  nape,  with  white ;  rest  of  head,  including  chin  and  throat, 

”  Measurements  adapted  from  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
424.  No  specimens  seen  by  me. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


345 


uniform  black,  with  an  indistinct  series  of  small  white  streaks  immediately 
above  the  ear-coverts,  suggestive  of  a  postocular  stripe.  Upper  back  and 
entire  underparts  light  tawny-cinnamon,  the  latter  absolutely  uniform, 
except  on  hinder  flanks,  and  longer  under  tail-coverts,  which  are  varied 
with  black  and  whitish,  in  the  form  of  edgings  and  terminal  spots  of  the 
latter,  the  former  as  sub-edgings  and  V-shaped  markings;  feathers  of  the 
upper  back  varied  by  a  blackish  speckling  along  the  edges.  Lower  back, 
scapulars,  wing-coverts,  tertials,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  confusedly 
mottled  and  vermiculated  with  brownish  gray  and  blackish,  the  scapulars 
and  tertials  suffused  or  stained  with  rusty  brown;  wing-coverts  rather 
broadly  but  irregularly  barred  with  whitish,  the  inner  webs  of  the  latter 
deeply  indented  with  the  same,  forming  an  irregular  or  interrupted  border ; 
feathers  of  lower  rump  and  upper  tail-coyerts  with  irregular  ‘herring-bone’ 
markings  of  blackish.  Tail  bluish  gray,  minutely  mottled  with  whitish  and 
dusky.  Primaries  brownish  gray,  their  outer  webs  coarsely  mottled  with 
paler.  Bill  uniform  black;  feet  (in  dried  skin)  dark  horn-color.”  (R.  R.) 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  virginianus  t exanus  but 
with  the  pale  edges  of  the  dorsal  feathers  averaging  more  whitish,  less 
grayish,  more  in  contrast  to  the  rest  of  the  coloration  of  the  feathers 
involved ;  top  of  head  with  the  dusky  median  stripes  to  the  feathers  darker, 
the  edges  paler  and  huffier.  “Upper  parts  essentially  as  in  the  adult  male, 
lores  and  sides  of  forehead  pale  buff,  this  extending  back  to  the  nape  in  a 
continuous,  broad  superciliary  stripe ;  chin,  malar  region,  and  entire  throat 
uniform  pale  buff,  bordered  behind  by  a  narrow  transverse  chain  or  series 
of  black  and  rusty  triangular  spots.  Chest  pale  cinnamon,  slightly  varied 
with  black  and  whitish;  rest  of  lower  parts  white,  the  sides  and  flanks 
broadly  striped  with  pale  cinnamon,  enclosed  between  U-  or  V-shaped 
black  markings,  the  breast  and  belly  having  sparse  V-shaped  bars  of  black ; 
under  tail-coverts  pale  cinnamon,  broadly  tipped  with  buffy  whitish  and 
each  ornamented  by  a  subterminal  V-shaped  mark  of  black.”  (R.  R.) 

Juvenal  male.— Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  mottled  fuscous-black  and 
light  ochraceous-buff,  the  feathers  having  shafts,  edges,  and  narrow  tips 
of  the  latter  color;  interscapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  as  in  the  adult 
female,  but  with  white  shaft  streaks  terminally  widening  into  small  tri¬ 
angular  spots,  and  the  feathers  blotched  with  clove  brown  to  dark  chestnut- 
brown  ;  remiges  as  in  the  adult  male ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  as  in  the  adult  female ;  rectrices  dusky  sepia  crossed  by  numerous 
narrow  wavy  white  bars  each  of  which  is  proximally  bordered  with  mummy 
brown,  the  brown  widening  medially  to  form  a  large  shaft  spot ;  the  median 
pair  of  rectrices  slightly  more  brownish,  less  grayish  than  the  outer  ones ; 
sides  of  head,  chin,  and  throat  dusky  fuscous,  a  whitish  patch  on  the  lower 
cheek  on  either  side;  many  of  the  gular  and  mental  feathers  with  narrow 
grayish  white  edges;  breast,  sides,  and  flanks,  pinkish  buff  to  pale  pinkish 
buff  mottled  with  dull  dusky  sepia,  the  feathers  with  narrow  white  shafts ; 


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thighs,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts  pale  pinkish  buff  faintly  mottled  with 
dusky ;  abdomen  grayish  white  obscurely  mottled  with  dusky,  especially 
anteriorly;  hill  and  feet  (in  dried  skin)  yellowish.31 

Juvenal  female .- — Like  the  juvenal  male  but  with  the  chin  and  throat 
pure  white ;  iris  brown ;  bill  brownish  above,  light  plumbeous  below ;  feet 
“flesh  and  brownish.” 

Natal  down. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.- — -Wing  101-111  (107);  tail  59-64  (61.5);  culmen  from 
base  15.2-16.5  (15.5)  ;  tarsus  29.4—31.3  (30.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
25.1-28.1  (26.9  mm.).32 

Adult  female. — Wing  105.5-115.5  (110.5)  ;  tail  60-69  (64.1)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14—16  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  28-31.3  (29.4)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
26.6-27.1  (26.8  mm.).33 

Range. — Resident  in  the  open  grassy  plains  country  (1,000  to  2,500 
feet)  from  the  middle  portion  of  the  southern  Arizona  boundary  (north  to 
the  Baboquivari,  Whetstone,  and  the  Huachuca  Mountains)  south  to  south- 
central  Sonora  (Sasabe,  Magdalena,  Bacuachi,  Campos)  ;  now  extirpated 
in  Arizona. 

Type  locality. — 18  miles  southwest  of  Sasabe,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Ortyx  virginianus  (not  Tetrao  virginianus  Linnaeus)  Brown,  Forest  and  Stream, 
xxii,  No.  6,  1884,  104  (Baboquivari  Mountains,  s.  Arizona). 

Ortyx  graysoni  (not  of  Lawrence)  Grinnell,  Forest  and  Stream,  xxii,  No.  13, 
1884,  243  (Baboquivari  Mountains). — Stephens,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  227  (Sonora, 
nw.  Mexico). 

Colinus  graysoni  Ridgway,  Forest  and  Stream,  xxv,  No.  25,  Tan.  14,  1886,  484. — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  290. 

Colinus  ridgwayi  Brewster,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  199  (18  miles  sw.  of  Sasabe,  Sonora;  coll. 
F.  Stephens,  type  in  Brit.  Mus.)  ;  iv,  1887,  159  (Bacuachi  and  18  miles  n.  of 
Campos,  Sonora;  crit.)  ;  iv,  1887,  159,  160  (plumage). — Stephens,  Auk,  ii,  1885, 
228,  231  (Sasabe,  Sonora). — Brown,  Forest  and  Stream,  xxv,  No.  5,  1885,  445. 

- — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  and  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  291 ; 
ed.  3,  1910,  p.  135;  ed.  4,  1931,  88. — Allen,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  275  (Baboquivari 
Mountains,  s.  Arizona),  483  (as  to  location  of  type  specimen)  ;  iv,  1887,  74,  75 
(crit.);  vi,  1889,  189  (Tubal,  Ariz. ;  descr.  young);  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  i,  1886,  279,  pi.  23  (monogr.).- — Scott,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  387  (historical). — 
Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  10. — Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  121 
(Sonora  and  Arizona,  1,000  to  2,500  feet  alt.). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900.  46 
(molts,  etc.). — Bailey,  Handbook  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  116 
(descr.). — Brown,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  209  [-213]  (habits,  range,  etc.). — Judd,  U.  S. 
Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  46  (habits;  range;  food). — Smith,  Condor,  ix,  1907, 


81  It  may  be  that  the  specimen  on  which  this  description  is  based,  collected  late  in 
October  in  Sonora  (Conover  coll.  92944),  had  already  begun  its  postjuvenal  molt,  as 
Allen  (Auk,  1889,  189)  described  a  young  male  in  postjuvenal  molt  as  having  the 
“throat  .  .  .  pure  white,  with  new  black  feathers  appearing  irregularly  along  the  sides 
of  the  chin  and  upper  throat  .  .  .”  It  may  be  that  in  males  in  full  juvenal  plumage  the 
throat  is  not  blackish  as  in  the  above  account.  If  so,  the  sexes  are  alike  in  this  stage. 

32  Eight  specimens  from  Arizona  and  Sonora. 

33  Five  specimens  from  Sonora. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


347 


196  (Whetstone  Mountains,  s.  Arizona,  4000-4500  ft.).— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  10,  1914,  21  (Arizona;  Baboquivari  Peak  to  Huachuca  Mountains; 
now  extinct  in  Arizona). — Law,  Condor,  xxxi,  1929,  219  (Altar  Valley,  Ariz.). 
■ — Phillips,  Verh.  6th  Internal.  Orn.  Kongr.,  1929,  510  (extinct  in  U.  S. ;  still 
found  in  Mexico). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  36  (habits;  distr.). — 
Cottam  and  Knappen,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  152  (food  habits). 

[Colinus]  r  id  gw  ay  i  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Ortyx  rid g way i  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  422. — Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  302  (Sasabe,  Campos,  and 
Bacuachi,  Sonora ;  s.  Arizona) . 

Colinus  virginianus  ridgivayi  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi, 
1931,  245  (Sonora,  Mexico)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Conip.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  431  (Cumpas 
and  Bacuachi,  Sonora). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  49. — Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  242  (syn. ;  distr.). 
C[olinus]  v[ir ginianus]  ridgwayi  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  763,  in  text  (care 
in  captivity)  .—Berlioz,  Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  Paris,  ser.  2,  xi,  1939,  361,  in 
text  (Arizona;  crit.). — Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No. 
467,  1942,  3,  in  key. 

Orlyx  virginianus  Brown,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  211,  in  text  (Sonora). 

COLINUS  NIGROGULARIS  CABOTI  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman 

Yucatan  Bobwiiite 

Adult  male. — Lores  and  superciliaries  black,  the  black  of  the  lores  con¬ 
necting  narrowly  above  the  base  of  the  oilmen ;  a  white  stripe  immediately 
above  this  from  the  middle  of  the  upper  forehead  completely  borders  the 
black  of  the  lores  and  the  superciliaries;  feathers  of  crown  and  occiput 
bister,  those  of  the  crown  broadly  bone  brown  medially;  those  of  the 
occiput  with  somewhat  grayish  edges;  nape,  sides  of  neck,  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  between  auburn  and  chestnut,  the  feathers  with  conspicuous 
white  shaft  streaks  or  spots,  these  white  markings  reduced  or  absent  on 
the  more  posterior  interscapulars;  upper  back  like  the  posterior  inter¬ 
scapulars  but  the  feathers  broadly  margined  with  neutral  gray  finely 
flecked  with  darker ;  inner  median  and  greater  upper  wing  coverts  like  the 
upper  back ;  scapulars  similar  but  blotched  subterminally  with  fuscous- 
black  to  black  and  margined  internally  with  whitish ;  outer  upper  wing 
coverts  like  the  inner  ones  but  much  washed  with  ochraceous-tawny  and 
more  coarsely  vermiculated  with  dusky ;  secondaries  olive-brown,  their 
outer  webs  flecked  and  vermiculated  with  grayish  ochraceous-tawny;  pri¬ 
maries  uniformly  olive-brown;  feathers  of  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  light  mouse  gray  to  mouse  gray,  medially  lightly  tinged  with 
ochraceous-tawny  and  subterminally  blotched  with  fuscous-black  to  black, 
these  blotches  becoming  elongated  into  shaft  streaks  on  the  upper  tail 
coverts,  the  gray  areas  faintly  vermiculated  with  dusky  and  tipped  and  in¬ 
completely  barred  (sparingly)  with  grayish  white;  rectrices  between  deep 
mouse  gray  and  hair  brown,  the  median  ones  mottled  with  paler  gray  and 
faintly  huffy  grayish  white;  chin  and  throat  black;  a  line  under  the  eye  and 
extending  more  broadly  over  the  upper  cheeks,  auriculars  and  sides  of 


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throat  white ;  feathers  of  breast  and  middle  upper  abdomen  white  edged  and 
tipped  with  black,  giving  a  scalloped  appearance  to  these  areas,  the  black 
margins  increasing  in  width  posteriorly  very  much ;  sides  of  breast  and 
abdomen  to  the  flanks,  white  broadly  edged  and  tipped  with  Brussels 
brown ;  thighs,  vent,  and  under  tail  coverts  dull  pale  grayish  ochraceous- 
tawny,  the  under  tail  coverts  with  subterminal  blackish  shaft  stripes ; 
middle  of  lower  abdomen  like  the  thighs  but  slightly  more  grayish,  less 
rufescent ;  under  wing  coverts  dull  brownish,  edged  with  pale  grayish.34 

Adult  female. — Narrow  forehead,  broad  superciliary  stripes,  chin,  and 
throat  between  warm  buff  and  ochraceous-buff ;  feathers  of  crown  and 
occiput  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  narrowly  edged  with  neutral  gray;  nape 
similar  but  the  lateral  margins  pale  buffy  white  and  much  broader ;  inter¬ 
scapulars  cinnamon-brown,  grayish  basally,  narrowly  edged  and  tipped 
with  dusky  grayish,  and  transversely  spotted  with  buffy  white,  each  of 
these  pale  marks  bordered  on  both  sides  by  blackish,  and  sparsely  and  ir¬ 
regularly  barred  with  blackish,  the  grayish  edges  widening  on  the  posterior 
interscapulars  and  the  feathers  of  the  upper  back  which  are  subterminally 
blotched  with  fuscous  mixed  with  sepia ;  scapulars  as  in  the  male  but  more 
brownish,  less  grayish  generally;  upper  wing  coverts  as  in  the  male  but 
more  brownish  generally  and  barred,  on  their  outer  webs,  with  broader, 
more  conspicuous  pale  buffy  to  pale  pinkish  buffy,  black-bordered  bars,  all 
the  markings  heavier  and  coarser  than  in  the  male ;  secondaries  externally 
edged  with  pale  ochraceous-buff  and  incompletely  banded  with  the  same 
on  their  outer  webs;  primaries  as  in  the  male  but  their  outer  webs  very 
faintly  flecked  with  pale  ochraceous-buffy ;  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and 
tail  coverts  as  in  the  male  but  browner,  less  grayish,  and  with  the  median 
dark  blotches  smaller  and  less  noticeable ;  rectrices  as  in  the  male  but  all, 
the  lateral  as  well  as  the  median  ones,  externally  flecked  transversely  with 
grayish  white ;  auriculars  dark  dull  auburn ;  feathers  of  sides  of  neck  and 
of  the  entire  breast  white  with  blackish-brown  shaft  stripes  and  cross  bars 
dividing  the  feathers  into  at  least  two  rows  of  white  spots  terminally,  the 
feathers,  especially  those  of  the  sides  of  the  neck,  pale  dull  hazel  to  ochra- 
ceous-tawny  basally ;  feathers  of  abdomen  white  crossed  by  widely  spaced 
fuscous  bars,  the  most  distal  of  which  is  medially  extended  as  a  shaft 
stripe,  these  bars  petering  out  on  the  middle  of  the  abdomen;  on  the 
feathers  of  the  sides  and  flanks  the  shaft  stripes  are  very  much  longer  and 
broader  and  contain  within  them  a  median  core  of  pale  cinnamon-brown 
to  ochraceous-tawny ;  thighs  and  vent  white  obscurely  barred  with  dusky 
sepia ;  under  tail  coverts  pale  cinnamon-brown  with  subterminal  broad, 


“One  specimen  from  the  type  locality  (Univ.  Mich.  Mus.  Zool.  No.  103848)  is 
very  brown  on  the  wings,  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts,  completely  lacking  the 
gray.  It  also  has  the  brown  of  the  interscapulars,  upper  back,  sides,  and  flanks 
darker  chestnut. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


349 


distally  attenuated  blackish  shaft  stripes  and  broadly  tipped  with  white, 
the  white  area  divided  into  two  spots  by  the  shaft  stripe. 

Natal  dozvn  (sexes  alike). — Forehead  and  broad  superciliary  area  pale 
clay  color  paling  to  pinkish  buff  posteriorly  on  the  nape ;  center  of  crown 
and  forehead  and  a  wide  spinal  band  extending  to  the  tail  chestnut-brown 
indistinctly  edged  with  clove  brown;  rest  of  upperparts  light  pinkish 
cinnamon  with  a  faint  grayish  tinge,  mottled  with  dark  clove  brown  to 
fuscous ;  a  narrow  fuscous  line  from  the  back  of  the  eye  to  the  side  of  the 
nape;  sides  of  head  pale  dusty  pinkish  buff;  chin,  throat,  and  abdomen 
white;  breast,  sides,  flanks,  thighs  and  vent  washed  with  dusty  light 
pinkish  cinnamon;  bill  and  feet  (in  dried  skin)  yellowish. 

Adult  male. — Wing  95-103.5  (98.3)  ;  tail  50-58.5  (54.6)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.7-16  (15.4);  tarsus  27.1-32  (29.1);  middle  toe  without  claw 
23.9-26.6  (25.3  mm.).35 

Adult  female. — Wing  95-103.5  (98.5)  ;  tail  50-58  (54.2)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5-16.3  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  27.2-31.1  (29.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
24.5-26.2  (25.2  mm.).36 

Range. — Resident  throughout  Yucatan  (Merida,  Chichen  Itza,  Chable, 
Tizimin,  etc.)  and  Campeche  (Campeche),  except  for  the  arid  area 
around  Progreso. 

Type  locality. — Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan. 

Ortyx  nigrogularis  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  4  and  text,  part 
(Yucatan). — Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514,  pi.  132;  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt. 
5,  Gallinae,  1867,  76. — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ix,  1869,  209 
(Merida,  Yucatan). — Nehrkorn,  Joum.  fur  Orn.,  1881,  69  (Yucatan;  descr. 
eggs) .— Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1883,  461  (Chable,  Yucatan;  habits). 
— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,"  vii, 
1894,  219  (Yucatan). 

[Ortyx]  nigrogularis  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  1848,  Gallinaceae,  pi.  193,  fig. 

1681. — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Norn.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part  (Yucatan). 

Ortyx  nigrigularis  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  225,  part  (Yucatan). 

0[rtix]  nigrogularis  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.,  e  Hist,  de  los 
Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  175  (common  names,  Mexico). 

Eupsycho-rtyx  nigrogularis  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  412, 
part  (Tizimin,  Buctzotz,  Chable,  Peto,  and  Merida,  Yucatan) .—Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  297,  part  (Chable,  Tizimin, 
Buctzotz,  Peto,  Merida,  and  Izamal,  Yucatan) .— Cole,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
1,  1906,  115,  part  (Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan). 

[Eupsychortyx]  nigrigularis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45,  part  (Yucatan). 

Colimis  nigrogularis  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1896,  289 
(Chichen  Itza;  habits;  notes). — Nelson,  Auk,  xv,  1898,  122  (Yucatan). 

[ Colinus ]  nigrogularis  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  379,  1929,  2,  in  text  (crit.). 
Colinus  nigrogularis  nigrogularis  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  49. — 
Traylor,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxiv,  1941,  204  (Chichen 


“Twenty  specimens. 
”  T?n  Specimens, 


350 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Itza,  Yucatan;  spec.)/ — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  247  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ. 
Michigan,  No.  439,  1941,  5,  6  (Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan;  descr. ;  plum.;  meas. ; 
distr.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  247, 
footnote. 

COLINUS  NIGROGULARIS  PERSICCUS  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman 

Progreso  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti  but  paler 
and  less  brownish,  more  grayish;  above,  especially  on  the  scapulars  and 
innermost  remiges,  very  pale  grayish ;  the  white  centers  of  the  feathers 
of  the  interscapular  and  upper  back  areas  larger  and  their  rufescent  borders 
averaging  slightly  paler ;  tail  paler — between  mouse  gray  and  light  mouse 
gray,  and  more  abundantly  flecked  with  grayish  white ;  feathers  of  thighs, 
flanks,  lower  middle  abdomen,  and  under  tail  coverts  paler,  less  rufescent. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  C.  n.  caboti  but  slightly  paler 
above,  more  grayish,  less  brownish ;  the  dark  ventral  barrings  averaging 
more  brownish,  less  blackish. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  98-102  (100.1)  ;  tail  51.5-57  (54.4)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5-15.8  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  28.2-31.4  (30.0)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.1- 27.5  (25.9  mm.).37 

Adult  female. — Wing  100-102  (101.1);  tail  54-58.8  (56.5);  oilmen 
from  base  14.2-16  (15)  ;  tarsus  29-32  (30.2)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.1- 26.4  (25.2  mm.).38 

Range. — Resident  in  the  arid  region  about  Progreso,  Yucatan. 

Type  locality. — 5  kilometers  south  of  Progreso,  Yucatan. 

Eupsychortyx  nigrogularis  Cole,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  1,  1906,  115,  part  (Progreso, 
Yucatan). 

Colinus  nigrogularis  per  siccus  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool. 
Univ.  Michigan,  No.  439,  1941,  4,  6  (5  kilometers  south  of  Progreso,  Yucatan; 
descr.;  plum.;  meas.;  distr.;  crit.). 

COLINUS  NIGROGULARIS  NIGROGULARIS  (Gould) 

Honduras  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  nigrogularis  caboti  but  much 
darker  above,  much  less  grayish,  more  brownish,  the  white  centers  of  the 
interscapulars  greatly  reduced  in  size,  and  the  blackish  blotches  on  the 
scapulars,  back,  and  rump  larger  and  darker ;  below  very  similar  to  caboti 
but  averaging  wider  black  margins  on  the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  ab¬ 
domen.  “Pileum  brownish  black,  passing  into  rusty  exteriorly,  and  bor- 

"  Ten  specimens. 

,a  Five  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


351 


dered  anteriorly  and  laterally  by  a  broad  fl  -shaped  stripe  of  brownish 
white ;  forehead,  lores,  and  broad  stripe  passing  thence  backward  over  eyes 
and  auriculars  to  sides  of  hindneck,  deep  black ;  chin,  throat,  and  malar 
region  uniform  deep  black,  bordered  above  by  a  broad  stripe  of  brownish 
white,  beginning  at  rictus  and  extending  beneath  eye  across  auriculars. 
Hindneck  and  sides  of  neck  dark  chestnut,  the  feathers  with  mesial  guttate 
streaks  or  spots  of  rusty  white,  these  larger  and  purer  white  on  sides  of 
neck;  upper  back  dark  chestnut,  the  feathers  irregularly  barred  or  trans¬ 
versely  mottled  on  edges  with  black  and  brownish  gray ;  rest  of  back,  with 
scapulars,  wing  coverts,  and  tertials  coarsely  mottled  and  irregularly  barred 
with  blackish  on  an  olive  and  brownish  gray  ground,  with  lighter  mark¬ 
ings  along  edges  of  many  feathers,  especially  tertials  and  greater  wing 
coverts ;  lower  back  and  rump  olive-brown,  especially  on  lower  back ;  upper 
tail  coverts  and  middle  rectrices  similar  but  more  grayish  brown,  marked 
with  broad  mesial  streaks  of  black  and  irregularly  barred  with  lighter ; 
rectrices  dull  slate-gray,  tinged  with  olive,  and  indistinctly  barred  or 
transversely  mottled  on  outer  webs  with  paler.  Primaries  plain,  dull, 
brownish  slate.  Chest,  breast,  and  middle  line  of  belly  white,  the  feathers 
broadly  and  abruptly  bordered  with  black,  this  narrowest  on  upper  part 
of  chest,  broadest  on  belly ;  sides  and  flanks  chestnut,  each  feather  whitish 
centrally  and  bordered  with  black,  this  more  or  less  broken  or  mottled  on 
many  of  the  feathers ;  under  tail  coverts  rusty,  tipped  with  dull  light  huffy, 
and  marked  with  a  large  central  sagittate  or  triangular  spot  of  black.  Bill 
entirely  deep  black;  feet  dark  brown.”  (R.  R.) 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  C.  n.  caboti,  but  generally  darker,  less 
grayish,  more  brownish  above,  the  dark  blotches  larger  and  more  numerous, 
the  ground  color  of  the  upper  parts  generally  dark  Dresden  brown,  the 
feathers  without  grayish  edgings;  the  inner  edges  of  the  scapulars  pale 
huffy  (instead  of  white  as  in  caboti)  ;  lores,  superciliaries,  chin,  and  throat 
darker  than  in  caboti — dark  clay  color  with  an  ochraceous  wash;  basal 
portions  of  feathers  of  breast  and  upper  abdomen  less  rufescent,  more 
brownish ;  brown  centers  of  flank  feathers  deeper  chestnut  with  broader 
fuscous  borders.  ‘‘Broad  superciliary  stripe  (including  sides  of  forehead), 
chin,  throat,  and  malar  region  plain,  dull  ochraceous  or  clay  color;  pileum 
brownish  black,  streaked  with  dull  grayish  buffy ;  auriculars  plain  silky 
brown ;  suborbital  region  dull  ochraceous,  streaked  with  blackish ;  hinder 
part  and  sides  of  neck  pale  dull  grayish  buffy,  thickly  marked  with  tri¬ 
angular  spots  of  black,  these  larger  and  more  blended  on  hindneck,  smaller 
and  more  individualized  on  sides  of  neck.  Upperparts  in  general  coarsely 
mottled,  spotted,  and  barred  with  black  and  pale  brownish  buffy  on  a  light 
bister-brownish  ground,  the  black  spots  (of  irregular  form)  more  con¬ 
spicuous  on  hinder  scapulars,  tertials,  lower  back,  and  rump;  primaries 
plain  brownish  slate,  their  outer  webs  more  ashy ;  tail  as  in  male  but  more 
coarsely  mottled.  Lower  parts  dull  whitish,  the  chest  and  breast  thickly 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


marked  with  irregular  black  spots  having  a  brownish  external  suffusion, 
the  belly  transversely  spotted  or  barred  with  the  same,  the  sides  and  flanks 
with  irregular  broad  U-shaped  marks  inclosing  a  pale  cinnamon  space,  the 
margins  of  the  feathers  soiled  whitish ;  under  tail  coverts  much  tinged  with 
pale  rusty  and  heavily  spotted  with  black.  Bill  brownish  black,  with  basal 
half  of  under  mandible  light  colored ;  feet  deep  horn-brown.”  (R.  R.) 

Immature. — Like  the  adult  of  the  same  sex  but  with  the  outermost 
primaries  more  pointed  terminally. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Upperparts  of  head  and  body  as  in  the  adult 
female,  but  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  feathers  of  the  upper  back 
with  narrow,  white  shaft  streaks ;  the  inner  secondaries  more  completely 
barred  with  pale  pinkish  buff;  the  feathers  of  the  lower  back,  rump,  and 
upper  tail  coverts  paler,  less  blotched  with  blackish,  the  ground  color  huffy 
wood  brown;  chin  and  throat  paler,  more  whitish;  breast  huffy  wood 
brown,  each  feather  with  a  pale  buffy-whitish  shaft  streak ;  abdomen  pale 
buffy  with  a  grayish  tinge,  transversely  spotted  with  dusky  wood  brown  ; 
flanks,  thighs,  lower  abdomen,  and  under  tail  coverts  strongly  washed  with 
pale  cinnamon-buff;  bill  and  feet  (in  dried  skin)  dark  pinkish  orange. 
Natal  down.— Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  92-94  (93)  ;  tail  49.5-52.5  (51.0)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.5—15.2  (14.8) ;  tarsus  27.7-28.1  (27.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

24.1- 25.2  (24.7  mm.).39 

Adult  female. — Wing  86-95  (92)  ;  tail  48—51  (48.8)  ;  culmen  from 
base  14.4—15.7  (14.8) ;  tarsus  26.4-28.5  (27.7)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 

23.1- 25  (23.8  mm.).40 

Range. — -Resident  in  the  pine-forested  parts  of  British  Honduras,  the 
Peten  district  of  northern  Guatemala,  and  through  the  Caribbean  lowlands 
of  Honduras  east  to  Cantarranas  and  the  Segovia  River. 

Type  locality. — Honduras. 

Ortyx  nigrogularis  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1842  (1843),  181  (Mexico;  coll. 
Earl  of  Derby  ;  =  Honduras)  ;  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  ii,  1846,  pi.  4  and  text, 
part  (Honduras). — Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1854,  63  (Belize,  British 
Honduras) . 

[Ortyx]  nigrogularis  Gray,  Handlist,  ii,  1870,  273,  no.  9781  (Honduras). — Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part  (British  Honduras). 

Ortyx  nigrigularis  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  225,  part  (Belize,  British 
Honduras) . 

Colinus  nigrogularis  segoviensis  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x,  1888,  593 
(Rio  Segovia,  e.  Honduras;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  302  (Honduras;  Segovia  River  and  Can¬ 
tarranas). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  49.— Van  Tyne,  Misc. 
Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  27,  1935,  12  (Pacomon  and  La  Libertad, 
Peten,  Guatemala;  crit. ;  spec.).- — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 

38  Four  specimens. 

40  Seven  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


353 


i,  No.  1,  1942,  248  (syn. ;  distr. ;  Honduras,  Guatemala,  British  Honduras). — 
Van  Tyne  and  Trautman,  Occ.  Papers  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  439, 
1941,  3,  in  text. 

Colinus  nigrogularis  nigrogularis  Van  Tyne  and  Trautman,  Occ.  Papers  Mus, 
Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  439,  1941,  6  (Honduras;  Segovia  River;  Guatemala, 
La  Libertad). 

Eupsychortyx  nigrogularis  (not  Ortyx  nigrogularis  Gould)  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  412,  part  (Honduras). — Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  297,  part  (Rio  Segovia,  Honduras;  Belize, 
British  Honduras). 

[Eupsychortyx]  nigrigularis  Sharpe,  Handlist,  i,  1899,  45,  part  (Honduras;  British 
Honduras) . 

Colinus  nigrogularis  coffini  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlv,  1932,  169 
(La  Libertad,  Peten,  Guatemala;  descr. ;  crit.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World, 

ii,  1934,  49  (Brit.  Honduras  and  the  Peten  district). — Van  Tyne  and  Trautman, 
Occ.  Papers  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  439,  1941,  3,  in  text  (crit.). 

[Colinus]  [nigrogularis]  coffini  Van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan, 
No.  27,  1935,  12,  in  text  (crit.). 

C[allipepla]  nigrogularis  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317. 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  LEYLANDI  Moore 

Leyland’s  Quail 

Adult  male. — Forehead  and  crown  between  Sayal  brown  and  snufl 
brown,  becoming  tawny  to  ochraceous-tawny  on  the  occiput;  center  of 
crown  dusky;  nape  like  the  occiput  with  large  white  spots,  edged  with 
black  on  the  lateral  feathers,  this  black  and  white  less  pronounced  on  the 
medial  ones ;  interscapulars  and  upper  back  Saccardo’s  umber  finely  ver- 
miculated  with  black  and  narrowly  tipped  with  grayish ;  scapulars,  inner 
greater  upper  wing  coverts,  and  inner  secondaries  similar  but  heavily 
blotched  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  and  distomedially  suffused  with 
cinnamon-brown,  the  scapulars  and  inner  secondaries  internally  broadly 
edged  with  buffy  white ;  rest  of  upper  wing  coverts  Saccardo’s  umber 
somewhat  indistinctly  and  rather  sparsely  vermiculated  with  dusky,  some 
of  the  interspaces  paler  and  huffier  than  the  ground  color  of  the  feathers 
producing  faint  paler  cross  bands;  secondaries  dark  clove  brown,  thickly 
flecked  along  their  outer  edges  with  pale  buffy  brown  and  whitish,  the 
latter  color  forming  incomplete  bars  which  are  proximally  bordered  with 
relatively  unflecked  dark  clove  brown,  both  webs  very  narrowly  edged 
with  whitish ;  primaries  uniform  dark  clove  brown ;  feathers  of  back  and 
rump  Saccardo’s  umber  heavily  blotched  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  and 
finely  flecked  with  grayish  white,  the  dark  blotches  becoming  smaller  on 
the  rump  feathers ;  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  rump  but  with  the  dark 
blotches  compressed  into  shaft  stripes ;  rectrices  deep  mouse  gray  to  hair 
brown  transversely  flecked  and  mottled  with  paler,  forming  indistinct  ir¬ 
regular  barrings ;  lores,  a  broad  superciliary,  and  a  broad  malar  stripe  on 
each  side  white  somewhat  tinged  with  pale  buff,  many  of  the  component 


354 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


feathers  narrowly  edged  with  blackish ;  cheeks  dark  sepia,  borders  of  the 
malar  stripe  blackish ;  auriculars  like  the  occiput ;  chin  and  throat  fuscous 
with  the  paler  basal  parts  of  the  feathers  dark  Verona  brown,  showing 
through  in  varying  amounts ;  breast  like  the  interscapulars  but  somewhat 
more  rufescent  and  with  the  dark  vermiculations  largely  absent,  but  with 
many  of  the  feathers  with  conspicuous  black-ringed  white  spots  on  their 
medioterminal  portion ;  upper  and  lateral  parts  of  abdomen  like  the  breast 
but  brighter,  more  rufescent,  and  with  many  more  and  larger  black- 
bordered  white  spots,  some  of  the  feathers  having  as  many  as  three  of  these 
spots  on  each  web,  the  pale  spots  larger  than  the  remainder  of  the  feather, 
the  spots  more  or  less  washed  with  buffy ;  sides  and  flanks  similar  but  with 
the  spots  slightly  reduced,  the  intervening  brownish  part  of  the  feathers 
thereby  made  more  extensive  and  conspicuous ;  middle  of  abdomen  and 
the  thighs  buffy  white  barred  with  dull  dark  sepia,  the  pale  interspaces 
much  broader  than  the  bars ;  under  tail  coverts  dark  sepia  washed,  along 
the  shaft,  with  Saccardo’s  umber  and  indented  on  both  webs  with  large, 
marginally  continuous  spots  of  white  more  or  less  tinged  with  buffy ;  under 
wing  coverts  barred  dull  sepia  and  buffy  white,  the  whitish  areas  broader 
than  the  darker  bars. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  on  the  upperparts  of  head  and 
body  but  differing  below  in  that  the  chin  and  throat  are  pale  buffy,  longi¬ 
tudinally  spotted  or  streaked  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black,  the  breast 
relatively  more  spotted  with  white  and  the  pale  spots  of  most  of  the  ab¬ 
dominal  feathers  larger  and  running  into  each  other  reducing  the  sepia 
parts  to  irregular  bars  with  distally  pointed  median  elongations. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  slightly  darker 
brownish  above;  the  breast  buffy  white  heavily  and  abundantly  spotted 
with  sepia  transverse  marks,  each  of  which  is  distally  edged  with  tawny 
buff;  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  whitish  transversely  spotted  with  dark 
sepia. 

Natal  down. — Forehead,  lores,  very  broad  supraorbital  bands,  auricu¬ 
lars,  and  cheeks  between  clay  color  and  pale  tawny-olive,  center  of  crown 
and  occiput  Brussels  brown,  the  area  edged  with  darker ;  chin  and  throat 
white  tinged  with  pale  cinnamon-buff ;  a  narrow  blackish  line  running 
posteroventrally  from  the  eye  to  the  sides  of  the  neck.41 

Adult  male. — Wing  95.3-105.6  (99.4)  ;  tail  52.4-59.2  (55.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  13.8-16.0  (14.6)  ;  tarsus  26.2-29.2  (28.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  22.7-24.1  (23.5  mm.).42 

Adult  female.— Wing  97. 1-98.3  (97.5)  ;  tail  47.2-57.4  (51.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  13.5-14.7  (14.2)  ;  tarsus  25.4—28.4  (27.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21.2-22.5  (21.9  mm.).43 


41  Remainder  of  only  example  seen  was  already  in  juvenal  plumage. 
43  Ten  specimens  from  Honduras. 

43  Eight  specimens  from  Honduras. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


355 


Range. — Resident  in  the  Plateau  and  Pacific  slope  of  Honduras  (Teguci¬ 
galpa,  Monte  Redondo,  Comayaguela,  El  Caliche,  Catacanias,  Sabana 
Grande,  Omoa,  Comayagua,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — Flores,  between  Omoa  and  Comayagua,  Honduras. 

Ortyx  leylandi  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  62  (Flores,  between  Omoa  and 
Comayagua,  Honduras;  coll.  Derby  Museum;  descr. ;  spec.;  crit). — Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  226  (between  Omoa  and  Comayagua,  Honduras). — 
Taylor,  Ibis,  1860,  312  (Comayagua,  Honduras;  habits). 

[Ortyx]  leylandi  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part  (Honduras). 
Eupsychortyx  lencofrenatus  Elliot,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1860,  106, 
pi.  3  (Honduras). 

Eupsychortyx  leylandi  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  411,  part  (Hon¬ 
duras)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  132,  part  (Honduras). — Sai.vtn  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  295,  part  (between  Omoa  and 
Comayagua,  Honduras). 

E\upsychortyx]  leylandi  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  762  (care  in  captivity). 
[Eupsychortyx]  leylandi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45,  part  (Honduras). 
Eupsychortyx  lelandi  Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  302 
(Honduras  ;  Omoa  and  Comayagua). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi  Conover,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  175  (Honduras;  Dept. 
Tegucigalpa — Monte  Redondo,  Comayaguela;  spec.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  50,  part  (western  Honduras). 

C[olinus]  l[eucopogon]  sclateri  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938, 
149,  in  text,  part  (Honduras). 

[Colinus]  [leucopogon]  leylandi  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305  in  text  (central 
and  northern  Honduras). 

Colinus  cristatus  sclateri  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
250,  part  (Honduras;  syn.). 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  SCLATERI  (Bonaparte) 

Sclater’s  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  Honduranian  race  but  with  the 
malar  and  postorbital  stripe  warm  buff  to  pale  honey  yellow,  instead  of 
white;  the  breast  and  the  brown  shaft  areas  of  the  feathers  of  the  middle 
of  the  abdomen  more  rufescent — light  cinnamon-brown  instead  of  snuff 
brown  finely  mixed  with  gray;  upperparts  of  body  also  more  brownish, 
less  grayish,  the  dark  blotches  on  the  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail 
coverts  larger  and  more  richly  colored. 

Adult  jemale. — Similar  to  that  of  the  Honduranian  race  but  with  the 
chin,  throat,  and  superciliary  stripes  usually  more  heavly  suffused  with 
yellowish — ochraceous-buff  to  honey  yellow  instead  of  light  pinkish  buff 
to  pale  ochraceous-buff — and  slightly  darker  on  the  upper  parts  of  the 
body,  the  dark  blotches  averaging  larger  and  deeper. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  97.S-102.4  (100.4)  ;  tail  52.1-64.2  (57.0)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.0-16.3  (15.2)  ;  tarsus  28.2-30.9  (29.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  23.4—25.1  (24.4  mm.).44 


Nine  specimens  from  Nicaragua. 


356 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  97.4-100.8  (99.4)  ;  tail  51.3-54.3  (52.9)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.3-15.8  (15.0)  ;  tarsus  29.1-30.8  (29.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  23.5-24.1  (23.8  mm.).45 

Range.  Resident  in  the  Plateau  and  Pacific  slope  of  Nicaragua  (San 
Geronimo,  Chinandega,  Sucuya,  Ocotal,  Matagalpa,  Granada,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — None  originally  indicated;  restricted  to  western  Nicara¬ 
gua  by  van  Rossem  (  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  486). 

Eupsychortyx  sclateri  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  883,  954  (no  locality 
indicated  =  western  Nicaragua;  type  in  Paris  Museum). — van  Rossem,  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxvii,  1934,  486  (crit.) . 

Ortyx  leylandi  Nutting,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1884,  390  (Sucuya,  Nicaragua). 
Eupsychortyx  leylandi  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  411,  part 
(Chinandega,  Nicaragua)  ;  Hand.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  132,  part  (Nicaragua).— 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  295,  part  (Paraiso, 
Jalapa,  Sucuya,  Ocotal,  Matagalpa,  and  Chinandega,  Nicaragua). — Rendahl, 
Ark.  Zool.,  xii,  No.  8,  1919,  10  (Granada,  w.  shore  of  Lake  Nicaragua, 
Nicaragua) . 

[Eupsychortyx]  leylandi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45,  part  (Nicaragua). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73,  part 
(w.  Nicaragua).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  50,  part 
(Nicaragua). 

C[olinus]  /[ eucopogon ]  sclateri  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938, 
149,  in  text,  part  (w.  Nicaragua). 

[Colinus]  [ leucopogon ]  sclateri  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305,  in  text  (nw. 
Nicaragua). 

[Colinus]  [leucopogon]  [dickeyi]  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305,  in  text,  part  (sw. 
Nicaragua). 

Colinus  cristatus  sclateri  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
250,  part  (syn. ;  distr. ;  Nicaragua). 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  DICKEYI  Conover 

Dickey’s  Quail 

Adult  male. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  leucopogon  sclateri  but 
with  the  feathers  of  the  upper  throat  with  extensive  white  centers. 

Adult  female. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  Hondu¬ 
ranian  race  C.  1.  leylandi,  but  with  the  chin  and  throat  averaging  somewhat 
huffier. 

Juvenal .- — Like  that  of  C.  I .  leylandi. 

Natal  down. — Like  that  of  C.  1.  leylandi. 

Adult  male. — Wing  93.2—104.7  (98.9)  ;  tail  50.1—55.4  (53.1)  ;  culmen 
from  base  13.7—15.6  (14.6)  ;  tarsus  27.1—29.8  (28.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21.2-25.0  (23.2  mm.).46 

Adult  female.— Wing  95.1-99.4  (98.0)  ;  tail  51.1-53.4  (52.5)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.3—15.5  (14.5)  ;  tarsus  26.1—29.3  (27.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  22-24.1  (22.9  mm.).47 


“  Five  specimens  from  Nicaragua. 

46  Eleven  specimens  from  Costa  Rica. 
"  Six  specimens  from  Costa  Rica. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


357 


Range. — Resident  in  the  Plateau  region  and  Pacific  slope  of  Costa  Rica 
(Las  Canas,  San  Jose,  Orosi,  Miravalles,  Guanacaste,  Turrucares,  Volcan 
Irazu,  Cartago,  Barranca,  Alajuela,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — Las  Canas,  Guanacaste,  western  Costa  Rica. 

Ortyx  leylandi  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ix,  1868,  139  (San 
Jose  and  Barranca,  Costa  Rica). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  373  (Costa 
Rica). — Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1878,  42  (San  Jose  Valley,  Costa 
Rica).— Zeledon,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1858,  112  (Costa  Rica). 

[Ortyx]  leylandi  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part  (Costa 
Rica). 

Colinus  leylandi  Zeledon,  Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i.  1888,  128  (San  Jose  and 
Alajuela,  Costa  Rica) .— Cherrie,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  329  (San  Jose,  Costa  Rica). 
Eupsychortyx  leylandi  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  411,  part 
(San  Jose  and  Irazu  district,  Costa  Rica)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  132,  part 
(Costa  Rica).— Underwood,  Ibis,  1896,  449  (Volcan  de  Miravalles,  Costa  Rica; 
habits).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves.,  iii,  1903,  295,  part 
(Heredia,  Barba,  San  Jose,  Barranca,  Alajuela,  Irazu,  Estrella  de  Cartago,  and 
Miravalles,  Costa  Rica).— Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  386  (Santo 
Domingo  de  San  Mateo,  Alajuela,  San  Jose,  Tenorio,  Cachi,  and  Miravalles, 
Costa  Rica). 

[Eupsychortyx]  leylandi  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45,  part  (Costa  Rica). 
Eupsychortyx  leucofrenatus  Elliot,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1860,  106, 
pi.  3  (Honduras). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73,  part 
(nw.  Costa  Rica). 

Colinus  leucopogon  dickeyi  Conover,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  174  (orig.  descr. ;  Las 
Canas,  Guanacaste,  w.  Costa  Rica;  spec.;  crit.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  50,  part  (Costa  Rica).— Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  304  (Costa 
Rica,  Bebedero  and  Cachi  near  San  Jose;  spec.;  crit.). 

Colinus  cristatus  dickeyi  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942, 
251  (syn. ;  distr.). 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  LEUCOPOGON  (Lesson) 

White-faced  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  leucopogon  leylandi  but  with 
the  lores,  forehead,  superciliary  bands, .  chin,  and  throat  pure  white ; 
the  general  tone  of  the  upperparts  of  the  head  and  body  somewhat  paler 
that  in  the  Honduranian  race;  auriculars  paler — drab;  breast  and  the 
brownish  areas  of  the  abdominal  feathers  paler — the  breast  between 
avellaneous  and  wood  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber,  the  abdominal  feathers 
Saccardo’s  umber  to  cinnamon-brown ;  the  pale  abdominal  spots  averag¬ 
ing  smaller  and  less  pure  white,  more  tinged  with  buffy ;  bill  black ;  iris 
dark  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  bluish  horn  color. 

Adult  female. — -Similar  to  that  of  C.  1.  leylandi  of  Honduras  but  with 
the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  more  heavily  transversely  marked  with 
blackish  and  with  abdomen  and  throat  more  buffy ;  bill  black ;  iris  dark 
brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  bluish  horn  color. 

Juvenal. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  C.  1.  leylandi. 

24 


653008° — ii 


358 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male. — Wing  98.5-107.1  (102.9)  ;  tail  56.8-62.8  (59.9)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.8-16.0  (15.6);  tarsus  27.0-30.6  (  29.2);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  23.5-26.0  (24.7  mm.).48 

Range. — Grasslands  and  open  country  of  the  Arid  Tropical  Zone  of 
southeastern  El  Salvador,  east  of  the  Lempa  River. 

Type  locality. — San  Carlos,  Americae  centralis  Oceani  Pacifici  =  La 
Union,  El  Salvador. 

Adult  female. — Wing  100.1-101.1;  tail  55.6;  culmen  from  base  1 5.6— 
15.8;  tarsus  27.6-29.1 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  22.4  mm.  (2  specimens). 

Ortyx  leucopogon  Lesson,  Rev.  Zool.,  v,  1842,  175  (“San  Carlo,”  Central  America  <= 
La  Union,  El  Salvador;  coll.  Paris  Mus. ?). — Des  Murs,  Icon.  Om.,  livr.  6, 
1846,  p.  36  and  text,  and  table  of  contents. — Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor, 
xxxii,  1930,  72  (El  Salvador,  e.  of  Rio  Lempa;  crit. ;  syn.). 

[Ortyx]  leucopogon  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514;  Handlist,  ii,  1870,  273,  No. 

9791. — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  194,  fig.  1682. 
Eupsychortyx  leucopogon  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  13  and  text 
(“San  Carlos”),' — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
295,  part  (San  Carlos). — Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  762  (care  in 
captivity) . 

Eupsychortyx  leucopogon  leucopogon  Todd,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  203,  part  (San 
Carlos;  discussion  of  type). 

Colinus  leucopogon  leucopogon  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73 
(El  Salvador,  e.  of  Lempa  River). — Conover,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  175  (El 
Salvador;  Dept.  Morazan,  Divisadero;  Dept.  La  Union,  Olomega;  Rio  Goas- 
coran;  spec.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  50  (distr.) . — Dickey 
and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  148,  149  (El  Salvador;  Lake  Olomega, 
Rio  Goascoran,  Divisadero;  spec.;  crit.;  habits;  colors  of  soft  parts;  distr.). — 
Friedmann,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lvii,  1944,  15. 

[Colinus]  [leucopogon]  leucopogon  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305,  in  text  (east¬ 
ern  El  Salvador). 

Colinus  cristatus  leucopogon  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  249  (syn.;  distr.). 

"Ortyx  albifrons  Less.”  Lafresnaye,  Rev.  Zool.,  v,  1842,  130  (San  Carlos;  Province 
of  San  Salvador;  nomen  nudum). 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  HYPOLEUCUS  Gould 

Salvadorean  White-breasted  Bobvvhite 

Adult  male— Above  very  similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race;  below 
differs  in  the  great  but  very  variable  extension  of  the  white  posteriorly 
over  the  breast  and  abdomen ;  some  individuals  have  almost  the  entire 
underparts,  except  for  the  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts,  white, 
while  others  have  the  breast  and  only  a  little  of  the  upper  abdomen 
albescent;  similarly,  in  some  birds  these  white  feathers  have  brown  bases 
which  show  through,  while  in  others  the  feathers  are  completely  white; 
soft  parts  as  in  the  nominate  form. 


18  Six  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


359 


Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  less  huffy  on 
the  abdomen,  the  throat  slightly  streaked  with  dusky,  general  tone  of 
upperparts  of  body  slightly  more  grayish,  less  brownish ;  crown  and  oc¬ 
ciput  duskier,  more  fuscous. 

Juvenal. — Not  distinguishable  from  that  of  C.  1.  leylandi. 

Adult  male.— Wing  97.5-103.3  (100.1)  ;  tail  53.1-60.8  (57.2)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  14.5-16.0  (15.1);  tarsus  27.3-29.3  (28.5);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  23.5-25.2  (24.1  mm.).49 

Adult  female. — Wing  95.9—102.1 ;  tail  54.4—58.1 ;  culmen  from  base 
14.7-15.0;  tarsus  27.4-29.2;  middle  toe  without  claw  22.5-23.0  mm. 
(2  specimens). 

Range. — Grasslands  and  up  to  5,000  feet  on  the  slopes  of  the  volcanoes, 
in  El  Salvador,  west  of  the  Lempa  River. 

Type  locality. — “Acajutla  in  Mexico”= Acajutla,  El  Salvador. 

Eupsychortyx  hypoleucus  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xxviii,  1860,  62  (Aca¬ 
jutla,  “Mexico,”  i.e.,  El  Salvador;  coll.  J.  Verreaux)  ;  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
ser.  3,  vi,  1860,  77  (reprint).— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
413,  part  (Acajutla).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
297,  part  (Acajutla). 

Colinus  hypoleucus  Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  379,  1929,  2  (plum.;  crit.). 
Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73, 
part  (El  Salvador,  w.  of  Lempa  River)  ;  Birds  El  Salvador  1938,  151  (El 
Salvador ;  spec. ;  habits ;  colors  of  soft  parts ;  plum. ;  crit.)  .—Conover,  Condor, 
xxxiv,  1932,  175  (El  Salvador,  Dept.  La  Paz— Hacienda  Miraflores;  Dept. 
Sonsonate,  Volcan  Santa  Ana;  Dept.  La  Libertad,  Hacienda  Zapotitlan,  Setro 
del  Nino;  Dept.  Santa  Ana — El  Tablon;  spec.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  50,  part  (El  Salvador). — Friedmann,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washing¬ 
ton,  lvii,  1944  (plum.;  crit.). 

[ Colinus ]  [leucopogon]  hypoleucus  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305,  in  text,  part 
(El  Salvador). 

Colinus  cristatus  hypoleucus  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  249,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

COLINUS  LEUCOPOGON  INCANUS  Friedmann 

Guatemalan  White-breasted  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus  but  very 
slightly  paler  above;  the  scapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  only  slightly 
suffused  with  rufescent  (deeply  suffused  in  hypoleucus) . 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus  but 
paler,  especially  above,  the  general  color  of  the  upperparts  of  the  female 
being  pale  buckthorn  brown  with  a  grayish  tinge  (as  against  snuff  brown 
with  a  grayish  tinge  in  hypoleucus ) . 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 


“Twelve  specimens. 


360 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male. — Wing  99.4-105.1  (102.6)  ;  tail  59.7-63.2  (61.7)  ;  oilmen 
from  base  14.4-15.0  (14.8;  tarsus  28.1 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  23.2-24.0 
(23.6  mm.) .50 

Adult  female. — Wing  97.1-101.1  (98.7)  ;  tail  53.1-62.7  (57.6)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.1-14.8  (14.4)  ;  tarsus  27.1-28.4  (27.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21.4— 23.6  (22.5  mm.).51 

Range- — Resident  in  southern  Guatemala  from  the  Upper  Motagua 
Valley  to  the  Departments  of  Jalapa  and  Baja  Vera  Paz. 

Type  locality.— Saloma,  Baja  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala. 

Eupsychortyx  hypoleucus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  413, 
part  (San  Geronimo,  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala). — Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem. 
y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  Nos.  7,  8,  1894,  219  (Mexico;  Chiapas 
and  Tabasco). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  297, 
part  (San  Geronimo,  Guatemala). 

[Eupsychortyx]  hypoleucus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138.— 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45  (Guatemala). 

Ortyx  hypoleucus  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  1867,  77  (Mexico). 

[Ortyx]  hypoleucus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9789  (Mexico). 
Eupsychortyx  leucopogon  (not  Ortyx  leucopogan  Lesson)  Salvin  and  Sclater, 
Ibis,  1860,  277  (San  Geronimo,  Guatemala). 

Colinus  leucopogon  hypoleucus  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73, 
part  (Guatemala).- — Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  106 
(Guatemala;  distr.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  50,  part 
(Guatemala) . 

[Colinus]  [leucopogon]  hypoleucus  Sassi,  Temminckia,  iii,  1938,  305,  in  text,  part 
(Guatemala) . 

Colinus  cristatus  hypoleucus  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  249,  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  leucopogon  incanus  Friedmann,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  lvii,  1944, 
16  (Saloma,  Baja  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala;  orig.  descr.). 

COLINUS  CRISTATUS  SONNINI  (Temminck) 

Sonnini’s  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Forehead,  lores,  and  anterior  part  of  crown  varying  from 
buffy  whitish  to  pale  huffy  brown  or  grayish  brown ;  the  posterior  coronal 
area  with  the  dusky  basal  parts  of  the  feathers  showing  through  occa¬ 
sionally,  giving  a  transversely  marked  appearance,  crest  darker — dull 
sepia  to  fairly  pale  bister — the  feathers  edged  with  buffy  brown  to  al¬ 
most  buckthorn  brown ;  sides  of  crown  and  occiput  edged  with  feathers 
that  are  black  on  their  inner  webs,  edged  with  buffy  white,  and  light 
ochraceous-tawny  on  their  outer  webs;  broad  superciliaries  bright 
ochraceous-tawny  to  ochraceous-orange ;  feathers  of  nape  streaked  with 
black;  a  nuchal  collar  of  snuff-brown  feathers  with  large  subterminal 
white  spots  edged  with  black;  interscapulars  and  upper  back  cinnamon 
coarsely  vermiculated  with  black,  each  feather  edged  with  mouse  gray; 

60  Three  specimens,  including  the  type. 

61  Four  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


361 


scapulars  and  inner,  greater,  and  median  upper  wing  coverts  between 
Dresden  brown  and  cinnamon-brown  crossed  by  narrow,  widely  spaced 
wavy  bars  of  pale  buffy  edged  with  dusky ;  the  scapulars  internally  mar¬ 
gined  with  ochraceous-buff,  the  coverts  completely  edged  with  pale  smoke 
gray ;  innermost  secondaries  like  the  scapulars ;  rest  of  secondaries  dull 
sepia,  edged  and  incompletely  barred  on  their  outer  webs  with  light  pink¬ 
ish  cinnamon  and  more  or  less  suffused  with  Dresden  brown  on  their 
outer  webs;  primaries  dull  sepia  faintly  flecked  on  their  outer  margins 
with  ashy  light  pinkish  cinnamon;  rest  of  upper  wing  coverts  Dresden 
brown  to  cinnamon-brown  externally  edged  narrowly  with  pale  pinkish 
buff ;  these  edgings  enlarged  terminally  into  broader  tips,  the  brown 
areas  faintly  stippled  and  vermiculated  with  dusky;  back,  lower  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  bright  cinnamon-brown  with  a  tawny  tinge, 
narrowly  tipped  and  crossed  by  narrow,  but  widely  spaced  bars  of  pale 
buffy,  these  bars  proximally  edged  with  blackish,  which  sometimes  ex¬ 
tends  basally  along  the  shaft  for  a  short  distance ;  rectrices  similar  but 
less  tawny ;  chin  and  throat  bright  light  ochraceous-tawny  to  ochraceous- 
orange;  auriculars  dull,  dark  Dresden  brown;  a  pectoral  band  of  white 
feathers  with  wedge-shaped  black  terminal  spots;  breast  between  tawny- 
olive  and  clay  color,  the  feathers  tipped  with  a  slightly  paler  and  ashier 
tone,  and  basally  transversely  marked  with  blackish  (usually  hidden  by 
the  overlapping  feathers),  this  color  becoming  more  ochraceous  on  the 
upper  abdomen,  where,  however,  the  feathers  have  several  large  white 
or  buffy  spots  on  each  web  with  blackish  transverse  interspaces,  the 
brown  restricted  to  the  median  part  of  the  feathers,  this  median  area 
increasing  in  extent  and  brightness  on  the  sides ;  feathers  of  lower  lateral 
parts  of  the  abdomen,  the  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  with  the 
pale  spots  larger,  huffier,  the  brownish  or  ochraceous  areas  much  re¬ 
duced,  the  black  bars  wider;  middle  of  lower  abdomen  pale  buffy  barred 
with  blackish ;  under  wing  coverts  pale  sepia  to  wood  brown  flecked  with 
buffy  white. 

Adult  female—  Similar  to  the  adult  male  on  the  upper  parts  but  generally 
less  rufescent,  more  grayish  sepia;  the  superciliaries  pale  ashy  buff,  dark¬ 
ening  posteriorly ;  the  crown  and  crest  darker — sepia  with  less  ochraceous 
edgings ;  the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  duskier  and  without  grayish 
edges;  below  much  less  rufescent  than  the  male;  chin  and  throat  buffy 
grayish  white,  suffused  to  a  varying  extent  posterolaterally  with  ochra¬ 
ceous-tawny  ;  breast  and  upper  abdomen  drab  to  pale  sepia  instead  of 
tawny-olive;  abdomen  largely  white,  the  blackish  markings  averaging 
somewhat  smaller  than  in  the  male,  the  brownish  areas  reduced  and  largely 
restricted  to  the  more  lateral  feathers. r'2 


“  There  seems  to  be  considerable  variation  in  the  whiteness  of  the  abdominal  plu¬ 
mage  that  may  be  correlated  with  age,  the  immature  or  subadult  birds  possibly 
averaging  more  buffy  than  the  older  ones.  More  material  is  needed  to  determine  this. 


362 


BULLETIN  50.  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Juvenal  (?). — None  seen,  but  one  described  by  Ogilvie-Grant  as  “quite 
young”  is  said  to  have  “the  upperparts  very  similar  to  those  of  the  female 
adult,  but  all  the  feathers  of  the  mantle,  wing-coverts,  scapulars,  and 
chest  have  pale  buff  shaft-stripes ;  chin  and  throat  white,  rest  of  the  under¬ 
parts  white  irregularly  barred  with  black.” 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  96-106  (101)  ;  tail  54-67  (62)  ;  culmen  from  base 
12-14  (12.9)  ;  tarsus  25-30  (27.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  21-24  (22.5 
mm.).53 

Adult  female. — Wing  95-99  (97)  ;  tail  55-62  (58.5)  ;  culmen  from 
base  12-13  (12.7)  ;  tarsus  25-28.5  (26)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  24—24.5 
(24.3  mm.).54 

Range. — Resident  in  open  grassland  savannas  in  French,  Dutch,  and 
British  Guiana,  the  adjacent  part  of  northern  Brazil  (upper  Rio  Branco) 
west  through  Venezuela  in  the  Orinoco  Basin  and  north  to  Caracas  and 
Carabobo  in  the  coast  region ;  introduced  on  Mustique  Island,  Grenadines, 
and  in  St.  Thomas,  Virgin  Islands. 

Type  locality. — French  Guiana. 

Perdu :  sonnini  Temminck,  Hist.  Nat.  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  451  (French  Guiana; 
coll.  Paris  Mus.).— Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxv,  1817,  246  (Guyane)  ; 
Tabl.  Enclycl.  Meth.,  i,  1820,  369. 

Perdix  sonninii  Temminck,  Hist.  Nat.  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  737  (French  Guiana)  ; 

Nouv.  Rec.  PI.  Col.,  v,  1823,  pi.  75  and  text. 

Ortyx  sonninii  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xi,  pt.  2,  1819,  383.— Jardine  and 
Selby,  Illustr.  Orn.,  i,  1828,  text  to  pi.  38. — Lesson,  Illustr.  Zool.,  i,  1832,  text 
to  pi.  52. — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  1844,  44  (British  Guiana)  ;  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  77  (British  Guiana).— Reinhardt,  Ibis,  1861,  114  (St.  Thomas; 
crit.). — Pelzeln,  Orn.  Bras.,  iii,  1870,  290  (Forte  do  Sao  Joaquim,  Rio  Branco, 
n.  Brazil). 

[Ortyx]  sonninii  Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514;  Pland-list,  ii,  1870,  273,  No.  9787. — 
Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  193,  fig.  1674. 

Or[tyx]  sonninii  Stephen,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xiv.  pt.  1,  1826,  303. 

Colinus  sonninii  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  508  (in  list  of  species;  distr.). 
Eupsychortyx  sonninii  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  11  and  text. — 
Newton,  Ibis,  1860,  308  (St.  Thomas,  Greater  Antilles,  introduced  from  Vene¬ 
zuela).— Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1860,  378  (St.  Thomas, 
introduced). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  252  (Plains 
of  Valencia,  Venezuela).— Cory,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  225  (St.  Thomas;  syn. ;  descr. ; 
crit.)  ;  Birds  West  Indies,  1889,  224  (St.  Thomas)  ;  Cat.  West  Indian  Birds, 
1892,  96  (St.  Thomas) ;  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  orn.  ser.,  i,  1909,  239,  in 
text  (British  Guiana;  Caracas,  Venezuela;  crit.). — Berlepsch,  Journ.  fur  Orn., 
xl,  1892,  92,  in  text  (French  Guiana;  Quonga,  British  Guiana;  crit.). — Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  British  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  409  (Porte  do  Rio  Branco,  n.  Brazil ; 
Quonga,  British  Guiana;  Caracas,  Venezuela;  Mustique,  Grenadines)  ;  Handb. 
Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  130;  Ibis;  1902,  239  (Quonga,  British  Guiana;  Mustique; 
crit. ) .— Hartert,  Ibis,  1893,  306,  in  text,  338,  footnote  (range,  etc.) ;  1894,  430, 


“Twelve  specimens  from  Venezuela. 
“Eight  specimens  from  Venezuela. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


363 


in  text  (Plains  of  Valencia,  Venezuela)  ;  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  iii,  1894,  37,  in 
text  (Plains  of  Valencia) ;  Nov.  Zool.,  i,  1894,  675,  in  text  (Plains  of  Valencia). 
— Phelps,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  367  (Cumanacoa  and  San  Antonio,  Venezuela). — 
Clark,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxii,  1905,  246  (Mustique,  Grenadines). — 
Penard,  Vog.  Guyana,  i,  1908,  310.— Chubb,  Birds  British  Guiana,  i,  1916,  31. 
E[upsychortyx]  sonninii  Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  762  (care  in  captivity). 
[Eupsychortyx]  sonninii  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. — G i ebel, 
Thesaurus  Orn.,  ii,  1875,  142  (Gould’s  reference). — Cory,  List  Birds  West 
Indies,  rev.  ed.,  1886,  24  (St.  Thomas). — Heine  and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus. 
Hein.  Orn.,  1890,  294. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  45.— Bradbourne  and  Chubb, 
Birds  South  America,  i,  1912,  13  (Venezuela;  British  Guiana;  n.  Brazil). 
Eupsychortyx  sonnini  Berlepsch  and  Hartert,  Nov.  Zool.,  ix,  1902,  121  (Altagracia, 
Orinoco  Valley,  Venezuela;  crit.).  Berlepsch,  Nov.  Zool.,  xv,  1908,  296 
(Cayenne;  British  Guiana).— Cherrie,  Bull.  Brooklyn  Inst.  Sci,  ii,  1916,  357 
(lower  and  middle  Orinoco  Valley). 

t Eupsychortyx]  sonnini  Ihering  and  Ihering,  Av.  Brazil,  1907,  17  (Rio  Branco 
and  Rio  Negro,  n.  Brazil). 

Eupsichortyx  sonninii  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  883  (in  list  of  species). 
Colinus  cristatus  sonnini  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  51,  part.— Dan- 
forth,  Journ.  Agr.  Univ.  Porto  Rico,  xix,  1935,  466  (St.  Thomas;  introduced, 
now  extinct).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  257 
(syn. ;  distr.). 

(?)  Ortyx  affinis  Vigors,  Proc.  Comm.  Sci.  Corresp.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  pt.  1, 
No.  1,  1830  (1831),  3  (“northern  parts  of  America”;  descr.  of  female;  type 
lost). — Gray,  Gen.  Birds,  iii,  1846,  514. — Reinhardt,  Ibis,  1861,  115  (crit.). 
(?)  Eupsychortyx  affinis  could,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  16  (descr.;  crit.). 
Eupsychortyx  sonnini  sonnini  Todd,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  194,  pi.  5,  fig.  1,  2  (monogr. ; 
Guianas  and  extreme  n.  Brazil  to  Colombia  e.  of  Andes). — Wetmore,  Sci. 
Surv.  Porto  Rico  and  Virgin  Islands,  ix,  pt.  3,  1927,  331  (Virgin  Islands). 
Odontophorus  sonnini  Goeldi,  Av.  Brazil,  ii,  1894,  439  (Rio  Branco). 

0[rtyx ]  cristatus  (not  Tetrao  cristatus  Linnaeus)  Cabanis,  in  Schomburgk, 
Reis.  Brit.  Guiana,  iii,  1848,  747  (British  Guiana;  habits). — Brown,  Canoe  and 
Camp  Life  in  British  Guiana,  1876,  268  (Cotinga  River  and  Rupununi  Savan¬ 
nas,  British  Guiana). 

Eupsychortyx  cristatus  Salvin,  Ibis,  1886,  175  (Brit.  Guiana). 

( ?)  [Eupsychortyx]  cristatus  Heine  and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus.  Hein.  Orn., 
1890,  294,  part  (“Guiana”). 

Pcrdix  cristata  Schomburgk,  Reis.  Brit.  Guiana,  i,  1847,  394  (Pirara). 

Colinus  cristatus  Bond,  Birds  West  Indies,  1936,  402  (introduced  St.  Thomas, 
Si.  Vincent,  Mustique). 

C\allipcpla]  cristata  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  317,  part. 

Eupsychortyx  [sonnini]  Ferry,  Condor,  x,  1908,  226  (Caracas,  Venezuela;  habits). 

COLINUS  CRISTATUS  PANAMENSIS  Dickey  and  van  Rossem 

Panama  Crested  Bobwhite 

Adult  male. — Above  similar  to  that  of  Colinus  cristatus  sonnini  but 
darker,  more  rufescent — cinnamon-brown  to  Prout’s  brown;  the  fore¬ 
head,  anterior  crown,  lores,  cheeks,  chin,  and  upper  throat  more  ex¬ 
tensively  pale  bufify  white  than  in  sonnini ;  crest  and  occiput  also  averaging 
paler  than  in  sonnini ;  below — lower  throat  darker — almost  hazel ;  breast 
much  less  uniform  and  more  rufescent,  the  feathers  with  blackish  shaft 


364 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


streaks  and  subterminal  white  spots  on  either  web ;  sides  more  rufescent — 
hazel  to  dark  hazel  with  the  white  spots  and  their  black  borders  smaller 
than  in  sonnini ;  middle  of  abdomen  deep  warm  buff  banded  with  widely 
spaced  fuscous  black  bars ;  lower  midabdomen,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under 
tail  coverts  as  in  sonnini. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  C.  c.  sonnini  but  somewhat  darker  and 
brighter  cinnamon-brown  to  Prout’s  brown  above;  the  breast  feathers 
with  their  brownish  areas  more  rufescent ;  the  abdomen  deeper  buff,  espe¬ 
cially  medially. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  93-101  (96.5)  ;  tail  52.8-58.5  (56.8)  ;  oilmen  from 
base  13-13.5  (13.2)  ;  tarsus  27-31  (29.1)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  23-27 
(23.7  mm.).55 

Adult  female. — Wing  96-102  (99.0)  ;  tail  50-60.4  (55.6)  ;  culmen  from 
base  12.5-14.5  (13.4);  tarsus  28-31  (29.5);  middle  toe  without  claw 
24-27  (25.5  mm.).56 

Range.— Resident  in  the  arid  tropical  lowland  plains  of  western  Panama 
in  the  Departments  of  Code,  Veraguas,  and  Chiriqui. 

Type  locality. — Agua  Duke,  Code,  western  Panama. 

Eupsychortyx  leucopogon  (not  Ortyx  leucopogon  Lesson)  Gould,  Monogr.  Odon- 
toph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  13  (fig.;  spec.  coll.  Lafresnaye). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  408,  part  (spec,  p-r;  Veraguas);  Handb.  Game 
Birds,  ii,  1897,  130,  part  (Veraguas). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer. 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  295,  part  (“Calobre,”  Veraguas). 

Eupsychortyx  leucopogon  leucopogon  Todd,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  203,  pi.  5,  fig.  4 
(w.  Panama;  monogr.). 

Eupsychortyx  leucotis  (not  Ortyx  leucotis  Gould)  Salvin,  Ibis,  1876,  379 
(Veraguas  (Calobre?)  ;  crit.). 

Colinus  leucotis  panamensis  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Condor,  xxxii,  1930,  73 
(Agua  Dulce,  Code,  w.  Panama;  type  in  coll.  D.  R.  Dickey,  now  Univ. 
California  at  Los  Angeles;  descr. ;  crit.). 

Colinus  cristatus  panamensis  Peters,  Checklist  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  50 
(distr.). — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  303  (Panama; 
arid  plains  of  Veraguas  and  Code  only)- — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  252  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Colinus  c[ristatus]  panamensis  Conover,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  li,  1938, 
54  (spec.;  Aguadulce,  Code;  La  Marca,  La  Colorado,  Santiago,  and  Santa 
Fe,  Veraguas;  El  Frances,  Chiriqui;  Panama). 

Genus  ODONTOPHORUS  Vieillot 

Odontophorus  Vieillot,  Analyse,  1816,  51.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  “Tocro  Buff.’  — 
Tetrao  guianensis  Gmelin=7'dra.o  tocro  Herman.) 

Dentophorus  (emendation)  Boie,  Isis,  xxi,  Heft  3-4,  1828,  326,  note. 

Odonthophorus  (emendation)  Bonaparte,  Giorn.  Arcadico,  xlix,  1831,  54. 
Strophiortyx  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  883.  (Type,  as  designated  by 
Grant,  1893,  Odontophorus  columbianus  Gould.) 


e°  Five  specimens. 
M  Four  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


365 


Large  and  stoutly  built  very  short-tailed  Odontophorinae  (wing  about 
127-158  mm.)  with  short  tail  (less  than  half  as  long  as  wing),  large 
and  stout  feet  (tarsus  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  sometimes 
slightly  longer),  heavy  bill,  more  or  less  extensively  naked  orbital  region, 
and  feather  of  posterior  portion  of  pileum  more  or  less  (but  not  con¬ 
spicuously)  elongated,  forming,  when  erected,  a  bushy  crest  of  broad, 
round-tipped,  decurved  or  decumbent  feathers ;  sexes  alike  in  coloration. 

Bill  relatively  large  and  heavy,  the  chord  of  exposed  culmen  (from 
extreme  base)  equal  to  two-fifths  to  nearly  half  the  length  of  tarsus,  the 
depth  of  bill  at  base  greater  than  distance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal 
fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla  and  equal  to  or  greater  than  its  width  at  rictus ; 
culmen  strongly  convex,  rounded,  narrower  and  more  ridge-like  basally. 


Figure  20. — Odontophorus  gujancnsis. 


Outermost  primary  equal  to  or  slightly  shorter  (sometimes  much  shorter) 
than  ninth  (from  outside),  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth,  fourth,  fifth  and 
sixth,  or  fifth  to  eighth  longest.  Tail  two-fifths  to  nearly  half  as  long 
as  wing,  mostly  concealed  by  coverts,  the  rectrices  (12),  however,  firm, 
broad,  with  rounded  tips.  Tarsus  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  wing, 
sometimes  more  than  one-third  as  long,  nearly  to  quite  as  long  as  middle 
toe  with  claw,  very  stout,  the  planta  tarsi,  on  both  sides,  with  a  continuous 
row  of  transverse  scutella  (larger  and  more  continuous  on  outer  side). 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  pileum  elongated,  broad,  soft, 
and  flattened  (webs  not  conduplicate),  forming,  when  erected,  a  bushy 
crest;  orbital  (sometimes  also  loral)  region  more  or  less  extensively 
naked.  Coloration  dull,  various  tones  of  brown  or  brown  and  rufous 


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predominating,  usually  vermiculated  with  dusky,  often  more  or  less 
speckled  or  barred  with  bufify,  the  scapulars  sometimes  spotted  with  black, 
the  outer  webs  of  primaries  often  spotted  with  cinnamon-rufous  or  buffy. 
Sexes  alike  in  coloration  or  at  least  not  conspicuously  different. 

Range. — -Southeastern  Mexico  to  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  central  Brazil. 
(Sixteen  species.) 


KEY  TO  THE  MIDDLE  AMERICAN  FORMS  OF  THE  GENUS  ODONTOPHORUS 


a.  Chin  and  throat  streaked  black  and  white  (southeastern  Mexico  to  western 

Panama)  . Odontophorus  guttatus  (p.  373) 

aa.  Chin  and  throat  not  streaked  black  and  white. 

b.  Breast  black  (highlands  of  Costa  Rica  and  western  Panama). 

Odontophorus  leucolaemus  (p.  377) 


bb.  Breast  not  black. 

c.  Breast  and  abdomen  bright  chestnut. 

d.  Darker,  upper  back  clove  brown  to  fuscous,  more  blackish  than  olivaceous 
(tropical  zone  of  Panama). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  coloratus  (p.  372) 
dd.  Paler,  upper  back  sepia  to  clove  brown,  more  brownish  olive  than 
blackish. 

e.  Dark  bars  on  tibiae  obsolete,  light  interspaces  wider  and  paler  (eastern 

Honduras) . Odontophorus  erythrops  verecundus  (p.  373) 

ee.  Dark  bars  on  the  tibiae  well  defined,  light  interspaces  narrower  and 
darker  (tropical  zone  of  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  melanotis  (p.  370) 
cc.  Breast  and  abdomen  dark  buffy  brown,  barred  finely  and  irregularly  with 
paler  and  with  blackish. 

d.  Interscapulars  and  upper  back  grayish,  distinctly  different  from  rest 
of  upperparts  (tropical  zone  of  Panama,  Colombia,  and  northwestern 

Venezuela) . Odontophorus  gujanensis  marmoratus  (p.  368) 

dd.  Interscapulars  and  upper  back  not  distinctly  grayish,  but  brown  like 
rest  of  upperparts  (tropical  zone  of  southwestern  Costa  Rica  and 
extreme  western  Panama). 

Odontophorus  gujanensis  castigatus  (p.  366) 


ODONTOPHORUS  GUJANENSIS  CASTIGATUS  Bangs 

ChiriquI  Wood  Quail 

Adult  male. — Narrow  forehead  amber  brown;  crown  and  occiput  be¬ 
tween  chestnut-brown  and  argus  brown;  nape  slightly  paler  and  the 
feathers  obscurely  and  narrowly  edged  with  pale  grayish  amber  brown; 
interscapulars  and  upper  back  between  dark  Dresden  brown  and  Prout’s 
brown  heavily  vermiculated  with  fuscous-black,  and,  more  narrowly,  with 
light  neutral  gray;  upper  wing  coverts  dark  mummy  brown  crossed  by 
widely  spaced,  narrow,  wavy  bars  of  pale  tawny  and  terminally  flecked 
with  white ;  inner  greater  upper  coverts,  scapulars,  and  inner  secondaries 
similar  but  with  the  pale  markings  very  much  more  abundant  and  more 
rufescent — between  Brussels  brown  and  auburn — these  markings  largely 
confined  to  the  outer  webs  of  the  feathers,  except  for  the  scapulars,  where 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


367 


both  webs  are  abundantly  marked;  the  scapulars  with  a  fairly  large 
terminal  pinkish  buff  mark  on  the  inner  web ;  the  secondaries  with  a  smaller 
and  median  terminal  spot  of  the  same ;  primaries  clove  brown,  the  inner 
webs  uniform,  the  outer  ones  barred  with  pale  pinkish  buff  to  pale 
ochraceous-salmon ;  upper  back  just  posterior  to  the  interscapulars  dark 
fuscous-black  edged  and  barred  with  narrow  lines  of  auburn,  the  bars 
widely  spaced ;  back  and  lower  back  pale  buffy  brown  with  a  slight  olive 
tinge,  each  feather  with  several  small  black  subterminal  flecks ;  lower  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  darker — cinnamon-brown  on  the 
rump  and  darkening  posteriorly  to  dark  cinnamon-brown,  the  feathers  of 
the  rump  and  the  upper  tail  coverts  finely  vermiculated  with  blackish, 
the  black  flecks  extended  laterally  to  form  somewhat  heavier  wavy  bars 
each  of  which  is  edged  distally  with  a  wider  one  of  pale  cinnamon-brown  ; 
rectrices  clove  brown  to  dark  mummy  brown  crossed  by  widely  spaced 
narrow  bars  pale  cinnamon-brown;  lores  and  circumocular  area  bare, 
crimson  in  life;  an  indefinite  band  from  the  forehead  over  the  eye  to 
the  upper  side  of  the  auriculars  dark  auburn;  cheeks  and  auriculars 
brighter  auburn ;  chin  and  line  of  the  gape  narrowly  paler  auburn  ; 
throat,  breast,  and  sides  cinnamon-brown,  slightly  washed  with  olivaceous 
anteriorly,  the  feathers  of  the  throat  slightly  duskier  subterminally ;  those 
of  the  breast  and  sides  subterminally  narrowly  banded  with  one  or  tw@ 
bands  of  blackish,  the  more  posterior  feathers  with  these  bands  heavier 
and  distally  edged  with  pale  cinnamon-brown  to  almost  whitish;  flanks 
like  the  sides  but  more  heavily  and  coarsely  marked  with  black  and  pale 
subterminally ;  middle  of  abdomen  dull  buffy  brown  with  indistinct  dusky 
cross  bars,  darkening  posteriorly  to  almost  olive-brown ;  thighs  dark  olive- 
brown  indistinctly  barred  with  cinnamon-brown  under  tail  coverts  olive- 
cinnamon-brown  barred  with  blackish  and  pale  cinnamon-brown ;  greater 
under  wing  coverts  plain  clove  brown ;  lesser  ones  darker,  barred  sparingly 
with  cinnamon-brown ;  iris  dusky  brown ;  bill  very  dark,  darker  than  iris ; 
tarsi  and  toes  plumbeous. 

Adult  female. — Like  the  male,  but  with  the  “mantle,”  i.e.,  the  inter¬ 
scapulars,  somewhat  more  olivaceous,  less  precisely  and  sharply  vermicu¬ 
lated  with  blackish  and  pale  gray. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male.— Wing  141.0-153.5  (145.9) ;  tail  67.0-71.0  (69.1) ;  oilmen 
from  base  19.7-21.4  (20.4)  ;  tarsus  43.5^18.0  (45.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  34.1-38 .7  (35.8  mm.).67 

Adult  female.— Wing  136.5-144.5  (139.3);  tail  59.5-65.0  (63.5); 
culmen  from  base  18.7-19.6  (19.1);  tarsus  43.4-46.1  (44.3);  middle 
toe  without  claw  33.2-36.0  (34.6  mm.).58 


"  Eight  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  western  Panama. 
“  Five  specimens  from  Costa  Rica. 


368 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Range.— Resident  in  forested  areas  of  the  tropical  zone  of  southwestern 
Costa  Rica  (Buenos  Aires,  Puntarenas,  Volcan  de  Oso,  Alto  de  Jabillo, 
Pirris,  El  General,  etc.)  to  extreme  northwestern  Panama  (Bugaba, 

Divala). 

Type  locality. — Divala,  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Odontophorus  marmoratus  (not  of  Gould)  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870, 
218  (Bugaba,  Veraguas;  crit.). — Zeledon,  Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1888, 
128  (Las  Trojas  and  Pozo  Azul  de  Pirris,  sw.  Costa  Rica). — Cherrie,  Expl. 
Zool.  Merid.  Costa  Rica,  1893,  54  (Boruca  and  Buenos  Aires,  sw.  Costa  Rica). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  309,  part  (Las  Trojas 
and  Pozo  Azul  de  Pirris,  Costa  Rica;  Bugaba,  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama). 
[Odontophorus  guianensis]  Subsp.  a.  Odontophorus  marmoratus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  433,  part  (Bugaba,  w.  Panama)  ;  Handb.  Game 
Birds,  ii,  1897,  153  part. 

[ Odontophorus ]  marmoratus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part 
(Veragua,  w.  Panama). 

Odontophorus  castigatus  Bangs,  Auk,  xviii,  1901,  356  (Divala,  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama; 
coll.  E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs)  ;  xxiv,  1907,  291  (Boruca  and  El  Pozo  de  Terraba, 
sw.  Costa  Rica)  ;  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  22  (Bugaba,  Chiriqui). 
— Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  386  (Sabanilla,  El  Pozo  de  Terraba, 
sw.  Costa  Rica;  crit.;  habits). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930, 
160  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.;  crit.). 

O  [dontophorus]  g[uianensis]  castigatus  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxxiv,  1915,  363,  in  text,  364  (w.  Panama;  sw.  Costa  Rica). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  castigatus  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935, 
303  (Panama;  coastal  forests  of  western  Chiriqui). 

Odontophorus  gujamensis  castigatus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  51 
(sw.  Costa  Rica  and  nw.  Panama). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  260  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ODONTOPHORUS  GUJANENSIS  MARMORATUS  (Gould) 

Marbled  Wood  Quail 

Adult. — Similar  to  that  of  the  same  sex  of  Odontophorus  gujancnsis 
castigatus  but  with  the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  definitely  black  and 
gray,  not  brown,  distinctly  different  from  the  rest  of  the  upperparts ; 
the  crest  much  darker,  the  longer,  posterior  plumes  blackish,  marginally 
and  basally  flecked  with  cinnamon-brown ;  general  tone  of  the  upperparts 
darker;  feathers  of  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  more  uniform, 
less  flecked  and  vermiculated  with  blackish ;  upper  throat  with  more  white 
in  the  pale  cross  bars ;  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  more  conspicuously 
barred  with  pale  cinnamon-tawny  edged  with  blackish. 

In  some  specimens  the  chin  and  throat  are  marked  with  white ;  this 
appears  to  be  an  individual  variation  of  no  geographic  or  racial  significance. 

Adult  male. — Wing  134.5-154.5  (143.1)  ;  tail  63.5-77.5  (68.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  18.9-21.9  (20.4)  ;  tarsus  43.2^17.5  (45.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.3-37.5  (35.7  mm.).59 


"  Seventeen  specimens  from  Panama  and  Colombia. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


369 


Adult  female.- — Wing  135.5-147.0  (139.8)  ;  tail  62.CH75.0  (67.5)  ;  oil¬ 
men  from  base  19.0-21.9  (20.1)  ;  tarsus  41.8-46.1  (44.2)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  32.1-37.7  (33.7  mm.).60 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  of  Panama,  from  the  Canal  Zone 
eastward,  and  south  to  all  of  Colombia  except  the  eastern  base  of  the 
eastern  Andes,  and  to  adjacent  parts  of  northwestern  Venezuela  south  of 
Lake  Maracaibo,  State  of  Zulia. 

Type  locality. — Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  Colombia. 

Ortyx  ( Odontophorus)  marmoratus  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1843,  107 
(Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  Colombia;  coll.  J.  Gould;  type  now  in  Brit.  Mus.). 
Odontophorus  marmoratus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odont.,  pt.  3,  1850,  22  (monogr.). — 
Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1855,  163  (Bogota). — Sclateu  and  Salvin, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864,  371  (Lion  Hill,  Panama)  ;  1879,  545  (Remedios, 
Antioquia,  Colombia;  habits;  descr. ;  nest;  and  eggs) .— Salvadori  and  Festa, 
Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Torino,  xiv,  No.  339,  1899,  10  (Rio  Lara,  Darien). — Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  309  (Bogota,  Colombia;  Chepo;  Lion 
Hill,  Panama). — Thayer  and  Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xlvi,  1905,  214 
(Sabana  de  Panama;  crit.). 

[Odontophorus]  marmoratus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  271,  No.  9755  (New  Granada). 
—Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138  (Colombia  and  Panama). — 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47,  part  (Panama  and  Colombia). — Brabourne  and 
Chubb,  Birds  South  Amer.,  i,  1912,  13,  part  (Colombia). 

[Odontophorus  guianensis ]  Subsp.  a.  Odontophorus  marmoratus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  433  (Chepo  and  Lion  Hill,  Panama,  and  Remedios 
and  Bogota,  Colombia);  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  153,  part  (Colombia; 
Panama). 

0[dontophorus]  g[uiancnsis]  marmoratus  Chapman.,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxxiv,  1915,  363,  in  text,  364  (lower  Rio  Magdalena  to  east  base  of  Andes, 
Colombia,  4,500  feet). — Osgood  and  Conover,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
zool.  ser.,  xii,  1922,  28,  in  text  (crit.). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  marmoratus  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxxvi,  1917,  200  (La  Morelia,  Buena  Vista,  and  Puerto  Valdivia,  eastern 
Colombia;  crit.)  ;  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  380,  1929,  3  (Venezuela — Santa  Elena, 
head  of  Maracaibo;  Colombia — El  Tamber,  Santander;  Palmar,  Boyaca;  Puerto 
Valdivia  and  Murindo,  Antioquia;  Saotata,  Rio  Atrato;  and  Panama;  crit.). — 
Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1918,  242  (Canal  Zone;  spec.;  colors 
of  soft  parts). — Chubb,  Ibis,  1919,  26  (Colombia;  crit.). — Osgood  and  Conover, 
Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xii,  1922,  pi.  1,  upper  fig.  (fig.). — Basics, 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  160  (crit.). — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  lxxii,  1932,  319  (Obaldia,  Pcrme,  Ranchon,  Panama;  crit.);  lxxviii, 
1935,  303  (Canal  Zone  eastward  in  Panama;  common). 

Odontophorus  gujanensis  marmoratus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  52 
(distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  260  (syn. ; 
distr.). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  panamensis  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
xxxiv,  1915,  363  (Panama  Railway;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.).- — Chubb, 
Ibis,  1919,  26  (Lion  Hill,  Panama;  coll.  Brit.  Mus.;  redescribed  under  same 
name!). — Bangs  and  Barbour,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxv.,  1922,  195  (Mount 


“Ten  specimens  from  Panama  and  Colombia. 


370 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Sapo  and  Jesusito,  Darien).— Sturgis,  Field  Book  Birds  Panama  Canal  Zone, 
1928,  29  (descr. ;  habits;  Panama). — Heath,  Ibis,  1932,  482  (Barro  Colorado 
Island,  Panama). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  chapmani  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929, 
153  (Cana,  e.  Panama;  descr.;  crit.). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx, 
1930,  160  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  t=  0.  g.  marmoratus) . 

Odontophorus  guianensis  canescens  (not  O.  parambae  canescens  Chapman,  1921) 
Osgood  and  Conover,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xii,  1922,  27, 
pi.  1,  lower  fig.  (Rio  Cogollo,  Perija,  Zulia,  Venezuela;  type  in  Conover 
coll.;  fig.). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  polionotus  Osgood  and  Conover,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  561  (new 
name  for  0.  guianensis  canescens  Osgood  and  Conover,  preoccupied). 
Odontophorus  gujanensis  polionotus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  52 
(Venezuela). 

Odontophorus  guianensis  (not  Tetrao  guianensis  Gmelin)  Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vii,  1862,  301  (Lion  Hill,  Panama). — Seth-Smith, 
L'Oiseau,  x,  1929,  763  (  care  in  captivity). 

ODONTOPHORUS  ERYTHROPS  MELANOTIS  Salvin 

Black-eared  Wood  Quail 

Adult  male. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  dorsal  part  of  auriculars 
dark  chestnut ;  nape  and  interscapulars  mummy  brown  heavily  flecked 
and  vermiculated  with  fuscous,  the  interscapulars  with  pale  smoke-gray 
longitudinal  flecks  along  the  shaft  except  terminally ;  upper  wing  coverts 
and  scapulars  dark  sepia  transversely  broadly  blotched  with  dark  clove 
brown  to  dark  fuscous  and  vermiculated  with  fuscous  to  blackish ;  the 
large  blackish  blotches  edged  with  pale  cinnamon-brown,  this  pale  color 
most  extensive  and  prominent,  the  black  most  restricted,  on  the  outer 
lesser  and  median  coverts;  the  scapulars  with  incomplete  whitish  bars 
on  the  inner  part  of  their  outer  webs ;  the  greater  and  median  coverts 
more  regularly  banded  with  blackish  and  with  pale  cinnamon-brown  than 
the  others ;  secondaries  dark  clove  brown,  the  outer  webs  abundantly 
flecked  and  mottled  with  cinnamon-brown  to  pale  cinnamon-brown  and 
blackish ;  primaries  dark  clove  brown,  fairly  uniform  on  their  inner  webs ; 
heavily  banded  on  the  outer  ones,  these  short  bars  almost  coalescing  on 
some  of  the  remiges  to  form  solid  outer  webs  of  this  color;  upper  back 
dull  sepia,  subterminally  broadly  banded  with  black,  this  band  narrowly 
edged  proximally  with  cinnamon-brown  proximal  to  which  is  a  very 
narrow  black  band,  the  sepia  basal  portion  of  the  feathers  speckled  finely 
with  dusky;  lower  back  and  rump  sepia  to  bister,  faintly  flecked  with 
dusky;  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  with  large  blackish  stippling  and 
the  feathers  subterminally  blotched  transversely  with  blackish;  rectrices 
mummy  brown  faintly  and  incompletely  banded  with  dark  sepia  and 
abundantly  flecked  and  vermiculated  terminally  and  marginally  with  sepia 
to  cinnamon-brown ;  lores  and  circumocular  area  bare,  dark  plumbeous  to 
blackish ;  cheeks,  auriculars,  chin,  and  throat  black ;  breast  and  sides  dark, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


371 


bright  amber  brown,  paling  on  anterior  two-thirds  of  abdomen  to  between 
cinnamon-rufous  and  light  bright  hazel;  flanks,  thighs,  lower  abdomen, 
and  under  tail  coverts  dull  cinnamon-brown  barred  with  fuscous  to  black¬ 
ish,  the  under  tail  coverts  heavily  mottled  and  flecked  with  the  blackish 
as  well ;  outer  lesser  under  wing  coverts  like  the  corresponding  upper 
ones;  greater  inner  under  wing  coverts  uniform  clove  brown;  iris  dark 
brown ;  bill  black ;  tarsus  dark  slate ;  toes  similar. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  with  the  nape  and  inter¬ 
scapulars  somewhat  more  rufescent — chestnut-brown  (instead  of  mummy 
brown),  and  the  cheeks,  auriculars,  chin,  and  throat  mummy  brown  in¬ 
stead  of  black. 

Juvenal  male. — Above  similar  to  the  adult  female  but  with  conspicu¬ 
ous  buffy-white  shafts  on  the  posterior  interscapulars,  the  scapulars,  and 
the  greater  upper  wing  coverts ;  the  sides  of  the  head  with  no  bare  space ; 
the  lores,  a  broad  stripe  through  the  eye  to  the  nape,  a  broad  malar  stripe, 
the  chin,  and  throat  cinnamon-buff  to  pale  tawny-olive,  the  auriculars 
black;  breast,  sides,  and  abdomen  as  in  adult  but  all  the  feathers  with 
subterminal  spots  or  broken  bars  of  black. 

Natal  down. — Forehead  and  a  broad  band  extending  back  over  the 
crown,  occiput,  nape,  and  spinal  tract  to  the  tail  Mikado  brown,  becom¬ 
ing  somewhat  darker  posteriorly ;  this  is  bordered  by  a  broad  supraocular 
band  of  pinkish  buff  to  light  ochraceous-buff ;  lores,  circumocular  area, 
and  auriculars  dusky — mummy  brown  flecked  with  ochraceous-buff ;  wings 
and  a  laterodorsal  line  to  thighs  like  the  spinal  tract — dark  Mikado  brown, 
rest  of  upperparts  pale  avellaneous  to  pale  wood  brown ;  underparts  gray¬ 
ish  avellaneous  washed  with  dull  hazel,  especially  on  sides,  flanks,  and 
thighs ;  to  a  lesser  extent  on  the  breast. 

Adult  male . — Wing  138.5—147.5  (142.1)  ;  tail  53-61.5  (56.7)  ;  culmen 
from  base  19.4—21.3  (20.2)  ;  tarsus  42.5-47.1  (44.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.6-38.8  (36.4  mm.).61 

Adult  female. — Wing  136;  tail  54;  culmen  from  base  18.5  ;  tarsus  41.9; 
middle  toe  without  claw  33.8  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  of  Nicaragua,  south  to  northern 
and  eastern  Costa  Rica  (Volcan  Miravalles,  Cerro  Santa  Maria,  Guana- 
caste,  Villa  Quesada,  Alajuela,  Jimenez,  Bonilla,  Talamanca,  etc.). 

Type  locality. — Tucurrique,  Costa  Rica. 

Odontophorus  mclanotis  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1864  (1865),  586 
(Tucurrique,  Costa  Rica;  coll.  Salvin  and  Godman)  ;  Ibis,  1872,  323  (Chontales, 
Nicaragua).— Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ix,  1868,  140 
(Tucurrique).— Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  374  (Costa  Rica).— Zeled6n, 
Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Jimenez,  Costa  Rica). — Richmond, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  524  (Rio  Escondido,  Nicaragua). — Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  435,  part  (Chontales,  Nicaragua; 


81  Seven  specimens  from  Costa  Rica. 


372 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Tucurrique,  Costa  Rica)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1 897,  155,  part  (Nicaragua  and 
Costa  Rica). — Underwood,  Ibis,  1896,  449  (Volcan  de  Miravalles,  Costa  Rica). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  310,  pi.  73,  part 
(Chontales  and  Rio  Escondido,  Nicaragua;  Tucurrique,  Dota,  Cerro  de  la 
Candelaria,  Miravalles,  and  Jimenez,  Costa  Rica). — Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie 
Mus.,  vi,  1910,  387  (Bonilla,  Talamanca,  Jimenez,  Carillo,  Tenorio,  Guapiles, 
Guacimo,  Cuabre,  Rio  Sicsola,  and  El  Hogar,  Costa  Rica;  crit. ;  habits). 

[ Odontophorus ]  melanotis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  2 72,  No.  9767,  part  (Costa  Rica). 
— Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part  (Nicaragua,  Costa 
Rica). — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47,  part  (Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica). 
Odontophorus  melanotus  Zeledon,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1885,  112  (Costa 
Rica). 

Odontophorus  melanotis  melanotis  Huber,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
lxxxiv,  1932,  207  (ne.  Nicaragua;  Great  Falls  of  Pis  Pis  River,  and  between 
Eden  and  Miranda;  spec.;  descr.  of  young). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  melanotis  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  53 
(Nicaragua;  n.  and  e.  Costa  Rica). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  268  (syn. ;  distr.). — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xcv,  1944, 
38  (Hda.  Santa  Maria,  n.  Guanacaste,  Costa  Rica). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  coloratus  (not  of  Griscom)  Hellmayr  and  CoNbvEK,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  269,  part  (Talamanca,  sw.  Costa  Rica). 

ODONTOPHORUS  ERYTHROPS  COLORATUS  Griscom 

Veraguan  Wood  Quail 

Adult  male. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Odontophorus  erythrops  melanotis 
but  with  the  posterior  part  of  the  occipital  crest  brighter,  less  dusky, 
uniform  with  the  anterior  part,  and  with  the  interscapulars  and  upper 
back  slightly  darker. 

Adult  female. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  O.  e. 
melanotis. 

Adult  male. — Wing  141-143.5  (142.1)  ;  tail  56-59  (57.8)  ;  culmen  from 
base  21.2-21.4  (21.3)  ;  tarsus  45.9-49  (47)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
35.7-38.5  (37.1  mm.).62 

Adult  female. — Wing  139-150  (142)  ;  tail  50-56  (54.3)  ;  culmen  from 
base  19.3-21.3  (20.3)  ;  tarsus  43-47.1  (44.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
35-37.3  (36.2  mm.).63 

Range. — Resident  in  the  tropical  forest  of  Panama. 

Type  locality. — Guaval,  Rio  Calovevora,  western  Veraguas. 

Odontophorus  melanotis  (not  of  Salvin)  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  161 
(Santiago  de  Veraguas,  w.  Panama).- — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,435,  part  (Veraguas,  w.  Panama). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.  Aves.,  iii,  1903,  310,  part  (Santiago  de  Veraguas). 

[Odontophorus]  melanotis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  976 7,  part  (Panama). — 
Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part  (Veraguas). — Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47,  part  (Veraguas). 


”  Three  specimens  from  Panama. 
“  Six  specimens  from  Panama. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


373 


Odontophurus  melanotis  color atus  Griscom,  Arncr.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  280,  1927,  3 
(Guaval,  Rio  Calovevora,  1,500  feet,  Caribbean  slope  of  w.  Panama;  descr. ; 
crit.)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  303  (Caribbean  slope  of  w. 
Panama). 

Odontophorus  melanotus  coloratus  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxi,  1931,  297 
(Boquete  trail,  Guabo,  Cricamola,  Panama). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  coloratus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  53 
( distr. ) . — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  269,  part 
fsyn. ;  distr.;  all  except  sw.  Costa  Rica). 

ODONTOPHORUS  ERYTHROPS  VERECUNDETS  Peters 

Honduranian  Wood  Quail 

Adult  female64. — Similar  to  that  of  Odontophorus  erythrops  melanotis 
but  “slightly  grayer  above,  especially  the  upper  hack ;  black  markings  ori 
the  scapulars  and  interscapulars  less  pronounced ;  less  black  freckling  on 
the  wing  coverts ;  below,  the  dark  bars  on  the  tibiae  obsolete,  the  light 
interspaces  wider  and  paler”  (ex  Peters,  orig.  descr.). 

Known  only  from  the  type  locality — Lancetilla,  Honduras. 

Odontophorus  melanotis  verecundus  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929, 
404  (Lancetilla,  Honduras;  descr.;  crit.). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx, 
1930,  161  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). — Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  301  (Lancetilla,  Honduras). 

Odontophorus  erythrops  verecundus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  53 
(Lancetilla,  Honduras). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  268  (syn. ;  distr.). 

ODONTOPHORUS  GUTTATUS  (Gould) 

Spotted  Wood  Quail 

Adult  male  (olive-brown  phase). — Forehead,  anterior  part  of  crown, 
upper  lores,  and  superciliary  area  sepia  to  dark  Saccardo’s  umber ;  antero¬ 
median  plumes  of  coronal  and  occipital  crest  fuscous-black  narrowly 
tipped  with  sepia ;  the  posterior  and  lateral  feathers  of  the  crest  bright 
orange-buff;  nape  and  interscapulars  sepia  with  or  without  an  olivaceous 
tinge,  the  feathers  with  pale  buffy  to  whitish  shafts,  and  their  vanes 
abundantly  and  finely  flecked  with  fuscous ;  scapulars  and  greater  upper 
wing  coverts  and  feathers  of  the  upper  back  sepia  with  very  large 
blotches  of  black  (in  the  case  of  the  coverts  these  blotches  are  confined 
to  the  inner  webs)  and  the  sepia  portion  incompletely  barred  with 
ochraceous-orange  to  cinnamon-rufous,  the  shafts  whitish ;  lesser  and 
median  upper  wing  coverts  olive-sepia  finely  barred  and  vermiculated  with 
blackish,  the  median  ones  with  buffy  white  V-shaped  tips ;  secondaries 
fuscous  to  dark  clove  brown,  uniform  on  the  inner  webs  but  broadly 
banded  on  the  outer  ones  with  pale  buffy  olive-brown  to  pale  sepia,  these 
pale  bands,  which  are  broader  than  the  darker  interspaces,  are  thickly 


“Male  unknown. 
658008° — 46 - 25 


374 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


speckled  with  blackish  dots  and  tend  to  become  more  ochraceous-orange 
on  the  more  outer  feathers ;  primaries  fuscous  to  dark  clove  brown,  uni¬ 
form  on  the  inner  webs  and  blotched  with  light  ochraceous-buff  on  the 
outer  ones ;  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  between  very  pale  tawny-olive 
and  isabelline,  the  feathers  with  a  few  subterminal  flecks  of  black;  upper 
tail  coverts  similar  but  darker — dusky  buffy  brown  with  an  olive  tinge 
and  with  the  black  flecks  larger  and  more  prominent  and  with  paler 
tips ;  rectrices  fuscous  to  dark  clove  brown  freckled  and  vermiculated 
marginally  and  terminally  with  sepia  and  tawny-olive;  lower  part  of 
lores  and  circumocular  area  bare;  a  band  from  below  and  behind  the 
eye  extending  posteriorly  to  the  sides  of  the  neck  between  Sanford’s 
brown  and  chestnut;  chin  and  throat  black,  the  feathers  with  white  shaft 
streaks  varying  in  width;  sides  of  neck,  breast,  sides,  and  anterior  and 
lateral  part  of  abdomen  tawny-olive  to  dark,  bright  clay  color,  the  feathers 
with  white  shafts,  which  enlarge  subterminally  to  form  conspicuous 
rounded  or  tear-shaped  marks  narrowly  edged  with  dusky  to  black,  and 
just  failing  to  reach  the  tips  of  the  feathers;  flanks,  thighs,  lower  ab¬ 
domen,  and  under  tail  coverts  less  olive,  duskier,  without  pale  shafts  or 
spots,  and  barred  with  blackish,  these  dark  bars  faint  and  indistinct  on 
the  abdomen,  more  distinct  on  the  flanks,  and  very  well  marked  on  the 
under  tail  coverts ;  under  wing  coverts  dull  dark  sepia ;  iris  dark  brown  ; 
bill  black ;  tarsi  and  toes  dark  plumbeous. 

Adult  male  (erythristic  phase). — Similar  to  the  preceding  but  more 
rufescent  generally,  the  sepia  areas  above  being  Dresden  brown  to 
cinnamon-brown ;  the  bulk  of  the  occipital  crest  capucine  orange  instead 
of  orange-buff,  the  freckling  on  the  wings  Sudan  brown  to  raw  umber, 
and  the  breast,  sides,  and  abdomen  ochraceous-tawny  to  antique  brown. 

Adult  fem-ale  (olive-brown  phase). — Similar  to  the  male  of  the  same 
phase  but  smaller  and  with  the  entire  occipital  crest  dark  mummy  brown 
to  fuscous,  the  posterior  ones  with  orange-buff  shaft  streaks  which  are 
usually  concealed  by  the  overlapping  of  the  more  anterior  feathers,  and 
usually  with  the  ground  color  of  the  upperparts  slightly  more  rufescent ; 
iris  dark  brown ;  bill  black ;  feet  plumbeous. 

Adult  jemale  (erythristic  phase). — Similar  to  the  male  of  the  same 
phase  but  generally  darker  both  above  and  below,  and  with  the  entire 
crest  fuscous,  even  the  posterior  plumes  with  little  or  no  orange-buff 
medially. 

Juvenal  (erythristic  phase)  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  male 
but  darker  and  slightly  more  rufescent  above;  the  crest  entirely  bright 
orange-buff  except  for  the  most  anterior  of  its  component  plumes,  which 
are  mummy  brown  to  fuscous,  narrowly  edged  with  sepia;  the  inter¬ 
scapulars  with  relatively  little  white  on  the  shafts ;  the  rump  and  upper 
tail  coverts  argus  brown,  obscurely  banded  with  blackish ;  chin  and  malar 
area  dark  earth  brown  streaked  with  white ;  throat  dusky  olive-brown 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


375 


tinged,  especially  posteriorly,  with  cinnamon,  and  indistinctly  banded  with 
blackish ;  breast,  sides  and  upper  abdomen  olive-brown,  the  feathers 
banded  toward  the  tip  with  black  and  with  buffy  white,  the  pale  bands 
being  distally  pointed  V’s,  the  black  terminal  ones  being  divided  medially 
by  the  extension  of  the  subterminal  white  one  along  the  shaft;  abdomen, 
flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  as  in  adult  but  darker. 

Juvenal  (olive-brown  phase) . — Similar  to  the  preceding  but  less  brown¬ 
ish,  more  dusky  olive-brown  above  and  below ;  the  greater  and  median 
upper  wing  coverts  and  the  interscapulars  with  conspicuous  white  shafts 
terminally  enlarged  into  small  white  triangles ;  the  black  blotches  greatly 
reduced  on  the  scapulars,  upper  back,  and  upper  wing  coverts;  all  the 
remiges  tawny,  abundantly  and  finely  freckled  and  vermi culated  with 
blackish  over  both  webs ;  breast,  sides,  and  upper  abdomen  sepia,  the 
feathers  with  narrow  white  shafts  which  spread  terminally  into  proximally 
pointed  triangles  of  white,  the  sepia  area  indistinctly  barred  and  flecked 
with  mummy  brown  to  dark  sepia.65 

Natal  down  (male  only  seen).- — Forehead,  anterior  and  lateral  parts  of 
crown,  and  sides  of  occiput  warm  buff  darkening  posteriorly  to  light 
ochraceous-buff ;  most  of  occiput,  and  narrower  center  of  crown  extending 
in  a  thin  median  line  to  the  base  of  the  culmen  tawny  russet ;  chin,  throat, 
cheeks,  and  auriculars  pale  warm  buff ;  spinal  tract  dark  russet ;  rest  of 
upperparts  light  ochraceous-salmon  flecked  with  dusky ;  underparts  of  body 
pale  warm  buff  tinged  with  olive-gray. 

Adult  male. — Wing  134-153.5  (143.8)  ;  tail  69.5-76.5  (62.2)  ;  culmen 
from  base  19.3-22.6  (19.4)  ;  tarsus  41.5-48.9  (45.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  33.1-39.6  (36.3  mm.).00 

Adult  female. — Wing  134.5-148.5  (139.8)  ;  tail  61-72.5  (67.0)  ;  culmen 
from  base  18.2-21.0  (19.7)  ;  tarsus  41 .5 — 47  (43.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  32.5-38  (35.5  mm.).67 

Range. — Resident  in  forested  areas  of  the  subtropical  zone  of  south¬ 
eastern  Mexico  (from  Veracruz,  Tabasco,  and  Oaxaca  south  to  Chiapas 
and  Campeche)  south  through  Guatemala,  British  Honduras,  Honduras, 
Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica  to  extreme  western  Panama,  as  far  as  Volcan 
de  Chiriqui.  In  Costa  Rica  its  altitudinal  range  is  from  5,000  feet  to 
timberline. 

Type  locality. — “Bay  of  Honduras.” 

Ortyx  guttata  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1837  (1838),  79  (Bay  of  Honduras; 
types  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). 

“The  juvenal  plumages  of  the  two  phases  are  still  to  be  elucidated.  The  material 
examined  presents  too  many  differences  to  be  “normal”  for  color  varieties.  What 
is  needed  is  juvenal  material  collected  with  the  parents  to  be  certain  of  the 
identification. 

“  Thirty-five  specimens  from  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa 
Rica,  and  Panama. 

67  Sixteen  specimens  from  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Costa  Rica,  and  Panama. 


376 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Odontophorus  guttatus  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  43 ;  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  72. — Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  28  and  text.- — 
Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  309  (Cordoba,  Veracruz)  ;  1859,  391 
(Teotalcingo,  Oaxaca). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  226  (Cahoon  palm 
ridges,  Honduras;  Yucatan). — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
ix,  1868,  140  (Dota,  Costa  Rica). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  xvii,  1869,  374 
(Costa  Rica). — Sumichrast,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1869,  560  (hot 
region  of  Veracruz)  ;  La  Naturaleza,  ii,  1871,  37  (Veracruz). — Salvin,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1870,  218  (Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama). — Boucard, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1878,  42  (Curridabat,  near  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica)  ; 
(?)  Liste  Ois.  Recol.  Gnat.,  1878,  14  (Guatemala). — Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr., 
Estadistica,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (com¬ 
mon  names,  Mexico). — Zeledon,  Anal.  Mus.  Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128 
(Sarchi  de  Alajuela,  El  Zarcero  de  Alajuela,  and  Alajuela,  Costa  Rica). — 
Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  439  (Cordoba,  Vera¬ 
cruz;  Chimalapa,  Oaxaca;  Barranca  and  Dota,  Costa  Rica;  Volcan  de  Chiriqui, 
w.  Panama;  Honduras;  Belize  and  San  Felipe,  British  Honduras;  Volcan 
de  Agua,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  Duenas,  and  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala;  Chimilapa, 
Oaxaca)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  159  (monogr.)  ;  Ibis,  1902,  244  (crit.). — 
Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii, 
1894,  218  (Mexico)  .—Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  22 
(Bugaba,  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  311  (Cordoba  and  Mirador,  Veracruz  ;  Teotalcingo  and  Chimalapa 
Oaxaca;  w.  Panama;  Barranca,  Dota,  La  Candelaria,  San  Jose,  Sarchi,  Trazu, 
and  El  Zarcero  de  Alajuela,  Costa  Rica;  Vera  Paz,  Duenas,  Volcan  de  Fuego 
at  5,000  feet,  and  Volcan  de  Agua,  Guatemala;  Yucatan  ?;  Rio  Hondo  and 
San  Felipe,  British  Honduras?;  Jali  and  San  Rafael  del  Norte,  Nicaragua). — - 
Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  389  (La  Estrella  de  Cartago,  Azahar 
de  Cartago,  and  Volcan  de  Trazu,  Costa  Rica;  from  5,000  feet  upward; 
habits). — Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  lxiv,  1932,  109  (Guatemala; 
distr.).  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  304  (Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Panama; 
above  5,000  feet). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  55  (distr.;  crit.). — 
Van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  27,  1935,  13  (Uaxactun, 
Peten,  Guatemala;  spec.). — Berlioz,  Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ser.  2,  xi, 
1939,  361  (Santa  Rosa,  Chiapas). 

0[dontophorus ]  guttatus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316. 

[Odontophorus]  guttatus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. — 
Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47. 

Odontophorus  guttatus  guttatus  Austin,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929,  370 
(south  of  El  Cayo  and  Augustine,  British  Honduras;  crit.). — Traylor,  Publ. 
Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxiv,  1941,  204  (Pacaitun,  Campeche;  spec.). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  279  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Odontophorus  veraguensis  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  107  (Veraguas, 
w.  Panama;  coll.  J.  Gould;  types  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). — Sclater,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  143  (Boquete,  Chiriqui). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  72. — Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  161 
(Panama  and  David,  Chiriqui,  Panama). — Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York,  ix,  1868,  140  (Dota,  Barranca,  and  Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria, 
Costa  Rica). — Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  xvii,  1869,  374  (Costa  Rica). — 
Zeled6n,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii.,  1885,  112  (Costa  Rica)  ;  Anal.  Mus. 
Nac.  Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria). — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  441  (Dota,  Costa  Rica;  Volcan  de  Chiriqui 
and  Veraguas,  w.  Panama;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  160  (monogr.). — 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


377 


Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  22  (Boquete,  Chiriqul,  w. 
Panama,  4,000-5,800  feet;  crit.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer., 
Aves,  iii,  1903,  312  (Dota,  Barranca,  and  Las  Cruces  de  Candelaria,  Costa 
Rica;  Boquete  and  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  w.  Panama)  .—Carriicer,  Ann.  Carnegie 
Mus.,  vi,  1910,  389  (Volcan  de  Trazii  and  Ujurras  de  Terraba,  Costa  Rica; 
crit.). — Griscom,  Auk,  1,  1933,  298  (El  Copey  de  Dota,  Costa  Rica;  crit.). 

[ Odontophorus ]  veraguensis  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9762. — Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47. 

Odontophorus  consobrinus  Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  469  (Mira- 
dor,  Veracruz;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

[ Odontophorus ]  consobrinus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47. 

Odontopliorus  guttatus  matudae  Brodkorb,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan, 
No.  401,  1939,  4  (Mount  Madre  Vieja,  Chiapas,  Mexico,  alt.  750  meters;  descr. ; 
crit.;  type  spec,  in  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan).- — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  280  (crit.;  syn. ;  distr.). 

ODONTOPHORUS  LEUCOLAEMUS  Salvin 

White-throated  Wood  Quail 

Adult  (sexes  alike)  (olive-brown  phase).- — Forehead  fuscous  more 
or  less  flecked  with  white  (the  white  being  the  visible  basal  parts  of 
the  feathers)  ;  crown  and  occiput  fuscous,  the  feathers  terminally  and 
laterally  stippled  with  raw  umber ;  nape,  interscapulars,  and  lesser  upper 
wing  coverts  dark  raw  umber  finely  stippled  and  vermiculated  with  fuscous, 
the  nape  washed  with  chestnut-brown ;  median  upper  wing  coverts  like 
the  lesser  ones  but  flecked  with  pale  tawny-buff,  these  flecks  proximally 
margined  with  blackish ;  greater  upper  coverts  and  scapulars  similar  but 
with  these  dark-bordered  pale  spots  larger  and  more  numerous,  and  the 
general  ground  color  more  rufescent- — bright  chestnut-brown — and  tipped 
with  pale  tawny-buff ;  secondaries  dark  clove  brown  to  fuscous  on  the 
inner  webs  which  are  very  faintly  speckled  with  chestnut-brown ;  bright 
chestnut-brown  blotched  and  mottled  with  blackish  and  with  light 
ochraceous-buff  on  the  outer  webs ;  primaries  dark  clove  brown  to 
fuscous;  a  line  of  feathers  across  the  upper  back  just  posterior  to  the 
interscapulars  like  the  latter  but  with  large  blotches  of  black  subterminally  ; 
lower  back  like  the  interscapulars  but  somewhat  paler — Saccardo’s  umber 
to  sepia  in  ground  color ;  rump  similar  but  washed  with  chestnut-brown ; 
upper  tail  coverts  rich,  bright  chestnut-brown  mottled  and  freckled  with 
blackish  and  with  cinnamon-tawny ;  rectrices  fuscous  marginally  and 
terminally  freckled  with  chestnut-brown ;  lores,  circumocular  area,  cheeks, 
auriculars,  chin,  sides  of  throat,  entire  breast,  and  uppermost  part  of 
abdomen  black;  middle  of  throat  white  (sometimes  wholly  black),  the 
white  often  mixing  with  the  black  on  the  sides  of  the  throat  and  chin ; 
a  small  but  variable  amount  of  white  showing  through  on  the  black  breast; 
sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  like  the  lower  back  and  rump,  be¬ 
coming  more  richly  tinged  with  chestnut-brown  posteriorly,  abdomen 
similar  but  duller  and  darker — mummy  brown  faintly  and  finely  barred 


378 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


with  chestnut-brown ;  under  wing  coverts  plain  dull  clove  brown ;  iris 
brown ;  bill  black ;  tarsi  and  toes  dark  plumbeous. 

Adult  (erythristic  phase). — Similar  to  the  preceding  but  generally  more 
rufescent  above  and  below,  the  black  of  the  breast  less  extensive  posteriorly 
and  faintly  barred  with  auburn,  and  more  splotched  with  white  (from 
the  exposed  more  basal  parts  of  the  feathers)  ;  forehead,  crown,  and 
occiput  between  raw  umber  and  Brussels  brown ;  interscapulars  dark 
cinnamon-brown ;  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  between  argus  brown  and 
amber  brown  flecked  and  mottled  with  black ;  upper  abdomen  and  sides 
between  Mars  yellow  and  Sudan  brown;  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail 
coverts  Sudan  brown  to  amber  brown  (instead  of  chestnuF-brown)  ; 
middle  and  posterior  part  of  abdomen  dull  Sudan  brown. 

Juvenal GS. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  breast  and  upper  abdomen 
not  black  but  dark  Sudan  brown  like  the  sides  and  flanks ;  the  malar  area 
barred  black  and  white. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  122.5-124.5  (123.4)  ;  tail  55.5-68.0  (61.7)  ;  culmen 
from  base  18.4-20.4  (19.8)  ;  tarsus  44.8-45.4  (45.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  37.1-39.1  (37.8  mm.).69 

Adult  female.— Wing  120.0-125.0  (123.2);  tail  46.5-51.0  (48.3); 
culmen  from  base  18.2-20.3  (19.0)  ;  tarsus  44.0-46.3  (44.8) ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  34.3-38.0  (36.2  mm.).70 

Range. — Resident  in  subtropical  forests  of  the  highlands  of  Costa  Rica 
and  western  Panama  (Chiriqui  and  Veraguas). 

Type  locality. — Cordillera  de  Tole,  Veraguas,  Panama. 

Odontophorus  leucolaemus  S alvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  161  (Cordillera  de 
Tole,  Veraguas,  w.  Panama;  coll.  Salvin  and  Godman)  ;  1870,  217  (Calovevora, 
Veraguas).— Lawrence,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ix,  1868,  140  (San 
Jose;  Costa  Rica).— Frantzius,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1869,  374  (Costa  Rica).— 
Zeled6n,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  viii,  1886,  112  (Costa  Rica)  ;  Anal.  Mus.  Nac. 
Costa  Rica,  i,  1887,  128  (Naranjo  de  Cartago,  Costa  Rica). — Ogilvie-Grant, 
Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  438  (Dota,  Costa  Rica;  Cordillera  de  Tole, 
Calovevora,  and  Chitra,  Veraguas)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  158  (monogr.). 
—Bangs,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  iii,  1902,  22  (Boquete,  etc.,  w.  Panama, 
4,500-5,000  feet.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  311 
pi.  74  (Naranjo  de  Cartago,  Dota,  Cerro  de  la  Candelaria,  and  San  Jose,  Costa 
Rica). — Carriker,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  vi,  1910,  388  (La  Estrella  de  Cartago, 
Azahur  de  Cartago,  Volcan  de  Trazu,  Cariblanco  de  Sarapiqui ;  Tenorio,  and 
Las  Honduras,  Costa  Rica;  crit. ;  habits). — Oberholser,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash¬ 
ington,  xlv,  1932,  39,  in  text  (crit.;  meas.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  55  (distr.). — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  304 
(Panama,  subtropical  zone;  mountains  of  Chiriqui  and  Veraguas). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  27  (syn. ;  distr.). 

08  Female  only  seen;  in  postjuvenal  molt. 

60  Five  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  Panama. 

,0  Three  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  and  Panama. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


379 


[Odontophorus]  leucolaemus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9763. — Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47. 
Odontophorus  smithians  Oberholser,  Pioc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlv,  1932,  39  (San 
Joaquin  de  Dota,  Pacific  watershed,  Costa  Rica,  altitude  4,000  feet,  coll.  H.  O. 
Havemeyer;  descr. ;  meas. ;  crit.). — Griscom,  Auk,  1,  1933,  298  (crit. ;  melanism 
of  O.  leucolaemus) . 

Genus  DACTYLORTYX  Ogilvie-Grant 

Dactylortyx  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429.  (Type,  by 
original  designation,  Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel.) 

Odontophorus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316,  part. 

Medium-sized,  very  short-tailed  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  130-135 
mm.)  with  outstretched  tarsi  extending  beyond  tip  of  tail,  claws  very 
long,  relatively  slender,  slightly  curved,  and  blunt,  those  of  lateral  toes 
extending  much  beyond  middle  of  middle  claw,  tarsus  more  than  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  wing,  rectrices  firm,  broad,  rounded  at  tips,  feather  of 
decumbent  crest  distinctly  outlined,  and  sexes  not  conspicuously  different 
in  coloration. 

Bill  relatively  rather  small  and  slender,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from 
extreme  base)  equal  to  nearly  half  the  length  of  tarsus ;  the  depth  of  bill 
at  base  not  exceeding  distance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip 
of  maxilla  and  a  little  less  than  width  of  bill  of  rictus ;  culmen  rather 
strongly  convex,  narrowly  and  rather  distinctly  ridged ;  gonys  relatively 
narrow  but  rounded  transversely,  straight  or  very  nearly  so,  slightly 
ascending  terminally,  its  basal  angle  not  prominent.  Outermost  primary 
intermediate  between  seventh  and  eighth  (from  outside),  the  fourth  and 
fifth  longest.  Tail  two-fifths  as  long  as  wing,  moderately  rounded,  the 
rectrices  (12)  rather  firm,  broad,  and  rounded  at  tips;  very  distinct  from 
coverts.  Tarsus  a  little  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing,  shorter 
than  middle  toe  with  claw,  its  lower  end,  when  feet  are  outstretched,  ex¬ 
tending  much  beyond  tip  of  tail ;  planta  tarsi  with  numerous  rather  large 
longitudinally  hexagonal  scales,  these  along  the  posterior  edge  (on  both 
sides)  rather  larger  and  more  quadrate,  with  a  tendency  to  form  a  con¬ 
tinuous  row;  claws  very  long  (that  of  middle  toe  longer  than  basal  phalanx 
of  the  toe,  nearly  as  long  as  culmen),  slender,  slightly  curved,  and  blunt. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  crown  and  occiput  moderately 
elongated,  forming,  when  erected,  a  bushy  crest  of  moderately  broad  de¬ 
cumbent  or  decurved  feathers  with  plane  surface  and  rounded  tips ;  a 
narrow  naked  space  beneath  lower  eyelid.  Upperparts  finely  mottled 
brown  and  grayish,  the  hindneck  broadly  streaked  with  buff  and  brownish 
black,  the  scapulars  and  tertials  with  large  black  spots  or  blotches  on 
inner  webs,  the  former  with  rather  broad  mesial  streaks  of  whitish ; 
chest,  sides,  and  flanks  light  brownish  gray  or  drab,  broadly  streaked 
with  dull  whitish,  the  abdomen  dull  white  or  buffy  white ;  adult  male 
with  broad  superciliary  stripe,  malar  region,  chin,  and  throat  uniform 


380 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cinnamon,  the  adult  female  with  the  cinnamon  replaced  by  grayish  white 
or  pale  gray  and  the  chest,  etc.,  more  rufescent  or  cinnamomeous. 

Range. — Southern  Mexico  to  Guatemala,  Honduras,  and  El  Salvador. 
(Monotypic.) 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  DACTYI.OKTYX  THORACICUS  (GAMBEL) 

a.  Chin,  throat,  cheeks  and  superciliarics  tawny-orange  (males). 

b.  Interscapulars  with  many  blackish  transverse  markings;  middle  of  abdomen 
buffy  (Jalisco  to  Guerrero  in  western  Mexico). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  devius  (p.  383) 
bb.  Interscapulars  with  few  or  no  blackish  transverse  markings ;  middle  of 
abdomen  whitish. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


381 


c.  With  whitish  shaft  stripes  on  the  lateral  occipital  feathers,  giving  an  ap¬ 
pearance  of  a  discontinuous  white  narrow  border  to  the  brown  color. 

d.  Sides  and  flanks  darker  and  browner — buffy  brown  (mountain  slopes  of 
eastern  Mexico  from  Tamaulipas  to  Puebla). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  thoracicus  (p.  382) 
dd.  Sides  and  flanks  paler  and  grayer — fairly  pale  drab  (Yucatan  Peninsula). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  sharpei  (p.  385) 
cc.  With  buffy  to  ochraceous  shaft  stripes  on  the  lateral  occipital  feathers. 
d.  Tarsus  longer,  averaging  about  36  mm.,  toes  longer,  middle  toe  without 
claw  averaging  about  31.5  mm.  (central  Chiapas  to  western  Guatemala). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis  (p.  386) 
dd.  Tarsus  shorter,  averaging  34.5  mm.  or  less;  toes  shorter,  middle  toe 
without  claw  averaging  under  30  mm. 

e.  Pale  shaft  stripes  of  breast,  uppper  abdomen,  and  sides  broad  and 
slightly  buffy  (southeastern  Oaxaca  and  adjacent  western  Chiapas). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  lineolatus  (p.  385) 
ee.  Pale  shaft  stripes  of  breast,  upper  abdomen,  and  sides  very  narrow  and 
white. 

f.  Larger,  wings  averaging  130  mm.  in  length  (Mount  Cacaguatique, 

El  Salvador) . Dactylortyx  thoracicus  taylori  (p.  388) 

ff.  Smaller,  wings  averaging  126  mm.  in  length. 

g.  Dark  portions  of  underparts  paler,  with  a  pale  cinnamon-buffy  wash 
(Volcan  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus  (p.  387) 
gg.  Dark  portions  of  underparts  darker,  with  a  decidedly  dusky  earth- 
brown  tone,  with  no  pale  cinnamon-buffy  wash  (Honduras). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  fuscus  (p.  389) 
aa.  Chin,  throat,  cheeks,  and  superciliaries  with  no  orange-tawny,  but  whitish  or  pale 
grayish  brown  to  grayish  vinaceous  (females). 

b.  Underparts  of  body  very  dark — tawny  cinnamon-brown  (Honduras). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  fuscus  (p.  389) 
bb.  Underparts  of  body  paler — orange  cinnamon  or  paler. 

c.  Chin  and  throat  strongly  tinged  with  pale  vinaceous. 

d.  Middle  of  lower  abdomen  deep  warm  buff  or  darker  (Jalisco  to  Guerrero). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  devius  (p.  383) 
dd.  Middle  of  lower  abdomen  buff  white  (Tamaulipas  to  Puebla). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  thoracicus  (p.  382) 
cc.  Chin  and  throat  whitish,  little,  if  any,  tinged  with  pale  vinaceous. 

d.  Very  pale  below ;  pale  buffy  white  of  abdomen  extending  to  lower  margin 

of  breast  (Yucatan) . Dactylortyx  thoracicus  sharpei  (p.  385) 

dd.  Darker  and  more  rufescent  below,  whitish  area  limited  to  posterior  part  of 
abdomen. 

e.  Feet  slightly  larger,  middle  toe  without  claw  averaging  29.5  mm.  or 
more  (central  Chiapas  to  western  Guatemala). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis  (p.  386) 
ee.  Feet  slightly  smaller,  middle  toe  without  claw  averaging  less  than  28 

mm.  (El  Salvador) . . .  .Dactylortyx  thoracicus  taylori  (p.  388) 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus 71  (p.  387) 


T1  Female  of  D.  t.  lineolatus  not  known. 


382 


BULLETIN  60,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  THORACICUS  (Gambel) 

Veracruz  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Sides  of  forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  cheeks,  chin,  and 
throat  ochraceous-tawny  with  an  orange  tinge;  a  dusky  sepia  band  from 
the  lores  under  the  eyes  to  the  auriculars;  center  of  forehead,  crown,  and 
occiput  dark  Prout’s  brown  tinged  with  argus  brown ;  the  lateral  feathers 
of  the  occiput  with  buffy-white  shaft  streaks  and,  in  some  cases,  outer 
webs,  forming  a  discontinuous  whitish  border  to  the  occiput;  nape  like 
the  occiput  but  the  feathers  tipped  with  black,  forming  a  narrow  collar 
of  that  color ;  interscapulars  and  feathers  of  upper  back  brownish  drab 
to  buflfy  brown  broadly  suffused  marginally  and,  more  narrowly,  termi¬ 
nally  with  bright  cinnamon-brown,  the  entire  feather  faintly  vermiculated 
with  dusky ;  scapulars  light  tawny  cinnamon-brown  darkening  to  deep 
hazel  on  the  inner  webs  which  are  externally  margined  with  between  warm 
buff  and  ochraceous-buff,  next  to  which  is  a  lengthwise  band  of  blackish ; 
the  rest  of  the  inner  webs  stippled  with  blackish ;  the  outer  webs  more 
sparsely  speckled  and  paling  to  almost  buffy  near  the  margins,  this  buffy 
color  forming  an  incomplete,  indefinite  bar  proximally  edged  with  dusky ; 
upper  wing  coverts  like  the  scapulars  but  with  the  pale  buffy  restricted 
to  the  shaft  stripes,  the  blackish  on  the  inner  webs  forming  a  large  terminal 
blotch ;  the  size  of  this  blotch  decreasing  on  the  outer  coverts ;  inner¬ 
most  secondary  like  the  scapulars ;  rest  of  secondaries  dull,  dusky  sepia 
on  the  inner  webs ;  the  outer  webs  tawny  ochraceous-buff  crossed  by 
five  or  more  wavy  blackish  bars,  each  of  which  is  distally  edged  with 
pale  ochraceous-buff,  the  interspaces  sparingly  stippled  with  dusky,  the 
outer  webs  becoming  more  extensively  plain  dark  sepia  on  the  outer 
secondaries,  primaries  dark,  dull  sepia  to  clove  brown  externally  blotched 
with  pale  cinnamon-buffy ;  a  few  of  the  feathers  of  the  upper  back  like 
the  interscapulars  but  subterminally  heavily  blotched  with  fuscous-black ; 
feathers  of  back  ochraceous-buff  irregularly  barred  with  dusky;  lower 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  duskier  and  more  oliva¬ 
ceous — tawny-olive  vermiculated  with  Saccardo’s  umber ;  rectrices  dark, 
dull  sepia  barred,  tipped,  and  incompletely  edged  with  ochraceous-buff ; 
breast,  sides  of  lower  neck,  upper  abdomen  and  sides  buffy  brown,  the 
feathers  of  the  breast  washed  with  drab  except  marginally;  and  all  the 
feathers  with  white  shaft  stripes,  these  stripes  becoming  narrower  and 
fainter  on  the  sides  which  are  also  brighter  and  more  rufescent  buffy 
brown ;  middle  of  abdomen  white,  little  or  not  at  all  tinged  with  pale 
buffy ;  flanks  like  the  sides  but  crossed  by  widely  spaced  fuscous-black 
wavy  bars ;  under  tail  coverts  similar  but  the  dark  bars  turned  into  longi¬ 
tudinal  U-shaped  marks;  thighs  pale  brownish  drab;  under  wing  coverts 
dark  buffy  brown. 

Adult  fetmle.  Upperparts  as  in  the  male  but  the  side  of  forehead, 
superciliary  stripes,  cheeks,  and  throat  dark  grayish  vinaceous;  chin  and 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


383 


middle  of  upper  throat  whitish ;  breast  and  sides  of  lower  neck  between 
tawny  and  cinnamon-rufous  with  faintly  paler  shafts;  upper  abdomen, 
sides  similar  but  less  rufescent,  more  ochraceous-tawny,  the  flanks  and 
under  tail  coverts  as  in  the  male;  middle  of  abdomen  whitish  as  in  the 
male. 

Natal  down. — '“Dark  chestnut  above,  with  a  bufify  line  along  either 
side  of  the  rump,  bright  buffy  superciliary  area,  dark  line  through  the 
eye,  red-brown  bill,  and  somewhat  clouded  or  mottled  underparts”  (ev 
Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  13). 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  129.5;  tail  51.5;  culmen  from  base  16.2;  middle 
toe  without  claw  29.4  mm.  (1  specimen  from  Puebla;  tarsi  damaged). 

Adult  female. — Wing  123.5-125.0;  tail  47.2;  culmen  from  base  16.7- 
17.1;  tarsus  32.4—32.6;  middle  toe  without  claw  2 6.7-27.7  mm.  (2  speci¬ 
mens  from  Mexico  and  Veracruz). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  forests  of  the  mountain  slopes  of  eastern 
Mexico,  from  southern  Tamaulipas  (Gomez  Farias)  south  to  Veracruz 
(Rio  Seco,  Jalapa,  Atoyac,  Cordoba,  Hacienda  de  Los  Atlixcos)  and  to 
Puebla  (Metlaetoyuca). 

Type  locality. — Jalapa,  Veracruz,  Mexico. 

Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  iv,  1848,  77  (Jalapa, 
Veracruz,  e.  Mexico;  coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia)  ;  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
ser.  2,  iii,  1849,  317,  318. 

Odontophorus  thoracicus  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  310  (Cordoba, 
Veracruz).— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio 
Alzate,’’  vii,  No.  7-8,  1894,  218  (Veracruz). 

O[dontophorus\  thoracicus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316,  part. 

[Odontophorus]  thoracicus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 
Dactylortyx  thoracicus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429,  part 
(Cordoba,  Hacienda  de  Los  Atlixcos  and  Atoyac,  Veracruz)  ;  Handb.  Game 
Birds,  ii,  1897,  150. — Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xii,  1898,  65  (descr. 
of  type,  from  Jalapa). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
308,  part  (Hacienda  de  Los  Atlixcos,  Cordoba,  Jalapa,  and  Atoyac,  Veracruz). — 
Sutton  and  Burleigh,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  3, 
1939,  28  (Gomez  Farias,  Tamaulipas). 

[Dactylortyx]  thoracicus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  thoracicus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  56 
(distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  281  (syn. ; 
distr. ) . — Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  12  (Gomez  Farias  region, 
southwestern  Tamaulipas;  habits;  descr.  of  downy  young;  spec.). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  DEVIUS  Nelson 

Jaliscan  Long-toed  Quail 

Adidt  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  many  black¬ 
ish  or  fuscous-blackish  transverse  markings  on  the  interscapulars  and 
with  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  buffy  instead  of  whitish ;  the  tawny- 


384 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


orange  on  the  head  and  throat  averaging  deeper,  the  lateral  feathers  of 
the  occiput  with  warm  huffy,  not  whitish  shaft  stripes  or  outer  webs. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  whole 
underparts  huffier,  the  middle  of  the  lower  abdomen  deep  warm  buff  in¬ 
stead  of  white ;  the  interscapulars  and  nape  also  brighter,  more  rufescent — 
between  tawny  and  cinnamon-rufous. 

Juvenal  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  tawny-orange  of  the 
head  and  throat  replaced  by  cinnamon-buff,  the  cheeks  somewhat  mottled 
with  blackish ;  feathers  of  crown  and  occiput  cinnamon-brown  to  Sayal 
brown  broadly  banded  or  blotched  subterminally  with  black ;  outer  webs 
of  secondaries  and  of  primaries  with  the  brown  mottlings  more  rufescent — 
Sayal  brown;  rectrices  similarly  more  rufescent,  tawny-hazel  barred  and 
mottled  with  blackish ;  breast,  sides,  and  upper  abdomen  tawny-cinnamon 
spotted  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  and  with  pale  pinkish-buff  shaft 
stripes ;  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  slightly  more  rufescent  than 
in  adult. 

Juvenal  female. — Like  the  juvenal  male  but  the  blackish  bars  on  the 
crown  and  occiput  finer  and  less  conspicuous,  the  pale  parts  of  the  sides 
of  head,  chin,  and  throat  less  ochraceous,  pale  hair  brown  to  pale  vinaceous- 
drab. 

Adult  male. — Wing  131-137  (133)  ;  tail  51-55  (53.4)  ;  culmen  from 
base  17.4—18.3  (17.8)  ;  tarsus  35.6-37.3  (36.3)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
30-32.8  (31.4  mm.).72 

Adult  female. — Wing  128.5-131.5  (130.6)  ;  tail  50-55.5  (52.1)  ;  culmen 
from  the  base  17.1-17.2  (17.1)  ;  tarsus  33.7-35.5  (34.6)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  29.1-31  (29.9  mm.).73 

Range. — Resident  in  the  highland  forests  of  western  Mexico  from 
Jalisco  (San  Sebastian)  to  Guerrero  (Sierra  Madre  del  Sur,  Omilteme, 
8,000  feet). 

Type  locality. — San  Sebastian,  Jalisco,  Mexico. 

[ Odontophorus ]  thoracicus  (not  Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel)  Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit,  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429,  part 
(Sierra  Madre  del  Sur  and  Omilteme,  8,000  feet,  Guerrero). — Salvin  and 
Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  308,  part  (San  Sebastian,  Jalisco; 
Omilteme  and  Sierra  Madre  del  Sur,  Guerrero). 

[Dactylortyx]  thoracicus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  subsp.  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxv,  1934,  422 
(Guerrero). 

Dactylortyx  devius  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xii,  1898,  65,  68  (San 
Sebastian,  Jalisco,  sw.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xvi,  1903,  152,  in  text 
(crit.). 


72  Six  specimens  from  Guerrero. 
72  Four  specimens  from  Guerrero. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


385 


D[actylortyx]  devius  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Ave's,  iii,  1903,  308, 
part,  in  text  (crit.). 

[Dactylortyx]  devius  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  devius  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  56  (distr.). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  281  (syn. ;  distr.). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  LINEOLATUS  (Gould) 

Oaxacan  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  lower 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  slightly  darker,  less  huffy ;  the  lateral 
feathers  of  the  occiput  with  their  shaft  stripes  or  their  outer  webs  deep 
warm  buff,  not  white,  with  the  shaft  stripes  of  the  feathers  of  the  breast, 
sides,  and  flanks  much  wider  and  slightly  washed  with  buffy,  the  general 
tone  of  the  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  less  tawny  or 
rufescent,  somewhat  more  olivaceous. 

Female. — Apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  132-134 ;  tail  52.5-56.5  ;  culmen  from  the  base  16.5— 
17.0;  tarsus  34-35.1 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  28.9-29.0  mm.  (2  specimens 
from  Gineta  Mountain,  near  Santa  Efigenia,  Oaxaca). 

Range. — Resident  in  the  forest  of  the  mountain  slopes  of  southeastern 
Oaxaca  (Gineta  Mountain  near  Santa  Efigenia;  Tehuantepec)  ;  possibly 
in  adjacent  part  of  western  Oaxaca. 

Type  locality. — “Mexico.” 

Odontophorus  lineolatus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  3,  1850,  pi.  32  and  text 
(Mexico;  cotypes  in  Berlin  Mus. ;  ex  Perdix  lineolatus  Lichtenstein,  manu¬ 
script). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  Gallinse,  pt.  5,  1867,  73. 

[Strophiortyx]  lineolatus  Bonaparte,  Compt.  Rend.,  xlii,  1856,  883. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  lineolatus  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xii,  1898, 
64,  66  (Mount  Gineta,  near  Santa  Efigenia,  Oaxaca;  descr. •  synonymy). — 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  56  (distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  282  (syn. ;  distr.). 

D[actylortyx]  thoracicus  lineolatus  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1903,  308  in  text  (crit.). 

[ Dactylortyx ]  lineolatus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

[Odontophorus]  thoracicus  (not  Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel)  Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429,  part 
(in  synonymy)  ;  Ibis,  1902,  242  (crit.).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  308,  part  (Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec,  Oaxaca). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  SHARPEI  Nelson 

YucatAn  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  generally  paler 
(the  palest  of  all  the  races  of  the  species),  the  sides  and  flanks  paler  and 
grayer — fairly  pale  drab ;  the  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts 
less  buffy,  more  grayish — pale  buffy  drab  vermiculated  with  drab. 


386  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  chin 
and  upper  throat  whitish  with  little  or  no  vinaceous  tinge;  breast  paler — 
pinkish  cinnamon  with  a  slight  vinaceous-gray  wash ;  upper  abdomen  pale 
huffy  white  as  the  middle  and  lower  abdomen ;  outer  webs  of  inner  sec¬ 
ondaries  and  of  upper  wing  coverts  pale,  more  grayish,  less  rufescent; 
superciliary  stripe  whiter. 

Adult  male. — Wing  117—121;  tail  45-46.5;  culmen  from  base  16.4- 
18.4;  tarsus  31.4—31.6;  middle  toe  without  claw  26.1-27.4  mm.  (2 
specimens). 

Adult  female.— Wing  113.5-119.5  (117.3);  tail  46-49  (47.3);  oilmen 
from  base  16.6-17.3  (17.0)  ;  tarsus  30.1-30.4  (30.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  26.4-27.3  (26.8  mm.).74 

Range. — Resident  in  the  lowland  tropical  forests  of  Yucatan  (Chichen 
Itza,  Tizimin,  Rato)  and  Campeche  (Apazote). 

Type  locality. — Apazote,  Campeche,  Mexico. 

Odontophorus  lineolatus  (not  of  Gould)  Nehrkorn,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1881,  69 
(Yucatan;  descr.  eggs).— Boucard,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1883,  460  (Yuca¬ 
tan;  habits). 

[Strophiortyx]  lineolatus  Heine  and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus.  Hein.  Orn.,  1890, 
295  (Yucatan). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  sharpei  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xvi,  1903, 
152  (Apazote,  Campeche;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).— Cole,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  1,  1906,  116  (Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan;  food). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  56  (distr.) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  282  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Odontophorus]  thoracicus  (not  Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel)  Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429,  part 
(Tizimin  and  Peto,  Yucatan) .—Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1903,  308,  part  (Tizimin  and  Peto,  Yucatan). 

[Dactylortyx]  thoracicus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part  (Yucatan). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  CHIAPENSIS  Nelson 
Chiapan  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  huffy  to 
ochraceous-buff  shaft  stripes  or  outer  webs  on  the  lateral  occipital 
feathers;  the  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  slightly  more  rufescent,  and  with 
the  tarsus  considerably  longer. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the  chin 
and  upper  throat  more  whitish,  little,  if  any,  tinged  with  pale  vinaceous ; 
breast  slightly  more  hazel,  less  tawny ;  and  tarsus  longer. 

Juvenal  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  devius  but 
with  the  blackish  spots  on  the  breast,  upper  abdomen,  and  sides  larger, 
the  rest  of  the  feathers  slightly  paler,  the  shaft  stripes  wider;  thighs  and 
flanks  less  rufescent,  huffier ;  tarsus  shorter. 


M  Three  specimens  from  Yucatan  and  Campeche. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


387 


Adult  male. — Wing  123-137  (133)  ;  tail  51-56.5  (53.7)  ;  culmen  from 
base  16.8-17.8  (17.3) ;  tarsus  34.3-37.4  (35.9)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
29.7-32.9  (31.6  mm.).75 

Adult  female. — -Wing  125-133  (128.2);  tail  49-53.5  (51.3);  culmen 
from  base  16-16.8  (16.4)  ;  tarsus  32-34.3  (33.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  28.6-31.2  (29.5  mm.).78 

Range. — Resident  in  cloud-forest  subtropical  areas  from  central  Chiapas 
(Mount  Ovando ;  Santa  Rosa,  Escuintla,  Siltepec,  Male,  and  Pico  de 
Loro,  Moriscal;  San  Cristobal)  to  the  Pacific  Cordillera  of  Guatemala 
(Tecpam,  Finca  Perla,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  Quetzaltenango,  Duenas, 
Volcan  de  Santa  Maria;  7,000  to  8,500  feet). 

Type  locality. — San  Cristobal,  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Odontophorus  thoracicus  (not  Ortyx  thoracicus  Gambel)  Salvin  and  Sclater,  Ibis, 
1860,  276  (Volcan  de  Fuego,  Guatemala;  habits). 

[Odontophorus]  thoracicus  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  138,  part. 
Dactylortyx  thoracicus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429, 
part  (Volcan  de  Fuego,  Duenas,  and  Quezaltenango,  Guatemala)  ;  Ibis,  1902, 
242  (crit. ) . — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  308, 
part  (San  Cristobal,  Chiapas;  Santa  Maria,  Volcan  de  Fuego,  Quezaltenango, 
and  Duenas,  Guatemala). 

[Dactylortyx]  thoracicus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part  (Guatemala). 
Dactylortyx  chiapensis  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xii,  1898,  65,  66 
(San  Cristobal,  Chiapas,  s.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.;  descr. ;  crit.). 
D[actylortyx]  chiapensis  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
308,  in  text  (crit.). 

[Dactylortyx]  chiapensis  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46  (Guatemala). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis  Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932, 
107  (Tecpam  and  Quezaltenango,  Guatemala;  habits;  distr.). — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  56  (distr. ). — Conover,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington, 
1,  1937,  73,  in  text  (crit.),  74  (spec.;  Mexico  and  Guatemala). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  282  (distr.;  syn.). — del  Campo,  Anal. 
Inst.  Biol.,  xiii,  No.  2,  1942,  700  (Chiapas;  Catarinas;  spec.). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  SALVADORANUS  Dickey  and  van  Rossem 

Salvadorean  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  without  the 
white  lateral  edge  to  the  occiput;  the  breast  and  sides  and  flanks  paler, 
more  grayish  drab,  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  less  white,  more  washed 
with  drab  to  hair  brown ;  the  interscapulars  with  more  conspicuous  white 
shafts;  tarsus  shorter  than  in  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis,  and  the 
pale  shafts  of  the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  sides  and  upper  abdomen  nar¬ 
row  and  white ;  iris  brown ;  bill  blackish  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  plumbeous 
horn  color;  claws  brownish  horn  color.77 

"Ten  specimens  from  Chiapas  and  Guatemala. 

78  Six  specimens  from  Chiapas  and  Guatemala. 

77  According  to  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  of  El  Salvador,  1938,  154,  the 
basal  half  of  the  mandible  is  paler  in  birds  in  the  first  autumn  than  in  older  birds. 


388 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  chiapensis  but 
the  feet  slightly  smaller,  the  middle  toe  without  the  claw  averaging  less 
than  28  mm. 

Adult  male. — Wing  126-126.5  ;  tail  51-52;  culmen  from  base  17.1-17.6; 
tarsus  33.5-33.7 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  27.6-28.5  mm.78 

Adult  female. — Wing  125-128;  tail  53-55;  culmen  from  base  17.1; 
tarsus  33.2-34.1;  middle  toe  without  claw  26-28.6  mm.  (2  specimens). 

Range. — Confined  to  the  oak  forest  in  the  Arid  Upper  Tropical  Zone 
on  Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador,  2,500  to  4,000  feet. 

Type  locality. — Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  alt.  4,000  feet,  Dept.  San  Miguel, 
El  Salvador. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  (not  Orlyx  thoracicus  Gambel)  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  429,  part  (Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  308,  part  (Volcan 
de  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
Washington,  xli,  1928,  129  (Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  alt.  4,000  feet,  Dept.  San 
Miguel,  El  Salvador ;  type  in  Dickey  coll.,  Univ.  California  at  Los  Angeles ; 
descr. ;  crit.)  ;  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  153  (El  Salvador;  Volcan  de  San 
Miguel ;  spec. ;  habits ;  colors  of  soft  parts) . — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  56  (distr.). — Conover,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  1,  1937,  74  (spec.; 
Volcan  de  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  253  (syn. ;  distr.). — Marshall,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  22 
(El  Salvador;  Cerro  del  Agua). 

DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  TAYLORI  van  Rossem 

Taylor’s  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  inale. — Similar  to  that  of  Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus 
but  larger,  the  wings  averaging  130  mm.  in  length,  and  generally  more 
rufescent  on  the  entire  underparts,  the  breast  and  sides  suffused  with 
pale  Sayal  brown ;  the  interscapulars  more  buffy  brown,  less  grayish  in 
their  median  portions. 

Adult  female. — Not  certainly  distinguishable  from  that  of  D.  t. 
salvadoranus. 

Adult  male. — Wing  124-133  (130);  tail  52.5-60.5  (55.8);  culmen 
from  base  17.1-18.7  (17.8);  tarsus  31.8-33.6  (32.4);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  28.9-29.6  (29.2  mm.).79 

Adult  female. — Wing  121-124  (122.5);  tail  51.5-55  (53.5);  culmen 
from  base  16.8—17.2  (17.0)  ;  tarsus  31.2-32.6  (31.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  26.9-28.6  (27.9  mm.).80 

Range. — Resident  in  the  oak  and  coffee  association  of  the  Arid  Upper 

18  Two  specimens  including  the  type. 

Three  specimens  including  the  type. 

80  Three  specimens. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


389 


Tropical  Zone  on  Mount  Cacaguatique,  and  probably  of  other  interior 
areas  of  El  Salvador. 

Type  locality. — Mount  Cacaguatique,  Dept.  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus  Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 

Washington,  xli,  1928,  129,  part  (Mount  Cacaguatique,  El  Salvador). 
Dactylortyx  thoracicus  taylori  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vii,  1932,  151  (Mount  Cacaguatique,  3,500  feet,  Dept.  San  Miguel,  El  Salvador; 
type  in  coll.  D.  R.  Dickey,  Univ.  California  at  Los  Angeles;  descr.;  crit.).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  56,  part  (Mount  Cacaguatique,  El 
Salvador).— Conover,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  1,  1937,  74  (spec.;  Mount 
Cacaguatique,  El  Salvador).— Dickey  and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador, 
1938,  154  (El  Salvador,  Mount  Cacaguatique;  spec.;  distr. ;  colors  of  soft 
parts;  habits;  crit.) .— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 
1942,  283  (syn. ;  distr.).— Marshall,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  23  (El  Salvador;  Mount 
Cacaguatique). 


DACTYLORTYX  THORACICUS  FUSCUS  Conover 

Honduranian  Long-toed  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  without  the 
whitish  marks  on  the  sides  of  the  occiput ;  the  breast  and  sides  slightly 
less  brownish,  with  no  cinnamon-buffy  wash,  more  dusky  grayish  earth 
brown  (in  some  specimens  these  parts  are  considerably  paler  as  well). 

Adult  female. — The  darkest  of  all  the  races  of  the  species;  similar  to 
that  of  the  nominate  form  but  with  the  top  of  the  head  fuscous-black; 
the  breast,  upper  abdomen,  and  sides  cinnamon-brown;  the  white  on  the 
middle  abdomen  more  restricted  than  in  the  typical  race ;  and  the  lateral 
portions  of  the  interscapular  feathers  darker — dusky  auburn. 

Adult  male. — Wing  121.5-130.0  (126.9)  ;  tail  48.0-52.5  (50.1)  ;  culmen 
from  base  17.4—18.3  (17.9);  tarsus  31.6-36.2  (33.6);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  28.6-30.6  (29.4  mm.).81 

Adult  female. — Wing  123.0-130.0  (126.2)  ;  tail  52;  culmen  from  base 
16.1—17.2  (16.8)  ;  tarsus  34.1-35.2  (34.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw  29.0- 
29.4  (29.2  mm.).82 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  of  southern  Honduras,  Dept. 
Tegucigalpa  (Alto  Cantoral,  Cantoral,  Rancho  Quemado,  San  Juancito, 
and  Olancho,  Catacamas). 

1  ype  locality. — Alto  Cantoral,  Dept.  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  taylori  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vii,  No.  13,  1932,  152,  part  (s.  Honduras;  range  only). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  56,  part  (Honduras). 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus  salvadoranus  (not  of  Dickey  and  van  Rossem)  Stone,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  302  (Honduras;  San  Juancito, 
6,300-6,800  feet,  in  cloud  forest). 


“  Four  specimens  including  the  type. 
"  Three  specimens. 

26 


653008°— 4' 


390 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Dactylortyx  thoracicus  fuscus  Conover,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  1,  1937,  73 
(Alto  Cantoral,  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras;  descr. ;  crit. ;  distr.).,  74  (spec.;  Alto 
Cantoral,  Cantoral,  Rancho  Quemado,  San  Juancito,  all  in  Honduras). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  284  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Genus  CYRTONYX  Gould 

Cyrtonyx  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  i,  1844,  pi.  [2]  and  text  (=  pi.  7  of 
bound  volume).  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Ortyx  massena  Lesson  =  O.  monte- 
sumae  Vigors.) 

Odontopliorus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316,  part. 

Medium-sized,  very  short-tailed  Odontophorinae  (wing  about  117-135 
mm.)  with  tips  of  outstretched  toes  extending  far  beyond  tip  of  the  short, 
soft,  nearly  concealed  tail,  tips  of  lateral  claws  extending  far  beyond  base 
of  middle  claw,  tarsus  less  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing,  with  a  full 
occipital  crest  of  soft,  broad,  blended  and  decurved  (decumbent)  feathers, 
sides  and  flanks  spotted  or  barred  (the  head  grotesquely  striped  and 
banded  with  white  and  black  in  adult  males),  and  sexes  wholly  unlike  in 
coloration. 


Figure  22. — Cyrtonyx  montesumae. 

Bill  moderate  in  size,  the  chord  of  oilmen  (from  extreme  base)  de¬ 
cidedly  more  than  half  the  length  of  tarsus ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  greater 
than  distance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa  to  tip  of  maxilla,  and 
exceeding  width  of  bill  at  rictus ;  oilmen  strongly  convex  proximally, 
less  so  distally  broadly,  or  not  distinctly  ridged ;  gonys  moderately  broad, 
nearly  straight,  strongly  ascending  terminally.  Outermost  primary  a 
little  shorter  than  seventh  (from  outside),  the  third  and  fourth  longest. 
Tail  decidedly  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  graduated,  the  rectrices 
(12)  soft,  tapering  terminally,  the  longest  scarcely  longer  than  and 
hardly  distinguishable  from  the  coverts.  Tarsus  only  one-fourth  as  long 
as  wing,  much  shorter  than  middle  toe  with  claw,  the  planta  tarsi  with 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


391 


hexagonal  scutella,  those  on  inner  side  smaller  and  more  longitudinal  than 
those  on  the  outer  side ;  tips  of  lateral  claws  extending  far  beyond  base 
(that  of  outer  toe  to  or  beyond  middle)  of  middle  claw,  the  claws  long, 
slightly  curved,  and  blunt,  that  of  middle  toe  longer  than  basal  phalanx 
of  that  toe. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Head  with  a  full,  decumbent  crest  of  broad, 
soft,  and  blended  feathers,  these  longest  on  occiput  and  nape,  where  they 
are  strongly  decurved.  Sexes  wholly  unlike  in  color,  the  adult  males 
with  head  boldly  marked  with  black  and  white,  in  harlequinlike  pattern, 
the  chin  and  throat  velvety  black,  bordered  below  by  a  white  collai 
across  foreneck  and  ascending  to  beneath  crest,  upperparts  olive-brownish 
and  grayish  spotted  and  barred  with  black  and  with  conspicuous  streaks 
of  white,  buff,  or  rufous  on  back  and  scapulars,  sides  and  flanks  with 
rounded  spots  of  white,  cinnamon-buff  or  cinnamon-rufous  spots  on  a 
dark  gray  or  slate-colored  ground,  or  chestnut  barred  with  black,  the 
lower  abdomen,  thighs,  anal  region,  and  under  tail  coverts  uniform  black: 
adult  females  light  cinnamon  or  pinkish  cinnamon,  the  upperparts  barred 
with  black,  the  back  and  scapulars  streaked  with  buff,  head  without  con¬ 
spicuous  black  or  any  white  markings,  and  underparts  pale  cinnamon  or 
pinkish  cinnamon  with  a  few  blackish  markings. 

Range. — Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico  and  contiguous  portion 
of  southwestern  United  States.  (Two  “species,”  which  may,  however, 
prove  to  be  extremes  of  an  unusually  variable  single  specific  stock.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  THE  GENUS  CYRTONYX 

a.  Chin  and  middle  of  throat  black  (males). 

b.  With  no  white  transverse  band  immediately  posterior  to  the  black  throat 

(Mount  Orizaba,  Veracruz) - Crytonyx  montezumae  merriami  (p.  398) 

bb.  With  a  well-defined  white  transverse  band  immediately  posterior  to  the  black 
throat. 

c.  Feathers  of  flanks  with  rufous  or  chestnut  markings. 

d.  Flank  feathers  slate-gray  marked  with  round  spots  of  rufous  or  chestnut 
(Michoacan  to  central  Oaxaca). 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  sallei  (p.  399) 
dd.  Flank  feathers  almost  wholly  rich  rufous  or  chestnut  varied  transversely 
with  black  and  gray  (eastern  Oaxaca  south  in  highlands  to  northwestern 

Nicaragua) . Cyrtonyx  ocellatus  (p.  400) 

c.  Feathers  of  flanks  with  no  rufous  or  chestnut. 

d.  Upper  surface  of  wings  definitely  grayish  (central  Texas  to  Arizona  and 
south  to  northern  Coahuila,  Chihuahua,  and  Sonora). 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi  (p.  392) 
dd.  Upper  surface  of  wings  with  no  grayish,  but  definitely  brown  (central 
Tamaulipas  to  Durango  and  Sinaloa  south  to  Puebla,  Michoacan,  and 

Valley  of  Mexico) . Cyrtonyx  montezumae  montezumae  (p.  396) 

aa.  Chin  and  middle  of  throat  white  or  buffy  (females).83 


Female  of  C.  montezumae  merriami  not  known. 


392 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


b.  Shaft  stripes  of  upperparts  usually  white,  only  very  slightly  tinged  with  buff 
(central  Texas  to  Arizona,  south  to  northern  Coahuila,  Chihuahua,  and 

Sonora) . Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi  (p.  392) 

bb.  Shaft  stripes  of  upperparts  definitely  buffy. 

c.  Breast  and  abdomen  slightly  paler,  pinkish  cinnamon  (eastern  Oaxaca  south 
in  highlands  to  northwestern  Nicaragua)  . . .  .Cyrtonyx  ocellatus  (p.  400) 
cc.  Breast  and  abdomen  slightly  duskier — vinaceous-fawn  to  fawn  color. 

d.  Upperparts  with  more  blackish,  the  general  color  of  the  brown  areas 
slightly  darker  on  the  average — Saccardo’s  umber  (Michoacan  to  central 

Oaxaca) . Cyrtonyx  montezumae  sallei  (p.  399) 

dd.  Upperparts  with  less  blackish,  the  general  color  of  the  brown  areas 
slightly  paler  on  the  average — tawny-olive  (central  Tamaulipas  to 
Durango  and  Sinaloa  south  to  Puebla,  Michoacan,  and  the  Valley  of 
Mexico) . Cyrtonyx  montezumae  montezumae  (p.  396) 

CYRTONYX  MONTEZUMAE  MEARNSI  Nelson 

Mearns’s  Harlequin  Quail 

Adult  male. — Lores  and  middle  of  forehead  and  of  crown  black,  broadly 
bordered  on  each  side  with  white;  a  black  supraorbital  line  from  the 
lores  to  the  posterolateral  angle  of  the  occiput;  this  band  continuous 
through  the  lores  with  a  paler  one  (slate  to  blackish  slate)  one  extending 
posteroventrally  demarcating  the  throat  from  the  face  and  ending  below 
the  cheeks  where  it  expands  ventrally  to  form  a  triangle  with  a  medio- 
ventral  extension  (which  may  or  may  not  reach  the  black  median  area 
of  the  throat)  ;  eyelids  black,  a  large  black  rounded  patch  from  below 
the  eye  to  the  auriculars ;  chin  and  middle  of  throat  black ;  all  inter¬ 
vening  cephalic  areas  white;  posterior  part  of  crown  and  occiput  black 
much  variegated  with  Sayal  brown  to  Saccardo’s  umber,  paling  on  the 
nape  to  warm  buff,  with  or  without  a  dusky  tinge;  interscapulars  and 
feathers  of  upper  back  barred  with  heavy  dark  and  narrow  faint  bands 
of  black  and  with  the  interspaces  varying  from  onionskin  pink  to  pale 
Mikado  brown,  the  feathers  with  prominent  shaft  streaks  of  ivory  white, 
occasionally  tinged  with  buffy ;  scapulars  similar  but  edged  with  ashy  and 
with  the  shaft  stripes  more  buffy;  innermost  secondaries  varying  from 
buffy  light  grayish  olive  to  deep  smoke  gray  with  six  or  seven  transverse 
black  blotches  on  each  web  and  with  buffy  shaft  stripes ;  other  secondaries 
similar  on  their  outer  webs  but  increasingly  suffused  with  pale  dull  clove 
brown  on  their  inner  ones,  the  innermost  ones  almost  uniformly  of  this 
color ;  primaries  dark  clove  brown  to  fuscous,  their  outer  webs  marginally 
spotted  with  white;  greater  and  inner  median  upper  wing  coverts  mouse 
gray  to  deep  smoke  gray  transversely  spotted  with  black ;  lesser  and  outer 
median  coverts  similar  but  with  the  spots  white  instead;  feathers  of  back 
and  lower  back  and  rump  like  the  interscapulars  but  without  the  pale  shaft 
stripes  and  with  the  brown  areas  more  rufescent  and  narrower,  the  black 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


393 


bars  wider ;  upper  tail  coverts  and  rectrices  similar  but  with  conspicuous 
pale  buffy  shaft  stripes  and  with  brown  replaced  by  deep  smoke  gray ;  a 
broad  band  of  white  across  the  upper  breast  separating  the  black  of  the 
throat  from  the  lower  breast,  this  white  band  continuous  laterally  with  the 
white  areas  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  posteriorly  narrowly  edged  with 
black ,  feathers  of  sides  of  breast  and  of  upper  abdomen  and  a  narrow  line 
across  the  breast,  just  posterior  to  the  black-edged  white  band,  slate  to 
blackish  slate,  with  two  or  three  large  white  spots  on  each  web ;  median  area 
of  lower  breast  and  upper  abdomen  very  dark,  rich,  blackish  chestnut,  be¬ 
coming  black  on  the  lower  abdomen,  lower  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  ,  under  wing  coverts  dull  grayish  wood  brown ;  iris  dark  brown ; 
upper  mandible  black,  becoming  pale  blue  at  the  gape ;  lower  mandible 
pale  blue ;  feet  pale  blue ;  claws  pale  brown. 

Adult  female. — Forehead,  center  of  crown,  and  occiput  vinaceous-buff 
to  avellaneous,  the  feathers  broadly  barred  with  black  and  with  pale  pinkish 
buffy  shaft  stripes,  the  dark  bars  becoming  fewer  on  the  occiput;  nape 
vinaceous-buff  to  avellaneous  practically  unmarked  with  black;  scapulars, 
interscapulars,  and  feathers  of  the  upper  back  wood  brown  to  Sayal  brown 
crossed  by  broad,  dark,  and  by  narrow,  faint,  fuscous  to  blackish  bars 
and  with  conspicuous  pale  buffy  to  pale  pinkish  buff  shaft  stripes; 
secondaries  avellaneous  to  bright  pinkish  wood  brown  barred  with  black, 
each  of  the  black  bars  with  a  wood-brown  center,  these  bars  disappearing 
on  the  inner  webs  of  the  outer  secondaries ;  primaries  dull  clove  brown 
with  marginal  spots  of  whitish  on  their  outer  webs;  upper  wing  coverts 
pinkish  wood  brown  sparingly  barred  or  flecked  with  dusky  sepia; 
feathers  of  back  and  lower  back  like  the  interscapulars  but  without  con¬ 
spicuous  pale  shaft  stripes  and  with  the  heavy  black  markings  more 
coalesced  into  large  blotches,  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  and  rectrices 
pinkish  wood  brown  transversely  broadly  spotted  with  blackish  (these 
markings  not  continuous  across  both  webs)  ;  and  with  narrow  pale 
pinkish-buff  shaft  stripes;  lores  pinkish  wood  brown,  flecked  blackish; 
broad  supraorbital  band,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  similar ;  circumocular 
area  and  a  posterior  projection  from  it  above  the  auriculars  whitish,  some 
of  the  feathers  with  minute  black  tips;  chin  and  throat  wdiite;  sides  of 
throat  and  lower  throat  pinkish  wood  brown  flecked  with  dusky ;  breast 
bright  vinaceous  wood  brown  with  faint  pale  pinkish  white  spots  at  the 
tips  of  some  of  the  feathers,  which  may  or  may  not  have  narrow,  dusky 
shaft  stripes ;  abdomen  similar  but  slightly  paler,  slightly  more  ochraceous, 
less  vinaceous ;  the  feathers  of  the  middle  upper  part  of  the  abdomen  more 
flecked  and  medially  streaked  with  blackish ;  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail 
coverts  similar  but  with  few  or  no  blackish  marks ;  under  wing  coverts 
wood  brown  obscurely  spotted  with  grayish  white. 


394 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Juvenal  (sexes  alike)84. — Similar  to  the  adult  female  on  the  upperparts 
but  averaging  slightly  more  tawny  on  the  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and 
back;  the  crown  averaging  darker,  the  blackish  markings  more  extensive; 
below  much  less  vinaceous  or  pinkish,  more  whitish,  often  with  a  strong 
suffusion  of  warm  buff,  the  breast  and  the  lateral  abdominal  feathers 
transversely  heavily  spotted  with  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  and  with  white 
shaft  stripes ;  thighs  and  vent  and  under  tail  coverts  ochraceous-buff. 

Natal  dozvn  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  sides  of  face,  and  broad  lateral 
areas  of  crown  and  occiput  pale  cinnamon-buff ;  center  of  crown  and  wider 
center  of  occiput,  nape,  and  spinal  band  all  the  way  to  the  tail  auburn  to 
dark  argus  brown ;  wings  deep  ochraceous-buff ;  rest  of  upperparts  pale 
grayish  cinnamon-buff;  a  band  of  dark  sepia  to  clove  brown  on  flanks 
and  thighs ;  a  narrow  fuscous  black  line  from  behind  the  eye  to  the  postero¬ 
lateral  corner  of  the  nape;  chin  and  throat  white;  underparts  of  body 
white  tinged  with  pale  ashy  pinkish  buff. 

Adult  male. — Wing  113.5-129  (123.6);  tail  51-61.5  (55.7);  culmen 
from  base  14.7-16.4  (15.5)  ;  tarsus  28.1-30.8  (29.9)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21-24  (22.6  mm.).85 

Adult  female.- — Wing  110.5-126  (119.0)  ;  tail  47.5-58  (52.9)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.6-16.7  (15.7)  ;  tarsus  27.9-30.4  (29.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  20.3-24.5  (22.0  mm.).86 

Range. — Resident  in  lower  parts  of  canyons  and  in  rough,  rather  rocky 
open  country  with  coverage  of  grass,  bushes,  mescal,  and  small  trees,  at 
elevations  of  from  4,000  to  9,000  feet,  from  westcentral  Texas  (Mason, 
Kerrville,  San  Antonio,  Bandera  Hills,  Laredo,  etc.)  ;  central  New  Mexico 
(Zuni,  San  Mateo,  White,  and  Guadalupe  Mountains,  etc.)  ;  and  Arizona 
(Fort  Whipple,  Camp  Verde,  Mogollon  Ridge,  Wilcox,  Marsh  Lake, 
Huachuca  and  Whetstone  Mountains,  Catalina,  and  Chiricahua  Moun¬ 
tains)  south  to  northern  Nuevo  Leon  and  northern  Coahuila  (Carmen 
Mountains),  northern  Chihuahua  (Jesus  Maria  and  Canada)  ;  Sonora 
(Los  Pinitos,  Los  Vengos,  Guirocoba,  Nacori,  Huerachi,  and  Yacoera), 
and  northwestern  Durango  (Pasaje  de  las  Mujeres). 

Type  locality. — Fort  Lluachuca,  Ariz. 

84  Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  87,  states  that  in  this  “plumage  the  sexes 
are  much  alike,  except  that  in  the  young  male  the  crissum,  lower  belly,  and  flanks  are 
black,  and  the  center  of  the  breast  is  suffused  with  brown,  whereas  in  the  young 
female  these  parts  are  white;  these  characters  are  conspicuous  in  flight.  .  .  .”  The 
material  studied  in  the  present  connection  does  not  bear  this  out ;  I  cannot  help  but 
conclude  that  Bent  was  misled  by  birds  in  an  advanced  stage  of  the  postjuvenal  molt. 
The  true  juvenal  plumage  is  worn  for  a  short  time  only  before  feathers  of  the  first 
winter  (adult)  plumage  begin  to  appear,  first  on  the  breast,  then  on  the  abdomen. 

85  Thirty-one  specimens  from  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Coahuila,  Chihuahua,  Sonora, 
Durango,  and  Nayarit. 

s"  Twenty-six  specimens  from  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Chihuahua,  Durango, 
and  Nayarit. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


395 


Cyrtonyx  massena  (not  Ortyx  massena  Lesson)  Baird,  in  Rep.  Stansbury’s  Expl. 
Great  Salt  Lake,  1852,  334  (San  Pedro  and  Rio  Pecos,  N.  Mex.) ;  Rep.  Pacific 
R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  647  (Chihuahua;  Fort  Davis,  Turkey  Creek,  Las  Moras, 
and  Laredo,  w.  Texas;  Mimbres  to  Rio  Grande;  Nuevo  Leon)  ;  Rep.  U.  S.  and 
Mex.  Bound,  Surv.,  ii,  pt.  2,  1859,  23  (Turkey  Creek  and  Laredo,  Tex.;  Nuevo 
Leon)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  477. — Cassin,  Illustr.  Birds  Cali¬ 
fornia,  Texas,  etc.,  1853,  21,  pi.  4.— Dresser,  Ibis,  1866,  29  (Bandera  Hills, 
Texas). — Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1866,  95  (Fort  Whipple, 
Ariz.)  ;  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  394;  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  578; 
Birds  Northwest,  1874,  443,  excl.  syn.  part. — Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land 
Birds,  1870,  558  (Arizona). — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  492,  excl.  syn.  part,  pi.  61,  fig.  2,  pi.  64,  figs.  3,  6. — Brewster,  Bull. 
Nultall  Orn.  Club,  viii,  1883,  35  (Chiricahua  Mountains,  Arizona). 

[ Cyrtonyx ]  massena  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  239— Sclater  and 
Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 

C[yrtonyx]  massena  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  594. 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  (not  Ortyx  montezumae  Vigors)  American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  1886,  110,  No.  296;  ed.  2,  1895,  110,  No.  296.— Scott, 
Auk,  iii,  1886,  389  (Pinal,  Santa  Catalina,  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Ariz., 
up  to  5,700  feet). — Lloyd,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  187  (localities  in  Tom  Green  County, 
w.  Texas;  Nueces  and  Frio  Canyons). — Beckham,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  x, 
1887,  637,  656  (Leon  Springs,  Bexar  County,  Tex.). — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mis¬ 
sissippi  Valley,  1888,  103  (Mason,  Tom  Green  County,  etc.,  Tex.). — Bendire, 
Life  Plist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  35. — Allen,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  v,  1893,  23  (Los  Pinitos,  ne.  Sonora). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  425,  part  (Yecoera,  Sonora;  Jesus  Maria  and  Canada,  Chi¬ 
huahua;  Bandera  Hills,  Tex.;  Apache  and  Crittenden,  Ariz.);  Ibis,  1902,  241 
(crit.). — Dwight,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  50  (molt,  etc.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol. 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  305,  part  (Los  Pinitos,  Los  Vengos,  Nacori, 
Huerachi,  and  Yecoera,  ne.  Sonora;  Jesus  Maria  and  Canada,  n.  Chihuahua). 

[ Cyrtonyx ]  montezuma  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part. 

C[yrtonyx ]  montezuma  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194,  part. 

Cyrtonyx  montezuma  mearnsi  Nelson,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  255  (Fort  Huachuca,  s. 
Arizona;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xix,  1902,  390  (crit.),  pi.  15,  fig.  1.— Bailey, 
Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  122;  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928, 
223  (New  Mexico;  habits). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1903,  111  (crit.). — Fuertes, 
Condor,  v,  1903,  113  (habits  in  Texas). — Swartii,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  4, 
1904,  4  (Huachuca  Mountains,  Ariz.;  more  abundant  on  western  than  on 
eastern  slope);  Condor,  xxvi,  1909,  39  (distr.  in  U.  S. ;  molt);  Pacific  Coast 
Avif.,  No.  10,  1914,  22  (Arizona;  Upper  Sonoran  and  Transition  Zone  of 
central  and  southeastern  Arizona;  4,000  to  9,000  feet);  Proc.  California  Acad. 
Sci.,  ser.  4,  xviii,  1929,  290  (Stone  Cabin  and  Madera  Canyons,  San  Rafael 
Valley,  Ariz.). — Montgomery,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  13  (Brewster  County,  Tex.). — 
Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  21,  1905,  63  (range,  habits,  food,  etc.).— Miller, 
Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1906,  162  (Pasaje  de  las  Mujeres,  nw. 
Durango). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed  3,  1910,  137; 
ed.  4,  1931,  91. — Lacey,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206  (7  miles  sw.  of  Kerrville,  Tex.). — 
Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwestern  United  States,  1925, 
86  (descr. ;  habits). — Bruner,  Condor,  xxviii,  1926,  232  (Baboquivari  Moun¬ 
tains,  Ariz.). — Oberholser,  Sci.  Publ.  Cleveland  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1930,  84 
(spec.;  Huachuca  Mountains,  Ariz.). — van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1931,  247  (Sonora,  Mexico);  viii,  1936,  128  (south-central 
Arizona)  ;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  lxvii,  1934,  432  (distr.  in  Sonora). — Bent, 


396 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  84  (life  hist. ;  plum. ;  distr.).' — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57  (distr.). — Campbell,  Condor,  xxxvi,  1934,  201,  202 
abundant;  Pena  Blanca,  s.  Ariz.). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  167  (data 
on  breeding  biology),  298,  in  text  (egg  color),  402,  in  text  (parental  care). — 
Burleigh  and  Lowery,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Louisiana  State  Univ.,  No.  8, 
1940,  99  (w.  Texas;  Guadelupe  Mountains;  hist.;  now  scarce). — Hellmayr 
and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  284  (distr.;  syn.).— Petrides, 
Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  322  in  text,  327  in  text  (age 
indicators  in  plumage). 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi  Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  226  (body  weight  and 
egg  weight).— Miller,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  104,  in  text. 

Cyrtonyx  montezuma  mearnsi  Van  Tyne  and  Sutton,  Misc.  Publ  Mus.  Zool. 

Univ.  Mich.,  No.  37,  1937,  27  (Brewster  County,  Tex.;  nesting). 

Cyrtonyx  m,[ontezumae]  mearnsi  Palmer,  Condor,  xxx,  1928,  288,  in  text  (patro¬ 
nymics). 

C[yrtonyx]  montezumae  mearnsi  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1903,  306,  in  text  (crit.). 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  montezumae  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vi,  1931,  246  (Guirocoba,  Sonora). 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  morio  van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
ix,  1942,  379  (Guirocoba,  se.  Sonora;  descr. ;  crit.;  distr.). 

CYRTONYX  MONTEZUMAE  MONTEZUMAE  (Vigors) 

Massena  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi  but 
with  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  less  grayish,  more  huffy  or  brownish ; 
the  whole  upperparts  averaging  more  brownish  and  slightly  darker,  the 
white  areas  on  the  head  and  the  white  spots  on  the  underparts  some¬ 
times  strongly  tinged  with  buffy. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  C.  m.  mearnsi  but  averaging  slightly 
darker  above  and  below,  the  shaft  stripes  of  the  dorsal  body  feathers 
usually  more  buffy,  less  whitish ;  the  breast  and  abdomen  darker — vina- 
ceous-fawn  to  fawn  color. 

Other  plumages  not  certainly  distinguishable  from  the  corresponding 
ones  of  C.  m.  mearnsi. 

Adult  male. — Wing  114.5-131  (121.4);  tail  47.5-63  (53.2);  culmen 
from  base  14—16.5  (15.5)  ;  tarsus  27.5-33  (30.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  19-24.5  (22.3  mm.).87 

Adult  female. — Wing  114—123.5  (118.3)  ;  tail  49-60  (55.3)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.7-16.1  (15.3)  ;  tarsus  27.9-30.8  (29.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  19.5-22.2  (20.4  mm.).88 

Range. — Resident  in  rocky,  scrubby,  open  wooded  country  of  Mexico 
from  west-central  Tamaulipas  (Yerba  Buena,  Rampahuila,  Carricitos, 
etc.)  ;  southern  Nuevo  Leon;  southeastern  Coahuila  (Saltillo)  ;  southern 


”  Sixteen  specimens  from  Sinaloa,  Nuevo  Leon,  Jalisco,  Hidalgo,  Mexico  City, 
and  Puebla. 

“Six  specimens  from  Jalisco,  Guadalajara,  Hidalgo,  and  Michoacan. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


397 


Durango  (San  Juan  River)  ;  and  Sinaloa  (Sierra  Madre,  Choix,  Ma- 

zatlan,  and  Juan  Lisiarraga)  ;  south  through  Nayarit  (Tepic)  ;  Michoacan 

(Los  Reyes  and  Tancitaro),  Guadalajara  (Jalisco)  and  the  Valley  of 

Mexico  (Mexico  City)  to  Puebla  (Chalchicomula),  Hidalgo  (Isolo),  and 

Oaxaca  (La  Parada). 

Type  locality. — Mexico. 

Ortyx  montesumce  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.,  v,  1830,  275  (Mexico). — Jardine  and  Selby, 
Illustr.  Orn.,  ii,  1830,  text  to  pi.  107. — Bonaparte,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1837, 
114  (crit. ;  descr.  female). 

Cyrtonyx  mo-ntesumce  Stejneger,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  46  (crit.  nomencl.). — American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  No.  296,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  296, 
part. — Ogilvte-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  425,  part  (Sierra 
Madre  above  Ciudad  Victoria,  Tamaulipas ;  near  Choix,  Sinaloa ;  Sierra  Madre, 
Tepic;  near  City  of  Mexico;  Puebla);  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  146 
(monogr.). — Jouy,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1894,  790  (Guadalajara, 
Jalisco). — Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  pi.  15,  fig.  2. — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol. 
Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  305,  part  (near  Choix,  Sinaloa;  Sierra  Madre, 
Tepic;  Guadalajara,  Jalisco;  Valley  of  Mexico;  City  of  Mexico;  Puebla;  La 
Parada,  Oaxaca;  Tamaulipas) .— Seth-Smith,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  763  (care  in 
captivity) . 

C[yrtonyx ]  montesumce  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194,  part. 

[Cyrtonyx]  montesumce  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46,  part. 

Cyrtonyx  montesumce  montesumce  Miller,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxi,  1905, 
342  (Juan  Lisiarraga,  s.  Sinaloa;  habits). — American  Ornithologists’  Union, 
Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  137. — Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  74  (Yerba  Buena, 
Rampahuila,  and  Carricitos,  s.  Tamaulipas). — van  Rossem,  Trans.  San  Diego 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vi,  1931,  246  (Sonora;  Mexico). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds 
World,  ii,  1934,  57  (distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No. 
1,  1942,  286  (syn. ;  distr.). — Blake  and  Hanson,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
zool.  serv.,  xxii,  1942,  527  (Michoacan,  Tancitaro;  spec.). 

Cyrtonyx  m[ontesuma ]  montesuma  Bailey  and  Conover,  Auk,  lii,  1935,  422,  in  text 
(Rio  San  Juan,  7,000  feet,  Durango,  Mexico). 

U[dontophorus]  (Cyrtonyx)  montesumae  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316. 

Ortyx  massena  Lesson,  Cent.  Zool.,  1832,  189  (nomen  nudum)  ;  Illustr.  Zool.,  1835, 
pi.  52,  text  [p.  3]  (Mexico;  type  in  Rivoli  collection). 

Ortyx  massenae  Finsch,  Abh.  Nat.  Verh.  Bremen,  1870,  357  (Guadalajara,  Jalisco). 

Cyrtonyx  massena  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  1,  1884,  pi.  7  and  text. — Reichen- 
bach,  Synop.  Av,  iii,  1848,  Gallinaceae,  pi.  194,  figs.  1685,  1686. — McCown,  Ann. 
Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  vi,  1853,  10  (Mountains  near  Saltillo,  se.  Coahuila; 
habits). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1858,  305  (La  Parada,  Oaxaca). — 
Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  74. — Lawrence,  Mem.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1874,  306  (Guadalajara,  Jalisco). — Beristain  and  Laurencio, 
Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  1894,  219  (Mexico;  Valley  of 
Mexico). 

[Cyrtonyx]  massena  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. — Heine 
and  Reichenow,  Nom.  Mus.  Hein.  Orn.,  1890,  295  (Mexico). 

Cyrtonix  massena  Cubas,  Cuadro  Geogr.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  168  (Mexico;  common  names). 

Tetrao  guttata  La  Llave,  Registro  Trimestro,  i,  1832,  14  (Mexico)  ;  La  Naturaleza, 
vii,  1884,  app.,  p.  65. 


398 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Perdix  perspicillata  Lichtenstein  fide  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  i,  1844,  in 
text  to  pi.  7. 

O [dontophorus]  meleagris  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  278  (Mexico;  coll.  Wiirtemberg 
Mus.) . 

[Cyrtonyx]  meleagris  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  48,  in  text  (crit.). — Sharpe,  Hand¬ 
list,  i,  1899,  46. 

Cyrtonyx  montesumae  meleagris  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57. 
Cyrtonyx  sallei  (not  of  Verreaux)  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  287  part  (Michoacan,  Los  Reyes). 

CYRTONYX  MONTEZUMAE  MERRIAMI  Nelson 

Merriam’s  Harlequin  Quail 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  form  but  with  the  crown 
darker,  the  light  shaft  streaks  of  the  back  of  the  head  buffy  white,  and 
the  black  of  the  throat  continuing  posteriorly  to  the  chestnut  of  the  breast, 
thereby  eliminating  any  white  pectoral  band  such  as  is  found  in  the 
other  races  of  the  species ;  sides  of  breast  much  lighter  gray,  more  slaty, 
with  the  white  spots  about  half  as  large,  the  spots  becoming  golden  buff 
on  the  lower  flanks  and  almost  chestnut  on  the  tips  of  the  feathers ;  chest¬ 
nut  of  breast  slightly  paler;  upper  parts  with  the  gray  portions  of  the 
feathers  more  slaty,  the  light  shaft  streaks  buffy  on  mantle,  gradually 
darkening  until  they  are  chestnut  on  the  longer  scapulars,  innermost 
secondaries,  and  upper  tail  coverts ;  the  spots  on  the  upper  wing  coverts 
light  golden. 

Inasmuch  as  this  form  is  still  known  only  from  the  type,  we  quote 
here  the  original  description  in  its  entirety  (Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  48)  : 
“The  general  pattern  of  head  markings  of  merriami  is  much  as  in  monte¬ 
sumae,  except  that  the  black  chin  and  throat  area  extends  down  to  the 
chestnut  on  the  lower  neck  and  breast  with  no  intervening  white  collar ; 
the  white  superciliary  band  which  extends  under  the  black  throat  patch 
as  a  white  collar  in  montesumae,  ends  on  each  side  of  the  neck  in  mer¬ 
riami.  Bluish-black  auricular  patches  extend  forward  on  the  sides  of 
neck  and  form  a  broad  junction  with  the  black  of  the  throat.  The  crown 
and  crest  are  darker  than  in  montesumae,  the  light  shaft-streaks  on  the 
back  of  the  neck  and  shoulders  are  buffy  whitish,  becoming  more  and 
more  intensely  colored  posteriorly,  until  on  the  longer  scapulars  and  ter- 
tiaries  they  are  almost  or  quite  chestnut ;  the  webs  of  the  tertiaries  are 
gray,  becoming  browner  near  the  tips,  and  are  crossed  by  several  trans¬ 
verse,  oblong  black  spots  which  are  much  narrower  and  more  like  bars 
than  are  the  corresponding  markings  in  montesumae;  the  back  and  rump 
are  blackish  with  golden  buffy  shaft-lines,  brown  mottling  and  narrow 
ashy  edgings  to  the  feathers;  the  upper  tail  coverts  are  ashy  with  heavy 
rusty  shaft-lines  and  several  transverse  black  bars  on  each  web  of  the 
feathers ;  the  chestnut  area  of  the  breast  and  belly  is  as  in  montesumae, 
but  is  of  a  lighter  shade ;  the  sides  of  the  breast  and  flanks  are  slaty 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


399 


gray,  lighter  than  in  the  latter  species  and  marked  with  numerous  round 
white  spots  about  half  the  size  of  those  in  that  bird.  On  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  flanks  the  white  spotting  is  replaced  by  spots  of  buffy  and 
chestnut.  The  rest  of  the  lower  parts  are  black  as  in  montesumae ” 
Known  only  from  the  type  locality,  the  eastern  slopes  of  Mount  Orizaba, 
and  probably  (sight  records  only)  from  Antigua,  nearer  the  coast,  in 
the  State  of  Veracruz. 

Cyrtonyx  merriami  Nelson,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  48  (e.  slope  of  Mount  Orizaba,  Vera¬ 
cruz,  e.  Mexico;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  xix,  1902,  391,  pi.  IS,  fig.  3  (crit.). _ 

Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1903,  iii  (crit.). 

[Cyrtonyx]  merriami  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

C[yrtonyx ]  merriami  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  306, 
in  text  (crit.). 

Cyrtonyx  sailed  (not  of  J.  Verreaux)  Ogilvie-Grant,  Ibis,  1902,  242  (tax.;  crit.).— 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  306,  part  (Volcan  de 
Orizaba). 

Cyrtonyx  montesumae  (not  of  Vigors)  Heilfurth,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  lxxviii,  1930, 
40,  44,  45  in  text  (Antigua,  Veracruz;  seen). 

Cyrtonyx  montesumae  merriami  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57  (e. 
slopes  of  Mount  Orizaba,  Veracruz). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  286  (syn. ;  distr.). 

CYRTONYX  MONTEZUMAE  SALLEI  Verreaux 

Salle’s  Harlequin  Quail 

Adult  male.  Similar  to  that  of  Cyrtonyx  montesumae  montesumae 
above  but  more  brownish,  less  blackish,  upper  wing  coverts  and  scapulars 
clear  light  grayish  olive  wdth  heavy  but  widely  spaced  transverse  black 
spots;  the  shaft  stripes  of  the  interscapulars  and  upper  back  warm  buff, 
those  of  the  scapulars,  upper  wing  coverts,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  and 
rectrices  ochraceous-orange  to  ochraceous-tawny ;  below  differs  from  the 
nominate  race  in  having  the  brown  median  area  of  the  breast  and  abdomen 
paler— bright  chestnut  with  a  slight  orange-tawny  tinge;  the  feathers  of 
the  sides  of  the  breast  and  of  the  upper  abdomen  much  paler — slate-gray 
with  smaller  round  white  spots,  the  spots  becoming  chestnut  on  the 
feathers  of  the  sides  of  the  lower  abdomen,  the  most  posterior  of  which 
have  chestnut  stripes  as  well ;  the  dark  area  from  the  lores  to  the  auriculars 
and  sides  of  throat  paler,  slate  instead  of  blackish  slate. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  the  nominate  race  but  with  the 
upperparts  averaging  darker,  the  brown  areas  of  the  feathers  Saccardo’s 
umber  (as  compared  to  tawny-olive  in  C.  in.  montesumae )  and  the  black 
cross  marks  more  densely  and  abundantly  developed,  giving  a  general 
impression  of  a  blacker  dorsum ;  the  breast  and  abdomen  averaging  slightly 
darker  vinaceous-fawn. 

Immature  male.— This  is  not  a  true  plumage,  but  in  a  bird  of  which 
so  little  is  known  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  include  here  the  following 


400  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

notes  made  on  a  molting  specimen  collected  at  Cerro  San  Felipe,  Oaxaca, 
August  31,  1894,  by  Nelson  and  Goldman,  U.S.N.M.  No.  155551 : 
Similar  to  adult  male  above  except  that  the  forehead  and  crown  are  tawny- 
buff  to  buckthorn  brown,  the  feathers  tipped  with  dusky;  superciliaries 
and  lores  white ;  no  black  anywhere  on  the  head ;  greater  and  median 
upper  wing  coverts  pale  buckthorn  brown  with  buffy  white  shafts  and 
almost  without  transverse  dark  markings ;  lores,  malar  area,  cheeks  and 
auriculars  buckthorn  brown  to  sepia  except  immediately  around  and  be¬ 
hind  the  eye  which  area  is  white  finely  speckled  with  brownish ;  chin 
and  throat  white,  the  latter  with  small  dusky  brown  spots ;  the  brown 
of  the  breast  and  midventral  part  of  abdomen  very  much  paler-clay  color. 

Adult  male. — Wing  120-124.5  (122.3);  tail  42.5-54  (48.1);  culmen 
from  base  15.7-16.4  (16.1);  31-32  (31.3);  middle  toe  without  claw 
22.2-24  (22.8  mm.).89 

Adult  female. — Wing  121.5;  tail  51;  culmen  from  base  15.5;  tarsus 
29.4;  middle  toe  without  claw  22.3  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  rain  forest  in  the  highlands  of  western 
Mexico  from  Guerrero  ( Amula,  Omilteme,  and  Isguagilite)  to  east-central 
Oaxaca  (Cerro  San  Felipe  and  Ozolotepec). 

Type  locality. — Mexico= State  of  Guerrero. 

Cyrtonyx  sallei  Verreaux,  in  Thomson,  Arcuna  Naturae,  1,  1859,  pi.  4. — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57  (distr.) . — Griscom,  Auk,  liv,  1937,  193 
(Isguagilite,  Guerrero,  female;  plum.;  crit.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  287  part  (syn. ;  distr.;  all  except  Michoacan). 
Cyrtonyx  sallaei  Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinse,  1867,  74. — S alvin  and 
Godman,  Ibis,  1889,  242  (Amula,  Guerrero;  crit.)  ;  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves, 
iii,  1903,  306  part  (Amula,  Guerrero). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus., 
xxii,  1893,  427  (Amula,  Guerrero)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  148  (monogr.). 
— Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii, 
No.  7-8,  1894,  219  (Mexico). — Nelson,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  pi.  15,  fig.  4. 

Cyrtonyx  sailed  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxv,  1934,  422  (Guerrero, 
Mexico) . 

[ Cyrtonyx ]  sailed  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9776. — Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 

C\yrtonyx]  sailed  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194. 

CYRTONYX  OCELLATUS  (Gould) 

Ocellated  Harlequin  Quail 

Adult  male. — Lores  and  middle  of  forehead  and  of  crown  blackish  slate, 
broadly  bordered  on  each  side  with  white ;  a  blackish-slate  supraorbital 
line  from  the  lores  to  the  posterolateral  angle  of  the  occiput;  this  band 
continuous  through  the  lores  with  a  broader  paler  one  (slate  color)  ex¬ 
tending  posteroventrally  demarcating  the  throat  from  the  face  and 
expanding  into  a  triangle  over  the  lower  sides  of  the  head ;  the  cheeks 


“  Three  specimens  from  Oaxaca  and  Guerrero. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


401 


proper  blacker — blackish  slate ;  circumocular  area,  auriculars,  and  a  band 
connecting  with  the  breast  band  white ;  eyelids  black ;  chin  and  middle 
of  throat  black,  the  white  band  across  the  lower  throat  and  upper  breast 
posteriorly  edged  with  black ;  middle  of  crown,  most  of  occiput,  and  upper 
nape  buffy  brown  to  olive-brown,  a  few  of  the  coronal  feathers  with 
ochraceous-orange  shaft  stripes ;  most  of  nape  and  upper  interscapulars 
deep  mouse  gray  with  large  rounded  spots  of  buffy  white  to  buffy ;  most 
of  interscapulars  deep  mouse  gray  transversely  broadly  spotted  with  black, 
these  spots  sometimes  coalescing  into  blotches  basally,  and  with  broad 
shaft  stripes  of  warm  buff  to  ochraceous-tawny ;  scapulars  and  feathers 
of  back  and  lower  back  and  rump  similar  but  with  the  black  areas  greater 
and  more  coalesced,  the  shaft  stripes  greatly  reduced  on  the  back,  lower 
back  and  rump ;  inner  secondaries  and  upper  wing  coverts  light  grayish 
olive  with  a  faint  buffy  tinge  and  with  broad  auburn  to  pale  chestnut  shaft 
stripes  and  both  vanes  transversely  marked  with  large  but  widely  spaced 
black  spots ;  outer  secondaries  without  brown  shaft  stripes,  and  with  the 
light  grayish  olive  color  replaced  by  dark  hair  brown  to  light  clove  brown, 
the  black  transverse  spots  thereby  rendered  much  less  conspicuous ;  inner¬ 
most  secondaries  externally  and  terminally  spotted  with  pinkish  cinnamon  ; 
primaries  dark  clove  brown  to  fuscous,  externally  spotted  with  pale  pinkish 
buff  to  pale  buff ;  upper  tail  coverts  light  grayish  olive  with  very  broad 
chestnut  to  auburn  shaft  stripes  and  with  both  webs  spotted  with  black; 
rectrices  similar  but  with  narrower  shaft  stripes ;  breast  and  upper  ab¬ 
domen  pale  warm  buff,  the  feathers  terminally  washed  with  ochraceous- 
tawny  to  tawny,  the  extent,  in  area  and  intensity  of  this  wash  increasing 
posteriorly  until  on  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  the  feathers  are  wholly  of 
this  color  and  even  darker,  more  washed  with  bright  chestnut ;  sides  of 
neck  and  of  breast  dark  gull  gray  to  slate  spotted  with  buffy  to  buffy 
white;  sides  of  upper  abdomen  with  the  spots  pale  ochraceous-tawny  and 
much  larger,  reducing  the  gray  to  incomplete,  transverse  bars ;  lower  sides 
and  flanks  with  the  gray  still  more  reduced  and  the  brown  areas  darker — 
more  auburn  and  chestnut ;  the  lower  flanks  dark  chestnut  with  the  gray 
marks  largely  replaced  by  black;  middle  of  lower  abdomen,  vent,  under 
tail  coverts,  and  thighs  black;  under  wing  coverts  grayish  wood  brown 
flecked  with  pale  pinkish  cinnamon ;  “bill  black  with  mandible  and  maxil¬ 
lary  rami  pale  blue;  tarsi  and  feet,  light  blue  (close  to  light  Delft  blue)  ; 
claws,  horn  color;  iris  dark  brown”  (van  Rossem). 

Adult  jemale. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi 
but  averaging  darker  above  (more  blackish  brown  transverse  markings 
on  the  feathers)  and  more  ochraceous,  less  pinkish  or  vinaceous  below, 
and  with  the  dorsal  shaft  stripes  definitely  washed  with  buffy ;  from  the 
more  southern  races  of  C.  montezumae  it  differs  in  having  the  breast 
paler,  less  vinaceous. 


402 


BULLETIN  60,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Juvenal  male.'90—  Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  buffier  below. 

Juvenal  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  female  slightly  lighter  and  buffier 
below,  and  with  wider  pale  shaft  stripes  on  the  inner  secondaries;  “bill, 
blackish  horn  color ;  mandible  and  maxillary  rami,  pale,  light  blue ;  tarsi 
and  feet,  bluish  horn  color;  iris,  dark  brown’’  (van  Rossem). 

Adult  male.— Wing  114-130  (123.2);  tail  48-57.5  (53.0);  oilmen 
from  base  15.1-17.5  (16.1)  ;  tarsus'  30.4—33.2  (32.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  21.0-24.3  (22.5  mm.).91 

Adult  female.— Wing  110.5-119.5  (115.7);  tail  45-55.5  (48.8);  oil¬ 
men  from  base  15.1-16.7  (15.6)  ;  tarsus  28.9-32.0  (30.9)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  20.4—23.6  (22.0  mm.).92 

Range. — Resident  in  the  upperparts  of  the  pine  forests  of  the  Arid 
Upper  Tropical  Zone  from  southern  Mexico  (eastern  Oaxaca — Santa 
Efigenia;  Tapanatepec;  and  Chiapas — Teopisca)  south  in  the  highlands 
at  elevations  of  from  5,000  to  7,000  feet  to  the  drier  parts  of  the  central 
highlands  of  Guatemala  east  of  the  Pacific  divide,  to  the  cordillera  of 
El  Salvador,  to  Honduras  (Hatillo,  Jalapa,  Danli,  Cantoral,  Alto  Cantoral, 
Ceguaca,  Tegucigalpa,  etc.),  and  to  northern  Nicaragua  (San  Rafael 
del  Norte). 

Type  locality. — Guatemala. 

Ortyx  ocellatus  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1836  (1837),  75  (locality  unknown 
[=  Guatemala]  ;  coll.  Zool.  Soc.  London). 

Cyrlonyx  ocellatus  Gould,  Monogr.  Odontoph.,  pt.  2,  1846,  pi.  8  and  text. — Sclater 
and  Salvin,  Ibis,  1859,  226  (Guatemala). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  74. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  428 
(Quezaltenango,  Duenas,  and  Toliman,  Guatemala)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii, 
1897,  149  (monogr.). — Beristain  and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  Nos.  7-8,  1894,  219  (Mexico;  Chiapas  and  Tabasco). — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  307  (Santa  Efigenia, 
Oaxaca ;  Quezaltenango,  Duenas,  and  Toliman  at  5,000  feet,  Guatemala ;  Danli, 
Jalapa,  n.  Honduras).— Dearborn,  Publ.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  125,  1907, 
77  (Lake  Atitlan  to  Tecpam,  Guatemala,  7,000  feet). — Bangs  and  Peters,  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxviii,  1928,  387  (Tapanatepec,  Oaxaca,  Mexico). — Stone, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  302  (Honduras;  Danli). — 
Griscom,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  107  ( distr. ;  Guatemala; 
Antigua,  Nebaj,  San  Antonio,  Panajachel,  and  San  Lucas). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  287  (syn. ;  distr.). 

[Cyrtonyx]  ocellatus  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  272,  No.  9775. — Sclater  and  Salvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  46. 


“Only  juvenal  males  seen  are  in  a  very  late  stage  of  the  post-juvenal  molt  and 
consequently  give  merely  glimpses  of  the  juvenal  plumage.  The  sexes  are  probably 
alike  in  juvenal  plumage. 

01  Fifteen  specimens  from  Chiapas,  Oaxaca,  Guatemala,  El  Salvador,  Nicaragua, 
and  Honduras. 

“Nine  specimens  from  Chiapas,  Guatemala,  El  Salvador,  and  Honduras. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


403 


C[yrtonyx]  ocellatus  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  iii, 
1874,  492. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194. 

Cyrtonyx  ocellatus  ocellatus  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57. 
[Cyrtoiiyx]  [ocellatus]  ocellatus  Griscom,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  xiii, 
1932,  56,  in  text  (Guatemala). 

Cyrtonyx  sumichrasti  Lawrence,  Ann.  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1877,  51  (moun¬ 
tains  of  Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec,  Oaxaca;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). — Ridgway, 
Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194,  footnote. 

C[yrtonyx]  ocellatus  sumichrasti  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  194, 
footnote,  in  text  (crit.). 

Cyrtonyx  ocellatus  differens  Griscom,  Proc.  New  England  Zool.  Club,  xiii,  1932, 
56  (Hatillo,  Honduras;  type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.;  meas. ;  crit.). — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  57  (w.  Honduras  and  n.  Nicaragua).— Dickey 
and  van  Rossem,  Birds  El  Salvador,  1938,  155  (El  Salvador;  Los  Esesmiles; 
spec.;  distr. ;  colors  of  soft  parts). 

Genus  RHYNCHORTYX  Ogilvie-Grant 

Rhynchortyx  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  443.  (Type,  by 
monotypy  and  original  designation,  Odontophorus  spodiostethus  Salvin  and 
Odontophorus  cinctus  Salvin  (the  former  is  the  male,  the  latter  the  female  of 
the  same  species).) 

Medium-sized  or  rather  small  short-tailed  Odontophorinae  (wing  about 
111-125  mm.)  with  only  10  rectrices,  tarsus  much  longer  than  middle 
toe  with  claw,  claws  very  small  (the  longest  much  shorter  than  second 
phalanx  of  middle  toe),  relatively  large  and  very  thick  bill  (chord  of 
culmen  nearly  equal  to  combined  length  of  first  two  phalanges  of  middle 
toe),  the  outer  side  of  planta  tarsi  with  a  single  continuous  series  of 
large  obliquely  transverse  scutella,  the  inner  side  without  scutella  (except 
overlapping  ends  of  outer  series). 

Bill  relatively  large  and  very  thick,  the  chord  of  culmen  (from  extreme 
base)  equal  to  nearly  half  the  length  of  tarsus  and  nearly  if  not  quite 
equal  to  combined  length  of  first  two  phalanges  of  middle  toe;  depth  of 
bill  at  base  much  greater  than  distance  from  anterior  end  of  nasal  fossa 
to  tip  of  maxilla,  equal  to  nearly  one-third  the  length  of  tarsus,  and  de¬ 
cidedly  greater  than  width  of  bill  at  rictus;  culmen  very  strongly  convex, 
slightly  arched  basally,  distinctly  (but  not  sharply)  ridged;  tip  of  maxilla 
strongly  produced,  forming  a  conspicuous  thick  unguis ;  gonys  rounded 
in  transverse  section,  slightly  convex,  ascending  terminally,  its  basal  angle 
not  prominent.  Outermost  primary  a  little  shorter  than  eighth,  the  third, 
fourth  or  third,  fourth  and  fifth  (from  outside)  longest.  Tail  about  one- 
third  as  long  as  wing,  rounded,  the  rectrices  (12)  moderately  firm,  broad, 
with  rounded  tips.  Tarsus  much  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw,  be¬ 
tween  one-fourth  and  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  the  planta  tarsi  with 
a  single  series  of  large,  obliquely  transverse  scutella  which  overlap  to 
the  posterior  portion  of  inner  side,  destitute  of  small  scutella  or  scales 
on  either  side;  claws  exceedingly  short,  that  of  the  middle  toe  but  little 


404 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


more  than  half  (sometimes  less  than  half)  as  long  as  second  phalanx  of 
the  middle  toe.  (One  species  with  four  races.) 

Range. — Honduras  to  Colombia,  tropical  zone. 


Figure  23. — Rhynchortyx  cinctus, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


405 


KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  RHYNCHORTYX  CINCTUS  (SALVIN) 

a.  Forehead  and  cheeks  orange-rufous;  breast  gray  (males). 

b.  Lower  back  and  rump  darker — Dresden  brown  or  darker;  gray  of  breast 
darker— between  deep  neutral  gray  and  slate  color. 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  australis  (extralimital)B3 
bb.  Lower  back  and  rump  paler — pale  olive-buffy-brown  or  grayer ;  gray  of  breast 
paler— between  neutral  gray  and  deep  neutral  gray. 

c.  Lower  abdomen  very  largely  white. 

d.  Thighs  whitish,  only  faintly  barred  (Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Darien). 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  hypopius  (p.  409) 
dd.  Thighs  pale  buffy,  barred  with  dusky  (tropical  zone  of  Honduras  and 

Nicaragua) . Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus  (p.  405) 

cc.  Lower  abdomen  with  only  a  small  amount  of  white  (Panama,  except  the 

Caribbean  slope  of  Darien) . Rhynchortyx  cinctus  cinctus  (p.  408) 

aa.  Forehead  and  cheeks  not  orange-rufous,  but  reddish  brown;  breast  reddish  brown 
(females). 

b.  Bars  on  abdomen  very  dark — fuscous  to  fuscous-black. 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  australis  (extralimital) 
bb.  Bars  on  abdomen  paler — dark  sepia  or  paler. 

c.  Lower  abdomen  very  largely  white. 

d.  Cheeks  duller — dark  olive-brown  (tropical  zone  of  Honduras  and 

Nicaragua) . Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus  (p.  405) 

dd.  Cheeks  brighter — amber  brown  (Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Darien). 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  hypopius  (p.  409) 
cc.  Lower  abdomen  with  only  a  small  amount  of  white  (Panama  except  the 
Caribbean  slope  of  Darien) . Rhynchortyx  cinctus  cinctus  (p.  408) 

RHYNCHORTYX  CINCTUS  PUDIBUNDUS  Peters 

Honduranian  Long-legged  Colin 

Adult  male.— Forehead,  lores,  broad  superciliaries,  cheeks,  sides  of 
throat,  and  auriculars  bright  amber  brown  with  a  strong  suffusion  of 
orange-rufous ;  a  narrow  dusky  line  from  the  anterior  angle  of  the  eye 
to  the  lores,  and  a  broader  one  of  mummy  brown  from  the  posterior  angle 
of  the  eye  to  the  auriculars ;  crown  and  occiput  dark  Prout’s  brown  to 
chestnut-brown,  some  of  the  feathers  with  minute  terminal  spots  of 
blackish  and  with  faint  buffy  shafts ;  nape  and  interscapulars  neutral  gray, 
the  feathers  very  broadly  edged  with  auburn ;  scapulars  and  a  row  of 
feathers  across  the  upper  back  just  posterior  to  the  interscapulars  with 
their  inner  webs  fuscous  to  fuscous  black  basally  flecked  and  flecked  with 

“  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  australis  Chapman. — Rhynchortyx  cinctus  (not  Odonto- 
phorus  cinctus  Salvin)  Hartert,  Nov.  Zool.,  ix,  1902,  600  (Bulieu,  Rio  Bogotd,  and 
Pambilar,  nw.  Ecuador;  crit.)  ;  Hellmayr,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1911,  1206 
(Colombia;  Sipi,  Choco;  plum.). — Rhynchortyx  cinctus  australis  Chapman,  Bull. 
Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxiv,  1915,  365  (Barbacoas,  w.  Columbia;  coll.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.)  ;  xxxvi,  1917,  202  (Choco,  Andagueda,  Bagado,  Baudo,  and  Barbacoas, 
Pacific  coast  of  Colombia;  descr.)  ;  lv,  1926,  161  (nw.  Ecuador);  Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  58  (distr.)  ;  Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  289  (syn.;  distr.). 

653008°— 46 - 27 


406 


BULLETIN  50.  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


dark  hazel,  their  shafts  narrowly  buff,  their  outer  webs  huffy  brown 
faintly  vermiculated  with  dusky,  and,  on  the  scapulars,  with  pale  gray 
and  externally  suffused  with  dark  hazel ;  secondaries  dark  olive-brown 
to  sepia,  externally  and  terminally  blotched  and  freckled  with  light 
ochraceous-buff,  the  terminal  freckling  on  the  inner  web  tinged  with  hazel  ; 
upper  wing  coverts  similar  but  many  of  them  with  blackish-brown  blotches 
on  their  inner  webs  and  the  pale  freckling  extending  on  the  inner  webs 
to  a  greater  degree ;  primaries  dark  dull  sepia  to  clove  brown,  externally 
freckled  with  light  ochraceous-buff,  but  only  sparingly ;  back,  lower  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  reveal  two  fairly  distinct  color  phases — one 
has  these  parts  dusky  isabelline  to  buffy  brown  with  dark  shafts  and  more 
or  less  freckled  transversely  with  dusky,  especially  on  the  more  posterior 
parts ;  the  other  with  the  back  and  lower  back  vinaceous-fawn  to  fawn 
color  obscurely  crossed  by  widely  spaced  narrow  dusky  slate  bars;  the 
rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  dark  sayal  brown  to  snuff  brown  with  dusky 
shafts  and  tranverse  freckling;  rectrices  Brussels  brown  flecked,  and 
basally  blotched,  with  dark,  dull  sepia ;  chin  and  upper  throat  whitish  ; 
lower  throat  and  breast  between  neutral  gray  and  dark  gull  gray;  upper 
abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks,  ochraceous-buff  to  cinnamon-buff,  darkening 
laterally  to  clay  color ;  thighs  ochraceous-buff  barred  with  fuscous ;  under 
tail  coverts  similar ;  middle  of  lower  abdomen  whitish  ;  under  wing  coverts 
dull  sepia  to  pale  clove  brown;  iris  reddish  brown;  bill  black,  becoming 
brownish  horn  color  at  the  tip ;  tarsi  and  toes  plumbeous. 

Adult  female. — Forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  dark  Prout’s  brown  to 
chestnut-brown;  upperparts  of  body,  wings,  and  tail  as  in  adult  male; 
the  two  color  phases  present — vinaceous-fawn  and  buffy  brown  on  the 
backs,  as  in  the  males;  no  orange-rufous  on  the  sides  of  head  as  in  the 
males,  this  color  being  replaced  by  dark  olive-brown,  the  feathers  of 
the  cheeks  and  sides  of  neck  with  white  shafts;  a  row  of  dusky-tipped 
white  feathers  from  lores  to,  under,  and  behind  the  eye  extending  to  the 
posterolateral  angle  of  the  occiput;  immediately  below  this  a  dark  choco¬ 
late  band  behind  the  eye ;  chin  and  upper  throat  white ;  lower  throat  and 
hi  east  antique  brown  to  amber  brown,  many  of  the  feathers  decidedly 
grayish  broadly  edged  with  antique  brown ;  upper  and  lateral  parts  of 
abdomen  white,  barred  with  sepia  to  dusky  sepia ;  thighs  similar  but  less 
strongly  or  distinctly  barred ;  most  of  middle  lower  abdomen  white ;  under 
tail  coveits  ochraceous-buff  barred  with  fuscous,  under  wing  coverts 
dull  sepia. 

Juvenal  male.0  Similar  to  adult  female  but  darker,  less  rufescent 
above  and  on  the  lower  throat,  breast,  and  abdomen;  forehead,  crown, 
occiput,  nape,  and  interscapulars  between  clove  brown  and  dark  mummy 
brown,  the  feathers  with  minute  pale  smoke-gray  spots  along  the  distal 

The  only  example  seen  was  a  male,  but  probably  the  sexes  are  alike  in  this 
plumage. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


407 


half  of  the  shaft;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  bright  pinkish 
buff  sparingly  barred  with  fuscous-black ;  scapulars,  secondaries,  and 
upper  wing  coverts  as  in  adult  but  slightly  more  rufescent ;  primaries 
without  freckling  on  the  outer  webs ;  rest  of  upperparts  as  in  adult  female  ; 
cheeks  and  sides  of  head,  lower  throat,  breast,  and  upper  abdomen  grayish 
olive  brown ;  some  of  the  feathers  of  the  breast  with  small  white  flecks 
along  the  shaft,  these  flecks  becoming  broad  V-shaped  bars  on  the  upper 
abdomen  and  sides ;  chin  and  upper  throat  pale  ochraceous-buff ;  rest 
of  underparts  as  in  adult  female. 

Natal  down. — Center  of  forehead,  crown,  and  occiput  very  dark  choco¬ 
late  ;  lores,  broad  superciliaries,  cheeks,  auriculars,  chin,  and  upper  throat 
pale  buckthorn  brown ;  a  fuscous  line  from  the  gape  to  the  anterior  angle 
of  the  eye,  thence  over  it  and  again  as  a  streak  leading  away  from  it ; 
interscapular  area  russet;  rest  of  upperparts  similar  but  darker  chestnut- 
brown  ;  breast  russet ;  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail 
coverts  dusky  hair  brown,  paling  to  whitish  on  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 

Adult  male. — Wing  105.5-114.0  (110.5)  ;  tail  41.0-47.0  (44.7)  ;  culmen 
from  base  15.5-16.4  (15.8)  ;  tarsus  32.8-34.5  (33.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  23.1-25 .3  (23.9  mm.).85 

Adult  female. — Wing  107-1 12 ;  tail  43-46 ;  culmen  from  base  14.6-14.9  ; 
tarsus  30.8-33 ;  middle  toe  without  claw  24.0  mm.96 

Range. — Resident  in  the  deep  tropical  forests  of  coastal  Honduras 
(Lancetilla),  south  to  eastern  and  north-central  Nicaragua  (Rio 
Escondido,  Ojoche,  Matagalpa,  Rio  Tuma,  Pena  Blanca,  Vizagua).97 

Type  locality. — Lancetilla,  Honduras. 

Rhynchorlyx  cinctus  pudibundus  Peters,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxix,  1929,  405 
(Lancetilla,  Honduras;  type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.;  descr. ;  crit. ;  habits); 
Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  58  (Lancetilla). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  161  (type  spec,  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.).— Stone,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv,  1932,  302  (Honduras,  Lancetilla).— Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  288  (syn. ;  distr.). 

R[hynchorlyx]  c[inctus]  cinctus  (not  of  Salvin)  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  xxxiv,  1915,  365,  in  text,  part  (Nicaragua). 

Rhynchorlyx  cinctus  cinctus  Huber,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxiv, 
1932,  207  (ne.  Nicaragua — Eden;  spec.;  colors  of  soft  parts). — Peters,  Check¬ 
list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  58,  part  (distr. — Nicaragua). — Hellmayr  and 
Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  288,  part  (syn.;  distr.). 
Odontophorus  spodiostethus  Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  524  (Rio 
Escondido,  e.  Nicaragua;  descr.). 

Rhyncho-rlyx  spodiostethus  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903, 
313,  part  (Rio  Escondido  and  Ojoche,  Nicaragua). 

[Rhynchortyx]  spodiostethus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47,  part  (Nicaragua). 


“  Eight  specimens  from  Nicaragua  (7)  and  Honduras  (1). 

“"Two  specimens,  one  each  from  Honduras  and  Nicaragua. 

87  In  north-central  Nicaragua  (Matagalpa  area)  the  birds  begin  to  show  a  tendency 
to  vary  in  the  direction  of  the  Panamanian  race  R.  c.  cinctus. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


RHYNCHORTYX  CINCTUS  CINCTUS  (Salvin) 

Long-legged  Colin 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus,  but 
with  less  white  on  the  lower  abdomen,  the  tawny  tones  below  averaging 
darker — clay  color  to  pale  tawny-olive ;  and  the  gray  of  the  breast  darker 
on  the  average — deep  neutral  gray. 

There  seem  to  be  three,  instead  of  only  two,  color  phases  in  the  males 
of  this  race,  the  color  affecting  the  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts. 
One  specimen  from  Tacarcuna  has  this  area  dark  mouse  gray  finely  pep¬ 
pered  with  blackish  and  white,  no  rufescent  being  present  except  on  the 
tips  of  the  upper  tail  coverts ;  another  from  the  same  place  is  of  the  vina- 
ceous  fawn  phase;  while  still  another,  from  Mount  Sapo,  in  the  Pacific 
slope  of  Darien,  is  of  the  buffy-brown  phase. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus  but 
with  less  white  on  the  lower  abdomen  and  averaging  slightly  darker  and 
more  rufescent  above  (in  the  vinaceous-fawn-backed  phase,  the  back  is 
darker  and  deeper  pinkish  in  color)  ;  the  cheeks  slightly  more  rufescent. 
Juvenal. — None  seen. 

Natal  down.- — Similar  to  that  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus. 
Adult  male.— Wing  110.5-116.5  (113.5);  tail  44.1-47.8  (46.1);  oil¬ 
men  from  base  16-16.9  (16.3)  ;  tarsus  33.2-36  (34.5)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  24.3-26  (25  mm.).98 

Adult  female. — Wing  105-112  (109.2)  ;  tail  41.4-47.8  (44.4)  ;  culmen 
from  base  14.9—15.5  (15.1)  ;  tarsus  31.8—35.6  (33.7)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  22.5-26.1  (24.1  mm.).99 

Range.- — Resident  in  the  deep  tropical  forests  of  Costa  Rica  (Villa 
Quesada)  and  Panama  south  and  east  to  the  Pacific  slope  of  Darien, 
Mount  Sapo,  Agua  Duke,  Veraguas,  Darien,  Tacarcuna,  Cituro,  Mount 
Pirri,  Tapalisa). 

Type  locality. — -Veraguas,  western  Panama. 

Odontophorus  cinctus  Salvin,  Ibis,  1876,  379  (Veraguas,  w.  Panama;  coll.  Salvin 
and  Godman,  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). — Rowley,  Orn.  Misc.,  iii,  pt.  11,  1877, 
39,  pi.  81.— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  pi.  75  (  = 
female). 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  444  (Vera¬ 
guas) ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  162  (Veraguas). — Salvin  and  Godman, 
Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  313  (Veraguas). 

R[hynchortyx]  cinctus  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  316. 

[Rhynchortyx]  cinctus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47. 

R[hynchortyx]  c[inctus]  cinctus  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxiv, 
1915,  365,  in  text,  part  (Veraguas). 


08  Eight  specimens  from  Panama. 
“  Six  specimens  from  Panama. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


409 


Rhynchortyx  cinctus  cinctus  Bangs  and  Barbour,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxv,  1922, 
196  Mount  Sapo,  Darien). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  58,  part 
(distr.). — Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxviii,  1935,  304  (Panama;  Pacific 
slope;  Veraguas — very  rare;  Darien — -common).— Hell m a yr  and  Conover,  Cat. 
Birds  Amer,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  288  part  (syn. ;  distr.). 

Odontophorus  spodiostethus  S alvin.  Ibis,  1878,  447  (Veraguas,  w.  Panama;  coll. 
Salvin  and  Godman,  now  in  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.- 
Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  pi.  76  (=  male). 

Rhynchortyx  spodiostethus  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  443 
(Veraguas  and  Agua  Dulce,  Panama)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  162,  pi.  34 
(male). — Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  313,  part 
(Veraguas  and  Agua  Dulce,  Panama). 

[Rhynchortyx]  spodiostethus  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  47,  part  (Panama). 
Odontophorus  rubigenis  (Lawrence  MS.),  Richmond,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi, 
1893,  525,  in  text  (Panama;  type  in  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.;  manuscript  name 
for  O.  spodiostethus). 

RHYNCHORTYX  CINCTUS  HYPOPIUS  Griscom 

Caribbean  Long-legged  Colin 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus  but 
with  more  white  in  the  center  of  the  abdomen,  the  ochraceous  tones  paler — 
between  light  ochraceous-buff  and  warm  buff,  the  thighs  whiter. 

Adult  female. — Very  similar  to  that  of  Rhynchortyx  cinctus  pudibundus 
but  cheeks  slightly  more  rufescent,  the  auriculars  rusty  instead  of  sooty, 
top  of  head  more  rufescent,  under  tail  coverts  averaging  more  whitish. 

Other  plumages  apparently  unknown. 

Adult  male. — Wing  111-117.5  (113.4)  ;  tail  43. 1 — 48. 1  (45.8)  ;  culmen 
from  base  16.0-17.0  (16.6)  ;  tarsus  34.1-35.5  (34.8)  ;  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  23.3-25.1  (24.4  mm.).1 

Adult  female. — Wing  105.5;  tail - ;  culmen  from  base  15.4;  tarsus 

32.7;  middle  toe  without  claw  22.8  mm.  (1  specimen). 

Range. — Resident  in  tropical  forests  of  the  Caribbean  slope  of  eastern 
Panama  from  Rio  Pequeni,  Canal  Zone  (not  wholly  typical),  east  to 
Perme  and  Obaldia,  eastern  Darien. 

Type  locality. — Obaldia,  Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Panama. 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus  hypopius  Griscom,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxxii,  1932,  320 
(Obaldia,  Caribbean  slope,  Darien,  eastern  Panama;  type  in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.; 
descr. ;  crit.)  ;  lxxviii,  1935,  304  (Panama;  Caribbean  slope  of  eastern  Darien). 
— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  58  (distr.). — Hellmayr  and  Con¬ 
over,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  289  (syn.;  distr.). 

Genus  PERDIX  Brisson 

Perdix  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1760,  219.  (Type,  by  tautonymy,  Perdix  Brisson  =  Tetrao 
perdix  Linnaeus.) 

Perdrix  (emendation)  Brunnich,  Zool.  Fundam.,  1771,  86. 


1  Six  specimens. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Starna  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  43.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  Pcrdix 
cinerea  Latham  =  Tetrao  perdix  Linnaeus.) 

Sacfa  Hodgson,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  xxv,  1857,  165.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
5".  hc/dgsoniae  Hodgson.) 

Medium-sized  Perdicinae  (wing  about  139-158  nun.)  with  16-18  rec- 
trices,  outermost  primary  shorter  than  seventh,  tarsus  without  rudimentary 
spurs,  and  upper  parts  conspicuously  variegated. 

Bill  moderate  in  relative  size,  rather  slender,  its  depth  at  base  of  cul- 
men  (anterior  end  of  mesorhinium)  equal  to  very  much  less  (approxi¬ 
mately  two-thirds)  the  distance  from  anterior  margin  of  nasal  fossa  to 
tip  of  maxilla  and  equal  to  or  greater  than  its  width  at  same  point;  culmen 


moderately  but  regularly  convex,  rounded  or  very  indistinctly  obtusely 
angular  in  transverse  section,  the  tip  of  maxilla  produced  much  beyond 
tip  of  mandible;  gonys  about  half  as  long  as  culmen  to  decidedly  more 
than  half  as  long,  nearly  straight,  little  if  at  all  ascending  terminally, 
broad  and  depressed  in  transverse  section,  not  at  all  ridged,  its  basal  angle 
not  prominent;  nostrils  narrow,  obliquely  horizontal  (the  posterior  end 
higher  than  the  anterior  end),  margined  below  by  dense  short  feathering 
of  the  triangular  loral  antia,  overhung  by  a  broad  and  prominent  horny 
operculum;  mesorhinium  very  short,  broadly  rounded  and  or  flattened 
transversely.  Wing  moderate,  rounded,  the  outermost  primary  inter¬ 
mediate  between  seventh  and  eighth  (from  outside),  the  third  to  fifth 
longest;  longer  primaries  extending  considerably  beyond  tips  of  longest 
(proximal)  secondaries.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  wing,  slightly  but 
distinctly  rounded,  the  rectrices  (16-18)  firm,  moderately  broad,  rounded 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


411 


at  tips,  extending  but  slightly  beyond  longer  coverts.  Tarsus  stout,  a 
little  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw,  without  trace  of  rudimentary  spurs. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Plumage  of  head  (except  crown,  occiput 
and  nape)  short,  dense,  and  blended,  the  auriculars,  however,  hairlike 
and  somewhat  elongated ;  the  feathers  on  sides  of  throat  also  sometimes 
elongated  ;  rest  of  plumage  compact,  the  feathers  distinctly  outlined,  except 
on  abdomen  and  anal  region.  Upperparts  mixed  gray  and  brownish, 
variegated  by  darker  vermiculations  or  bars,  shaft  streaks  of  buffy  on 
scapulars,  wing  coverts,  and  tertials,  and  buffy  spots  on  outer  webs  of 
primaries ;  sides  and  flanks  broadly  barred  with  black  or  rufous-chestnut. 
Sexes  alike  in  coloration,  sometimes  slightly  different. 

Range. — Palearctic  Region:  Western  Europe  to  Manchuria.  Arnur- 
land,  and  China,  south  to  northern  India.  (Three  species  with  many 
races,  only  one  in  our  region.) 

PERDIX  PERDIX  PERDIX  (Linnaeus) 

Partridge;  “Hungarian  Partridge” 

Adult  male  (winter  plumage). — Broad  forehead,  lores,  superciliary 
stripe,  chin,  throat,  and  cheeks  between  clay  color  and  pale  tawny-olive 
with  a  slight  cinnamomeous  tinge;  the  auriculars  buffy  brown;  crown  and 
middle  of  occiput  buffy  brown,  the  feathers  dark  dull  sepia  basally  and 
medially,  with  pale  ashy-buff  shafts ;  nape,  interscapulars,  and  upper  back 
pale  mouse  gray  finely  barred  with  wavy  black  lines  and  terminally  broadly 
suffused  with  pale  tawny-olive ;  scapulars  pale  tawny-olive  to  dusky  isa- 
belline,  vermiculated  with  black,  crossed  by  a  broad  band  of  dark  chestnut 
about  their  middle,  basally  blackish,  and  with  conspicuous  buffy-white 
narrow  shaft  streaks ;  innermost  secondaries  similar  but  with  the  blackish 
basal  area  more  extended  onto  the  chestnut,  which  is  restricted  to  the 
median  part  of  the  feathers,  not  reaching  the  edges  of  the  webs,  some¬ 
what  grayish  terminally ;  other  secondaries  tawny-cinnamon  crossed  by 
widely  spaced  triple  bars,  each  bar  consisting  of  two  clove-brown  to 
fuscous  ones  with  a  pale  pinkish  buff  in  between  these  bars  breaking 
up  on  the  inner  webs  of  the  inner  secondaries  into  irregular  mottlings ; 
primaries  dull  fuscous  to  clove  brown  barred  with  pinkish  buff  to  pale 
pinkish  buff,  the  pale  bars  narrow  and  the  interspaces  broad ;  greater 
upper  wing  coverts  like  the  scapulars  but  with  the  chestnut  confined  to 
their  inner  webs  and  usually  concealed  by  overlapping  of  feathers  and 
crossed  by  widely  spaced  buffy  bars ;  median  and  lesser  upper  wing 
coverts  like  the  greater  ones  but  with  the  buff  bars ;  feathers  of  back, 
lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  interscapulars  but  more 
buffy  and  with  dark  chestnut  subterminal  sagittate  bars,  which  are  edged 
proximally  and  distally  with  pale  pinkish  buffy,  these  chestnut  bars  be¬ 
coming  much  wider  on  the  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts ;  rectrices  argus 
brown  with  a  chestnut  tinge,  narrowly  tipped  with  buffy  gray,  except 


412 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


the  two  central  pairs  which  are  like  the  upper  tail  coverts  but  more  heavily 
and  coarsely  vermiculated  with  clove  brown  to  dark  dull  sepia  and  without 
the  large  sagittate  subterminal  chestnut  marking ;  breast  and  upper  ab¬ 
domen  gray  vermiculated  with  dusky  like  the  interscapulars  but  much 
purer  gray,  not  washed  with  buffy  brown ;  sides  similar  but  the  feathers 
with  subterminal  broad  sagittate  bars  of  tawny;  flanks  similar  but  more 
tinged  with  buff;  in  middle  of  upper  abdomen  a  large  patch  of  bright 
auburn  to  pale  chestnut,  these  feathers  having  white  bases,  middle  of 
lower  abdomen  and  vent  white;  thighs  whitish  tinged  with  grayish  buff; 
under  tail  coverts  pale  buff  to  pale  cinnamon-buff  transversely  narrowly 
speckled  with  dull  dark  sepia ;  bill  greenish  horn  color ;  tarsi  and  toes 
gray  tinged  with  yellowish  flesh;  iris  brown;  bare  skin  behind  eye  red. 

Adult  male  (summer  plumage). — Same  as  the  winter  plumage  but  with 
new  feathers  on  the  nape,  interscapulars  and  throat,  the  new  plumes  on 
the  nape  and  interscapulars  buffy  gray  with  pale  shaft  lines. 

Adult  male  (rufescent  phase). — Like  the  normal  phase  but  with  the 
tawny  of  the  head  more  ferruginous  and  extending  over  the  breast  which 
is  heavily  vermiculated  with  deep  bay ;  the  sides  and  flanks  bay,  the 
dark  brown  abdominal  spot  much  larger  and  deeper  in  color — dark  bay. 

Adult  female  (winter  plumage). — Like  the  corresponding  male  but 
the  tawny  of  the  forehead,  lores,  cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  slightly  paler 
and  pinker,  less  olive  or  tawny ;  feathers  of  crown  and  occiput  with  darker 
bases  and  with  their  subterminal  pale  shaft  streaks  terminallv  edged  with 
blackish,  producing  a  more  spotted  appearance ;  nape,  interscapulars  more 
brownish,  less  grayish  than  in  the  male ;  rest  of  upperparts  more  brownish, 
less  grayish  than  in  the  male  and  with  more  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous- 
black  blotches  showing  (these  basal  areas  of  the  feathers  more  extensive) 
and  with  the  subterminal  dark  sagittate  band  darker,  deep  chestnut  to 
bay;  breast  averaging  somewhat  huffier  than  in  male;  the  middle  of  the 
upper  abdomen  usually  white  with  only  a  few  broad  chestnut  tips  on  the 
feathers,  but  also,  in  other  specimens,  a  large  chestnut  patch  almost  as 
extensive  as  in  the  male;  wings  as  in  male  except  that  the  median  and 
lesser  upper  coverts  have  buffy  bars  like  the  greater  ones ;  inner  secondaries 
and  scapulars  with  less  chestnut,  the  bases  dark  bister  to  fuscous  with 
widely  spaced  pale  buffy  bars. 

Adult  female  (summer  plumage). — Like  the  winter  plumage  but  with 
the  new  feathers  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  neck  and  the  lower  throat 
with  pale  shaft  streaks  with  tear-shaped  spots  margined  with  fuscous, 
those  on  rest  of  upperparts  brownish  black  narrowly  tipped  with  buffy 
and  with  widely  spaced  narrow  pale  buffy  bands,  those  on  breast,  base 
of  throat  and  base  of  sides  of  neck  broadly  barred  brown-black  and 
grayish  white,  and  those  on  the  sides  of  the  breast  and  flanks  broadly 
barred  and  marked  with  buff  and  brownish  black  ( ex  Handbook  British 
Birds). 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


413 


Adult  female  (rufescent  phase). — Similar  to  the  normal  phase  but 
with  the  forehead,  superciliaries,  cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  somewhat  darker 
and  brighter — between  ochraceous-salmon  and  light  ochraceous-salmon ; 
crown,  occiput,  and  nape  tawny-olive  washed  with  cinnamon;  rest  of 
upperparts  as  in  the  normal  phase  but  the  general  tone  between  pinkish 
buff  and  cinnamon-buff  (instead  of  gray)  vermiculated  with  blackish; 
the  sagittate  subterminal  bars  broader  and  paler— rufescent  amber  brown ; 
breast  washed  with  tawny  to  pale  cinnamon ;  flanks,  thighs,  and  under 
tail  coverts  much  more  rufescent — pinkish  cinnamon-buff. 

Adult  (first  winter). — Like  older  adults,  but  with  the  two  outermost 
primaries  (retained  from  the  juvenal  plumage)  with  more  pointed  tips. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — “Crown  black-brown  finely  streaked  buff,  each 
feather  having  buff  shaft-streaks ;  back  of  neck,  mantle,  back,  rump,  and 
upper  tailcoverts  buff-brown  with  whitish  to  pale  buff  shaft-streaks  in¬ 
conspicuously  margined  blackish ;  lores  and  sides  of  head  dark  brown 
streaked  whitish ;  chin,  throat,  and  center  of  belly  whitish  to  pale  buff ; 
breast,  sides  and  flanks,  and  under  tailcoverts  buff  brown  slightly  paler 
than  mantle  and  with  whiter  shaft-streaks,  faintly  margined  brown  on 
flanks ;  tail  much  like  adult  but  feathers  tipped  buff  and  with  subterminal 
dusky  bars  and  spots  and  central  ones  speckled  and  barred  dusky ; 
primaries  brown  with  pale  buff  tips  and  widely  spaced  bars  on  outer 
webs ;  secondaries  with  pale  buff  bars  extending  across  both  webs  and 
vermiculated  brown,  shafts  pale  buff ;  scapulars,  inner  secondaries,  and 
wingcoverts  brown  buff  with  wide  brown-black  bars  and  mottlings  and 
pale  shaft  streaks  widening  to  white  spots  at  tips  of  feathers”  ;  .  .  .  legs 
and  feet  yellow”  (ex  Witherby  et  al.,  Handbook  British  Birds,  v, 
1941,  245). 

Natal  dozmi  (sexes  alike). — “Closely  covered  with  soft  down,  shorter 
on  head ;  tarsi  and  toes  bare.  Crown  chestnut  with  a  few  small  black 
spots  sometimes  extending  to  lines;  back  of  neck  with  a  wide  black  line 
down  center,  at  sides  pale  buff  marked  black ;  rest  of  upperparts  pale 
buff  with  some  rufous  and  black  blotches  or  ill-defined  lines ;  at  base  of 
wings  a  spot,  and  on  rump  a  patch,  of  chestnut ;  forehead  and  sides  of 
head  pale  yellow-buff  (sometimes  tinged  rufous)  with  spots,  small  blotches 
and  lines  of  black;  chin  and  throat  uniform  pale  yellow-buff;  rest  of 
underparts  slightly  yellower,  bases  of  down  sooty”  (ex  Witherby  et  ah, 
Handbook  British  Birds,  v,  1941,  244—245). 

Adult  male. — Wing  144—157  (151.8)  ;  tail  78-84  (80.9)  ;  culmen  from 
basal  groove  11.4—13.8  (12.4)  ;  tarsus  35-42  (39.1)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  27.2-32.3  (30.6  mm.).1 2 


1  Five  specimens  from  Germany,  France,  and  captivity. 

To  these  data  may  be  added  the  following  based  on  a  long  series  from  England, 
published  by  Witherby  et  ah,  Handbook  Brit.  Birds,  v,  1941,  245: 

22  males:  Wing  150-162;  tail  73-83;  bill  from  feathers  13-16;  tarsus  38-42  mm. 
A  series  of  females:  Wing  150-158;  tail  73-78. 


414 


BULLETIN  BO,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  146.5-154.5  (150.1)  ;  tail  76.0-80.0  (78)  ;  cul- 
men  from  basal  groove  12.3-13.7  (13.0)  ;  tarsus  38.7-43.3  (40.9)  ;  middle 
toe  without  claw  29.5-31.4  (30.5  mm.).3 

Range.- — Breeds  and  is  resident  in  Europe  from  Belgium  and  Holland 
north  to  Denmark  and  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Finland,  south  to  north¬ 
eastern  France,  Switzerland,  Austria,  western  Rumania,  Macedonia,  and 
Greece,  and  east  to  Poland  and  the  Ukraine.  Introduced  into  North 
America  from  England  and  Hungary  and  is  acclimatized  in  Canada  ( Sas¬ 
katchewan,  Alberta,  British  Columbia,  and  Manitoba)  and  the  United 
States  (northwestern  Kansas,  Iowa,  southeastern  Wisconsin,  Montana, 
eastern  Washington,  and  eastern  Oregon).  Introduced  unsuccessfully 
in  the  Eastern  States  from  Maine  and  New  York  south  to  Florida  and 
Mississippi,  also  in  the  Central  States  from  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Illinois, 
and  Indiana  south  to  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  and  Missouri,  and  also  in 
California. 

Type  locality. — Sweden. 

[Tetrao]  perdix  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  160  (“Europae  agris” ;  descr.)  ; 

ed.  12,  i,  1766,  276.- — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  757. 

Tetrao  perdix  Beseke,  Beytr.  Nat.  Vdg.  Kurl.,  1792,  71. — Bechstein,  Nat.  Deutschl., 
iii,  1793,  527.— Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso-Asiat.,  ii,  1811,  77. 

Starna  perdix  Fitzinger,  Atl.  Nat.  Vog.,  1864,  fig.  237. — Bettoni,  Ucc.  Lombard., 
ii,  1867,  pi.  8,  part. — Fritsch,  Nat.  Vog.,  Eur.,  1870,  293,  pi.  30,  fig.  9 ;  Journ. 
fur  Orn.,  1871,  379  (Bohemia).— Giglioli,  Avif.  Ital.,  1886,  341;  i,  1889,  525; 
ii,  1890,  661 ;  iii,  1891,  516. 

Perdix  perdix  Hartert,  Kat.  Mus.  Senckenb.,  1891,  194. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Field, 
Nov.  21,  1891,  and  Apr.  9,  1892 ;  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  6,  xii,  1893,  62 
(sexual  differences  in  plumage)  ;  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  185. — British 
Ornithologists'  Union,  List  Brit.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1915,  313. — Grinnell,  Pacific 
Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  180  (California;  hypothetical).— Dice,  Auk,  xxxv, 
1918,  43  (Tochet  Valley,  near  Prescott,  se.  Washington,  introduced  in  1915;  Co¬ 
lumbia  County,  Wash.,  introduced  several  years  prior  to  1915). — Smith,  Auk, 
xxxviii,  1921,  466  (Meriden,  Conn.,  “thoroughly  acclimated  and  breeding”). — 
Saunders,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  14,  1921,  172  (Montana;  introduced). — 
Mitchell,  Can.  Field  Nat.,  xxxviii,  1924,  108  (Saskatchewan;  introduced).— 
Rensch  and  Neumzig,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  lxxiii,  1925,  641,  in  table  (sense  of  taste). 
■ — Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  161  (fig.;  descr.;  distr. ;  w.  Canada)  ; 
Nat.  Mus.  Canada  Bull.  50,  1928,  91  (near  Belvedere,  Alberta,  introduced)  ;  Birds 
Canada,  1934,  163  in  text  (Canada;  distr.;  habits);  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939, 
176  (Canada;  field  chars.).- — von  Burg,  in  Fatio  and  Studer,  Ois.  Suisse,  xv, 

1926,  3101  (Switzerland;  monogr.). — Rothschild,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xlvii, 

1927,  141  (melanistic  mutant). — Stresemann,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  lxxv,  1927,  574 
(plum,  aberrations). — Heinroth,  Vdg.  Mitteleurop.,  iii,  1927,  235  (devel.  of 
young  in  captivity). — Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928,  46  (e.  McKenzie  County, 
N.  Dak.). — Spiker,  Wils.  Bull.,  xli,  1929,  24,  in  text  (habits  and  distr.  in  nw. 
Iowa). — Hugues,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  54  (Basses — -Cevennes,  France). — Urner, 
Abstr.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  No.  39,  40,  1930,  71  (Union  County,  N.  J.). — 
Miller,  Murrelet,  xi,  1930,  61,  in  text  (Washington;  Paulouse  region;  intro- 


’  Four  specimens  from  France,  England,  and  North  Dakota. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


415 


duced). — Mayaud,  Alauda,  iii,  1931,  548  (Rousillon,  France). — Ticehurst  and 
Whistler,  Ibis,  1932,  92  (Albania). — Roberts,  Brit.  Birds,  xxv,  1932,  220 
(speed). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  272  in  text  (food),  342  in  text  (food)  ; 
419  (deformed  bill),  520  (grit  in  gizzard),  523  in  text  (mineral  content  of 
food),  645  (longevity)  ;  ii,  1937,  41  in  text  (cock  feathering),  114  in  text  (ter¬ 
ritory),  238,  in  text  (covers  eggs),  239,  in  text  (number  of  eggs),  240-241,  in 
text  (eggs  in  mixed  sets)  ;  280  in  text  (white  eggs),  305  in  text  (albino  eggs), 
306  in  text  (flecked  eggs),  383  in  text  (runt  eggs),  384  (infertile  eggs). — Caum, 
Occ.  Papers  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  15  (Hawaii;  introduced;  not  success¬ 
fully). — Youngworth,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  217  (Fort  Sisseton,  S.  Dak.; 
spreading  rapidly). — Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool., 
No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  29  (Ontario;  introduced;  breeding  records). — Bagg  and  Eliot, 
Birds  Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  172  (introduced  unsuccess¬ 
fully). — Shortt  and  Waller,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  10,  1937,  18 
(Lake  St.  Martin  region,  Manitoba;  spec.,  not  reported  since  1933). — Errington 
and  Hamerstrom,  Condor,  xl,  1938,  71  (effect  of  spring  drought  on  breeding). — 
Lack,  Condor,  xlii,  1940,  273  in  text  (pairing  habits). — Allin,  Trans.  Roy.  Can. 
Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  96  (Darlington  Township,  Ontario;  several  more  or  less 
successful  private  introductions  between  1909  and  1933). — Snyder  et  ah,  Contr. 
Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  19,  1941,  46  (Prince  Edward  County,  Ontario;  2 
sight  records;  introduction  not  yet  well  established). — Haugen,  Wils.  Bull.,  liii, 
1941,  235  (Washington,  Whitman  County;  habits). — Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941, 
225  (St.  Joe  National  Forest,  Idaho;  introduced).— Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North 
Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  308  in  text,  319  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage). 
— Amadon,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  226  (body  weight  and  egg  weight). — Behle,  Condor, 
xlvi,  1944,  72  (Utah;  distr.). 

Perdix  perdix  var.  Horbsbrugh,  Ibis,  1916,  681  (Alix,  Alberta ;  introduced  and 
once  common,  but  eventually  disappeared). 

P[erdix]  perdix  Retchenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  285. 

[Perdix]  perdix  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  26. 

Perdix  perdix  perdix  Hartert  et  ah,  Handb.  Brit.  Birds,  1912,  217. — Hartert,  Vog. 
Pah  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1929  (syn. ;  destr. ;  descr.). — Ramsay,  Guide  to  Birds 
Europe  and  N.  Africa,  1923,  331  (descr.;  distr.;  Europe  and  North  Africa). — 
Witherby  et  ah,  Practical  Handb.  Brit.  Birds,  ii,  pt.  18.  1924,  875  (monogr.). — 
Oberholser,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  592  (Saskatchewan;  introduced). — Van  Oordt, 
Ardea,  xiii,  1924,  68  (Edinburgh  and  Perth;  one  near  Aviemore,  Scotland). — 
Staring,  Ardea,  xiv,  1925,  93  (e.  Wales). — Weigold,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  lxxiii, 

1925,  581  (banding  records,  Helgoland). — Gengler,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay., 
xvi,  1925,  Sonderheft,  95,  274  (Bavaria)  ;  xvii,  1927,  170  (Steiger  Forest, 
Bavaria),  487  (s.  Rhone,  Germany). — Spranger,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii, 

1926,  35  (Deggendorf,  Germany). — Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other 
New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  12,  pi.  34  (col.  fig.;  descr.;  distr.;  habits;  New 
England). — de  Paillerets,  Rev.  Franq.  d’Orn.,  xi,  1927,  241  (Charente- 
Inferieune,  France). — Sutton,  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  52  in  text  (Penn¬ 
sylvania;  introduced). — Congreve,  Ibis,  1929,  491  (Rumania;  eggs). — Rebous- 
sin,  L'Oiseau,  x,  1929,  348  (Lovi-et-Cher,  France). — Estiot,  Alauda,  i,  1929, 
359  (near  Paris,  France). — Stantschinsky,  Orn.  Monatsb.,  xxxvii,  1929,  138 
(distr.). — Muller,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xix,  1930,  97  (Lake  Maising,  Bavaria; 
habits). — Koch,  Ardea,  xix,  1930,  57  (banding  records,  Wassenaar  Station, 
Holland). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  87 
(distr.). — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Studies,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  26,  footnote 
(Missouri;  introduced  but  not  established). — Kelso,  Auk,  xlix,  1932,  204,  in 
text  (food  habits). — Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  403  (distr.;  habits; 


416 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Minnesota). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  i  (habits;  distr. ; 
monogr.). — Ticehurst,  Birds  Suffolk,  1932,  480  (status;  habits;  Suffolk, 
England). — Edson,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  42  (Washington;  several  records).- — 
Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  14  (Vancouver,  British  Columbia;  common; 
introduced).  — Griscom,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  iii,  1933,  97  (Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y. ;  introduced;  now  almost  extinct) .— Yeatter,  Univ.  Michigan 
School  of  Forestry  and  Conservation,  Bull.  5,  1934,  9,  in  text  (Great  Lakes 
region;  life  hist.;  management). — Weydemeyer,  Condor,  xxxviii,  1936,  45 
(nest  and  11  eggs;  July;  Fortine,  Mont. — Weydemeyer  and  Marsh,  Condor, 
xxxviii,  1936,  194  (Lake  Bowdoin,  Mont.). — Van  Tyne,  Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool. 
Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  12  (Michigan;  resident). — Trautman,  Misc. 
Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  44,  1940,  223  (Buckeye  Lake,  Ohio;  rare 
resident). — Campbell,  Bull.  Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  63  (Lucas  County,  Ohio; 
uncommon). — Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  219  (Oregon; 
distr.;  descr. ;  habits). — Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  127 
(Thunder  Bay.  Lake  Superior,  Ontario;  introduced;  now  uncommon,  local 
resident). — Goodpaster,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1941,  13  (sw. 
Ohio;  frequently  introduced  but  with  little  success). — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  90  (syn. ;  distr.). — Behle,  Bull.  Univ.  Utah, 
xxxiv,  1943,  24  (sw.  Utah;  Washington  County). 

Perdix  p[erdix]  perdix  Glegg,  Ibis,  1924,  86  (Macedonia;  common  resident). — 
Brown,  Brit.  Birds,  xvii,  1924,  228  (Cumberland;  perching  on  trees).- — Pycraft, 
Brit.  Birds,  xvii,  1924,  314  (pattern  of  wing  coverts). — Schuster,  Verh.  Orn. 
Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1924,  59  (Bad  Nauheim,  Germany). — Kayser,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges. 
Bay.,  xvi,  1925,  243  (Sagan  district,  Germany). — Lankds,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges. 
Bay.,  xvi,  1925,  250  (Bavarian  woods). — Riviere,  Brit.  Birds,  xx,  1927,  266 
(Bylaugh,  Norfolk;  erythristic  varieties). — Drost,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  lxxv,  1927, 
266  (Helgoland;  banding  records). — Poll,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii,  1927, 
410  (lower  Bavaria). — Pfeifer,  Vern.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii,  1927,  256  (valley 
of  the  Main,  Germany). — Legendre,  Rev.  Franc;.  d’Orn.,  xii,  1928,  107  (Paris, 
France). — Groebbels  and  Mobert,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xviii,  1928,  267 
(breeding  habits;  Hamburg,  Germany). — Macpherson,  Brit.  Birds,  xxii,  1929, 
244  (London). — Wust,  Anz.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  ii,  1930,  107  (Ampermoos,  Ba¬ 
varia). — Schierman,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  lxxviii,  1930,  154  (population  density 
in  breeding  season). — Rocard,  L'Oiseau,  xi,  1930,  359  (Noirmoutier  Island, 
France). — Riviere,  Brit.  Birds,  xxv,  1932,  354  (Norfolk). — Groebbels,  Der 
Vogel,  i,  1932,  185  (altitudinal  distr.),  619  (body  weight);  ii,  1937,  167  (data 
on  breeding  biology) .—Hicks,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  180  (Ashtabula  County, 
Ohio). 

[Perdix]  perdix  perdix  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zool., 
No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  30,  in  text  (Ontario). 

[Perdix]  cinerea  Latham,  Synop.  Birds,  Suppl.,  i,  1787,  290;  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790, 
645  (new  name  for  Tcrtao  perdix). — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae, 
1848,  pi.  195,  figs.  1694,  1696. 

Perdix  cinerea  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  209,  pi.  93,  fig.  4. — Meyer 
and  Wolf,  Taschenb.  deutschl.  Vog.,  i,  1810,  303. — Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.,  i, 
1812,  368.— Temminck,  Pig.  et  Gallin.,  iii,  1815,  373,  378;  Man.  d’Orn.,  ii,  1820, 
488. — Werner,  Atl.  Orn.  d’Eur.,  Ord.  10,  1828,  pi.  19. — Vieillot,  Faun.  Frang., 
1828,  248,  pi.  108,  fig.  1.— Brehm,  Handb.  Vog.  Deutschl.,  1831,  524. — Selby, 
Ulustr.  Brit.  Orn.,  i,  1833,  433,  pi.  61. — Schinz,  Nat.  Abbild.  Vog.,  1833,  162,  pi. 
79. — Naumann,  Nat.  Vog.  Deutschl.,  vi,  1833,  478,  pi.  163. — Jardine,  Nat.  Libr., 
Orn.,  iv,  1834,  95,  pi.  1. — Gould,  Birds  Eur.,  iv,  1837,  pi.  262  and  text. — 
Macgillivray,  Brit.  Birds,  i,  1837,  218. — Korner,  Skand.  Fogl.,  1839-46,  13,  pi. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


417 


28,  fig.  4. — Yarrell,  Hist.  Brit.  Birds,  ii,  1843,  333.- — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  37 ;  ed.  1867,  56. — Degland,  Orn.  Eur.,  ii,  1849,  57. — 
Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.  Ireland,  ii,  1850,  58. — Fallon,  Ois.  Belg.,  1875,  137. — 
Dresser,  Birds  Europe,  vii,  1878,  131,  pis.  474,  475.— Saunders,  ed.  Yarrell’s 
Brit.  Birds,  iii,  1882,  105;  Illustr.  Man.  Brit.  Birds,  1889,  487. — Seebohm,  Hist. 
Brit.  Birds,  ii,  1884,  452. — Olphe-Galliard,  Faun.  Orn.  Eur.  Occ.,  fasc.  39, 
1886,  22. — Salvadori,  Ucc.  Ital.,  1887,  200. — Lilford,  Birds  Brit.  Isl.,  pt.  9,  1888, 
pi. — Nagy,  Aquila,  xxviii,  1922,  82  in  text  (Pancsova,  Hungary). — Schenk, 
Aquila,  xxix,  1923,  61,  62  in  table  (Hungary;  banding)  ;  xxx-xxxi,  1924,  149  in 
table  (Hungary;  banding  records);  xxxii-xxxiii,  1926,  36  (Hungary;  banding 
records)  ;  xxxiv-xxxv,  1929,  32  in  table,  44,  76  (Hungary;  banding  records)  ; 
xxxvi-xxxvii,  1931,  184,  186  (Hungary;  banding  records). — Bela  v.  Szeots, 
Aquila,  xxix,  1923,  134  (Tavarna  region,  Hungary). — Reiser,  Aquila,  xxx- 
xxxi,  1924,  294,  in  text  (Fertotavan,  Hungary);  316  in  text  (autumn;  Lake 
Neusiedler,  Austria). — Neubaur,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xviii,  1928,  304  (Rhone 
Valley,  Germany). — Kleiner,  Aquila,  xxxvi-xxxvii,  1931,  117  in  text  (food 
habits;  eats  mollusks). — Warga,  Aquila,  xxxvi-xxxvii,  1931,  137  in  text 
(Hungary;  Satoraljanjhelyer  Forest). 

Starna  cinerea  Bonaparte,  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  43. — Keyserling  and 
Blasius,  Wirbelth.  Eur.,  1840,  202. — Degland  and  Gerbe,  Orn.  Eur.,  ii,  1867, 
73. 

Perdix  (Starna)  cinerea  Middendorff,  Sibir.  Feise,  ii,  pt.  2,  1855-75,  209  (Barabinska 
Steppe). 

Perdix  cinerea  var.  scanica  Altum,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1894,  268  (s.  Sweden). 

Cothurni: r  cinerea  Lemett,  Cat.  Ois.  Seine-Inf.,  1874,  118. 

Perdix  cineracea  Breh'm,  Handb.  Vog.  Deutschl.,  1831,  525  (Renthendorfer  region). 

Perdix  sylvestris  Brehm,  Vogelf.,  1855,  267  (Europe). 

Perdix  minor  Brehm,  Vogelf.,  1855,  267  (variety  with  16  rectrices). 

Starna  palustris  Olphe-Galliard,  Ibis,  1864,  225  (Dunkerque;  gray  phase). 

Starna  cinerea  vulgaris,  peregrina,  tenuirostris,  major  Brehm,  Verz.  Samml.,  1866,  11 
(nomina  nuda). 

Perdix  ( Starna )  robusta  Homeyer  and  Tancre,  Mitth.  orn.  Verh.  Wien,  vii,  1883, 
92  (Altai  Mts.). — Reichenow  and  Schalow,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  1885,  456  (reprint 
of  orig.  descr.). 

Perdix  robusta  Homeyer  and  Tancre,  Mitth.  orn.  Verh.  Wien,  ix,  1885,  pi.,  figs. 
3-5. 

Perdix  pallida  Demeezemaker,  in  Olphe-Galliard,  Faun.  Orn.  Eur.  Occ.,  fasc.  39, 
1886,  37  (new  name  for  palustris). 

Tetrao  damascenus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  758,  part  (migrates  through 
central  Europe). 

Tetrao  montanus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  758  (rufescent  phase;  mountains 
of  Europe). 

Perdix  montana  Witherby  et  ah,  Pract.  Handb.  Brit.  Birds,  v.  1941,  244,  footnote 
(rufescent  phase). 

Perdix  galliae  Bacmeister  and  Kleinschmidt,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1918,  254  (ne. 
France). 

Genus  PHASIANUS  Linnaeus 

Phasianus  Linnnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  158.  (Type,  by  tautonymy,  P. 
colchicus  Linnaeus,  according  to  Opinion  16,  Internat.  Nomencl.  Committee.) 

Medium-sized  Phasiani  (total  length,  including  the  long  tail,  about 
600-700  mm.  in  adult  males,  500-600  mm.  in  adult  females),  with  tail  flat 


418 


BULLETIN  BO,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


or  but  slightly  compressed,  twice  as  long  as  wing  in  adult  male,  nearly 
as  long  as  to  much  longer  than  wing  in  adult  females,  excessively  grad¬ 
uated,  the  rectrices  (18)  becoming  gradually  narrower  terminally,  with 
tips  acuminate  or  subacuminate  (at  least  in  adult  males)  ;  pileum  not 


distinctly  crested;  orbital  region  partly  feathered  and  malar  region  com¬ 
pletely  feathered ;  without  an  erectile  nuchal  “cape” ;  adult  females  with 
middle  pair  of  rectrices  not  conspicuously  longer  than  next  pair. 

Bill  moderate  in  size,  as  deep  as  or  deeper  than  wide  at  base  of  cuhjien, 
the  latter  gradually  but  rather  strongly  decurved,  the  tip  of  maxilla  pro¬ 
duced  distinctly  beyond  tip  of  mandible;  maxillary  tonium  distinctly  and 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


419 


more  or  less  regularly  concave ;  cere  densely  feathered  beneath  and  behind 
the  nostril,  the  upper  portion  nude,  the  upper  outline  (mesorhinium)  more 
or  less  ascending  basally  and  arched,  the  nostrils  overhung  by  a  large, 
tumid  operculum.  Wing  moderate,  rounded,  with  primaries  slightly  to 
much  longer  than  longest  secondaries ;  fourth  or  fourth  and  fifth  primaries 
longest,  the  first  (outermost)  about  equal  to  eighth.  Tail  decidedly  longer 
than  wing  (adult  male),  flat  or  very  nearly  so,  excessively  graduated,  the 
rectrices  (18)  tapering  toward  their  acuminate  or  subacuminate  tips. 
Tarsus  decidedly  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  rather  stout,  the 
acrotarsium  with  two  rows  of  broad  transverse  scutella  (in  contact  with 
each  other  along  median  line,  the  planta  tarsi  also  with  two  rows,  but  that 
on  inner  side  composed  of  smaller  scutella;  planta  tarsi  with  a  conical 
spur  a  little  below  middle,  this  rudimentary  or  obsolete  in  females ;  middle 
toe  a  little  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  outer  toe  reaching 
to  middle  of  subterminal  phalanx  of  middle  toe,  the  inner  toe  to  sub¬ 
terminal  articulation  of  middle  toe;  hallux  elevated,  about  as  long  as 
basal  phalanx  of  outer  toe ;  a  distinct  web  between  basal  portion  of  anterior 
toes ;  claws  rather  short,  slightly  curved,  more  or  less  blunt. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Orbital  region  more  or  less  nude ;  pileum 
without  a  distinct  crest,  but  sometimes  feathers  on  sides  of  occiput,  im¬ 
mediately  above  auricular  region,  elongated  and  forming  a  hornlike  or 
earlike  tuft  on  each  side ;  no  erectile  “cape”  on  hindneck ;  contour  feathers 
distinctly  outlined,  broad  and  rounded  or  narrower  and  more  triangular 
(but  barely  so  and  with  rounded  tip).  Adult  males  brilliantly  colored 
or  with  beautiful  and  complicated  pattern  of  subdued  colors,  metallic  hues 
being  usually  present ;  tail  always  with  transverse  markings.  Adult  fe¬ 
males  brownish  and  buffy,  variegated  with  blackish,  etc. 

Range.— -Southeastern  Europe  to  eastern  Siberia,  Japan,  and  Formosa. 
(One  species  with  over  40  subspecies,  2  of  which  are  mixed  in  the  stock 
introduced  into  North  America.) 

PHASIANUS  COLCHICUS  TORQUATUS  Gmelin 

Ring-necked  Pheasant 

Adult  male. — Forehead  black  with  bright  dark  green  sheen  ;  broad  super- 
ciliaries  white;  crown  fairly  glossy  Roman  green  tinged  with  ecru-olive, 
the  latter  tone  becoming  more  noticeable  on  the  hindcrown  and  occiput; 
lores,  sides  of  head,  except  for  a  small  auricular  patch  of  dark  bluish- 
green  feathers  that  extends  forward  under  the  eye,  bare;  superciliaries 
narrowly  edged  below  with  dark  glossy  greenish-black  feathers  like  those 
of  the  forehead  and  extending  from  the  forehead  to  the  base  of  an  erectile 
tuft  of  truncate  iridescent  blue-green  blackish  feathers  on  the  postero- 
dorsal  comer  of  the  occiput  on  each  side;  nape  very  glossy  bottle  green 
to  dark  zinc  green,  laterally  tinged  with  glossy  dark  violet-blue,  which 
predominates  on  the  sides  of  the  neck,  although  even  there  it  is  posteriorly 


420 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


replaced  by  glossy  bottle  green;  chin,  throat,  and  malar  region  like  the 
forehead  but  with  a  little  more  blue  in  the  sheen  and  the  lower  throat 
becoming  bottle  green;  a  complete  (usually)  white  collar  around  the  base 
of  the  neck  separates  the  head  and  neck  coloration  from  that  of  the  body 
although  in  some  cases  the  bottle  green  continues  on  the  middorsal  area 
for  a  very  little  distance  posterior  to  the  collar;  interscapulars  with  their 
exposed  portions  bright  buff  yellow  with  a  terminally  widening  median 
wedge  of  bright  blue-green  black  and  with  edgings  of  the  same,  but  slightly 
duller  and  narrower ;  from  the  base  of  the  median  wedge-shaped  marks 
a  fuscous  to  fuscous-black  band  goes  off  toward  the  sides  of  the  feathers 
in  a  posteriorly  pointed  diagonal,  leaving  a  large,  white,  terminally  pointed, 
triangular  space  in  the  center  of  the  feather ;  the  basal  half  of  the  feather 
dull  sepia;  in  the  lower  (posterior)  interscapulars,  the  so-called  hackle 
feathers,  the  white  triangles  are  transformed  into  bands  of  white  with 
median  fuscous  shaft  marks  and  extend  into  the  visible  pattern  of  the 
overlapping  feathers,  largely  replacing  the  buff -yellow;  these  posterior 
interscapulars  also  have  the  bright  green  terminal  median  wedges  re¬ 
placed  by  dark  fuscous  (the  whole  interscapular  area  varies  greatly 
according  to  the  amount  of  P.  c.  colchicus  blood  in  the  strain,  the  buff- 
yellow  becoming  more  tawny  or  orange-tawny,  the  bottle  green  more  blue- 
black  in  birds  with  a  larger  amount  of  pure  colchicus  blood  in  them)  ; 
scapulars  and  inner  greater  and  median  upper  coverts  Kaiser  brown  to 
Hay’s  russet  with  a  terminal  light  magenta  gloss  and  with  large  white 
to  light  buff  centers  edged  with  black  and  sometimes  mottled  sparingly 
with  the  same;  lesser  inner  upper  wing  coverts  with  the  russet  borders 
narrow  or  missing,  leaving  the  feathers  white  bordered  and  centered  with 
fuscous  to  fuscous-black ;  rest  of  upper  wing  coverts  light  gull  gray  to  light 
neutral  gray,  paling  to  white  at  the  bend  of  the  wing ;  long  innermost 
greater  coverts  and  the  long  scapulars  neutral  gray  much  tinged  with 
pale  olive-buff  and  broadly  edged,  but  not  tipped,  with  Hay’s  russet  (in 
birds  with  more  colchicus  than  torquatus  blood  all  the  gray  feathers  are 
olive-buff,  sometimes  almost  buffy  brown,  and  the  russet  edges  are  heavily 
washed  with  purplish)  ;  secondaries  pale  buffy  brown,  incompletely  barred 
along  the  basal  half  or  more  of  the  shaft  with  backward-pointing,  diagonal, 
white,  wavy  bars,  which  are  narrowly  edged  with  dusky  buffy  brown, 
these  marks  not  showing  in  the  folded  wing  and  sometimes  almost  be¬ 
coming  longitudinal  wavy  marks  running  toward  the  base  of  the  feathers; 
the  innermost  secondaries  with  narrow  lateral  edgings  of  Hay’s  russet; 
primaries  darker  and  more  grayish,  less  buffy,  brown  and  crossed  on  both 
webs  with  wavy  whitish  bars  except  on  their  terminal  portions;  upper 
back  like  the  scapulars,  but  with  the  white  centers  medially  marked  with 
deep  bottle  green ;  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  greenish  glaucous  to  deep 
lichen  green,  laterally  and  posteriorly  extensively  tinged  with  glaucous- 
gray ;  the  feathers  of  the  median  part  of  the  back  and  lower  back  with 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


421 


large  dusky  centers,  which  are  completely  edged  and  sometimes  barred 
and  mottled  with  pale  buff,  the  dark  areas  with  a  greenish  gloss  terminally, 
dull  fuscous  basally ;  upper  tail  coverts  like  the  rump  but  with  some  pale 
tawny-russet  edgings ;  the  dusky  median  parts  with  their  pale  edges  com¬ 
pletely  hidden  by  the  elongated  tips  of  the  feathers ;  in  birds  with  more 
colchicus  than  torquatus  blood  the  whole  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper 
tail  coverts  have  the  glaucous-green  and  gray  replaced  by  Hay’s  russet 
to  Kaiser  brown,  and  the  green  of  the  back  more  brownish  and  darker; 
tail  feathers  olive-buff  to  dark  olive-buff  crossed  by  many  blackish  bars 
(the  longest  central  pair  of  rectrices  with  20-25  such  bars),  the  bars 
narrower  than  the  paler  interspaces ;  the  lateral  edges  of  the  rectrices, 
except  the  terminal  third  or  so,  brownish  vinaceous,  the  dark  bars  becom¬ 
ing  sorghum  brown  to  vinaceous-brown,  the  edges  of  the  vanes  much 
frayed  (in  birds  with  more  colchicus  than  torquatus  blood  the  rectrices 
are  tawny-olive  instead  of  olive-buff,  and  the  lateral  parts  Verona  brown 
to  Prout’s  brown)  ;  breast  dark  coppery  hazel,  the  feathers  broadly  glossed 
terminally  with  magenta  purple  with  narrow  W-shaped  black  tips  the 
broadest  part  of  the  W  being  the  median  portion  along  the  shaft,  the 
black  with  a  bluish  gloss  (in  birds  with  more  colchicus  blood  these  dark 
terminal  edges  are  better  developed  and  sometimes  produce  a  scalloped 
pattern)  ;  sides  and  flanks  light,  bright  buff-yellow,  the  feathers  with 
large  wedge-shaped  terminal  shaft  spots  of  shining  blue-black,  narrowly 
edged  with  zinc  orange  in  some  specimens ;  center  of  upper  abdomen 
black,  each  feather  broadly  tipped  and  less  broadly  edged  with  shining 
dark  green  or  blue-green ;  lateral  to  this  are  a  number  of  feathers  like 
those  of  the  breast  but  more  squarely  truncate  and  with  large  wedge- 
shaped  terminal  spots  like  the  laterally  adjacent  feathers  of  the  sides  and 
flanks  (in  birds  with  more  colchicus  blood  the  feathers  of  the  sides  and 
flanks  are  bright  orange-tawny  instead  of  buff -yellow)  ;  rest  of  abdomen 
and  thighs  dull  Prout’s  brown  to  mummy  brown  with  a  slight  mixture 
of  paler  huffy  brown  feathers ;  under  tail  coverts  hazel  to  russet  with  con¬ 
cealed  dusky  mummy-brown  basal-median  areas ;  the  more  lateral  and 
anterior  of  these  feathers  with  a  slight  amount  of  pinkish-purplish  sheen ; 
undersurface  of  tail  feathers  very  dark  clove  brown,  the  paler  interspaces 
between  the  dark  bars  much  suffused  and  mottled  with  dusky ;  under 
wing  coverts  white  to  pale  buffy  white,  the  axillars  with  dusky  brownish 
bars ;  bare  skin  of  sides  of  head  bright  red ;  iris  hazel ;  bill  pale  greenish 
yellow ;  tarsi  and  toes  brownish  gray. 

Adult  female. — Feathers  of  center  of  forehead  and  crown  fuscous-black, 
edged  with  ochraceous-tawny  to  hazel,  those  of  the  hindcrown  and  occiput 
similar  but  banded  and  edged  with  buffy  and  only  sparingly  tinged  with 
hazel;  lores  and  anterior  part  of  superciliaries  (from  anterior  end  of  eye 
to  the  nape),  nape,  and  sides  of  neck  light  vinaceous-fawn  to  pale  grayish 
vinaceous,  each  feather  narrowly  tipped  with  blackish ;  the  feathers  pale 


653008°- — 


28 


422  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

hazel  to  tawny  basally  with  a  broad  transverse  blotch  of  dull  sepia  before 
the  vinaceous-fawn  area  (this  blotch  and  the  tawny  area  hidden  by  the 
overlapping  of  the  feathers)  ;  interscapulars  bright  hazel  to  tawny-russet 
completely  edged  with  pale  vinaceous-fawn,  the  russet  central  area  termi¬ 
nating  in  a  broad  fuscous  to  fuscous-black,  distally  pointed  V ;  scapulars 
and  larger  inner  greater  and  median  upper  wing  coverts  Sayal  brown 
to  tawny-olive,  edged  and  tipped  with  pale  buffy ;  the  tawny-olive  color 
giving  place  to  a  heavy  fuscous-black  mass  either  as  an  attenuated  median 
pattern  extending  distally  along  the  shaft  or  as  abruptly  transverse  area ; 
in  the  latter  case  the  dark  part  is  more  extensive  than  the  tawny  portion ; 
rest  of  upper  wing  coverts  pinkish  buff  to  pale  ochraceous-buff,  edged 
with  somewhat  paler,  and  with  their  centers  very  heavily  blotched  with 
dull,  dusky  sepia;  long  scapulars  and  innermost  secondaries  tawny  to 
tawny-olive,  their  median  areas  with  heavy  elongated  blotches  and 
marbling  of  blackish,  edged  and  tipped  with  pale  buffy ;  rest  of  secondaries 
dull  olive-brown  crossed  by  five  to  seven  bands  of  pale  buffy  to  pale 
pinkish  buff,  these  bands  much  narrower  than  the  dark  interspaces  but 
tending  to  coalesce  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  outer  secondaries ;  primaries 
rather  light  clove  brown  barred  with  wavy  whitish  or  pale  pinkish  buff 
bars,  those  on  the  outer  webs  whitish,  those  on  the  inner  webs  consider¬ 
ably  suffused  with  pinkish  to  pale  tawny-buff ;  upper  back  like  the  scapu¬ 
lars  ;  feathers  of  the  back,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail  coverts  deep 
fuscous-black  to  chaetura  black,  broadly  edged  and  tipped  with  pale 
pinkish  buff  to  pale  tawny-buff,  the  more  posterior  ones  with  the  dark 
centers  medially  divided  into  V’s  by  buffy  shaft  stripes  which  fail  to  ex¬ 
tend  to  the  ends  of  the  feathers ;  the  pale  edges  wider  and  tawnier  on 
the  upper  tail  coverts  than  elsewhere ;  rectrices  light  pinkish  avellaneous, 
the  median  pairs  suffused  with  hazel  medially,  all  transversely  blotched 
or  banded  with  fuscous-black ;  on  the  inner  pairs  a  paler  avellaneous 
band  between  the  adjacent  dark  ones,  the  rest  of  the  feathers  sparingly 
flecked  with  dusky  brown ;  the  lateral  rectrices  considerably  suffused  with 
light  vinaceous-fawn ;  chin  and  upper  throat  whitish ;  malar  stripe  and 
auriculars  buffy  brown  with  a  slightly  golden  hue ;  lower  throat  like  sides 
of  neck  but  slightly  less  vinaceous ;  upper  breast  like  lower  throat  but 
somewhat  more  buffy;  feathers  of  breast  pinkish  buff  with  a  faint  olive- 
buffy  tinge,  obscurely  and  faintly  marked  with  transverse  lines  of  duskier 
and  with  concealed  large  dark  brownish  V-shaped  bars  and  tawny  bases; 
feathers  of  the  sides  and  flanks  with  these  dark  brownish  markings  ex¬ 
posed  and  increased  in  size  and  number;  upper  and  lateral  parts  of  ab¬ 
domen  like  the  lower  breast  but  without  any  concealed  basal  bars  or  tawny 
color,  and  slightly  warmer  buffy  in  tone;  middle  of  lower  abdomen  similar 
but  slightly  paler ;  thighs  like  the  lateral  parts  of  the  abdomen  but  ob¬ 
scurely  barred  with  hair  brown;  under  tail  coverts  light  russet  broadly 
tipped  and  subterminally  transversely  mottled  with  pinkish  buff;  under 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


423 


wing  coverts  very  pale  buffy  brown  edged  and  tipped  with  whitish ;  iris, 
bill,  and  feet  as  in  male. 

Juvenal  male. — Forehead,  crown,  occiput,  and  nape  dull  fuscous,  the 
feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  pale  buffy  brown ;  lores  and  a  narrow 
superciliary  stripe  pale  pinkish  buff  to  light  buff;  interscapulars  and 
scapulars  dark  fuscous  to  chaetura  black  completely  edged  with  ashy 
cinnamon-buff  and  with  narrow  buffy  shafts ;  upper  wing  coverts  similar 
but  with  lateral  extensions  of  buff  from  the  shafts  forming  incomplete  bars 
of  the  same ;  secondaries  dark  fuscous  to  clove  brown  barred  with  pale 
ashy  buff,  the  pale  bars  flecked  with  dusky ;  primaries  dusky  clove  brown 
with  fairly  broad  bars  of  whitish  or  very  pale  buff  on  the  outer  webs 
and  also  on  the  basal  part  of  the  inner  webs;  back,  lower  back,  rump, 
and  upper  tail  coverts  dull  fuscous  to  dusky  sepia,  the  feathers  completely 
edged  with  pale  ashy  cinnamon-buff  and  with  paler  buffy  shafts  and 
median  wedge-shaped  markings  of  the  same,  these  marks  largely  absent 
on  the  upper  tail  coverts  4 ;  rectrices  dusky  avellaneous  crossed  by  many 
broad  bars  of  clove  brown  each  of  which  is  proximally  bordered  with 
tawny  Sayal  brown,  the  feathers  externally  edged  with  pale  ashy  cinnamon- 
buff  ;  sides  of  face  largely  bare ;  chin  and  throat  pale  buffy  to  almost 
white ;  auriculars,  sides  of  neck  and  malar  area  and  lower  throat  pale 
warm  buff  streaked  with  dull  grayish  sepia;  breast  dark  pinkish  buff 
spotted  with  dull  sepia;  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  clove  brown  to  dull 
sepia  completely  edged  with  pinkish  buff  and  with  broad  shaft  stripes 
of  the  same ;  abdomen,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  pale  pinkish  buff 
with  a  slight  grayish  tinge,  some  of  the  feathers,  especially  of  the  thighs 
and  under  tail  coverts  faintly  blotched  or  transversely  mottled  with  sepia 
to  wood  brown ;  bill  dark  horn  color ;  iris  brown ;  tarsi  and  toes  dark 
brown. 

Juvenal  female. — Like  the  corresponding  stage  of  the  male  but  with 
no  bare  area  on  the  sides  of  the  head ;  the  sides  of  the  neck  somewhat 
more  vinaceous,  the  auriculars  less  grayish,  slightly  more  brownish ;  inter¬ 
scapulars  more  vinaceous  in  tone. 

Natal  dozvn. — Forehead  and  sides  of  crown  pale  cinnamon-buff  to 
ochraceous-buff ;  center  of  crown  and  occiput  dark  fuscous  to  fuscous- 
black,  becoming  washed  with  rufescent  on  the  posterior  occiput  and  nape 
which  is  almost  chestnut-brown ;  upperparts  of  body  pale  tawny-buff 
tinged  with  tawny-russet  and  with  three  broad  fuscous-black  stripes ; 
wings  with  blotches  of  fuscous-black  and  rufescent;  sides  of  head  pale 
ochraceous-buff ;  a  blackish  spot  on  the  auriculars ;  a  light  sepia  malar 
streak ;  underparts  pale  buffy  yellow  tinged  with  tawny  or  pale  ochraceous, 

‘According  to  Lcffingwcll  (Occ.  Pap.  Conner  Mus.,  i,  1928,  21)  the  upper  tail 
coverts  in  juvenal  males  are  barred  “with  olive  buff,  often  running  to  chestnut 
on  the  margins.”  I  have  seen  but  one  young  male  and  do  not  find  this  to  hold  for  it. 


424  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

especially  on  the  breast  and  sides ;  iris  dark  brown ;  bill  born  color,  darker 
on  the  maxilla;  tarsi  and  toes  pinkish  white. 

Adult  male.- — Wing  213-245.5  (234.1)  ;  tail  408.0-513.0  (451.2)  ;  oil¬ 
men  from  base  38.3-43.1  (40.0)  ;  tarsus  68.0-75.5  (71.7)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  42. 1 — 48.7  (45.0  mm.).5 

Adult  female.— Wing  194.0-216.0  (205.8);  tail  236.0-273.0  (252.5); 
culmen  from  base  32.3-38.2  (35.9)  ;  tarsus  61.1-68.2  (63.7)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  35.1-41.4  (39.6  mm.).6 

Range. — Native  to  “eastern  and  south-eastern  China  from  Canton  to 
Hunan,  north  to  the  Lower  and  Middle  Yangtse,  up  the  river  at  least  to 
Ichang;  north  to  Pekin,  Kalgan,  and  the  Ordos  country”  (Beebe).  The 
nominate  form,  P.  c.  colchicus,  the  blood  of  which  also  enters  into  our 
hybrid  ring-necked  pheasants,  is  native  to  “Transcaucasia,  including  the 
basins  of  the  Rion  and  the  Chorokh  Rivers  and  the  southeastern  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea,  north  to  Sukhum-Kale,  just  south  of  the  main  east  and 
west  chain  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains ;  the  bases  of  the  Kura  and  lower 
Araxes  and  their  tributaries  up  to  nearly  three  thousand  feet  above  sea 
level.  It  touches  the  Caspian  Sea  at  the  Kizil-Agatch  Gulf”  (Beebe). 

Introduced  now  and  fairly  well  established  in  approximately  the  north¬ 
ern  half  of  the  United  States  and  in  southern  Canada;  large  parts  of 
Europe  (where  the  colchicus  strain  is  more  in  evidence  than  is  the 
torquatus ) — Belgium,  France,  England,  Germany,  Greece,  Holland, 
Sweden,  and  Italy;  also  in  Hawaii  (Oahu,  Molokai,  and  Kauai),  Samoa 
(subsp.  ?),  St.  Helena,  and  New  Zealand.  In  North  America  it  was 
first  introduced  about  1790  in  New  Hampshire,  then  about  1800  in  New 
Jersey;  1857  in  California;  1881  in  Oregon;  besides  other  smaller  in¬ 
troductions.  Its  present  North  American  range  is  from  Vancouver 
Island  and  southern  British  Columbia,  southern  Alberta,  southern  Mani¬ 
toba,  southern  Ontario,  and  southwestern  Maine,  south  to  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Cal¬ 
ifornia.  South  of  this  area  its  introduction  has  not  been  particularly 
successful,  but  it  may  be  noted  that  about  1928  the  bird  was  listed  as  a 
game  species  in  all  but  three  States  of  the  United  States. 

Unsuccessfully  introduced  into  Chile. 

Type  locality  (of  true  P.  c.  torquatus) . — Southeastern  China. 

[Phasianus]  torquatus  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  742  (Ring  Pheasant,  Lath. 
Syn.,  ii,  2,  715). — Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  221, 
figs.  1944-1946. — Gray,  Handlist,  ii,  1879,  257,  No.  9575. — Sharpe,  Handlist, 
i,  1899,  37  part  (China). 

Phasianus  torquatus  Temminck,  Cat.  Syst.,  1807,  148. — Leach,  Zool.  Misc.,  ii,  1815, 
13,  pi.  66. — Griffith,  ed.  Cuvier’s  Regne  Anim.,  iii,  1829,  22  part,  pi. — Jardine, 
Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iv,  1834,  189,  pi.  13  (hybrid  with  P.  colchicus) . — Gray,  List 


6  Sixteen  specimens. 
0  Seven  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


425 


Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  iii,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  43;  pt.  5,  1867,  27.— Gould,  Birds 
Asia,  vii,  1856,  pi.  39  and  text.—  Sclater  and  Wolf,  Zool.  Sketches,  i,  1861, 
pl.  37.  Sllater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1863,  116  (monogr.). — David,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1868,  210  (Province  of  Pekin,  China).— Swinhoe,  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1871,  398  (Canton  to  Pekin  and  w.  to  Hankow,  China).— 
Llliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  ii,  1871,  pl.  5  and  text,  part. — Merriam,  Rep. 
Comm.  Agr.  for  1888  (1889),  485  (Protection  Island,  Puget  Sound),  486 
(abundant  in  Polk,  Marion,  and  Linn  Counties,  Oreg.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  331,  part.— Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull. 
44,  1898,  159  (Colorado,  resident).— Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  214  (Vau- 
couvei  and  mainland  of  British  Columbia;  introduced). — Henshaw,  Birds 
Hawaiian  Islands,  1902,  134  (established  on  Oahu,  Molokai,  and  Kauai  Islands). 
—Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States,  1902,  135  (descr. ;  distr.)  — 
Jones,  Birds  Ohio,  Revised  Cat,  1903,  220  (Ohio;  introduced).— Dawson, 
Birds  Ohio,  1903,  430,  660  (Ohio;  introduced);  Birds  of  California,  stud.  ed. ; 
ni,  1923,  1567  (genl. ;  California).— Walton,  Ibis,  1903,  32  (Pekin,  China).— 
Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  315  (Essex  County  Mass )  — 
Henninger,  Wils.  Bull.,  xviii,  1906,  60  (Seneca  County,  Ohio;  breeding) .— 
Brewster,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  4,  1906,  173  (Cambridge,  M°ass  • 
lust.).—' Widmann,  Birds  Missouri,  1907,  82.— Bryan,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.! 
iv,  No.  2,  1908,  56  [146]  (Molokai,  Hawaiian  Islands). — Ivermode,  [Visitors’ 
Guide]  Publ.  Province  Mus.,  1909,  42  (Vancouver  Island,  lower  Fraser  River, 
etc.,  British  Columbia). — Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1909, 
235  (introduced  into  Vancouver  Island,  and  mainland  of  British  Columbia)  — 
Dawson  and  Bowles,  Birds  of  Washington,  ii,  1909,  602  (Washington;  descr  ; 
distr.).— Eaton,  Birds  New  York,  i,  1910,  378  (established  in  New  York).— 
Swarth,  Rep.  Birds  and  Mamm.  Vancouver  Island,  1912,  25  (French  Creek; 
Errington).— Betts,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zool.,  x,  1913,  192  (Boulder  County’ 
Colo.,  up  to  9,000  feet).— Bailey,  Birds  Virginia,  1913,  87  (Virginia;  introduced! 
breeds).— Rockwell  and  Wetmore,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  314  (Lookout  Mountain, 
Colo.,  up  to  7,500  feet).— Grin nell,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  11,  1915,  179 
(California).— Howell,  Condor,  xix,  1917,  187  (Upper  Owens  Valley,  Calif.).— 
Dice,  Auk,  xxxv,  1918,  44  (near  Prescott  and  Walla  Walla,  se.  Washington).— 
Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer,  Game  Birds  California,  1918,  572  (descr.; 
distr.;  habits;  California) —Willett,  Condor,  xxi,  1919,  202  (near  Burns’, 
se.  Oregon).— Lincoln,  Auk,  xxxvii,  1920,  65  (Clear  Creek  District,  Colo.,’ 
plentiful).— Over  and  Thoms,  Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  71  (increasing  in 
South  Dakota).— Faxon  and  Hoffman,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  70  (Berkshire 
County,  Mass.;  “well  established”) .— Griscom,  Birds  New  York  City  Region, 
1923,  176  (status,  New  York  City  region). — Gabrielson,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  555 
(status,  Oregon);  Condor,  xxxiii,  1931,  112  (introduced,  Rogue  River  Valley, 
Oreg.).— Larson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvii,  1925,  28  (status;  Sioux  Falls  region! 
South  Dakota)  ;  xl,  1928,  46  (e.  McKenzie  County,  N.  Dak.). — Blincoe,  Auk, 
xlii,  1925,  418  (near  Bardstown,  Ky.).— Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada! 
1926,  162  (fig.;  descr.;  Canada).— Schenk,  Aquila,  xxxii-xxxiii,  1926,  36 
(banding  records;  Hungary) .— von  Burg,  in  Fatio  and  Studer,  Ois.  Suisse, 
xv,  1926,  3155  (monogr.;  Switzerland).— Mousley,  Auk,  xliv,  1927,  522  (Hat¬ 
ley,  Quebec).— McCurdy,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928,  202,  in  text  (fighting  a  bull 
snake).— Alford,  Ibis,  1928,  197  (Vancouver,  British  Columbia).— Burleigh, 
Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  510  (Kirkland;  Renton,  Wash.) —Snyder,  Trans.  Roy.  Can! 
Inst.,  xvii,  pt.  2,  1930,  187  (summer;  King  Township,  Ontario) .—Brown, 
Murrelet,  xi,  1930,  18  text  (Seattle,  Wash.;  several  records).— Caum,  Occ. 
Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No.  9,  1933,  21  (Hawaii;  introduced;  well  established). — 


426 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Jewett,  Murrelet,  xvii,  1936,  43  (Harney  County,  Oreg. ;  “not  uncommon”; 
hist.).— Griffee  and  Rapraeger,  Murrelet,  xviii,  1937,  14  text,  16  (Portland, 
Oreg.;  nesting  dates) .— Einarsen,  Murrelet,  xxii,  1941,  39  text  (Straits  of 
Juan  de  Fuca,  Wash.;  swimming  habits;  1  specimen). 

P [ hasianus ]  torquatus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  206.— Bryan, 
Key  to  the  Birds  Hawaiian  Group,  1901,  30. 

Phasianus  colchicus  torquatus  Hartert,  Vog.  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  1921,  1991  (monogr.).— 
Beebe,  Monogr.  Pheasants,  iii,  1922,  120,  pi.  lix  (monogr.;  col.  fig.). — Gladstone, 
Brit.  Birds,  xvii,  1923,  36  (introduction  into  Great  Britian). — Stresemann,  Orn. 
Monatsb.,  xxxii,  1924,  168  in  text  (misc.). — Gengler,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi, 
1925,  Sonderheft  95,  274  (Bavaria). — Forbush,  Birds  Massachusetts  and  Other 
New  England  States,  ii,  1927,  15,  pi.  35  (fig.;  descr. ;  habits;  New  England).— 
Sutton,  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  51  (Pennsylvania;  descr.;  range;  nest.; 
hist.). — Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  229  (genl. ;  New  Mexico). — Delacour, 
Jabouille,  and  Lowe,  Ibis,  1928  (Nganson,  Tonkin;  crit.). — Cottam,  Condor, 
xxxi,  1929,  117  (status  in  Utah) .— Swenk,  Univ.  Nebraska  Agr.  Exp.  Stat. 
Research  Bull.  50,  1930,  5,  in  text  (introduced  into  North  America,  food  in 
Nebraska).— Miller,  Murrelet,  xi,  1930,  61  text  (Palouse  region;  introd.).— 
Wellman,  Auk,  xlvii,  1930,  525  (Boston  Public  Garden).— Pierce,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlii,  1930,  266  (status,  Buchanan  County,  Iowa)  ;  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  xlvii, 
1941,  376  (ne.  Iowa;  winter;  permanent  resident). — Bradlee  and  Mowbray, 
Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxix,  1931,  325  (Bermuda;  introd.). — Christy, 
Auk,  xlviii,  1931,  375  (change  of  status,  Sandusky  Bay,  Lake  Erie) .— Baerg, 
Univ.  Arkansas  Agr.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  258,  1931,  56  (descrip.;  range). — Schenk, 
Aquila,  xxxvi-xxxvii,  1931,  196  (banding;  Hungary,  1928-30).— Caldwell  and 
Caldwell,  South  China  Birds,  1931,  279,  (s.  China;  desc. ;  habits,  etc.). — 
American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  4,  1931,  91  (distr.).— Jewett, 
Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  191  (hybrid  between  this  form  and  Dendragapus  obscurus 
fuliginosus) Roberts,  Birds  Minnesota,  i,  1932,  417  (habits;  distr.;  Min¬ 
nesota).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  310  (habits;  distr.).— La 
Touche,  Handb.  Birds  Eastern  China,  ii,  pt.  3,  1932,  228  (distr.  China;  descr.; 
habits,  etc.).— Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932,  73  in  table  (bronchial  tubes),  664 
(body  temperature)  ;  ii,  1937,  45  in  text  (sex  relations),  167  (data  on  breeding 
biology),  241  in  text  (eggs  in  mixed  sets),  323  in  text  (40  to  104  eggs  per  year). 

Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Stud.,  vii,  No.  3,  1932,  26  (Missouri;  uncommon 
permanent  resident) .—Stoner,  Roosevelt  Wild  Life  Ann.,  ii,  Nos.  3,  4,  1932,  436 
(habits;  Oneida  Lake  region,  N.  Y.).— Ransom,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  51  text 
(Harrison,  Idaho;  flight  habits).— Edson,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  43  (e.  Wash¬ 
ington;  several  records).— Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  14  (Vancouver, 
British  Columbia;  common;  introd.).— Willett,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  21, 
1933,  50  (sw.  California;  nest  and  eggs  near  San  Bernardino).— Hicks,  Wils. 
Bull.,  xlv,  1933,  180  (Ashtabula  County,  Ohio) .—Murray,  Auk,  1,  1933,  195 
(introduced  in  Virginia:  Warwick  County,  Hot  Springs,  lower  end  of  Valley  of 
Virginia).— Monson,  Wils.  Bull,  xlvi,  1934,  43  (Cass  County,  N.  Dak.  ;  common 
resident). — Long,  Bull.  Univ.  Kansas  Sci.,  xxxvi,  1935,  234  (w.  Kansas;  intro¬ 
duced)  ;  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940,  441  (Kansas;  introduced;  common 
in  nw.  parts).— Fisher,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlviii,  1935,  161  (Plummers 
Island,  Md.).— McCreary  and  Mickey,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  129  in  text  (se. 
Wyoming;  resident).— Youngworth,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlvii,  1935,  217  (becoming 
common,  Fort  Sisseton,  S.  Dak.) .— Shelley,  Auk,  Iii,  1935,  307  in  text  (New 
Hampshire;  albinism).— Miller,  Lumley,  and  Hall,  Murrelet,  xvi,  1935,  58 
(San  Juan  Islands ;  common). — Weydemeyer  and  Marsh,  Condor,  xxxviii,  1936, 
194  (Lake  Bowdoin,  Mont.).— Imler,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xxxix,  1936,  301 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


427 


(Rooks  County,  Kans.;  common  until  1934;  since  largely  killed  by  dust  storms). 
—Alexander,  Univ.  Colorado  Stud.  Zook,  xxiv,  1937,  91  (Boulder  County, 
Colo. ;  very  common  resident;  spec.  Univ.  Colorado  Mus.).— Stone,  Bird  Studies 
Cape  May,  i,  1937,  327  (New  Jersey;  status,  habits).— Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxiv,  1937,  408  in  text.— Bagg  and  Eliot,  Birds  Connecticut  Valley 
in  Massachusetts,  1937,  175  (Connecticut  Valley,  Mass.;  permanent  resident- 
introd.).— Deaderick,  Wils.  Bull.,  1,  1938,  263  (Hot  Springs  Nat.  Park  Ark  • 
1  seen). -Bennett,  Blue-winged  Teal,  1938,  49  in  text,  66  in  text  (laying  eggs  in 
blue-winged  teal’s  nests).— Poole,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  517  in  table  (weight,  wing 
area).— MacLulich,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  13,  1938,  12  (Algon¬ 
quin  Prov.  Park,  Ontario;  introduced  unsuccessfully). — Van  Tyne  Occ  Pap 
Mus.  Zook  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  12  (Michigan;  brought  in  about 
1918  now  permanent  resident  north  to  Arenac,  Gladwin,  and  Mason  Counties 
and  very  locally  north  to  Charlevoix;  breeding  records). — Trautman  Bills 
and  Wickliff,  Wils.  Bulk,  li,  1939,  101  in  text  (winter  mortality;  Ohio).- 
Errington,  Wils.  Bulk,  li,  1939,  22  in  text  (ability  to  withstand  cold  and  hunger) ; 
in,  1941,  87  in  text  (mentioned). — Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and 
Mountain  Parks,  1939,  64  (introduced  resident;  distr. ;  habits;  food).— Miller 
and  Curtis,  Murrelet,  xxi,  May  1940,  42  (Univ.  Washington  campus;  resident). 

Campbell,  Bulk  Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  64  (Lucas  County,  Ohio;  hist.; 
common  resident;  distr.).— Underhill,  Auk,  lvii,  1940,  566  in  text  (eating  birds; 
New  York).— Dear,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1,  1940,  127  (Thunder  Bay! 
Lake  Superior,  Ontario;  introduced  species;  hard  winters  and  predatory  birds 
and  animals  make  it  doubtful  if  many  survive)  .—Trautman,  Misc  Publ  Mus 
Zook  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  44,  1940,  226  (Buckeye  Lake,  Ohio;  common  resident; 
habits).— Gabrielson  and  Jewett,  Birds  Oregon,  1940,  227  (Oregon,  distr  • 
descr.;  habits).— Fried,  Wils.  Bulk,  liii,  1941,  44  (Minneapolis;  food  habits).- 
Bruckner,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  536  text  (white  plumage  inheritance). — Stabler, 
Auk,  lviii,  1941,  561  (used  in  parasite  experiment). — Goodpaster  Journ 
Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1941,  13  (sw.  Ohio;  introduced  each 
year  but  do  not  thrive  well).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  290  (syn. ;  distr. ) .— Petrides,  Trans.  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife 
Conf.,  1942,  323  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage). — Pearson,  Brimley  and 
Brimley,  Birds  North  Carolina,  1942,  110  (North  Carolina). -Knowlton  and 
Harmston,  Auk,  lx,  1943,  589  (Utah;  food  habits). — Linduska,  Auk,  lx,  1943, 
427  in  text  (anatomy;  bursa;  age  indicators). — Wright  and  Hiatt,  Auk,  lx, 
1943,  266  in  text  (age  indicators  in  plumage;  Montana). — Behle,  Bulk  Univ. 
Utah,  xxxiv,  1943,  24  (sw.  Utah,  Washington  County)  ;  Condor,  xlvi,  1944  72 
(Utah;  introd.). 

Phasianus  colchius  torquatus  Breckinridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  269  (Minnesota). 

Phasumus  c[olchicus]  torquatus  Schenk  Aquila,  xxxiv-xxxv,  1929,  32,  in  table 
(banding;  Hungary,  1926-1927);  xxxvi-xxxvii,  1931,  184  (banding;  Hungary 
1928-1930).— Breckinridge,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  272  (eaten  by  marsh  hawk)’ 
—Marshall  and  Leatham,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  44  (Great  Salt  Lake  Island). 

[ Phasianus ]  colchicus  torquatus  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy  Ontario 
Mus.  Zook,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  31  in  text  (Ontario). 

t Phasianus]  c[olchicus]  torquatus  Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  41  in  text  (cock 
feathering) . 

Phasianus  colchicus  subsp.?  White,  Auk,  xliii,  1926,  378  (resident;  breeding;  New 
Hampshire). 

Phasianus  colchicus  x  Phasianus  torquatus  Pearson,  Brimley,  and  Brimley  Birds 
North  Carolina,  1919,  156  (North  Carolina;  descr.;  range). 


428 


BULLETIN  5  0,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Phasianus  colchicus  x  torquatus  Pickens,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928,  189  (Upper  South 
Carolina).— Griscom,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York,  iii,  1933,  97  (Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  permanent  resident;  introduced  in  1913,  now  well  established 
and  generally  distributed). 

Phasianus  colchicus  +  P[hasiamis]  torquatus  Burns,  Ornith.  Chester  County,  Pa., 
1919,  49  (Chester  County,  Pa.;  permanent  resident). 

[phasianus]  colchicus  (part)  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  158  (“Habitat 
in  Africa,  Asia”;  based  on  Ray,  Albin,  Aldrovandus,  etc.);  ed.  12,  i,  1766, 
271.  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  741. — Latham,  Synop.  Birds,  Suppl. 
i,  1787,  289;  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  629.— Gray,  Handlist,  ii,  1870,  257,  No 
9574.— Sharpe,  Handlist,  i,  1899,  37.— Buturlin,  Ibis,  1904,  379  (diagnosis) 

Phasianus  colchicus  Temminck,  Cat.  Syst.,  1807,  147  part;  Man.  d’Orn.,  1815, 
282;  ed.  2,  1820,  453,  part. — Meyer  and  Wolf,  Taschenb.  deutschl.  Vog.,  i, 
1810,  291,  part,  pi.— Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.,  xi,  1817,  29,  part.— 
Werner,  Atl.  Ois.  d’Eur.,  Ord.  10,  1828,  pis.  1,  2.— Selby,  Illustr.  Brit.  Orn., 
i,  1833,  417,  part,  pi.  57.— Naumann,  Nat.  Vog.  Deutschl.,  v,  1833,  432  part, 
pi.  162.— Macgillivray,  Brit.  Birds,  i,  1837,  114,  part.— Gould,  Birds  Eur.  iv, 
1837,  pi.  247  and  text;  Birds  Asia,  vii,  1869,  pi.  34  and  text;  Birds  Great 
Brit.,  iv,  1873,  pi.  12  and  text. — Keyserling  and  Blasius,  Wirbelth  Eur., 
1840,  p.  lxiv.— Yarrell,  Hist.  Brit.  Birds,  ii,  1843,  277,  part;  ed.  2,  ii,  1845, 
310,  part;  ed.  3,  ii,  1856,  320,  part. — Schlegel,  Rev.  Crit.,  1844,  p.  lxxiv. — 
Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  221,  figs.  1925-1937.— Deg¬ 
land,  Orn.  Eur.,  ii,  1849,  40,  part.— Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinse, 
1867,  26,  part. — Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  ii,  1872,  pi.  2  and  text,  part. — 
LIarting,  Handb.  Brit.  Birds,  1872,  37,  part.— Dresser,  Birds  Europe,  vii, 
pt.  75,  1879,  85,  part,  pi.  469. — Whitehead,  Ibis,  1885,  41  (Corsica). — Seebohm, 
Ibis,  1887,  170  (crit.) .— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  320, 
part.— Buturlin,  Ibis,  1904,  385  (range,  etc.;  “basins  of  the  Rion  and  eastern 
coasts  of  Black  Sea,  not  farther  north  than  Sukhum-Kala”) .— Widmann, 
Birds  Missouri,  1907,  82.— Stone,  Birds  New  Jersey,  152  (New  Jersey;  descr. ; 
hist.;  eggs).— Eaton,  Birds  New  York,  i,  1910,  378.— Hartert  et  ah,  Handb! 
Brit.  Birds,  1912,  216.— British  Ornithologists’  Union,  List  Brit.  Birds,  ed.  2, 
1915,  311.— Bannerman,  Ibis,  1920,  527  (no  valid  record  for  Canaries).— Gris¬ 
com,  Birds  New  York  City  Region,  1923,  176  (status,  New  York  City  region).— 
Witherby,  Brit.  Birds,  xvii,  1923,  43  (breeding  in  old  nests  in  trees)  ;  Ibis,  1928, 
663  (central  Spain) .—Loyd,  Brit.  Birds,  xvii,  1923,  159  (Lundy;  introduced).— 
Witherby  et  ah,  Practical  Handb.  Brit.  Birds,  ii,  pt.  18,  1924,  869  (monogr).— 
van  Oordt,  Ardea,  xiii,  1924,  68  (near  Pirth;  near  Aviemore,  Scotland).— 
Kayser,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1925,  243  (Sagan  district,  Germany) .—Von 
Burg,  in  Fatio  and  Studer ;  Ois.  Suisse,  xv,  1926,  3155  (monogr. ;  Switzerland). — 
Schenk,  Aquila,  xxxii-xxxiii,  1926,  36  (banding  records ;  Hungary)  ;  xxxiv- 
xxxv,  1929,  32  in  table,  44,  76  (banding,  Hungary,  1926-27)  ;  xxxvi-xxxvii, 
(devel.  of  young  in  captivity) .— Groebbels  and  Mobert,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay., 
xvii,  1926,  35  (Deggendorf,  Germany)  .—Pfeifer,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii, 
1927,  256  (valley  of  the  Main,  Germany)  .—Poll,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvii, 
1927,  409  (lower  Bavaria) .— Heinroth,  Vog.  Mitteleurop.,  iii,  1927-28,  243 
(devel.  of  young  in  captivity).— Groebbels  and  Mobert,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay., 
xviii,  1928,  267  (breeding  habits;  Hamburg,  Germany). — Neubaur,  Verh.  Orn. 
Ges.  Bay.,  xviii,  1928,  303  (Rhone  Valley,  Germany). — Boetticher,  Anz.  Orn. 
Ges.  Bay.,  ii,  1929,  43  (Coburg,  Bavaria).— Breuer,  Aquila,  xxxiv-xxxv,  1929, 
446  (nervousness  during  meteor  storm).— Urner,  Abstr.  Linn.  Soc.  New  York, 
No.  39,  40,  1930,  71  (Union  County,  N.  J.). — Muller,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges. 
Bay.,  xix,  1930,  96  (Lake  Maising,  Bavaria;  habits) .—Koch,  Ardea,  xix,  1930, 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


429 


57  (banding  records,  Wassenaar  station,  Holland). — Warga,  Aquila,  xxxvi- 
xxxvii,  1931,  137  in  text  (Satoraljavjhelyer  Forest,  Hungary). — Lunau,  Beitr. 
Fortpfl.  Vog.,  viii,  1932,  190  (early  breeding). — Ticehurst,  Birds  Suffolk,  1932, 
476  (status;  habits;  Suffolk,  England). — Ticehurst  and  Whistler,  Ibis,  1932, 
92  (mouth  of  the  Drin,  Albania)  .—Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  165  in  text 
(introduced  in  Canada);  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  178  (field  characters; 
Canada).— Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ont.  Mus.  Zook,  No.  8, 
pt.  1,  1936,  30  (Ontario;  common  breeds;  resident  of  more  southern  parts;  in¬ 
troduced  from  Europe;  breed,  range). — Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
lxxxiv,  1937,  407  (W.  Va. ;  spec,  from  Mercers  Bottom). — Ricker  and  Clarke, 
Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  xvi,  1939,  8  (Lake  Nipissing,  Ontario; 
records).  I  odd.  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940,  131  in  text  (remains  found 
in  eastern  goshawk  stomachs).— Bond,  Condor;  xlii,  1940,  220  (Lincoln 
County,  Nev. ;  locally  common  in  Pahranagat  Valley,  Meadow  Valley,  Wash., 
Ursine,  Eagle,  and  Rose  Valleys).— Allin,  Trans.  Roy.  Can.  Inst.,  xxiii,  pt.  1, 
1940,  96  (Darlington  Terrace,  Ontario;  recently  introduced,  now  well 
established).— Bruckner,  Auk,  lviii,  1941,  541,  542  text  (white  plumage  in¬ 
heritance).— Snyder  et  ah,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario  Mus.  Zook,  No.  19,  1941,  46 
(I  rince  Edward  County,  Ontario;  introduced  and  well  established). — Webster, 
Condor,  xliii,  1941,  120  (Sitka  area,  se.  Alaska). — Hand,  Condor,  xliii,  1941, 
225  (St.  Joe  National  Forest,  Idaho). — Cruickshank,  Birds  New  York  City, 
1942,  153  (New  York  City  region) .—Allen,  Condor,  xlv,  1943,  151  (Berkeley 
Hillside,  Calif.). 

P[hasianus]  colchicus  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  598.— Bruckner 
Auk,  lviii,  1941,  536,  541  in  text  (albinism). 

Phasianus  colchicus  colchicus  Hartert,  Vog,  pal.  Fauna,  iii,  heft  2,  1921,  1976 
(monogr.).— Ramsay,  Guide  to  Birds  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  192 3,  333  (descr., 
range,  Europe,  and  N.  Africa). — Gengler,  Verb.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1925, 
Sonderheft,  95,  274  (Bavaria);  xvii,  1927,  486  (s.  Rhone,  Germany). — de 
Paillerets,  Rev.  Frang.  d  Orn.,  xi,  1927,  193  (Charente-Inferieure,  France). — 
Arrigoni  degli  Oddi,  Ornitologia  Italiana,  1929,  816  (descr.;  distr. ;  Italy).— 
Reboussin,  L’Oiseau,  x,  1929,  349  (Loir-et-Cher,  France). — -Swenk,  Univ. 
Nebraska  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Research  Bulk  50,  1930,  5,  in  text  (introduction  in 
North  America;  food  in  Nebraska).— Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  14  (Van¬ 
couver,  B.  C.,  introd.).— Hellmayr,  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xix,  1932, 
424  (Chile,  introduced). 

Phasianus  c[olchicus ]  colchicus  Gaschott,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1924,  34,  in 
text  (Speyer  on  Rhine,  Germany).— Schuster,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1924, 

58  (Bad  Nauheim,  Germany).— Glegg,  Ibis,  1924,  86  (Macedonia,  not  common). 

Lankes,  Verh.  Orn.  Ges.  Bay.,  xvi,  1925,  250  (Bavarian  woods). — Schier- 

mAnn,  Journ.  fur  Orn.,  lxxviii,  1930,  152  (population  density  in  breeding 
season). 

Phasianus  colchicus,  var.  mongolicus  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso- Asiat.,  ii,  1826,  84. 

Phasianus  colchicus  mongolicus  Cumming,  Murrelet,  xiii,  1932,  14  (Vancouver, 
British  Columbia;  introduced) .—Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  166  in  text  (in¬ 
troduced  in  Canada). 

Phasianus  mongolicus  Taverner,  Birds  Western  Canada,  1926,  163  in  text  (descr.; 
distr.). 

Phasianus  colchicus  mut.  tcnehrosus  Hachisuka,  Bulk  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xlvii,  1926, 
51  (orig.  descr.). 

Phasianus  albotorquatus  Bonnaterre,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1791,  184. — Brandt, 
Bulk  Acad.  St.  Petersbourg,  iii,  1844,  51. 


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Phasianus  holdereri  gmelini  Buturlin,  Ibis,  1904,  408  (new  name  for  P.  torquatus 
Gmelin). 

Phasianus  marginatus  Meyer  and  Wolf,  Taschenb.  deutschl.  Vog.,  i,  1810,  291,  pi. 
(?)  Phasianus  colchicus  septentrionalis  Lorenz,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1888,  572  (n. 
Caucasus). 

Phasianus  colchicus  typicus  Buturlin,  Ibis,  1908,  584  (w.  Transcaucasia). 

Family  NUMIDIDAE :  Guineafowls 

=Numidinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  324.— Gadow,  in  Bronn,  Thier-Reich, 
Vog.,  ii,  1891,  172. 

^Numididae  Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Alt.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68;  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  xi, 
41.— Beddard,  Struct,  and  Classif.  Birds,  1898,  302. 

=Numididae  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3;  Smithsonian 
Misc.  Coll.,  lxxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  6.— Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  133. 

=Numidinse  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1884,  213,  in  text.— Knowlton,  Birds  of 
World,  1909,  280,  in  text. 

>Meleagrime  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  60  (includes  Meleagris  and  Numididae). 

Galliform  birds  with  second  metacarpal  without  backward  process; 
costal  processes  outwardly  inclined ;  head  and  at  least  upper  half  of  neck 
naked,  the  former  usually  with  a  bony  erect  vertical  helmet  or  bristly  or 
curly  crest  or  an  occipital  feathered  patch  or  band;  tail  relatively  small, 
drooping  (decumbent),  not  erectile,  mostly  hidden  by  the  coverts,  and  the 
very  full  plumage  of  the  back  and  rump  presenting  a  strongly  arched 
contour. 

Bill  relatively  large  (from  base  nearly  as  long  as  head),  strong,  much 
deeper  than  wide  at  base  of  rhamphotheca ;  head  and  upper  neck  bare,  the 
pileum  usually  with  either  a  bony  knob  ( Numida ),  a  full  crest  of  vertical 
feathers  ( Guttera ),  or  a  median  line  of  short  feathers,  the  rictal  region 
sometimes  wattled ;  nostril  obliquely  vertical,  the  lower  and  the  anterior 
one,  narrowly  oval,  linear,  or  fusiform.  Wing  moderate,  much  rounded, 
the  longest  primaries  decidedly  longer  than  longest  secondaries;  fourth 
to  sixth  (usually  the  fifth?)  primary  longest,  the  first  (outermost)  about 
as  long  as  or  slightly  shorter  than  tenth,  the  outer  ones  moderately  to 
strongly  bowed  or  incurved,  and  tapering  toward  their  rather  narrow  tips. 
Tail  usually  rather  short,  moderately  rounded,  and  mostly  overlain  by 
coverts,  but  sometimes  (in  genus  Acryllium )  longer,  with  middle  rectrices 
long,  narrow,  and  pointed,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  lateral  pair.  Tarsus 
moderately  stout,  much  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw,  decidedly  less 
than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  the  acrotarsium  with  two  rows  of  large, 
interdigitating  transverse  scutella,  the  planta  tarsi  with  several  rows  of 
much  smaller  scutella  and  without  any  spur ;  middle  toe  much  shorter  than 
tarsus,  the  outer  toe  reaching  about  to  penultimate  articulation  of  middle 
toe,  the  inner  toe  slightly  shorter;  hallux  decidedly  shorter  than  basal 
phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  claws  moderate  in  size  moderately  to  rather  strongly 
decurved,  somewhat  compressed ;  a  small  web  between  basal  phalanges  of 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


431 


middle  and  outer  toes,  but  middle  and  inner  toes  separated  nearly  to  base. 

Range.—- Africa  and  Madagascar ;  one  species  introduced  into  and  natur¬ 
alized  in  some  of  the  West  Indian  islands.  (Five  genera  and  11  species.) 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  NUMIDIDAE 

a.  Tail  short  and  rounded,  with  middle  j-ectrices  not  conspicuously  longer  than 
lateral  pair;  feathers  of  lower  neck,  chest,  and  upper  back  short  and  rounded 
(normal)  ;  acrotarsium  of  adult  male  either  without  any  bony  protuberance 
or  else  with  only  a  single  short  blunt  spur. 

b.  Rectrices  14;  acrotarsium  with  a  short  blunt  spur  in  adult  male;  plumage 
vermiculated  with  brown  or  white. 

c.  Pileum  with  a  median  line  of  short  feathers;  plumage  vermiculated  with 

brown,  back  and  chest  not  white . Phasidus  (extralimital)* 7 

cc.  Pileum  wholly  nude;  plumage  vermiculated  with  white,  lower  neck,  upper 

back,  and  chest  white . Agelastes  (extralimital)8 * 

bb.  Rectrices  16;  acrotarsium  without  spur;  plumage  spotted  or  dotted  with 
white  or  pale  blue. 

c.  Pileum  with  a  bony  knob  or  helmet;  but  without  feathered  crest;  plumage 
spotted  or  dotted  with  white,  secondaries  not  edged  with  white. 

Numida  (p.  431) 

cc.  Pileum  without  bony  knob  but  with  a  full  crest  of  erect  feathers;  plumage 
dotted  with  pale  blue,  secondaries  edged  with  white. 

Guttera  (extralimital)” 

aa.  Tail  long  and  pointed,  the  middle  rectrices  more  than  twice  as  long  as  lateral 
pair;  feathers  of  lower  neck,  chest,  and  back  elongated,  lanceolate;  acrotarsium 
with  4  or  5  knobs  or  very  short  blunt  spurs  in  adult  male. 

Acryllium  (extralimital)10 


Genus  NUMIDA  Linnaeus 

Meleagris  (not  of  Linnaeus,  1758)  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1760,  26.  (Type,  by  tautonymy, 
Mclcagris  Brisson  —  Phasianus  meleagris  Linnaeus.) 

Gallina  Linnaeus,  in  Hasselquist,  Reise  nach  Palestine,  1762,  327.  (Type,  by 
original  designation,  Phasianus  meleagris  Linnaeus.) 

Numida  Linnaeus,  Mus.  Adolphi  Friderici  Regis,  ii,  1764,  27.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Phasianus  meleagris  Linnaeus.) 

Numidia  (emendation)  Forster,  Synopt.  Cat.  Brit.  Birds,  1817,  64. 

Querelea  Reichenbach,  Av.  Syst.  Nat.  Vog.,  1853,  xxvii.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Numida  mitrata  Pallas.) 

Arquata  Gistel,  Naturg.  Thierr.  hohen  Schulen,  1848,  92.  (New  name  for  Numida 
Linnaeus.) 

Pintado  “S.D.W.,”  Analyst,  iii,  No.  xiii,  Oct.  1835,  33.  (Type,  by  monotypy,  “Pin- 
tada  numida  Leach”  =  Phasianus  meleagris  Linnaeus.) 


'Phasidus  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  viii,  1856  (1857),  322  (type, 

by  monotypy,  P.  niger,  Cassin).  Western  Africa;  monotypic. 

8  Agelastes  Bonaparte,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1849,  145  (type,  by  monotypy, 
A.  mcleagrides  Bonaparte). — Agelastus  (emendation)  Hartlaub,  Journ.  fiir  Orn., 
1855,  356.  Western  Africa;  monotypic. 

0 Guttera  Wagler,  Isis,  1832,  1225  (type,  by  special  designation,  Numida  cristata 
Pallas).  Africa;  three  species  with  11  races. 

10 Acryllium  Gray,  List  Genera  Birds,  1840,  61  (type,  by  monotypy,  Numida  vul- 
turina  Hardwick).  Eastern  Africa;  monotypic. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


In  addition  to  the  characters  given  for  the  family  Numididae,  which  are 
mainly  taken  from  this  genus,  the  following  apply  exclusively  to  the  genus 
Numida:  Head  and  upper  foreneck  entirely  nude,  except  for  fine  bristles 
on  upper  eyelid  and,  sometimes,  a  tuft  of  bristlelike  feathers  at  base  of 
bill ;  hindneck  with  narrow,  rather  rigid,  somewhat  hairlike  feathers ; 


occiput  or  posterior  part  of  crown  with  a  compressed,  or  sometimes  cyl¬ 
indrical,  bony  protuberance  or  casque,  usually  inclined  backward  and  with 
rounded  extremity;  a  pendant  thin  wattle  immediately  behind  rictus; 
tarsus  without  spurs ;  rectrices  14. 

Plumage  and  coloration .• — Plumage  in  general  compact,  smooth,  and 
blended.  General  color  blackish  dotted  with  white,  the  outer  webs  of 
secondaries  obliquely  barred  with  white;  bare  skin  of  head  and  neck 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


433 


brightly  colored  in  life  (red,  blue  or  violet,  and  white).  Sexes  alike  in 
coloration. 

Range. — Africa  and  Madagascar.  (Two  species  with  over  20  races.) 

NUMIDA  MELEAGRIS  GALEATA  Pallas 

Gray-breasted  Helmet  Guineafowl 

Adult  (sexes  alike). — Head  and  foreneck  bare  of  feathers  except  for 
a  thin  scattered  line  of  black  hairlike  feathers  from  the  occiput  down  the 
hindneck  along  the  middorsal  line ;  breast,  lower  part  of  back,  and  sides 
of  neck  light  brownish  drab  to  light  vinaceous-drab ;  interscapulars  and 
upper  back  between  drab  and  hair  brown  abundantly  speckled  with  small 
white  spots,  each  completely  bordered  with  fuscous  to  dark  fuscous,  and 
finely  vermiculated  and  peppered  with  pale  buffy  drab ;  ground  color  of 
back,  lower  back,  rump,  upper  tail  coverts,  scapulars  and  upper  wing 
coverts  chaetura  black  finely  peppered  with  pale  drab  and  closely  speckled 
with  white  spots,  the  spots  largest  on  the  upper  wing  coverts  and  scapulars 
where  the  drab  dots  mark  off  diamond-shaped  areas  each  of  which  con¬ 
tains  one  white  spot ;  secondaries  similar  with  the  white  spots  arranged  in 
three  or  four  longitudinal  rows  on  each  web,  those  next  to  the  outer  edge 
of  the  outer  web  extended  into  a  fringe  of  short  diagonal  white  bars ; 
primaries  without  the  drab  peppering  and  with  fewer  but  larger  white 
marks,  those  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  outer  feathers  forming  irregular 
bars ;  tail  feathers  like  their  upper  coverts  but  with  the  white  spots  larger ; 
lower  breast,  all  of  abdomen  except  the  posteromedian  part,  sides,  flanks, 
and  under  tail  coverts  fuscous-black  to  black  with  abundant,  larger  some¬ 
what  more  oval  white  spots  and  without  any  fine  peppering  of  drab  be¬ 
tween  these  spots ;  posteromedian  part  of  abdomen  and  thighs  dusky 
sepia  to  dark  clove  brown  abundantly  covered  with  white  spots  smaller 
than  those  of  the  rest  of  the  underparts  of  the  body  and  slightly  tinged 
with  pale  drab ;  under  wing  coverts  dusky  sepia  to  clove  brown  spotted 
with  white,  the  white  spots  faintly  tinged  will  drab;  iris  dark  brown; 
maxilla  burnt  sienna,  horn  gray  at  the  tip ;  mandible  horn  gray ;  a  small 
dark  red  patch  near  corner  of  mouth ;  bare  skin  of  chin,  throat,  and  neck, 
brownish  black,  in  front  of  and  below  eye,  across  auriculars  and  sides  of 
neck  very  pale  Cambridge  blue,  almost  white ;  forehead  and  skin  over  eyes 
slate-black;  helmet  burnt  umber;  nares  dark  red;  wattle  and  line  from 
them  to  nares  scarlet-vermilion;  legs  and  feet  blackish  brown  (soft  parts 
ex  Bannerman). 

Subadult  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  but  the  upper  breast 
spotted  like  the  lower  breast  and  abdomen,  the  spots  smaller ;  some  plumu- 
laceous  feathers  around  ear  openings,  and  with  the  lower  throat  retaining 
some  of  the  immature  feathers  with  pale  shafts. 

Immature  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  the  adult  but  with  the  hindneck, 
interscapulars,  and  back  much  browner — sepia  but  with  the  same  spotted 


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and  peppered  pattern ;  the  lower  throat  and  upper  breast  feathers  brownish 
black  with  white  shafts ;  abdomen  dark  buffy  gray ;  chin  and  throat  almost 
bare  but  rest  of  head  still  covered  with  tawny-brownish  down. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike).— Upperparts  dull  rufescent  brownish,  coarsely 
vermiculated  with  blackish,  each  feather  with  a  large  subterminal  V-shaped 
blackish  band,  and  tipped  with  pale  ochraceous-buff ;  remiges  brown  edged 
with  white  for  the  whole  length  of  the  feathers  on  the  outer  web  and 
distally  on  the  inner  one,  the  outer  web  mottled  with  dull  buffy ;  underparts 
grayish  buffy  somewhat  mottled  with  dusky  anteriorly;  top  of  head  still 
covered  with  tawny-brownish  down ;  the  bony  helmet  very  small  and 
blunt  but  definitely  present  by  this  stage  of  development. 

Natal  dozm  (sexes  alike). — Forehead,  sides  of  head  and  of  crown; 
chin,  throat,  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  and  wings  white  with  a  very  faint 
buffy  tinge;  center  of  crown  and  occiput  olive-brown;  the  nape,  back, 
and  base  of  wings  Sayal  brown ;  the  flanks  and  all  but  the  lower  part  of  the 
thighs  dusky  buffy  brown;  bill  and  feet  (in  dried  skins)  light  yellow. 

Adult  male.— Wing  223.5-263.5  (239.5);  tail  126.5-153.0  (136.8); 
culmen  from  base  32.7-35.7  (34.2)  ;  tarsus  63.4-68.0  (65.0)  ;  middle  toe 
without  claw  39.5-42.4  (40.6  mm.).11 

Adult  female.-  Wing  226—248  (235);  tail  127—134  (130.6);  culmen 
from  base  31.2—34.4  (32.7)  ;  tarsus  57.2—68.4  (63.0)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  36.7-40.6  (39.1  mm.).12 

Range. — Native  in  the  open  grassy  scrub  country  of  western  Africa 
south  of  the  Sahara  and  north  of  the  forested  areas  from  Senegal  and 
Liberia  to  Lake  Chad  and  the  northeastern  part  of  French  Equatorial 
Africa;  also  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  and  the  islands  of  Annobon  and  Sao 
Thome  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  Introduced  into  St.  Helena  and  some  of 
the  West  Indies;  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  Jamaica,  Barbuda,  etc.,  where  it  has 
become  established  as  a  wild  bird  in  eastern  Cuba  and  in  Hispaniola. 

Type  locality. — None  stated. 

[ Phasianus ]  meleagris  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  158,  part. 

[ Nwnida ]  meleagris  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  273,  part.— Gmelin,  Syst. 
Nat.,  i,  pt.  ii,  1788,  744,  part.— Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  621,  part.— Gray, 
Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  262,  No.  9629,  part.— Cory,  List  Birds  West  Indies,  1885; 
rev.  ed.,  1886,  24  (Antilles).— Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  41. 

Numida  meleagris  Temminck,  Cat.  Syst.,  1807,  150.— Sonnini  and  Vieillot,  Nouv. 
Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  xxv,  1817,  125,  pi.  M,  31,  fig.  2. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn., 
1831,  497,  pi.  81,  fig.  2.— Ritter,  Naturh.  Reis.  Westind.  Insel  Hayti,  1836,  150, 
156  (Haiti).— Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iii,  1836,  229,  pi.  29.— Gray,  List 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  29;  ed.  1867,  43.— Denny,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  London,  1847,  39  (Cuba  and  Jamaica;  introduced). — Gosse,  Birds  Jamaica, 
1847,  325.— Reichenbach,  Syst.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae,  1848,  pi.  186,  figs.  1586-95  — 
SallL  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1857,  236  (Santo  Domingo;  habits).— Hart- 


11  Six  specimens  from  Haiti  and  Barbuda. 

12  Seven  specimens  from  Plaiti,  Barbuda,  and  Jamaica. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


435 


laub,  Orn.  West  Afrika,  1857,  199. — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1861, 
80  (Jamaica)  ;  1863,  125  (monogr.). — Gundlach,  Journ.  fiir  Om.,  x,  1862, 
181  (Cuba)  ;  xxii,  1874,  313  (Puerto  Rico)  ;  xxvi,  1878,  161,  186  (Puerto 
Rico;  habits);  Rep.  Fisico  Nat.  Cuba,  i,  1865-6,  397. — Albrecht,  Journ.  fiir 
Orn.,  x,  1862,  204  (Jamaica). — March,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 
1863,  303  (Jamaica). — Bryant,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi,  1866,  97 
(Santo  Domingo). — Sundevall,  Ofv.  Svensk.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  1869,  601 
(Puerto  Rico). — Dohrn,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  xix,  1871,  7  (Cape  Verde  Islands). — 
Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  ii,  1872,  pi.  39  and  text. — Lawrence,  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  i,  1878,  241,  487  (Barbuda,  Lesser  Antilles). — von  Boeck,  Mitth. 
Orn.  Verh.  Wien,  1884,  20,  in  author’s  reprint  (Thale  Cochabamba,  Bolivia; 
has  become  wild  on  the  Beni  River)  .—Cory,  Birds  Haiti  and  San  Domingo, 
1885,  16;  List  Birds,  West  Indies,  1885,  24;  Auk,  iv,  1887,  223  (West  Indies; 
syn.)  ;  Birds  West  Indies,  1889,  222;  Cat.  West  Indian  Birds,  1892,  96  (Cuba; 
Jamaica;  Haiti;  Puerto  Rico;  Barbuda;  Barbados). — Scott,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  121 
(Jamaica). — Tippenhauer,  Die  Insel  Haiti,  1892,  320. — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat. 
Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  375. — Shelley,  Birds  Africa,  i,  1896,  182. — 
Christy,  Ibis,  1897,  341  (Santo  Domingo). — Reichenow,  Vogel  Afrikas,  i, 
1901,  434;  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1902,  16  (Togo  Land,  Africa). — Riley,  Smiths. 
Misc.  Coll.,  xlvii,  1904,  279  (Barbuda). — Bangs  and  Zappey,  Amer.  Nat. 
xxxix,  1905,  192,  footnote  (Isle  of  Pines;  feral). — Clark,  Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xxxii,  1905,  246  (Balliceaux,  Grenadines). — Verrill  (A.  E.  and 
A.  H.),  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1909,  357  (Santo  Domingo). — 
Wetmore,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bull.  326,  1916,  34  (Puerto  Rico). — Phillips,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  Techn.  Bull.  61,  1928,  11-12  (Dominican  Republic). — Erhardt, 
Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  lxxviii,  1930,  219  (serology). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  i,  1932, 
113  in  table  (blood  cells),  643  (longevity),  664  (body  temperature)  ;  ii,  1937,  46 
in  text  (sex  demorphism),  106  in  text  (polygyny)  ;  168  (captive  breeding, 
biology). 

N[umida]  meleagris  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  313. 

Nwnida  meleagris  meleagris  Bangs  and  Kennard,  List  Birds  Jamaica,  1920,  5  (prob¬ 
ably  extirpated  by  mongoose). 

Numida  galeata  Pallas,  Spec.  Zool.,  i,  fasc.  iv,  1767,  13,  15  (no  locality). — Hartert, 
Nov.  Zool.,  xxviii,  1921,  85  (nomencl.). — Wetmore,  Sci.  Surv.  Porto  Rico  and 
Virgin  Islands,  ix,  pt.  3,  1927,  332  (Puerto  Rico). — Bond,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Philadelphia,  lxxx,  1928  (1929),  494  (Haiti;  distr. ;  habits). — Danforth,  Auk, 
xlvi,  1929,  362  (Haiti;  Dominican  Republic)  ;  Journ.  Agr.  Univ.  Puerto  Rico, 
xix,  1935,  477  (Barbuda;  introduced;  now  scarce). — Wetmore  and  Swales, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  155,  1931,  125  (Hispaniola;  habits;  syn). — Wetmore  and 
Lincoln,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxxii,  art.  25,  1933,  22  (L’Arcahaie,  Haiti ;  also 
Pont  de  l’Estere  and  Morne  a  Cabrits). — Caum,  Occ.  Pap.  Bishop  Mus.,  x,  No. 
9,  1933,23  (Hawaii;  introduced;  domestic). 

N[wnida]  galeata  Hartert,  Bull.  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  xxxix,  1919,  87,  in  text  (nomencl.). 

Nwnida  meleagris  galeata  Bannerman,  Birds  Trop.  West  Africa,  i,  1930,  347 
(descr. ;  distr.;  habits;  West  Africa). — Young,  Ibis,  1931,  645  (Bauchi  Plateau, 
Nigeria).— Bond,  Check-list  Birds  West  Indies,  1940,  164  (introduced  and  com¬ 
mon  resident  in  eastern  Cuba  and  Hispaniola)  ;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadel¬ 
phia,  xciv,  1942,  92  (well  established  in  Cuba,  Hispaniola,  and  Barbuda). — 
Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  291  (syn.;  distr.). 

Nwnida  galeata  galeata  Murphy,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1,  1924,  264  (Cape 
Verde  Islands;  habits). — Sclater,  Syst.  Av.  Ethiopicarum,  i,  1924,  95  (distr.). — 
Bannerman,  Ibis,  1931,  671  (Kwendu,  eastern  Sierra  Leone). — Bates,  Handb. 
Birds  West  Africa,  1930,  90. 


436 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Numida  g[aleata ]  galeata  Beebe,  New  York  Zool.  Soc.  Bull.,  xxx,  1927,  139; 
Beneath  Tropic  Seas,  1928,  220  (Haiti). 

Numida  rendallii  Ogilby,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1835,  103  (banks  of  the  Gambia). 
— Fraser,  Zool.  Typ.,  1841-2,  pi.  62. 

Numida  maculipennis  Swainson,  Birds  West  Africa,  ii,  1837,  226  (Senegal). 
Numida  marchei  Oustalet,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  6,  xiii,  art.  1  bis,  1882  (Gaboon; 
coll.)  ;  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.,  ser.  2,  viii,  1885,  305,  pi.  14. 

Family  MELEAGRIDIDAE ;  Turkeys 

=Meleagrin;e  Elliot,  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  1885,  222,  in  text. — American  Ornithol¬ 
ogists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886,  177. — Knowlton,  Birds  of  World,  1909,  276,  in 
text. 

=Meleagrinae  Carus,  Handb.  Zool.,  i,  1868-75,  326.— Gadow,  in  Bronn,  Thier- 
Reich,  Vdg.,  ii,  1891,  172. 

>Meleagrinae  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  1840,  60  (includes  Numididae). — Baird,  Rep. 

Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  613  (includes  Numididae). 

;=Meleagridae  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  231. — Sclater  and  S alvin, 
Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  vii,  137. — Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Plist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  402. — Sharpe,  Rev.  Rec.  Att.  Classif.  Birds,  1891,  68; 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  xi,  43. — Beddard,  Struct,  and  Classif.  Birds,  1898,  302. — 
Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  283.— American 
Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  145. 

=Meleagridae  Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  lxxvi,  art.  24,  1930,  3. 
£=Meleagridid3e  Coues,  in  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
iii,  1874,  xxvi ;  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  576. 

=Meleagrididae  Oberholser,  Outl.  Classif.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1905,  2. — Wetmore, 
Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  Ixxxix,  No.  13,  1934,  6;  xcix,  No.  7,  1940,  6. — Peters, 
Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  139. — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  292. 

Galliform  birds  with  postacetabulum  longer  than  preacetabulum,  and 
longer  than  broad;  furcula  weak  and  (viewed  laterally)  straight,  with 
rodlike  acetabulum;  acromial  process  of  scapula  peculiar  in  shape. 

Bill  rather  narrow  and  elongate,  the  cere  nearly  as  long  as  rhampho- 
theca,  the  line  of  junction  of  the  latter  with  the  former  slightly  but  dis¬ 
tinctly  depressed ;  nostril  longitudinally  narrowly  oval,  elliptical,  or 
fusiform,  about  parallel  with  axis  of  bill ;  head  and  upper  neck  nude,  with 
fleshy  caruncles  and  corrugations  and  an  elongated  fleshy  erectile  caruncu- 
lar  appendage  on  anterior  part  of  forehead  in  adult  males  (these  caruncles 
and  corrugations  absent  or  indistinct  in  females,  in  which  the  nude  parts 
are  more  or  less  covered  or  sprinkled  with  short  downy  feathers).  Wing 
moderate,  moderately  concave  beneath,  the  longest  primaries  longer  than 
longest  secondaries,  the  outer  primaries  moderately  bowed  or  incurved ; 
fifth,  or  fifth  and  sixth,  primaries  longest,  the  first  (outermost)  about 
equal  to  or  a  little  shorter  than  tenth.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing, 
flat  (not  vaulted),  rather  strongly  rounded  (the  difference  in  length 
between  middle  and  lateral  rectrices  equal  to  less  than  one-fourth  the 
length  of  tail),  the  rectrices  (18)  very  broad  with  slightly  rounded  or 
subtruncate  tips.  Tarsus  stout,  relatively  long  (about  one-third  as  long 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


437 


as  wing),  the  acrotarsium  with  two  rows  of  interdigitating  broad  trans¬ 
verse  scutella  (as  in  most  of  Phasianidae),  the  planta  tarsi  also  with  two 
rows,  but  on  inner  side  the  row  of  large  scutella  separated  from  the  frontal 
scutella  and  replaced  on  lower  portion  by  small  hexagonal  or  lozenge¬ 
shaped  scales;  adult  males  with  a  more  or  less  prominent  (sometimes 
long  and  acute)  strong  spur  on  lower  portion  of  planta  tarsi,  about  three- 
fourths  the  distance  from  upper  end  to  base  of  hallux ;  middle  toe  about 
half  as  long  as  tarsus  or  a  little  more,  the  outer  toe  reaching  to  beyond 
penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe  (nearly  if  not  quite  to  middle  of 
subterminal  phalanx),  the  inner  toe  slightly  shorter;  hallux  a  little  more 
than  half  as  long  as  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe ;  a  well-developed  web 
between  basal  phalanges  of  anterior  toes ;  claws  relatively  small,  very 
slightly  curved,  blunt. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Head  and  upper  neck  nude,  or  in  females 
more  or  less  covered  with  short  downy  feathers ;  feathers  of  lower  neck 
and  body  very  broad,  with  truncate  or  subtruncate  tips ;  remiges  strong, 
the  proximal  secondaries  very  broad,  with  rounded  tips,  the  primaries  very 
rigid ;  plumage  of  lower  abdomen  and  anal  region  soft  and  almost  downy, 
that  of  thighs  short  and  soft.  General  color  dark  with  metallic  reflec¬ 
tions,  less  brilliant  in  females,  most  of  the  feathers  margined  terminally 
with  black,  the  remiges  grayish  dusky  more  or  less  barred  with  white ;  bare 
skin  of  head  and  neck  brightly  colored  in  life  (white,  blue,  and  red  in  one 
genus;  blue  and  orange  in  another). 

Range. — Eastern  temperate  and  tropical  North  America,  south  to 
British  Honduras  and  eastern  Guatemala.  (Two  monotypic  genera.) 

The  Meleagrididae  are  very  closely  related  to  the  Phasianidae  but  differ 
in  a  sufficient  number  of  characters  to  warrant  their  recognition  as  a 
distinct  family.  They  are  exclusively  American,  while  the  typical  Phasi¬ 
anidae  (Phasianinae)  are  found  only  in  Eurasia  and  Africa. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  MELEAGRIDIDAE 

a.  Crown  without  a  vertical  process  or  protuberance;  adult  male  with  a  beardlike 
tuft  of  long,  coarse,  stiff  bristles  on  center  of  chest;  tail  less  strongly  rounded, 
the  difference  in  length  between  middle  and  outer  rectrices  equal  to  but  little, 
if  any,  more  than  half  the  length  of  tarsus,  the  rectrices  broader  and  less 
rounded  (nearly  subtruncate)  at  tips;  rectrices  without  metallic  tips  or 

subterminal  ocelli . Meleagris  (p.  437) 

aa.  Crown,  in  male,  with  a  conspicuous  subcylindrical  erect  protuberance ;  no  beard¬ 
like  tuft  on  chest;  tail  more  strongly  rounded,  the  difference  in  length  between 
middle  and  lateral  rectrices  equal  to  about  distance  from  heel  joint  to  base 
of  hallux,  the  rectrices  narrower  and  distinctly  rounded  at  tips;  rectrices  with 
a  terminal  band  of  bright  metallic  coppery  bronze  and  a  subterminal  spot  or 
ocellus  of  metallic  blue . Agriocharis  (p.  458) 

Genus  MELEAGRIS  Linnaeus 

Meleagris  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  156.  (Type,  as  designated  by  Gray. 

1840,  M.  gallopavo  Linnaeus.) 

,653008°— 46 - 29 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Melagris  (emendation)  Eyton,  Osteol.  Avium,  1867,  1 7 1 . 

Gallo-pavo  Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  1760,  26,  158.  (Type,  by  tautonymy,  Gallopavo  Brisson= 
Meleagris  gallapavo  Linnaeus.) 

Galloparus  (err.  typog.  ?)  Des  Murs,  in  Chenu,  Encycl.  Hist.  Nat.,  Ois.,  vi,  1854,  99. 
Gallopavm  (emendation)  Des  Murs,  in  Chenu,  Encycl.  Hist.  Nat.,  Ois.,  vi,  1854,  100, 
109. 

Pseudotaon  Billberg,  Synop.  Faunas  Scand.,  i,  pt.  2,  1828,  tabs.  A,  B,  C,  and  p.  4. 
(New  name  for  Meleagris  Linnaeus.) 

Cynchramus  “Moehring”  Bonaparte,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  1826,  122. 

(Not  adopted  but  cited  in  synonymy  of  Meleagris  Linnaeus.) 

Cenchramus  (emendation)  Gray,  List  Gen.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1841,  78. 

Largest  of  gallinaceous  birds  (length  of  adult  males  about  107-127  cm., 
weight  16-40  pounds,  the  females  decidedly  smaller)  ;  adult  males  without 
any  vertical  process  or  protuberance  on  crown,  but  with  a  conspicuous 
pendant  tuft  of  long,  coarse  bristles  springing  from  center  of  chest;  rec- 


trices  without  a  terminal  metallic  band  or  subterminal  metallic  ocelli. 
(Other  characters  the  same  as  these  given  for  the  family  Meleagrididae.) 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Head  and  upper  neck  nude,  warted  and  cor¬ 
rugated  in  adult  males,  smoother  and  more  or  less  covered  with  short 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


439 


downy  feathers  and  with  true  feathers  extending  upward  on  nape  in 
females,  the  skin  of  throat  loose  and  sometimes,  at  least,  developed  into  a 
more  or  less  distinct  “dewlap” ;  a  fleshy  but  flabby  appendage  on  anterior 
portion  of  forehead,  this  more  or  less  erect  when  contracted  but  pendant 
and  much  enlarged  in  adult  males  during  the  pairing  season — much  smaller 
or  rudimentary  in  females.  Feathers  of  lower  neck,  back,  rump,  and 
underparts,  together  with  smaller  wing  coverts  and  tail  coverts,  dis¬ 
tinctly  outlined,  very  broad,  and  with  truncate  or  subtruncate  tips,  those 
of  lower  abdomen  and  anal  region  soft,  more  downy,  those  of  thighs 
shorter  and  close,  but  broad,  rounded,  and  distinctly  outlined ;  rectrices 
(18)  very  broad,  with  rounded  tips.  General  color  dusky  but  glossed 
with  brilliant  metallic  coppery,  golden,  and  greenish  hues,  the  feathers  of 
back,  rump,  breast,  sides,  and  flanks,  as  well  as  the  scapulars  and  smaller 
wing  coverts,  margined  terminally  with  velvety  black ;  primaries  grayish 
dusky,  more  or  less  broadly  barred  with  white ;  rectrices  brown,  barred 
with  dusky,  broadly  tipped  with  white,  buffy,  light  rusty  brown,  or  chest¬ 
nut  and  with  a  broad  subterminal  band  of  black.  (Females  with  color¬ 
ation  duller,  the  metallic  hues  much  less  brilliant.) 

Range. — Eastern  and  south-central  United  States  (west  to  Colorado 
and  Arizona)  and  mountains  of  Mexico.  (Monotypic,  but  with  six  more 
or  less  distinct  subspecific  forms.) 

KEY  TO  THE  FORMS  OF  MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  (LINNAEUS) 

a.  Tail  tipped  with  deep  rusty,  its  coverts  and  feathers  of  lower  rump  tipped  with 
rich  dark  chestnut. 

b.  Primaries  broadly  barred  with  white,  white  bars  nearly  or  quite  as  broad  as 
dusky  interspaces  and  extending  to  shafts  of  quills  (northern  Florida  north¬ 
ward  in  eastern  United  States) . . .  .Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  (p.  440) 
bb.  Primaries  narrowly  barred  with  white,  white  bars  very  much  narrower  than 
dusky  interspaces  and  not  extending  to  shafts  of  quills  (Florida). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola  (p.  447) 
aa.  Tail  and  tail  coverts  and  feathers  of  lower  rump  tipped  with  light  cinnamon- 
brown,  buffy,  or  white. 

b.  Tail,  upper  tail  coverts,  etc.,  tipped  with  light  cinnamon-brown,  cinnamon,  or 
cinnamon-buff;  rump  almost  wholly  “solid”  glossy  black  (feathers  tipped 
with  gray  in  female  and  young)  (central  Texas  to  northeastern  Mexico). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  intermedia  (p.  449) 
bb.  Tail,  upper  tail  coverts,  etc.,  tipped  with  white  or  pale  buffy. 

c.  Lower  back  and  rump  bluish  black  without  reddish  and  greenish-golden 
metallic  reflections. 

d.  Upper  body  plumage  purplish  bronzy. 

e.  Narrow  bars  on  basal  three  quarters  of  undersurface  of  rectrices  more 
grayish  than  rufescent  (western  slope  of  Sierra  Madre,  Chihuahua  to 
Durango  and  southern  Sonora). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  onusta  (p.  457) 
ee.  Narrow  bars  on  basal  three-quarters  of  undersurface  of  rectrices  more 
rufescent  than  grayish  (Colorado  to  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
••  •  southwestern  Texas) . Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  (p.  451) 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


dd.  Upper  body  plumage  highly  glossed  with  greenish  and  reddish-golden 
reflections,  less  purplish  bronzy  (Veracruz  to  Oaxaca). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  gallopavo  (p.  454) 
cc.  Lower  back  and  rump  with  reddish  and  greenish-golden  metallic  reflections, 
not  bluish  black  (eastern  Chihuahua,  Durango,  to  northern  Jalisco). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  (p.  455) 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  SILVESTRIS  Vieillot 

Eastern  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Head,  elongated  frontal  appendage,  neck,  chin,  and  throat 
bare,  chiefly  pale  bluish  in  life,  mixed  with  purplish  red,  only  sparsely 
feathered  with  blackish  hairlike  feathers  chiefly  on  the  midventral  line 
and  with  black  and  chestnut  broader  but  short  feathers  on  the  middorsal 
line;  a  little  tuft  of  dirty  buff  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  black  over  the 
ear  openings ;  the  skin  of  the  back  and  sides  of  neck  and  extreme  lower 
throat  coarsely  rugose,  the  carunculations  increasing  in  size  toward  the 
body,  assuming  the  size  of  wattles  at  the  feather  line;  general  coloration 
of  body  dark  brown  with  variable  brilliant  metallic  reflections  of  rich  cop¬ 
pery  bronze  changing  to  metallic  red  and  green  in  certain  lights,  each 
feather  of  back,  breast,  sides,  and  flanks,  together  with  the  scapulars  and 
lesser  upper  wing  coverts,  sharply  margined  terminally  with  velvety  black 
(narrowly  bluish  at  either  edge)  ;  lowrer  back  and  rump  with  black  tips 
much  broader  and  without  greenish  bronze,  with  only  a  broad  subterminal 
pinkish  bronze  band  narrowly  edged  with  greenish  basally,  the  feathers 
of  the  back,  scapulars,  and  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  averaging  more 
greenish,  less  coppery  than  those  of  the  rump  and  flanks ;  upper  tail 
coverts  dark  purplish  chestnut  with  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  of  velvety 
black  preceded  by  a  broad  band  of  metallic  pinkish  bronze,  which  in  turn 
is  preceded  by  a  broad,  velvety,  greenish,  black  bar ;  the  rest  of  the  feathers 
(actually  their  greatest  part  but  which  is  usually  hidden  by  overlapping) 
dull  russet  to  cinnamon-brown  narrowly  banded,  vermiculated,  and 
mottled  with  blackish;  tail  varying  from  russet  to  Prout’s  brown  heavily 
broadly  vermiculated  to  barred  with  fuscous-black  to  black  (the  vermicu- 
lations  approaching  barring  more  on  the  lateral  rectrices,  especially  on 
their  inner  webs),  crossed  by  a  broad  subterminal  band  of  dull  black, 
which  breaks  up  into  a  vermiculated  area  on  its  distal  side  also,  very 
similar  to  the  most  proximal  area,  and  tipped  broadly  with  tawny  snuff 
brown  to  cinnamon-brown,  the  under  surface  of  tail  paler  than  the  upper 
side ;  the  subterminal  black  band  greatly  increasing  in  width  on  the  lateral 
feathers  and  the  more  distal  vermiculated  area  correspondingly  decreasing 
laterally ;  greater  upper  wing  coverts  glossy  bronzy  vinaceous-brown  on 
the  exposed,  outer  webs,  dusky  green  gray  with  subterminal  oil-green 
sheen  on  the  covered  inner  webs,  both  webs  subterminally  broadly  banded 
with  black  and  narrowly  tipped  with  dirty  buffy  white ;  primaries  clove 
brown  barred  with  white,  the  white  bars  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  wide  as  the 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDDE  AMERICA 


441 


dusky  interspaces,  and  touching  the  shaft  of  the  quills,  the  white  bars, 
especially  on  the  inner  web  often  more  or  less  mottled  with  clove  brown  ; 
secondaries  similar  but  the  dark  areas  paler  and  grayer — grayish  olive- 
brown  terminally  vermiculated,  and  on  the  inner  webs  strongly  suffused 
with  cinnamomeous,  the  innermost  ones  with  a  purplish  sheen  and  the 
white  bars  averaging  less  pure  white ;  pectoral  tuft  or  “beard”  blackish 
with  a  greenish  sheen  basally  and  a  slight  vinaceous-brown  gloss  distally ; 
middle  of  abdomen  to  vent  chaetura  drab  to  dull  fuscous  to  fuscous-black, 
each  feather  tipped  with  pale  grayish  buff  to  grayish  tawny ;  thighs  similar 
but  the  tips  slightly  more  olivaceous  (in  some  more  cinnamomeous)  and 
the  terminal  portion  of  the  feathers  somewhat  suffused  with  olive  grayish 
or  with  cinnamomeous ;  under  wing  coverts  dark  sepia  to  clove  brown ; 
under  tail  coverts  similar  to  the  sides ;  iris  deep  brown ;  bill  orange  basally, 
yellowish  at  tip  and  along  tomial  edge ;  tarsi,  tarsal  spur,  and  toes  purplish 
red,  the  larger  scutella  with  light  brownish  gray  or  greenish  brown  mar¬ 
gins  ;  claws  dark  brown.13 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  smaller  and  duller  in 
color,  more  brownish,  the  metallic  reflections  much  less  brilliant;  the 
frontal  appendage  much  smaller  or  rudimentary ;  “beard”  smaller  and 
tarsal  spurs  absent  or  rudimentary ;  the  neck  more  extensively  feathered, 
the  feathers  extending  to  the  nape ;  the  head,  especially  above,  more  or 
less  sparsely  covered  with  short  dusky  downy  feathers  and  small  bristles ; 
the  feathers  of  the  neck,  back,  and  underparts  with  more  or  less  distinct 
pale  terminal  edges ;  the  tips  of  the  feathers  of  the  breast,  flanks,  and  sides 
brown  (blackish  in  males). 

Subadnlt.—  Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  corresponding  sex  but  with 
the  beard  shorter14  and  in  the  male  the  tarsal  spurs  and  the  frontal  append¬ 
age  smaller. 

Immature  male. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  in  size  and  to  the  adult 
female  in  coloration  but  retains  the  two  outer  juvenal  primaries. 

Immature  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  lacks  the  beard  and 
retains  the  two  outer  juvenal  primaries. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Forehead  and  anterior  part  of  crown  light 
pinkish  cinnamon  darkening  to  pinkish  cinnamon  on  the  posterior  part  of 
crown ;  occiput  and  nape  pinkish  cinnamon  splotched  with  Brussels  brown 
to  clove  brown,  this  darker  color  largely  on  the  basal  parts  of  the  feathers, 
which  do  not  completely  overlap ;  hindneck  and  uppermost  interscapulars 
dusky  hair  brown  to  chaetura  drab,  the  feathers  with  whitish  shafts  and 

“The  elongated  frontal  appendage  is  largest  (longest)  during  the  breeding  season 
and  may  then  attain  a  length  of  3  inches  or  more;  in  the  winter  it  may  shrink  to  less 
than  1  inch. 

14  According  to  some  workers  who  deal  with  live  wild  turkeys,  a  male  with  a 
beard  less  than  4  inches  long  is  probably  a  first-year  bird,  while  females  seldom 
develop  beards  until  they  are  three  years  old. 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


terminal  shaft  spots  and  subterminally  banded  with  Prout’s  brown ;  scapu¬ 
lars  and  rest  of  interscapulars  and  upper  wing  coverts  between  Prout’s 
brown  and  russet  with  narrow  pale  tawny  shaft  streaks  terminally  widen¬ 
ing  into  whitish  tips,  the  feathers  with  a  broad  subterminal  blackish  band 
(not  extending  across  the  pale  shaft  streak)  and  sparsely  freckled  with  the 
same  on  the  basal  brownish  area ;  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  dark  hair 
brown  barred  with  whitish  (the  whitish  bars  formed  by  the  tips  of  the 
feathers)  ;  primaries  between  hair  brown  and  chaetura  drab,  faintly  and 
finely  mottled  on  the  outer  web  with  pale  cinnamon-buff  and  narrowly 
tipped  with  whitish;  secondaries  hair  brown  on  their  inner  webs,  Sayal 
brown  on  the  outer  webs  which  are  transversely  broadly  blotched  with 
blackish  and  finely  and  sparsely  peppered  with  dusky;  the  innermost  sec¬ 
ondaries  have  this  Sayal  brown  extending  over  the  inner  web  as  well,  and 
all  the  secondaries  are  tipped  with  pale  pinkish  buff ;  upper  tail  coverts  and 
rectrices  Sayal  brown  transversely  broadly  but  irregularly  banded  with 
blackish  and  tipped  with  buffy  white ;  lores,  cheeks,  and  auriculars  pinkish 
buff  darkening  to  light  pinkish  cinnamon  above  and  behind  the  eye ;  chin 
and  upper  throat  very  pale  pinkish  buff ;  lower  throat  pinkish  buff  irregu¬ 
larly  barred  with  hair  brown ;  the  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  white ; 
breast,  abdomen,  sides,  flanks,  thighs,  and  under  tail  coverts  dark  hair 
brown  but  the  feathers  of  the  sides  and  flanks  and  lower  abdomen  heavily 
washed  with  Sayal  brown,  their  shafts  white. 

Natal  down  (sexes  alike). — Head  as  in  juvenal  plumage  described 
above ;  the  upper  back  slightly  paler  but  very  heavily  and  extensively 
blotched  with  dark  bister;  back,  lower  back,  and  rump  somewhat  darker 
and  more  rufescent,  heavily  marked  with  Brussels  brown  to  bister  and 
Vandyke  brown,  the  spinal  tract  being  broadly  and  continuously  of  this 
dark  tone ;  sides  of  head  pale  pinkish  buff  to  tilleul  buff,  paling  to  almost 
white  on  the  chin  and  upper  throat  and  breast ;  middle  of  abdomen  washed 
with  straw  yellow,  whiter  laterally. 

Adult  male. — Wing  480-550  (512.9);  tail  370-440  (397.2);  culmen 
from  cere  31-38  (34.8)  ;  tarsus  146-181.5  (162.6);  middle  toe  without 
claw  73-87  (81.4);  length  of  tarsal  spur  14.5-23  (18.5);  diameter  of 
tarsal  spur  10-13.5  (11.6  mm.).15 

Adult  female.— Wing  382^38  (414.3)  ;  tail  306-345  (329.3)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  28—35.5  (31.7)  ;  tarsus  126-143  (131.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  61.5-68  (65.4  mm.).16 

Range. — Formerly  resident  in  wooded  districts  from  southern  Maine, 
southern  Ontario,  and  northern  New  York,  southern  Michigan,  southern 
Wisconsin,  eastern  Minnesota,  Iowa,  southeastern  South  Dakota,  Ne¬ 
braska,  and  Kansas;  south  through  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 

10  Nine  specimens  from  Virginia,  Georgia,  and  Maryland. 

10  Six  specimens  from  Virginia,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  and  North  Carolina. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


443 


Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  the  Carolinas  and 
Georgia  to  northwestern  Florida,  and  through  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
eastern  Kentucky,  and  Missouri  to  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  eastern  Texas, 
northeastern  New  Mexico,  and  the  Gulf  Coast;  now  extirpated  in  Canada, 
New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Michigan,  Iowa,  South  Dakota, 
Kansas,  and  Minnesota;  mixed  with  domestic  blood  and  with  western 
stock  in  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  range.17 
Birds  from  coastal  Georgia  and  southeastern  South  Carolina  are  some¬ 
what  intermediate  between  this  form  and  the  Florida  subspecies,  M.  g. 
osceola. 

Type  locality. — Pennsylvania. 

[Meleagris]  gallopavo  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  156,  part18  (based 
essentially  on  Meleagris  sylvestris  Catesby,  Nat.  Hist.  Carolina,  i,  p.  xliv; 
Brisson,  Orn.,  i,  162,  and  New  England  Wild  Turkey  Ray,  av.  51 ;  Alb.  av.  3, 
p.  33,  t.  35)  ;  ed.  12,  i,  1766,  268.— Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  732. — 
Latham,  Index  Orn.,  ii,  1790,  618. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  Temminck,  Cat.  Syst.,  1807,  149.— Bonaparte,  Amer.  Orn.,  i, 
1825,  79,  pi.  9;  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  pt.  1,  1826,  123;  Contr.  Mac- 
lurian  Lyc.,  i,  1827,  22;  Geogr.  and  Comp.  List,  1838,  42. — Audubon,  Orn. 
Biogr.,  i,  1831,  1,  33,  pis.  1,  6;  v,  1839,  559;  Synopsis,  1839,  194;  Birds  Amer., 
8 vo  ed.,  v,  1842,  42,  pis.  287,  288.— Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  United  States  and 
Canada,  Land  Birds,  1832,  630;  ed.  2,  1840,  773. — Hitchcock,  Rep.  Geol.  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  1833,  549  (Massachusetts). — Jardine,  Nat.  Libr.,  Orn.,  iii,  1836,  117, 
pis.  1,  2.— Thompson,  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  101  (s.  Vermont) .— DeKay,  Zook 
New  York,  1844,  199,  pi.  76,  fig.  172. — Woodhouse,  Rep.  Sitgreaves’  Expl.  Zuni 
and  Colorado  Rivers,  1853,  93  (Indian  Territory;  Texas).— Baird,  Rep.  Pacific 
R.R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  615;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  457.— Mc- 
Ilwraith,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1866,  91  (Ontario,  formerly). — Allen,  Mem. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1868,  500  (w.  Iowa;  formerly  numerous)  ;  Bull.  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  iii,  1872,  141  (Fort  Hays,  Kans.),  144  (nw.  Kansas),  181  (e.  and 
middle  Kansas).— Snow,  Cat.  Birds  Kansas,  ed.  2,  1872,  12  (Kansas;  becoming 
rarer);  1879,  9;  ed.  5,  1903,  15  (southwestern  Kansas;  rare,  if  not  extinct). — 

"Birds  from  the  Wichita  National  Forest  are  only  doubtfully  identifiable  as 
si  Ives  Iris,  but  this  seems  to  be  due  to  mixing  of  strains  there  by  local  introduction. 

18  It  may  fairly  be  questioned  whether  Linnaeus  based  his  Meleagris  gallopavo 
more  on  the  wild  turkey  of  the  Eastern  United  States  or  the  domesticated  bird,  and 
possibly  those  who  insist  upon  the  latter  are  right ;  but  this  does  not  affect  the  right 
of  a  subsequent  author  when  dealing  with  a  composite  species  to  restrict  the  original 
name  according  to  his  best  judgment.  In  1856,  John  Gould  thus  restricted  the 
specific  name  gallopavo  to  the  wild  bird  of  the  Eastern  United  States  and  named 
the  wild  turkey  of  eastern  Mexico  (which  is  unquestionably  the  parent  stock  of  the 
domesticated  turkey)  M.  mexicana.  The  principle  involved  is  a  very  simple  and 
just  one,  and  there  are  few  of  those  already  incorporated  with  the  rules  of  zoological 
nomenclature  which  are  more  potent  to  prevent  the  unnecessary  shifting  of  names 
than  this.  It  is  true  that  the  wild  turkey  of  the  Eastern  United  States  had  received 
several  different  specific  names  prior  to  Gould’s  discrimination  of  two  species,  in 
1856;  but  the  authors  of  these  several  names  did  not  recognize  two  species  and  there¬ 
fore  merely  renamed  the  composite  one,  thus  merely  adding  synonyms  to  the  eastern 
form  as  clearly  separated  by  Gould.  (R.R.) 


444 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1872,  pi.  30  (27?),  and  text. — Hatch,  Proc. 
Minnesota  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  1874,  61  (e.  Minn.)  ;  Notes  Birds  Minnesota,  1892,  169, 
458  (Minnesota;  now  extinct). — Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  His.,  xvii,  1875, 
12  (New  England). — Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  ix,  1877,  63  (s.  Illinois;  10 
miles  w.  of  Anna,  Union  County),  65  (s.  Illinois). — Gibbs,  U.  S.  Geol.  and 
Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.  Bull.  5,  1879,  491  (Michigan;  locally  common). — Townsend, 
Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Qub,  vi,  1880,  60  (Mount  Desert  Island,  Maine,  formerly; 
bones  found  in  shellheap). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
1886,  No.  310. — Slade,  Auk,  v,  1888,  204  (near  Mount  Holyoke,  Mass.,  former¬ 
ly;  flock  in  1837-38). — Goss,  Hist.  Birds  Kansas,  1891,  230  (Kansas;  genl.). — 
Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1892,  105  (Corpus  Christi,  Tex.)  ; 
Auk,  xvi,  1899,  310  (sw.  Pennsylvania;  a  few  still  lingering  in  Clinton  and 
Fulton  Counties). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892,  112,  part 
(includes  M.  g.  osceola). — Ulrey  and  Wallace,  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  1895, 
151  (Wabash,  Ind. ;  last  one  killed  in  1880!). — Wayne,  Auk,  xii,  1895,  364 
(Aucilla,  nw.  Florida). — Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  91 
(rare,  near  extirpation;  still  existing  in  Bent,  Prowers,  Baca,  and  Las  Animas 
Counties,  se.  Colorado). — Jones,  Wils.  Bull,  v,  1898,  61  (Lorain  County,  n. 
Ohio;  extinct  since  about  1858 !).— Butler,  Rep.  State  Geol.  Indiana  for  1897 
(1898),  758  (Carroll  County,  Ind.,  up  to  1870;  Marion  County,  1879;  Crawford 
County,  1897;  Lake  County,  about  1880;  Newton  County,  1884;  Wabash  County, 
1880;  La  Porte  County,  1886;  Monroe  County,  1887;  still  found  in  Knox, 
Gibson,  Pike,  and  Posey  Counties). — Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  1900,  214  (sw. 
Ontario,  formerly  common;  now  rare). — Judd,  U.  S.  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  24,  1905, 
48-52,  part  (range,  food,  etc.) — Taverner  and  Swales,  Wils.  Bull,  xix,  1907, 
91  (Point  Pelee,  Ontario;  extirpated  since  about  1878!). —  (?)  Felger,  Auk, 
xxvi,  1909,  191  (Oak  Hills,  s.  of  Denver,  Colo.,  1868). — Christy,  Auk,  xlviii, 
1931,  374  (Sandusky  Bay;  Lake  Erie). — Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy. 
Ontario  Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  1936,  31  (extirpated,  formerly  common;  Ontario).— 
Taverner,  Can.  Water  Birds,  1939,  179  (field  chars.;  Canada). — Stewart,  Auk, 
lx,  1943,  390  (Shenandoah  Mountains;  breeds). 

M[eleagris]  gallopavo  Maximilian,  Journ.  fiir  Orn.,  1850,  426  (descr. ;  plum.; 
meas. ;  habits). — Hatch,  Bull  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1874,  61  (Minnesota; 
sw.  part). — Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  x,  1874,  382  (Illinois; 
resident). — Boies,  Cat.  Birds  Southern  Michigan,  1875,  No.  145  (s.  Michigan). — - 
Nelson,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  viii,  1876,  121  (ne.  Illinois;  formerly  plentiful  but 
now  probably  extirpated);  ix,  1877,  43  (s.  Illinois;  very  common)  59  (Cairo, 
Ill.;  abundant;  also  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri). 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  gallopavo  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  404. — Langdon,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1879,  15 
(Cincinnati,  Ohio;  former  resident). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  gallopavo  Goode,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.,  20,  1883,  328. 

Meleagris  Gallo  pavo  Kluk,  Hist.  Nat.,  ii,  1779,  136. 

Meleagris  gallipavo  Kock,  Mitth.  Orn.  Verh.  Wien,  1889,  129-134  (Pennsylvania). 

Meleagris  americana  Hildreth,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  xxix,  1836,  85  (Kanawha  Valley, 
W.  Va. ;  ex  M.  americanus  Bartram,  Travels  in  Florida,  etc.,  1792,  290 — nomen 
nudum). — Cousfe,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1875,  349,  footnote  (crit., 
nomencl.). — Loomis,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  iv,  1879,  217  (Chester  County, 
S.  C.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  389. 

M[eleagris]  americana  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  304. 

[Meleagris]  americana  Gray,  Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  262,  No.  9626. 

[ Meleagris  gallopavo]  var.  americana  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  232. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  .  .  .  var.  americana  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874, 
No.  379a. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


445 


[Meleagris  gallopavo  var.  americana]  b.  Americana  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874, 
391. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  americana  Merriam,  Trans.  Connecticut  Acad.  Sci.,  iv., 
1877,  98  (extinct  in  Connecticut  since  about  1813). — Brown,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn. 
Club,  iv,  1879,  12  (Coosada,  Ala.). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  americana  Coues,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  v,  1880,  100.— 
Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  1880,  195;  Norn.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881, 
No.  470a. — Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  444  ;  579  (descr. ;  distr. ;  hist.; 
syn.). — Hay,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii,  1882,  93  (Kemper  County,  Miss.). — 
Ageksborg,  Auk,  ii,  1885,  285  (se.  South  Dakota). 

M[eleagris ]  gallopavo  americana  Ridgway,  Illinois  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  Bull.  4, 
1881,  191  (Illinois). 

Meleagris  gallipavo  americana  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882, 
No.  554. 

[Meleagris]  [gallopavo]  americana  Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  444  (distr.). 

M[eleagris]  g[allipavo]  americana  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  576. 

(?)  Meleagris  gallopavo  ( americana  Coues?)  Nehrling,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club, 
vii,  1882,  175  (se.  Texas). 

Meleagris  palawa  Barton,  Med.  and  Phys.  Journ.,  ii,  pt.  1,  1805,  163,  164  (based 
on  “the  common  wild  turkey  of  the  United  States”). 

Meleagris  silvestris  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.,  ix,  1817,  447  (Illinois  to 
Isthmus  of  Panama;  Canada  and  central  United  States). — Ridgway,  Proc. 
Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  1874,  23  (lower  Wabash  Valley). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  Dawson,  Birds  Ohio,  1903,  431,  pi.  50,  652  (Ohio; 
hist.;  descr.;  etc.). — Williams,  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  453  (Leon  County,  nw.  Fla.).— 
[Nash],  Check  List  Vert.  Ontario:  Birds,  1905,  36  (Ontario;  formerly  common; 
now  probably  extinct). — Stockard,  Auk,  xxii,  1905,  150  (Mississippi;  nesting 
habits,  etc.). — Townsend,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  3,  1905,  64  in  text,  203 
in  text  (Essex  County,  Mass.)  ;  No.  5,  1920,  97  (Essex  County,  Mass.;  extinct). 
— Henninger,  Wils.  Bull.,  xviii,  1906,  51  (Seneca  County,  Ohio;  extirpated  in 
1880). — Brewster,  Mem.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  No.  4,  1906,  175  (Cambridge, 
Mass.). — Widmann,  Birds  Missouri,  1907,  83  (once  common,  now  rare). — 
Anderson,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Sci.,  xi,  1907,  237  (Iowa;  once  common; 
now  practically  extirpated). — Woodruff,  Auk,  xxv,  1908,  198  (Shannon  County, 
Mo.,  still  common). — Stone,  Birds  New  Jersey,  1908,  152  (New  Jersey;  hist; 
now  extinct)  ;  Bird  Studies  Cape  May,  i,  1937,  328  (Cape  May  County,  N.  J., 
formerly). — Knight,  Birds  Maine,  1908,  206  (s.  Maine,  formerly).— Cory, 
Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  131,  1909,  42  (Wisconsin,  extirpated;  Illinois,  now 
in  southern  counties  only) Macoun  and  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Birds,  ed.  2, 

1909,  234  (sw.  Ontario;  formerly  common,  now  rare). — Wayne,  Birds  South 
Carolina,  1910,  64  (habits;  descr.  of  nest  and  eggs). — Howell,  Auk,  xxvii, 

1910,  301  (Walden  Ridge,  e.  Term.)  ;  Birds  Alabama,  1924,  121 ;  ed.  2,  1928,  121 
(distr.;  habits;  Alabama). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list, 
ed.  3,  1910,  145;  ed.  4,  1931,  92  (distr.). — Eaton,  Birds  New  York,  i,  1910,  379 
(now  extirpated). — Iseley,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  28  (Sedgwick  County,  Kans., 
formerly). — Barrows,  Michigan  Bird  Life,  1912,  236  (formerly  abundant,  now 
extirpated). — Harlow,  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  469  (Centre  County,  Pa.)  ;  xxxv,  1918, 
23  (south-central  Pennsylvania  from  Centre,  Clearfield,  and  Lycoming  Counties 
to  Somerset  and  Franklin  Counties;  also  in  Huntingdon  County).— Forbush, 
Game  Birds,  Wild-fowl  and  Shore  Birds,  1912,  487  (history)  .—Cooke,  Condor, 
xv,  1913,  104  [-105],  fig.  32  (map)  (western  range)  ;  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  478 
(Caddo,  Okla. ;  common)  ;  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlii,  1929,  34  (Wash¬ 
ington,  D.  C.). — Bailey,  Birds  Virginia,  1913,  91  (Virginia;  range;  breeds). — 


446 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Wright  and  Harper,  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  494  (Okefenokee  Swamp,  Ga.). — Harris, 
Trans.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  1919,  258  (extirpated  near  Kansas  City,  Mo.). 
— Burns,  Orn.  Chester  County,  Pa.,  1919,  48  (Chester  County,  Pa.). — Pearson, 
Brimley,  and  Brimley,  Birds  of  North  Carolina,  1919,  154  (North  Carolina; 
descr.;  distr.).— Holt,  Geol.  Surv.  Alabama,  Mus.  Paper  No.  4,  1921,  43 
(Alabama;  common  in  suitable  localities;  resident;  breeds). — Over  and  Thoms, 
Birds  South  Dakota,  1921,  78  (Union  and  Clay  Counties,  but  extirpated  about 
1875).— Cahn,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxiii,  1921,  172  (Harrison  County,  ne.  Tex.).— 
Evermann,  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  for  1920  (1921),  336  (Monroe  County, 
Ind.,  up  to  about  1886;  Vigo  County,  up  to  1891  ?;  Carrol  County,  up  to 
about  1878).— Hunt,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  376  (Tiller,  Ark.;  said  to  be  common 
in  wild  places).— Pearson,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxiv,  1922,  86  (Cumberland  Island, 
Ga-)-  Corrington,  Auk,  xxxix,  1922,  543  (Biloxi,  Miss.;  common  in  swamps). 
"  Nice  and  Nice,  Birds  Oklahoma,  1924,  37  (genl. ;  Oklahoma). — Burleigh, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xxxvi,  1924,  69,  37  (migr.;  Centre  County,  Pa.);  xliii,  1931,  39 
(breeding;  State  College;  Centre  County,  Pa.) .—Pindar,  Wils.  Bull  xxxvi, 
1924,  204  (e.  Arkansas);  xxxvii,  1925,  83  (status;  Fulton  County,  Ky.).— 
Beck,  Auk,  xli,  1924,  292  in  text  (Pennsylvania  German  common  names). — 
Wheeler,  Birds  Arkansas,  1925,  40,  xiv,  xx  (descr.;  habits;  nest  and  eggs; 
Arkansas).  Blincoe,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  419  (Bardstown,  Ky.). — Worthing¬ 
ton  and  Todd,  Wils.  Bull.,  xxxviii,  1926,  211  (Chostawhatchee  Bay,  Fla.). — 
Bailey,  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  230  (ne.  New  Mexico;  Mora  River  near 
junction  with  the  Canadian  River,  and  near  North  fork  of  the  Canadian 
River).  Sutton,  Birds  Pennsylvania,  1928,  54  (Pennsylvania;  descr.;  nesting; 
habits);  Auk,  xlvi,  1929,  326  (nesting  habits;  Pennsylvania;  photographs). — 
Pickens,  Wils.  Bull.,  xl,  1928,  189  (rare,  upper  South  Carolina). — Brown, 
Auk,  xlv,  1928,  347  (longevity  in  captivity) —Pierce,  Wils.  Bull.,  xlii,  1930,  267 
(status  in  Buchanan  County,  Iowa). — Snyder  and  Logier,  Trans.  Roy.  Can. 
Inst.,  xviii,  1931,  177  (Long  Point  Area,  Norfolk  County,  Ontario;  extirpated; 
trapping  methods).— [Arthur],  Birds  Louisiana,  1931,  220  (descr.;  status, 
Louisiana).— NrcE,  Birds  Oklahoma,  rev.  ed.,  1931,  83  (Oklahoma;  genl.).— 
Baerg,  Univ.  Arkansas  Agri.  Exp.  Stat.  Bull.  258,  1931,  56  (descr.;  distr.).— 
Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  326  (habits;  plum.;  distr.). — Burns, 
Wils.  Bull.,  xliv,  1932,  28  (spec.;  Peale  coll.). — Bennitt,  Univ.  Missouri  Stud., 
vii,  No.  3,  July  1932,  27  (s.  Missouri;  uncommon  resident). — Roberts,  Birds 
Minnesota,  i,  1932,  425  (distr.;  habits;  etc.;  Minnesota). — Hicks,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlv,  1933,  180  (Ashtabula  County,  Ohio;  none  since  1880) .—Brooks,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlvi,  1934,  66  (Cranberry  Glades,  W.  Va.).— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
1934,  140.— Taverner,  Birds  Canada,  1934,  167  in  text  (e.  Canada;  w.  to  e. 
Ontario). — Fisher,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  xlviii,  1935,  161  (Plummers 
Island,  Md.).— Ghigi,  Gallini  di  Faraone  e  Tacchini,  1936,  330,  pi.  vii  (col.  fig.; 
genl.  hist.). — Groebbels,  Der  Vogel,  ii,  1937,  106  in  text  (polygyny)  ;  168  (data 
on  breeding  biology)  ;  239  in  text  (number  of  eggs)  ;  402  in  text  (parental 
care).  Bagg  and  Eliot,  Birds  Connecticut  Valley  in  Massachusetts,  1937,  175 
(extirpated).— Murphey,  Contr.  Charleston  Mus.,  ix,  1937,  15  (Savannah 
Valley,  Ga. ;  formerly  abundant,  still  fairly  common  resident)  .—Van  Tyne, 
Occ.  Pap.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  379,  1938,  12  (Michigan;  formerly 
permanent  resident;  now  extirpated;  breeding  records). — Poole,  Auk,  lx,  1938, 
Si 7,  in  table  (weight;  wing  area).— Oberholser,  Bird  Life  Louisiana,  1938, 
193  (Louisiana;  formerly  not  uncommon,  now  largely  confined  to  the  n.  and  ne. 
parts  of  state).— Deaderick,  Wils.  Bull.,  1,  1938,  263  (Hot  Springs  Nat.  Park, 
Ark.;  rare  resident).— Tanner,  Auk,  lvi,  1939,  90  (Madison  Parish,  La.; 
60  seen).— Wetmore,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Ixxxvi,  1939,  184  (Tennessee; 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


447 


one  seen — Old  Black  Mountain). — Long,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xliii,  1940, 
441  (Kansas;  formerly  abundant  resident;  now  extinct). — Campbell,  Bull. 
Toledo  Mus.  Sci.,  i,  1940,  65  (Lucas  County,  Ohio;  formerly  common;  last 
record  1892). — Todd,  Birds  Western  Pennsylvania,  1940,  178  (w.  Pennsylvania; 
descr. ;  habits;  syn. ;  bibl.). — Trautman,  Misc.  Publ.  Univ.  Michigan  Mus. 
Zool.,  No.  44,  1940,  227  (Buckeye  Lake,  Ohio;  formerly  common  resident; 
now  extirpated). — Goodpaster,  Journ.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xxii,  1941, 
13  (sw.  Ohio;  formerly  common,  now  practically  extirpated  in  settled  districts; 
bones  in  Indian  village  sites). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  292  (distr. ;  syn.) —Pearson,  Brimley,  and  Brimley,  Birds  North 
Carolina,  1942,  110  (North  Carolina;  status;  habits). — Cruickshank,  Birds 
New  York  City,  1942,  154  (extirpated).- — Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in 
Virginia,  1943,  4,  ff.  (distr.;  monogr. ;  management). 

Meleagres  gallopavo  silvestris  Johnston,  Birds  West  Virginia,  1923,  88  (West 
Virginia). 

M[eleagris]  gallopavo  var.  sylvestris  Ridgway,  Ann.  Lyc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
x,  1874,  382  (Illinois). 

[Meleagris]  gallopavo  silvestris  Baillie  and  Harrington,  Contr.  Roy.  Ontario 
Mus.  Zool.,  No.  8,  pt.  1,  1936,  31,  in  text  (Ontario;  extirpated). — Petrides, 
Trans  7th  North  Amer.  Wildlife  Conf.,  1942,  325,  in  text  (age  indicators  in 
plumage). 

M[eleagris ]  g[allopavo]  silvestris  Wright,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  343,  in  text  (early 
records). — Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  113  in  text,  114  (spec.;  crit.). — Leopold, 
Condor,  xlv,  1943,  133,  in  text  (molts  of  young). 

Gallopavo  sylvestris  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  ix,  1857,  179-181 
(crit. ;  ex  Ray). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  sylvestris  Allen,  Auk,  xix,  1902,  420  in  text. — Jones,  Birds 
Ohio,  Revised  Cat.,  1903,  85  (Ohio;  prob.  extinct). — Woodruff,  Chicago  Acad. 
Sci.  Bull.,  vi,  1907,  86  (extirpated  in  Chicago  area). 

Meleagris  fera  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  d’Hist.  Nat.,  ix,  1817,  447;  Gal.  Ois.,  ii, 
1825,  10,  pi.  201. — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  42. — Elliot, 
Auk,  xvi,  1899,  232  (crit.  on  p.  231). 

[Meleagris]  fera  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  fera  Coues,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  77. — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  108. — Beyer,  Proc.  Louisiana  Soc.  Nat.  for  1897-99 
(1900),  98  (Louisiana). — Allen,  Proc.  Manchester  Inst.  Sci.  and  Arts,  iv,  1902, 
94  (formerly  resident  in  s.  New  Hampshire). — Kumlien  and  Hollister,  Bull. 
Wisconsin  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  iii,  1903,  58  (Wisconsin). 

Meleagris  gallopavofera  Lantz,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-97  (1899), 
254  (Kansas;  now  rare;  formerly  abundant). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  fera  Nash,  Check  List  Birds  Ontario,  1900,  27  (Ontario, 
formerly  common). 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  occidentalis  Allen,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  i,  1876,  55 
(extirpated  in  New  England;  ex  Meleagris  occidentals  Bartram,  Travels  in 
Florida,  etc.,  1791,  88  —  nomen  nudum). 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  OSCEOLA  Scott 

Florida  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  but 

smaller  and  with  the  remiges  with  the  white  bars  very  much  narrower 


448 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


than  the  dark  interspaces  and  on  the  whole  less  incomplete19 ;  the  rectrices 
brown-tipped  as  in  silvestris  in  most  birds,  but  occasionally  their  tips  paler 
and  more  buffy ;  the  innermost  secondaries  averaging  more  grayish ; 
the  tips  of  the  upper  tail  coverts  slightly  paler,  more  chestnut,  and  the 
tarsal  spurs  averaging  somewhat  longer  and  sharper,  i.e.,  more  attenuate, 
less  blunt,  and  the  general  effect  of  the  metallic  reflections  averaging  more 
brilliantly  red  and  green,  less  bronzy. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  but 
differing  from  it  in  the  same  characters  as  do  the  adult  males  of  the  two 
races. 

Subadult. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  the  corresponding  sex  but  with  the 
beard  shorter,  and  in  the  male  the  tarsal  spurs  and  the  frontal  appendage 
smaller. 

Immature. — Similar  to  the  subadult  of  the  corresponding  sex  but  with 
the  two  outer  juvenal  primaries. 

Juvenal. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris. 

Natal  dozun.- — Like  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  head  and  back  slightly 
darker. 

Adult  male. — Wing  430-487  (462)  ;  tail  345-390  (362.8)  ;  culmen  from 
cere  30.5-35.5  (32.9)  ;  tarsus  159.5-174  (169.8)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
70-82.5  (76.4)  ;  length  of  tarsal  spur  17-32  (25.1)  ;  diameter  of  tarsal 
spur 9.5-13  (11.6mm.).20 

Adult  female. — Wing  354-390  (368.7)  ;  tail  268-304  (291);  culmen 
from  cere  26.8-31  (29.1)  ;  tarsus  125.5-135.5  (132.3)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  59-68  (63.2  mm.).21 

Range. — Resident  chiefly  in  the  dense  hammocks  and  the  dry  swamps, 
but  also  in  open  pineland  and  saw  palmetto  prairies  in  Florida  from  at 
least  as  far  north  as  Gainesville  and  the  lower  Aucilla  River  south  to 
Royal  Palm  Hammock. 

Type  locality. — Tarpon  Springs,  Fla. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  ii,  1871, 
342  (e.  Florida). — Scott,  Auk,  vi,  1889,  246  (Gulf  coast,  Fla.). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola  Scott,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  376  (Tarpon  Springs, 
w.  Florida;  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.);  ix,  1892,  212,  215  (Caloosahatchie 
region,  sw.  Florida;  habits,  etc.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk, 
ix,  1892,  109;  xvi,  1899,  105;  xviii,  1901,  310;  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  118;  ed. 
3,  1910,  146;  ed.  4,  1931,  92. — Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1896, 
590. — Palmer,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  27-28,  in  text  (instinctive  stillness). — Baynard, 
Auk,  xxx,  1913,  243  (Alachua  County,  Fla.). — Howell,  Auk,  xxxviii,  1921,  255 
Royal  Palm  Hammock,  Fla.;  very  rare  resident). — Bailey,  Birds  Florida,  i, 
1925,  1,  60,  pi.  32  (fig.;  distr. ;  Florida).— Bent  and  Copeland,  Auk,  xliv, 

'"One  specimen  seen  (from  Kissimmee,  Fla.,  U.  S.  N.  M.  No.  124396)  in  which 
the  wing  quills  agree  with  the  characters  of  silvestris. 

20  Eleven  specimens. 

al  Nine  specimens. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


449 


1927,  380  (Charlotte  County,  Fla.). — Christy,  Auk,  xlv,  1928,  288  (edge  of  Big 
Cypress,  s.  Florida.). — Bangs,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  lxx,  1930,  158  (type 
in  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.).- — Howell,  Florida  Bird  Life,  1932,  195  (genl. ;  Florida). 
— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  340  (habits). — Peters,  Check-list 
Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140. — Ghigi,  Gallini  di  Faraone  e  Tacchini,  1936,  329 
(genl.). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  1,  No.  1,  1942,  292.— 
Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in  Virginia,  1943,  4  (distr.). 

Meleagris  fera  osceola  Elliot,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  232. 

M[eleagris]  g[allopavo]  osceola  Wright,  Auk,  xxxi,  1914,  343  in  text  (early  rec¬ 
ords). — Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  113  in  text,  114  (spec.;  crit.). 

[Meleagris  amcricana ]  Subsp.  a  Meleagris  osceola  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 

Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  390  (Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.). 

[Meleagris]  osceola  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

M[eleagris]  osceola  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  305. 

Meleagris  occidentalis  Bartram,  Travels  in  Florida,  etc.,  1791,  83  (near  Fincolata, 
Fla.;  nomen  nudum). 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  INTERMEDIA  Sennett 

Rio  Grande  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  smaller  and  with 
the  upper  tail  coverts  and  the  rectrices  with  paler  tips,  those  of  the  coverts 
being  cinnamon-buff  with  a  slight  tawny  tinge,  those  of  the  rectrices  being 
Venus  brown  paling  distally  to  pinkish  cinnamon;  the  rectrices  in  many 
specimens  tend  to  be  more  barred  with  blackish  over  the  area  basal  to  the 
black  subterminal  band,  the  brown  interspaces  somewhat  freckled  with 
blackish  in  others  they  are  vermiculated  on  the  more  median  ones ;  the 
tips  of  the  flank  feathers  paler  and  more  cinnamomeous ;  the  lower  back 
and  rump  almost  solid  glossy  blackish  with  rather  faint  subterminal  bluish- 
green  reflections  (not  pinkish  or  coppery  as  in  silvestris )  ;  the  metallic 
reflections  of  the  rest  of  the  body  more  brilliant,  less  bronzy,  agreeing  in 
this  respect  with  M.  g.  osceola,  inner  webs  of  innermost  secondaries  more 
heavily  mottled  with  dusky  and  their  outer  webs  more  strongly  glossed 
with  greenish  purplish ;  other  secondaries  darker,  the  brown  areas  fuscous  ; 
tarsal  spur  short  and  stubby  as  in  silvestris;  tips  of  under  tail  coverts  and 
flanks  paler — cinnamon-buffy.  Birds  from  Wichita  Mountains,  Okla., 
are  intermediate  between  silvestris  and  intermedia,  more  like  silvestris 
in  the  color  of  the  inner  webs  of  the  inner  secondaries  and  the  barring  of 
the  rectrices. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  smaller  and  with 
the  feathers  of  lower  back  and  rump  and  the  upper  tail  coverts  and  the 
rectrices  with  paler  tips — cinnamon-buff  to  fairly  pale  pinkish  buff ;  the 
rectrices  averaging  more  definitely  barred  proximal  to  the  subterminal 
black  band ;  secondaries  paler,  more  whitish  on  their  outer  margins,  the 
innermost  ones  sandy  grayish  cinnamon-buff ;  feathers  of  the  breast,  upper 
abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  tipped  with  pale  pinkish  buff. 


450 


BULLETIN  60,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Juvenal  male. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvcstris  but  slightly  paler, 
the  dark  areas  reduced  on  the  wings  and  the  brown  slightly  more  “sandy” 
generally  on  the  upperparts. 

Adult  male. — Wing  462—468  (465)  ;  tail  346—385  (369.3)  ;  culmen  from 
cere  35-37  (35.8);  tarsus  162-171  (166.3);  middle  toe  without  claw 
78-81.5  (80.2)  ;  length  of  tarsal  spur  11.5-17  (14.7)  ;  diameter  of  tarsal 
spur  11.5-12.5  (12.2  mm.).22 

Adult  female. — Wing  385-405  (392.3)  ;  tail  277-302  (290.3)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  26.5-32.5  (30.3)  ;  tarsus  126-138.5  (130.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  61.5-71  (65  mm.).23 

Range. — Resident  from  central  Texas  (San  Antonio;  Nueces  River 
near  Corpus  Christi;  Tom  Green,  Concho,  Cameron,  Motley,  Kerr,  Ken¬ 
dall,  Aransas,  and  Bexar  Counties)  ;  south  to  Tamaulipas  (Soto  la 
Marina;  Forlon,  Rio  de  la  Cruz)  ;  Nuevo  Leon  (Montemorelos,  Cerrode 
la  Silla),  and  northwestern  Coahuila  (Sabinas  and  La  Palma),  and  ex¬ 
treme  southeastern  San  Luis  Potosi  (Micos). 

Type  locality. — Lomita,  Tex. 

Melcagris  gallopavo  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Dresser,  Ibis,  1866,  25  (se.  Texas;  ne. 
Mexico).— Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  379,  part.— 
Sennett,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr,  Bull.  4,  No.  1,  1878,  53  (Hidalgo, 
lower  Rio  Grande);  5,  No.  3,  1879,  427  (Lomita,  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  se. 
Texas;  crit.). — Merrill,  Auk,  i,  1878,  159  (Fort  Brown  and  Hidalgo,  se.  Texas; 
crit. ;  descr.  eggs).— Ridgway,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  iii,  1880,  195,  part;  Nom. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  470,  part.— Brown,  Bull.  Nuttall  Orn.  Club,  vii, 
1882,  41  (Boerne,  Kendall  County,  Tex.). — Beckham,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus, 
x,  1888,  657  (Bexar  County,  etc,  Tex.). — Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  iii,  No.  2,  1891,  321  (Nueces  River,  20-30  miles  w.  of  Corpus  Christi, 
Tex.).— Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  284,  part 
(southern  Texas  and  Tamaulipas).— Sutton  and  Pettingill,  Auk,  lix,  1942,  13 
(Gomez  Farias  region,  southwestern  Tamaulipas;  1  seen). 

[Meleagris]  gallopavo  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  232,  part. 

Meleagris  mexicana  (not  of  Gould)  Elliot,  New  and  Unfig.  North  Amer.  Birds, 
pt.  10,  1868  (vol.  ii),  text,  pi.  38,  part;  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1870,  text,  pi. 
28,  part. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  310a,  part.- — Lloyd,  Auk,  iv,  1887,  187  (Tom  Green  and  Concho  Counties, 
w.  Tex.). — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  107,  part  (San  Antonio 
and  Concho  Counties,  Tex.). — Bendire,  Life  Hist.  North  Amer.  Birds,  i,  1892, 
116,  part.— Attwater,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  233  (San  Antonio,  Tex.). 

M[eleagris]  gallopavo  mexicana  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207,  part 
(s.  Texas). 

[Meleagris  gallopavo ]  var.  intermedia  Sennett,  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr., 
Bull.  5,  No.  3,  1879,  428,  in  text  (Lomita  Ranch,  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  s. 
Tex.;  coll.  G.  B.  Sennett,  type  now  in  coll.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  intermedia  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899, 
108;  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  146;  ed.  4,  1931,  92— Phillips,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911, 

"Four  specimens  from  Texas,  Tamaulipas,  and  Nuevo  Leon. 

”  Eleven  specimens  from  Texas,  Tamaulipas,  and  Nuevo  Leon. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


451 


74  (Rio  de  !a  Cruz,  Tamaulipas).- — Smith,  Auk,  xxxiii,  1916,  188  (Kerr  County, 
Tex.)  ;  Condor,  xx,  1918,  212  in  text  (near  Matador,  Motley  County,  Tex.). — 
Simmons,  Birds  Austin  Region,  1925,  84  (Austin  region,  Tex.;  habits;  nest 
and  eggs;  descrip.;  etc.). — Griscom  and  Crosby,  Auk,  xlii,  1925,  533  (Browns¬ 
ville,  Tex.). — Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  342  (life  hist.;  etc.). — 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140.— Ghigi,  Gallini  di  Faraone  e 
Tacchini,  1936,  327  (genl.). — Sutton,  Ann.  Carnegie  Mus.,  xxvii,  1938,  178 
(Tarrant  County  Tex.;  probably  breeds). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds 
Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  293. 

M[eleagris]  g[allopavo]  intermedia  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States, 
1902,  136  (descr. ;  distr.). — Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  113  in  text,  114  (spec.;  crit.). 
— Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in  Virginia,  1943,  4  (distr.). 

Meleagris  gallapavo  intermedia  Lacey,  Auk,  xxviii,  1911,  206  (Kerrville,  Tex.; 
formerly  common). 

Meleagris  intermedia  Elliot,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  232  (crit.  on  p.  231). 

M[eleagris ]  intermedia  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  305. 

[ Meleagris ]  intermedia  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  ellioti  Sennett,  Auk,  ix,  1892,  167,  pi.  3  (Lomita  Ranch, 
Hidalgo  County,  s.  Tex.;  coll.  G.  B.  Sennett).— American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Auk,  x,  1893,  60;  Check-list,  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  310c. — Ridgway,  Man. 
North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1896,  591. 

[Meleagris  gallopavo.]  Subsp.  a  Meleagris  ellioti  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit. 
Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  388  (Tamaulipas;  Hidalgo,  Tex.). 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  MERRIAMI  Nelson 

Merriam’s  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  with  tips  of  the 
rump  feathers,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  rectrices  very  much  lighter  and 
whiter  (even  paler  than  in  M.  g.  intermedia ) — pale  pinkish  buff,  the 
feathers  of  the  upper  back,  breast  and  upper  abdomen  very  slightly  less 
bronzy,  the  lower  back  blackish  with  bluish  gloss  as  in  M.  g.  intermedia; 
the  upper  tail  coverts  bright  auburn  proximal  to  the  broad  pale  tips  which 
in  turn  are  basally  narrowly  pale  ochraceous-tawny,  the  black  subterminal 
band  of  the  rectrices  averaging  narrower  than  in  silvestris  and  in  the 
lateral  ones,  with  well-developed,  metallic,  greenish-purplish,  transverse 
bars  included,  the  secondaries  more  mottled  with  pale  tawny  to  cinnamon, 
especially  on  the  inner  webs  and  with  more  white  on  both  webs ;  feathers 
of  flanks  and  the  under  tail  coverts  broadly  tipped  with  pinkish  buff  to 
light  pinkish  cinnamon,  averaging  paler  on  the  flanks  and  darker  on  the 
under  tail  coverts,  these  broad  tips,  in  turn,  basally  hazel,  these  basal 
hazel  areas  broader  on  the  under  tail  coverts  than  on  the  flanks;  tarsal 
spur  somewhat  shorter  and  more  stubby  than  in  silvestris. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  intermedia  but  larger  (as  large 
as  M.  g.  silvestris )  and  with  the  upper  tail  coverts  and  rectrices  with  still 
paler  tips — pale  pinkish  buff  to  tilleul  buff ;  the  innermost  secondaries 
more  heavily  mottled  with  dusky. 

Immature. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex  but  generally 
duller  below  and  retaining  the  two  outermost  juvenal  primaries. 


452 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  male.— Wing  502-524  (511)  ;  tail  373— 427  (  398.4)  ;  culmen  from 
cere  34.5-40  (37.2)  ;  tarsus  159-175  (166.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
78-88  (83.5  mm.).24 

Adult  female., — Wing  400-463  (435.9);  tail  325-360  (345);  culmen 
from  cere  31-34  (32.3)  ;  tarsus  124—159  (133.6)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
66-73  (68.8  mm.).25 

Range. — Resident  in  the  Transition  and  Upper  Austral  Zones  in  the 
mountains  of  central  and  southwestern  Colorado  (up  to  7,000  feet ;  Canyon 
City;  Upper  Arkansas  River;  Raton  Pass;  Las  Animas;  South  Park; 
Oak  Hill;  Pueblo  County,  San  Miguel  County),  New  Mexico  (Manzano, 
Chusa,  Santa  Fe,  San  Luis,  San  Mateo,  and  Sacramento  Mountains ; 
Upper  Pecos  River  up  to  11,000  feet;  Valverde,  La  Jara,  Cloudcroft, 
Fort  Thorn,  Gila  River,  etc.)  ;  Arizona  (Huachuca,  Santa  Catalina,  and 
San  Francisco  Mountains;  near  Winslow;  Fort  Whipple;  White  Moun¬ 
tains;  Williams;  San  Pedro  River;  Copper  Mine;  Bill  Williams  River; 
etc.)  ;  and  southwestern  Texas  (Guadelupe  Mountains). 

Type  locality. — Forty-seven  miles  southwest  of  Winslow,  Ariz. 

Meleagris  mexicana  (not  of  Gould)  Baird,  Rep.  Pacific  R.  R.  Surv.,  ix,  1858,  618 
(Fort  Thorn,  N.  Mex.)  ;  Cat.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1859,  No.  458. — Coues,  Ibis, 

1865,  165,  in  text  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.)  ;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia, 

1866,  93  (Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.)  ;  1868,  84  (mountains  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona)  .—Elliot,  New  and  Unfig.  North  Amer.  Birds,  pt.  10,  1868  (vol.  ii), 
pi.  38  and  text,  part;  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1872,  pi.  28,  and  text,  part.— 
Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  523,  part  (w.  Texas  to 
Arizona) . 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  mexicana  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  iii,  1874,  410,  part. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  310a,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  310a,  part  (w.  Texas  to  Arizona). — Scott, 
Auk,  iii,  1886,  389  (San  Pedro  River  and  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Ariz.). — 
Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi  Valley,  1888,  107,  part  (w.  Texas;  Arizona); 
Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  72  (mountains  of  Colorado  up  to  7,000 
ft.)  ;  Condor,  xv,  1913,  104  [-105],  fig.  32  (map)  (range  in  Colorado). — 
Mearns,  Auk,  vii,  1890,  52  (San  Francisco  Mountains,  Ariz.). — Mitchell, 
Auk,  xv,  1898,  307  (San  Miguel  County,  N.  Mex.,  8,000  feet  to  timberline). 
M[eleagris ]  gallopavo  mexicana  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207,  part 
(w.  Texas  to  Arizona). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  (not  of  Linnaeus)  Woodhouse,  in  Sitgreaves  Expl.  Zuiii  and 
Colorado  Rivers,  1853,  93,  part  (Copper  Mines  and  Bill  Williams  River,  Ariz.). — 
Ridgway,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  v,  1873,  186  (Colorado) ;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
iii,  1880,  195;'  Nom.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1881,  No.  470. — Coues,  Check  List 
North  Amer.  Birds,  1874,  No.  379,  part.— Henshaw,  Auk,  iii,  1886,  80  (upper 
Pecos  River,  N.  Mex.). — Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893, 
387,  part  (Sante  Fe  Mountains,  N.  Mex.;  w.  Texas;  Arizona). — Cooke,  Colo¬ 
rado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  37,  1897,  71  (Colorado;  rare  resident;  distr.)  ; 
Bull.  56,  1900,  203  (South  Park,  Colo.). — American  Ornithologists’  Union, 

24  Eight  specimens  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

K  Twelve  specimens  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


453 


Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107  (w.  Texas  to  Arizona). — Elliot,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  232,  part 
(w.  Texas  to  Arizona).— Felger,  Auk,  xxvi,  1909,  191  (Oak  Hills,  s.  of  Denver 
Colo,  in  1868). -Miller,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  139  (remains,  c*  Indian  site’ 
Arizona).— Wetmore,  Condor,  xxxiv,  1932,  142  (bones,  cave  deposits  n.  of 
Carlsbad,  N.  Mex.).— Howard  and  Miller,  Condor,  xxxv,  1933,  16  (bones, 

Organ  Mountains,  N.  Mex.). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140. _ 

Ayer,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  lxxxviii,  1936,  604  (William’s  Cave, 
Guadelupe  Mountains,  Tex.;  lower  jaw). — Ghigi,  Gallini  de  Faraone  e 
Tacchini,  1936,  326  (genl.). 

fMeleagris  gallopavo  Nelson,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1875,  343  (30 
miles  s.  of  Fort  Bridger,  Utah). 

[Meleagris]  gallopavo  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  1872,  232,  part.— Sharpe, 
Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43,  part  (w.  Texas  to  Arizona). 

M[eleagris ]  gallopavo  Reichenow,  Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  304. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  americana  (not  M.  americana  Hildreth)  Abert  Journ 
Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1882,  58  (Bents  Fort,  Colo.),  59  (Valv’erde  N 
Mex.). 

[Meleagris  gallopavo  var.  americana ]  a.  gallopavo  Coues,  Birds  Northwest  1874 
391,  part. 

Meleagris  gallipavo  Coues,  Check  List  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1882,  No.  553. 

M[eleagris]  gallipavo  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed’.  2,  1884,  576. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  fera  Cooke,  Colorado  State  Agr.  Coll.  Bull.  56,  1900,  203 
(Colorado ;  distr.). 

M[eleagris]  g[allopavo]  fera  Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United  States  1902 
136  (descr. ;  distr.). 

Meleagns  gallopavo  merriami  Nelson,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  120  (47  miles  sw.  of 
Winslow,  Ariz.;  coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.).— Bailey,  Handb.  Birds  Western  United 
States,  1902,  136  (descr.;  habits;  distr.);  Auk,  xxi,  1904,  352  (upper  Pecos 
River,  N.  Mex.,  up  to  above  4,000  feet)  ;  Birds  New  Mexico,  1928,  231  (New 
Mexico;  genl.;  distr.).— Swarth,  Pacific  Coast  Avif.,  No.  4,  1904,  4  (Huachuca 
Mountains,  Ariz.;  rare;  formerly  abundant);  No.  10,  1914,  23  (Arizona;  now 
nearly  extinct;  formerly  s.  of  Grand  Canyon,  w.  to  Santa  Cruz  Valley).— 
Gilman,  Condor,  ix,  1907,  153  (San  Miguel  Canyon,  sw.  Colorado)  ;  x,  1908, 
147  (w.  end  of  Chusa  Mountains,  N.  Mex.). — American  Ornithologists’ 
Union,  Check-list,  ed.  3,  1910,  145 ;  ed.  4,  1931,  92,-Visher,  Auk,  xxvii,  1910, 
281  (Pima  County,  Ariz.;  nearly  extirpated) .— Sclater,  Hist.  Birds  Colorado, 

1912,  155  (Colorado;  formerly  abundant;  now  rare).— Cooke,  Condor,  xv[ 

1913,  104,  105,  fig.  32  (Colorado  range).— Lowe,  Auk,  xxxiv,  1917,  453  (Pueblo 
County,  Colo.,  spring  of  1895).— Jensen,  Auk,  xl,  1923,  454  (n.  Sante  Fe  County, 
N.  Mex.).— Wyman  and  Burnell,  Field  Book  Birds  Southwest  United  States,’ 
1925,  88  (descr.).— Bent,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  162,  1932,  323  (habits;  distr.).— 
Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140,  part  (exclusive  of  Chihuahua). — 
Hargrave,  Condor,  xxxvii,  1935,  285  (Williams,  Ariz.).— Huey,  Wils.  Bull., 
xlviii,  1936,  122  (White  Mountains,  Ariz.;  fairly  common).— Moore,  Auk,  lv| 

1938,  112  in  text.  Niedrach  and  Rockwell,  Birds  Denver  and  Mountain  Parks, 

1939,  65  (extinct;  former  straggler;  3  specimens,  1868).— Hellmayr  and  Con¬ 
over,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  293,  part  (exclusive  of  Chihuahua  and 
northern  Sonora) .— Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in  Virginia,  1943,  4 
(distr.). 

M[eleagris]  g[allopavo]  merriami  Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  113  in  text,  115  (spec.; 
crit.). 


653008°— 46 - 30 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  GALLOPAVO  Linnaeus 

South  Mexican  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  smaller,  the  tail 
much  less  rufescent — dusky  natal  brown  very  abundantly  flecked  with 
clove  brown  to  fuscous,  the  median  feathers  with  their  median  areas 
broadly  solid  clove  brown,  the  outer  few  pairs  with  incomplete  russet  bars 
on  their  basal  two-thirds,  the  black  subterminal  bar  deeper  black  and 
broader  than  in  silvestris  and,  on  the  lateral  feathers  with  an  included 
band  of  metallic  greenish-bluish  reflections,  the  rectrices  tipped  with  white 
slightly  tinged  with  pale  tilleul  buff  to  light  pinkish  buff ;  feathers  of  rump 
and  upper  tail  coverts,  flanks,  and  under  tail  coverts  broadly  tipped  with 
tilleul  buff  to  light  pinkish  buff,  nearest  in  this  respect  to  M.  g.  merriami ; 
feathers  of  upper  back,  breast,  and  upper  abdomen  less  bronzy  more  bril¬ 
liantly  coppery  and  greenish,  as  in  M.  g.  osceola;  lower  back  and  rump 
blackish  with  narrow  bluish  tips  and  with  subterminal  blue-green  reflec¬ 
tions,  nearest  in  this  character  to  M.  g.  merriami;  outer  secondaries  with 
fairly  continuous  white  edges ;  inner  secondaries  much  grayer,  less  rufes¬ 
cent  than  M.  g.  silvestris — hair  brown  mottled  on  the  inner  web  with 
drab  to  light  drab,  and  with  a  purplish  sheen  on  the  outer  web;  tarsal 
spurs  shorter  and  stubbier  than  in  M.  g.  silvestris. 

Adult  female. — -Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  merriami  but  with  the  upper 
body  plumage  highly  glossed  with  greenish  and  reddish  metallic  reflec¬ 
tions.  , 

Adult  male. — Wing  465-513  (489)  ;  tail  345-400  (372.5)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  34—38.5  (35.8)  ;  tarsus  162-176  (168.4)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  74—85  (79.9)  ;  length  of  tarsal  spur  14.5-16.5  (15.5)  ;  diameter  of 
tarsal  spur  11.5-14  (12.8  mm.).24 

Adult  female. — Wing  396-416  (405.6)  ;  tail  311-323  (319.8)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  32.5-36  (34.6);  tarsus  130-140  (135);  middle  toe  without 
claw  65-71.5  (68.6  mm.).25 

Range. — Resident  from  Veracruz  (Mirador,  Zacnapam)  westward  to 
Michoacan  (La  Salada)  and  to  Oaxaca. 

Type  locality. — Mexico;  restricted  (by  Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  113)  to 
Mirador,  Veracruz. 

[ Meleagris ']  gallopavo  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  156,  part  (North 
America;  based  on  Meleagris  Fauna  Suecica,  164;  Gallopavo  sylvestris  nova- 
anglice  Ray,  Av.,  51;  Albin,  Av.,  iii,  33,  pi.  35;  /?  Gallopavo  Gesner,  Av.,  482; 
Aldrovandi,  Orn.,  13,  pi.  4;  Bell,  Av,,  60,  a;  Jonston,  Av.,  58,  pi.  24;  Willughby, 
Orn.,  113,  pi.  27;  Ray,  Av.,  51  y  Gallopavo  cristatus  Albin,  Av.,  ii,  30,  pi.  33)  ; 
ed.  12,  i,  1766,  268,  part.— Latham,  Synop.  Birds,  Suppl.,  i,  1787,  289;  Index 
Orn.,  ii,  1790,  618  part.— Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  732,  part.— Gray, 
Hand-list,  ii,  1870,  262,  No.  9627. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43,  part. 

11  Four  specimens  from  Veracruz  and  Michoacan. 

“  Five  specimens  from  Veracruz  and  Michoacan. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


455 


Me[leagris ]  gallopavo  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xiv,  pt.  1,  1826,  297,  part. 
Melcagris  gallopavo  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  ix,  1817,  4-17,  part. — Stephens, 
in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  x,  1819,  156,  pi.  8. — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5, 
Gallinae,  1867,  42,  part. — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899, 
107,  part  (tableland  of  Mexico). 

M[eleagris]  gallopavo  Keyserling  and  Blasius,  Wirbelth.  Eur.,  1840,  lxv,  200. — 
Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  576,  part. — Cubas,  Cuadro  Geo¬ 
graph.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados  Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  171, 
(common  names,  Mexico). — Nelson,  Auk,  xvii,  1900,  123  in  text  (crit.). 
Meleagris  gallopavo  gallopavo  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed. 
3,  1910,  145,  part.— Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140,  part. — Ghigi, 
Gallini  di  Faraone  e  Tacchim,  1936,  323  (genl.).- — Hellmayr  and  Conover, 
Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  No.  1,  1942,  294,  part. — Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey 
in  Virginia,  1943,  4,  part  (distr. ;  part). 

M[cleagris]  g[allopavo]  gallopavo  Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  112  in  text,  113,  115  (crit. 
spec.). 

[Meleagris]  [gallopavo]  gallopavo  Wheaton,  Rep.  Birds  Ohio,  1882,  444  (distr.). 
Meleagris  mexicana  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1863,  125,  part  (monogr.). — 
Elliot,  New  and  Unfig.  North  Amer.  Birds,  pt.  10,  1868  (vol.  ii),  pi.  38  and 
text,  part;  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1872,  pi.  28  and  text,  part. — Baird,  in 
Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  523,  part. — Beristain  and  Lauren- 
cio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  vii,  Nos.  7,  8,  1894,  219  (Vera¬ 
cruz;  Oaxaca). 

[Meleagris]  mexicana  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 
Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  mexicaixa  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  410,  part. 

[Meleagris  gallopavo  var.  americana]  a  gallopavo  Coues,  Birds  Northwest,  1874, 
391,  part  (in  synonymy). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  310a,  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  310a,  part.— Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi 
Valley,  1888,  107,  part  (tablelands  of  Mexico). 

M[eleagris]  gallopavo  mexicana  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207,  part 
(Veracruz) . 

Gallopavo  primus  Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  490,  pi.  82,  fig.  2  (new  name  for 
Meleagris  gallopavo  Linnaeus). 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  MEXICANA  Gould!S 

Gould’s  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  gallopavo  but  with  the  upper 
back  and  wing  coverts  duller,  more  purplish  bronzy,  and  with  the  lower 

20  The  use  of  the  name  mexicana  is  unfortunately  still  unsettled  and  must  remain 
so  until  it  is  possible  to  examine  the  type  specimen  critically.  Furthermore,  the 
type  locality  is  also  uncertain  and  has  been  arrived  at  by  faunal  inference  rather 
than  by  definite  data.  If  it  were  to  be  accepted  as  originally  given — Real  del  Monte, 
Hidalgo,  it  would  seem  (from  geographic  reasoning)  that  mexicana  would  probably 
have  to  be  treated  as  a  synonym  of  gallopavo,  but  if  Nelson’s  interpretation  of  the 
case  be  followed  and  the  type  locality  be  considered  as  Bolanos,  northern  Jalisco, 
the  course  here  adopted  would  be  the  correct  one.  At  any  rate,  there  are  two 
distinct  forms  of  the  turkey  involved  in  the  currently  used  comprehensive  " gallopavo ” 
concept,  and  the  names  mexicana  and  gallopavo  are  used  here  in  an  attempt  to 
render  more  distinct  the  two  forms  and  their  literature. 


456 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


back  and  rump  with  some  coppery  and  greenish-golden  metallic  reflections 
as  in  silvestris  and  osceola,  rather  than  bluish  black  as  in  gallopavo,  and 
larger,  like  merriami  in  size. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  gallopavo,  but  with  general 
dorsal  coloration  duller,  more  dusky  purplish,  less  of  the  coppery  and 
greenish-metallic  reflection. 

Subadult.- — Similar  to  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex  but  with  the 
beard  shorter,  and,  in  the  males,  with  tarsal  spurs  and  frontal  appendage 
smaller. 

Immature. — Similar  to  the  adult  of  corresponding  sex,  but  has  the 
two  outer  juvenal  primaries. 

Juvenal  (sexes  alike). — Similar  to  that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  darker, 
the  interscapulars  and  feathers  of  the  upper  back  clove  brown  to  chaetura 
blackish  with  narrow  whitish  shafts,  terminally  edged  with  grayish  Prout’s 
brown  and  subterminally  banded  with  sepia;  inner  secondaries  and  rec-^ 
trices  slightly  more  rufescent — between  Verona  brown  and  Sayal  brown 
(Sayal  brown  in  silvestris )  ;  breast,  abdomen,  sides,  and  flanks  fuscous 
to  chaetura  drab,  the  feathers  of  the  breast  and  upper  abdomen  subtermi¬ 
nally  banded  with  dusky  cinnamon-brown  and  tipped  with  whitish. 

Natal  down  (judged  from  specimens  in  postnatal  molt). — Similar  to 
that  of  M.  g.  silvestris  but  with  the  middorsal  brown  area  somewhat  paler 
and  duller — sepia. 

Adult  male.— Wing  465-545  (504.1);  tail  363-437  (396.1);  culmen 
from  cere  34.5-41  (38.7)  ;  tarsus  168-182  (173.8)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  84—93  (  87.6)  ;  length  of  tarsal  spur  13.5-17.5  (16.1)  ;  diameter  of 
tarsal  spur  11-13  (12  mm.).27 

Adult  female. — Wing  402—436  (419.6)  ;  tail  318—362  (334.9)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  33.5-35  (34.4);  tarsus  132-139.5  (134.5);  middle  toe  with¬ 
out  claw  68-73  (70.1  mm.).28 

Range. — Resident  from  Chihuahua,  east  of  the  cordillera  (Colonia 
Garcia;  Pacheco  River;  Cajon  Bonita  Creek;  San  Luis  Mountains)  to 
Durango  (Ciudad  Durango  and  El  Salto)  and  to  northern  Jalisco 
(Bolanos). 

Type  locality. — Real  del  Monte,  Hidalgo  ?  =  Bolanos,  Jalisco. 

[Meleagris]  gallopavo  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  i,  1758,  156,  part  (North 
America,  part). — Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  pt.  2,  1788,  732,  part. — Latham,  Index 
Orn.,  i,  1790,  618,  part. — Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43,  part. 

Me[leagris]  gallopavo  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Genl.  Zool.,  xiv,  pt.  1,  1826,  297,  part. 
M[eleagris]  gallopavo  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  2,  1884,  576,  part. 
Meleagris  gallopavo  Vieillot,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.,  ix,  1817,  447,  part.— Gray, 
List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  5,  Gallinae,  1867,  42,  part.— Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  Birds 
Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  387,  part  (type  spec,  of  mexicana;  also  Ciudad  Durango, 


57  Nine  specimens  from  Chihuahua  and  Durango. 
"  Seven  specimens  from  Chihuahua  and  Durango. 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


457 


Durango). — American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Auk,  xvi,  1899,  107,  part. — 

•  Salvin  and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  284,  part  (Ciudad 
Durango  and  El  Salto,  Durango). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  gallopavo  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  ed. 
3,  1910,  145,  part. — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii,  1934,  140,  part. — Hell- 
mayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1,  1942,  294,  part.— Mosby  and 
Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in  Virginia,  1943,  4,  part  (distr. ;  part). 

Meleagris  mexicana  Gould,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1856,  61  (Real  del  Monte, 
Hidalgo  ?  (=:Bolanos  Jalisco!);  coll.  Brit.  Mus.). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  1863,  125,  part  (monogr.). — Elliot,  New  and  Unfig.  North  Amer. 
Birds,  pt.  10,  1868  (vol.  ii),  pi.  38  and  text,  part;  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1872, 
pi.  28  and  text,  part. — Baird,  in  Cooper,  Orn.  California,  Land  Birds,  1870,  523, 
part. — Cubas,  Cuadro  Geograph.,  Estadistico,  Descr.  e  Hist,  de  los  Estados 
Unidos  Mexicanos,  1884,  171  (common  names  in  Mexico). 

[Meleagris]  mexicana  Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137,  part. 
Meleagris  gallopavo,  var.  mexicana  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist.  North 
Amer.  Birds,  iii,  1874,  410,  part. 

Meleagris  gallopavo  mexicana  American  Ornithologists’  Union,  Check-list,  1886, 
No.  310a  part;  ed.  2,  1895,  No.  310a,  part. — Cooke,  Bird  Migr.  Mississippi 
Valley,  1888,  107,  part. 

M[eleagris ]  gallopavo  mexicana  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207, 
part  (tableland  of  Mexico). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  (not  of  Nelson)  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  World,  ii, 
1934,  140,  part  (Chihuahua).— Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i, 
No.  1,  1942,  293,  part  (Chihuahua). 

MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  ONUSTA  Moore 

Moore’s  Turkey 

Adult  male. — Similar  to  Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  but  with  the  tips 
of  the  rectrices  and  their  upper  coverts  white  instead  of  light  buff ;  sub¬ 
terminal  narrow  cinnamon  bar  of  merriami  absent;  the  black  bar  im¬ 
mediately  anterior  to  it  usually  absent;  inner  and  outer  margins  of 
secondaries  and  primaries  less  cinnamon,  more  dull  earth  brown  and 
white ;  the  iridescence  of  the  body  feathers,  both  above  and  below,  darker, 
less  brilliantly  green  and  copper ;  the  head  less  heavily  clothed  with  black 
hairlike  feathers;  the  feathers  of  the  back  of  the  neck  lighter  and  more 
grayish  brown,  less  cinnamomeous ;  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  tail  more 
barred,  less  vermiculated  than  in  M.  g.  gallopavo,  agreeing  in  this  respect 
with  merriami  from  which  it  differs  in  that  these  bars  are  much  more  gray¬ 
ish,  less  rufescent,  especially  on  the  under  surface  of  the  feathers  in 
onusta. 

Adult  female. — Differs  from  that  of  M.  g.  merriami  in  the  same  re¬ 
spects  as  the  male  of  onusta  does  from  the  corresponding  sex  of  merriami. 

Adult  male. — Wing  505  ;  tail  421  ;  culmen  from  cere  38.4 ;  tarsus  173.7 ; 
middle  toe  without  claw  89.5  mm.  (1  specimen). 


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BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Adult  female. — Wing  417-448  (434)  ;  tail  331-347  (339)  ;  culmen  from 
cere  32-38.4  (34.5)  ;  tarsus  140-149  (145.5)  ;  middle  toe  without  claw 
71-75.9  (73.5  mm.).29 

Range. — Resident  in  “the  Transition  and  Lower  Canadian  Zone  of 
the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre  of  northwestern  Mexico  (Sonora 
(Barromicon;  San  Jose),  western  Chihuahua,  Durango)  at  an  altitude 
of  approximately  8,500  feet  to  4,000  feet,  descending  still  lower  in  the 
autumn,  as  it  is  known  to  feed  on  the  cornfields  of  the  Indians  as  low 
as  about  2,500  feet.” 

Type  locality. — Two  miles  southeast  of  Guayachi,  Chihuahua,  20  miles 
northeast  of  junction  of  Rios  Chinipas  and  Fuerte,  western  slope  of  Sierra 
Madre  (altitude  about  6,400  feet) . 

Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami  (not  of  Sennett)  Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World, 
ii,  1934,  140,  part  (n.  Sonora). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer., 
i,  No.  1,  1942,  293,  part  (n.  Sonora). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  subsp.  ?  Moore,  Condor,  xl,  1938,  24  (near  Barromicon,  se. 
Sonora). 

Meleagris  gallopavo  onusta  Moore,  Auk,  lv,  1938,  112  (orig.  descr. ;  e.  of  Guayachi, 
Chihuahua;  crit. ;  distr.) .— Mosby  and  Handley,  Wild  Turkey  in  Virginia,  1943, 
4  (distr.). 

Genus  AGRIOCHARIS  Chapman 

Agriocharis  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  viii,  1896,  288.  (Type,  by 
original  description,  Meleagris  ocellata  Cuvier.) 

Eumeleagris  Coues,  Key  North  Amer.  Birds,  ed.  S,  ii,  1903,  727.  (Type,  by  monotypy, 
Meleagris  ocellata  Cuvier.) 

Large  gallinaceous  birds  (length  about  83.5-102  cm.)  closely  resembling 
Meleagris  30  but  differing  in  the  absence  of  a  jugular  beard  and  presence, 
in  adult  male,  of  an  erect  protuberance  or  subcylindrical  knob  on  crown, 
decidedly  more  strongly  rounded  tail,  and  more  brilliantly  metallic  colora¬ 
tion.  Bill  rather  elongated  and  narrow  (the  culmen  about  equal  to  distance 
from  its  base  to  rictus),  its  depth  at  base  of  culmen  slightly  less  than  its 
width  at  same  point;  nostril  longitudinal,  elliptical,  in  anterior  portion 
of  the  rather  long  nasal  fossa ;  head  and  upper  neck  nude,  with  scattered 
wartlike  excrescences,  the  adult  male  with  a  flexible  elongated  appendage 
on  anterior  portion  of  forehead  (as  in  Meleagris)  and  a  vertical,  sub- 
cylindrical  knob  or  protuberance  on  posterior  portion  of  crown,  this 
permanently  erect  and  much  thicker  than  the  frontal  appendage;  wing 
moderate,  moderately  concave  beneath,  the  longest  primaries  slightly  but 

20  Four  specimens  including  this  type. 

'M  Agriocharis  is,  in  fact,  so  closely  related  to  Meleagris  that  I  am  somewhat 
doubtful  as  to  the  expediency  of  recognizing  it  as  a  genus.  One  of  the  alleged  char¬ 
acters  certainly  does  not  hold  good,  namely,  the  long  and  very  sharp  tarsal  spur, 
a  precisely  similar  spur  often  occurring  in  Meleagris  gallopavo  osceola;  in  fact,  in 
an  adult  male  Agriocharis  ocellata  now  before  me,  the  spur  on  one  leg  is  only 
moderately  long  and  very  blunt,  while  that  on  the  other  leg  is  a  very  small  obtuse 
cone — in  fact  is  rudimentary!  (R.R.) 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


459 


decidedly  longer  than  longest  secondaries ;  secondaries  broad,  with  rounded 
tips;  primaries  rigid,  the  fifth  or  sixth  longest,  the  first  (outermost) 
heel  joint  to  base  of  hallux,  the  rectrices  (18)  moderately  broad,,  with 
slightly  shorter  than  tenth ;  tail  shorter  than  wing,  stronger  rounded,  the 


Figure  28. — Agriocharis  ocellala. 


460 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


middle  rectrices  exceeding  lateral  pair  by  about  length  of  tarsus  from 
distinctly  rounded  tips ;  tarsus  about  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  stout,  the 
spur  on  lower  part  of  planta  tarsi  (in  adult  males)  usually  long  and 
very  acute ;  middle  toe  nearly  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  outer  toe  reach¬ 
ing  decidedly  beyond  penultimate  articulation  of  middle  toe,  the  inner 
toe  slightly  shorter ;  hallux  much  shorter  than  basal  phalanx  of  middle  toe. 

Plumage  and  coloration. — Feathers  of  lower  neck,  back,  rump,  chest, 
breast,  sides  and  flanks,  together  with  scapulars  and  smaller  wing  coverts 
very  broad,  with  truncate  or  subtruncate  tips,  those  of  lower  abdomen 
and  anal  region  soft  and  somewhat  downy,  those  of  thighs  short,  soft, 
and  rounded ;  secondaries  moderately  broad,  with  rounded  tips,  the 
primaries  rigid.  General  color  brilliant  green  with  golden  and  bluish 
reflections,  the  greater  wing  coverts  brilliant  coppery  bronze,  the  upper 
tail  coverts  and  tail  broadly  tipped  with  brilliant  coppery  bronze  preceded 
by  a  broad  band  or  ocellus  of  brilliant  coppery  bronze,  the  secondaries 
extensively  white  on  outer  webs ;  bare  skin  of  head  and  upper  neck  bright 
blue  in  life,  the  wartlike  excrescences  orange  or  orange-red. 

Range. — Yucatan  and  adjacent  parts  of  Guatemala  and  British  Hon¬ 
duras.  (Monotypic.) 

AGRIOCHARIS  OCELLATA  (Cuvier) 

OCELLATED  TURKEY 

Adult  male. — Basal  half  or  more  of  the  neck  greenish  bronze  or  bronze- 
green,  each  feather  tipped  with  bright  metallic  green  or  bronze-green  and 
with  a  subterminal  bar,  more  or  less  complete,  of  velvety  black ;  upper 
breast  similar,  but  the  terminal  bars  more  bronzy,  the  lower  breast,  sides, 
and  flanks  with  the  terminal  bars  becoming  gradually  broader  and  more 
coppery  posteriorly,  with  remainder  of  each  feather  more  blackish;  ab¬ 
domen,  anal  region,  and  thighs  plain  sooty  or  dusky,  the  longer  under 
tail  coverts  metallic  bluish  green  or  greenish  blue  subterminally  and 
broadly  tipped  with  brilliant  metallic  copper-bronze ;  feathers  of  back 
metallic  bronze-green,  blackish  on  concealed  portion,  broadly  tipped  with 
bright  greenish  bronze  (becoming  bright  coppery  isabelline  in  certain 
lights),  and  with  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  of  black,  the  scapulars  similar 
but  with  terminal  bars  broader  and  more  brassy  bronze ;  smaller  wing 
coverts  bright  metallic  green,  more  bluish  toward  bend  of  wing,  more 
bronzy  posteriorly,  each  with  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  of  black ;  greater 
wing  coverts  brilliant  metallic  coppery  bronze ;  inner  secondaries  grayish 
brown  with  irregular,  broken  oblique  bars  of  white,  the  distal  secondaries 
with  outer  webs  white  with  concealed  spots  of  grayish  brown  next  to 
shaft,  corresponding  with  larger  spots  or  imperfect  bands  on  middle 
secondaries;  primaries,  primary  coverts,  and  alula  grayish  dusky  with 
irregular  oblique  bars  of  white  on  both  webs;  feathers  of  rump  bright 
metallic  blue,  broadly  tipped  with  bronze  and  crossed  by  a  broad  bar  of 


BIRDS  OP  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


461 


velvety  black,  the  upper  tail  coverts  similar  but  with  bronzy  tips  becoming 
gradually  broader  and  more  reddish  bronze  or  coppery ;  tail  light  gray, 
transversely  vermiculated  or  very  narrowly  and  irregularly  barred  with 
dusky,  broadly  tipped  with  bright  metallic  red-bronze  or  coppery  bronze 
and  with  subterminal  band  of  velvety  black  enclosing,  or  partly  enclosing, 
a  large  spot  or  ocellus  of  bright  metallic  blue ;  bare  skin  of  head  and  upper 
neck  blue  (in  life),  the  wartlike  excrescences  and  tip  of  vertical  knob  and 
frontal  tubercle  orange  or  orange-red  31 ;  bill  dull  red ;  iris  dark  brown ; 
legs  and  feet  lake  red,  the  larger  scutella  edged  with  brownish. 

Adult  female. — Similar  to  the  adult  male  but  smaller  and  averaging 
less  brilliant  in  coloration;  the  ocelli  at  the  tips  of  the  tail  feathers  much 
reduced,  the  tarsal  spurs  lacking  or  reduced  to  small  knobs,  and  the 
frontal  process  smaller. 

Gray  phase  (?)32. — Similar  to  the  adult  female  but  the  feathers  of  the 
hindneck,  interscapulars,  scapulars,  and  lesser  upper  wing  coverts  much 
less  greenish,  most  of  them  with  the  terminal  bar  paler — dull  opaline 
green  to  variscite  green,  as  contrasted  with  cobalt  green  in  the  adult 
(although  in  some  of  the  feathers  these  tips  are  like  those  of  the  adult)  ; 
feathers  of  the  upper  and  lower  back  with  the  broad  terminal  bars  pale 
purplish  gray  mixed  with  a  light  yellowish-olive  sheen,  which  in  some 
lights  looks  slightly  coppery ;  feathers  of  rump  with  much  broader  and 
brighter  coppery  tips,  subterminally  edged  with  velvety  black,  next  to 
which  is  a  broad  band  of  bluish  green  which  is  basally  edged  with  velvety 
black,  the  remainder  (usually  concealed)  of  the  feathers  being  fuscous- 
black  vermiculated  with  grayish  white ;  rectrices  as  in  adult  but  the  tips 
paler,  less  coppery;  breast  and  sides  as  in  the  adult  but  with  narrower 
and  somewhat  duller  tips  to  the  feathers ;  abdomen,  flanks,  and  thighs 
slightly  paler,  more  fuscous,  less  blackish  than  in  adults. 

Juvenal  female.33 — Upper  back,  scapulars,  and  lesser  upper  wing 
coverts  chaetura  black  basally  and  medially,  broadly  edged  and  tipped 
with  cinnamon-buff  to  light  ochraceous-salmon ;  greater  upper  wing 
coverts  light  pinkish  cinnamon  broadly  tipped  with  white  and  subtermi¬ 
nally  splotched  and  basally  suffused  with  chaetura  black ;  primaries  hair 
brown,  externally  edged  with  pale  pinkish  cinnamon,  internally  and 
terminally  edged  with  whitish,  the  outer  webs  crossed  by  a  few  irregular 

11  According  to  Gaumer  (Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  viii,  1883,  60)  freshly  killed 
specimens  have  “twenty-four  fleshy  processes  arranged  in  two  rows  on  the  front 
part  of  the  neck,  and  about  twenty  more  of  the  same  kind  form  two  rows  over  the 
head ;  many  smaller  ones  are  scattered  over  the  head.  At  the  point  of  union  of  the 
bill  with  the  head,  there  is  a  long  fleshy  process  capable  of  much  erection  and  disten¬ 
sion.  Behind  this  the  fleshy  scalp  is  permanently  elevated  so  as  to  form  a  flat- 
topped  pyramid,  with  its  greatest  length  from  bill  to  occiput.” 

“  One  unsexed  specimen  apparently  adult,  without  spurs,  from  Guatemala. 

"  Taken  from  a  bird  in  postnatal  molt  and  only  partly  in  juvenal  plumage ;  no  male 
in  this  stage  seen,  but  sexes  probably  similar. 


462 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


bars  of  pale  pinkish  cinnamon;  secondaries  with  the  outer  webs  light 
pinkish  cinnamon  tipped  with  white  and  crossed  by  five  or  six  broad 
blotches  of  chaetura  black  giving  a  heavily  banded  appearance,  their 
inner  webs  hair  brown  vermiculated  finely  with  dusky,  tipped  with  white 
like  the  outer  webs  and  subterminally  somewhat  suffused  with  pale  pinkish 
cinnamon;  rectrices  with  both  webs  similar  to  the  outer  webs  of  the 
secondaries.34 

Natal  down  (sexes  alike). — Top  of  head,  occiput,  nape,  auriculars,  and 
hindneck  pale  ochraceous-tawny,  slightly  paler  anteriorly;  the  middle  of 
the  occiput  with  a  blotch  of  mummy  brown ;  back  and  rump  pale  ochra¬ 
ceous-tawny  broadly  streaked  with  blackish ;  chin  and  upper  throat  light 
cream  buff,  lower  throat  pinkish  buff ;  breast  and  abdomen  light  buff 
slightly  tinged  with  pinkish  buff  on  the  breast,  flanks,  and  thighs. 

Adult  male. — Wing  348-412.5  (388.5)  ;  tail  284-347  (327.9)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  25—31.8  (28.5)  ;  tarsus  131—139.4  (136.2)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  69.8-76.2  (72.6  mm.).85 

Adult  female. — Wing  313-357  (339.7)  ;  tail  244-281.5  (262.5)  ;  culmen 
from  cere  21—29.8  (24.3)  ;  tarsus  109.0—115  (112.6)  ;  middle  toe  without 
claw  60.5-66.4  (63.7  mm.).30 

Range. — Resident  in  the  tropical  forests  of  the  lowlands  of  the  Peten 
district  of  Guatemala  (Yaxa;  Uaxactun,  Pacomon,  and  Dos  Arroyos) 
and  adjacent  parts  of  British  Plonduras  (Belize;  Western  Districts)  and 
of  Yucatan  (Buctzotz;  Acomal,  eastern  Quintana  Roo;  Chichen  Itza; 
Merida;  Epista;  Rio  Lagartos  La  Vega;  Calotmal,  Tomax,  and  Vallado¬ 
lid),  and  of  Campeche  (Pacaitun,  Apazote,  La  Tuxpena,  and  Yahaltun): 
Introduced  unsuccessfully  on  Sapelo  Island,  Georgia,  but  no  birds  are 
now  to  be  found  there. 

Type  locality. — Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Meleagris  ocellata  Cuvier,  Mem.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  vi,  1820,  1,  4,  pi.  1  (Bay 
of  Honduras;  coll.  Paris  Mus.). — Temmincic,  Nouv.  Rec.  PI.  Col.,  v,  1824, 

“Very  inadequate  material  suggests  that  there  may  be  an  immature  plumage  be¬ 
tween  the  ju venal  and  the  adult  stages.  An  unsexed  adult  bird  from  Guatemala 
(U.S.N.M.  No.  132188)  has  a  few  scapulars  similar  to  the  juvenal  described  above 
but  grayer  and  crossed  by  more  but  narrower  blackish  bands.  It  also  has  an  outermost 
rectrix  which  is  gray  as  in  the  adult  tail  feather  but  has  the  unvermiculated  bars 
much  wider  than  the  white  and  brownish-gray  vermiculated  transverse  areas  (just 
the  opposite  of  the  adult  condition)  and  lacks  the  subterminal  ocellus,  the  terminal 
bronzy  bars  being  dull  dusky  toward  the  tip  which  is  very  pointed  (flatly  rounded 
in  adults).  These  few  feathers— scapulars  and  a  rectrix— are  the  only  indication  I 
have  seen  of  an  immature  plumage,  but  I  cannot  explain  them  in  any  other  way. 
Two  females  from  Campeche,  described  by  Shufeldt  (Auk,  xxx,  1913,  432)  and 
examined  by  me  in  the  present  connection,  have  the  remiges  devoid  of  white  cross 
bars,  but  are  not  immature  as  far  as  other  characters  are  concerned.  They  seem  to 
me  to  be  adult,  but  I  cannot  account  for  their  peculiar  wing  feathers. 

M  Eight  specimens. 

“Six  specimens  from  Yucatan,  Campeche,  and  Guatemala. 


BIRDS  OF  NORTH  AND  MIDDLE  AMERICA 


463 


pi.  112,  and  text  on  p.  39. — Lesson,  Traite  d’Orn.,  1831,  490. — Jardine,  Nat. 
Libr.,  Orn.,  iii,  1836,  143,  pi.  3. — Cabot,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1842, 
73;  Journ.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  iv,  pt.  2,  1844,  246-251  (Yucatan;  habits, 
etc.). — Gray,  List  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  3,  Gallinae,  1844,  29;  pt.  5,  1867,  42. — 
Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1859,  62  (Belize,  British  Honduras;  Peten 
district,  e.  Guatemala;  habits). — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
1859,  225  (Belize,  British  Honduras;  Yucatan;  Peten,  Guatemala). — Taylor, 
Ibis,  1860,  311  (Belize). — Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1861,  402,  403, 
pi.  40  (col.  figs,  of  head,  adult  male  and  female,  from  living  specimens)  ;  1863, 
125  (distr.) . — Orton,  Amer.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  716  (spec,  in  Mus.  Vassar  College). — 
Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  i,  1872,  pi.  33  and  text. — Gaumer,  Trans.  Kansas 
Acad.  Sci.,  viii,  1881-2,  60-62  (habits;  descr. ;  Yucatan). — Boucard,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  London,  1883,  461  (Yucatan;  habits).— [Allen],  Auk,  iii,  1886,  144,  in 
text  (Yucatan).— Ogilvie- Grant,  Cat.  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  xxii,  1893,  391 
(Buctzotz,  Yucatan;  Yasha,  Peten,  Guatemala;  Western  District,  British 
Honduras)  ;  Handb.  Game  Birds,  ii,  1897,  110,  pi.  31  (monogr.). — Beristain 
and  Laurencio,  Mem.  y  Rev.  Soc.  Cient.  “Antonio  Alzale,”  vii,  Nos.  7,  8,  1894, 
220  (Yucatan). — Coues,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  275  (Honduras). — Lantz,  Trans. 
Kansas  Acad.  Sci.  for  1896-97  (1899),  219  (Yaxa,  e.  Guatemala). — Salvin 
and  Godman,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Aves,  iii,  1903,  285  (Buctzotz,  Merida,  Espita, 
and  Valladolid,  Yucatan;  Belize  and  Western  District,  British  Honduras;  Yasha, 
Peten,  Guatemala) .— Trouessart,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Acclim.  Paris,  lvii,  1910,  404.— 
Seth-Smith,  Avicult.  Mag.,  ser.  5,  ii,  1937,  271  (habits;  general;  captivity). 

Me[leagris]  ocellata  Stephens,  in  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  xiv,  pt.  i,  1826,  297,  pi.  35 
(“Honduras,”  i.e.,  British  Honduras). 

[Meleagris]  ocellata  Reichenbach,  Synop.  Av.,  iii,  Gallinaceae  1848,  pi.  187,  fig. 
1618. — Sclater  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Av.  Neotr.,  1873,  137. 

M[eleagris]  ocellata  Ridgway,  Man.  North  Amer.  Birds,  1887,  207. — Reichenow, 
Die  Vogel,  i,  1913,  305. 

Agriocharis  ocellata  Chapman,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  viii,  1896,  287  (Chichen 
Itza,  Yucatan;  habits;  notes). — Coues,  Auk,  xiv,  1897,  275,  in  text  (specific 
characters). — Cole,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  1,  1906,  115  (Chichen  Itza). — 
Shufeldt  (P.W.),  Auk,  xxx,  1913,  432  (variations  of  plumages).- — Shufeldt 
(R.W.),  Aquila,  xxi,  1914,  1  (osteology). — Bangs,  Auk,  xxxii,  1915,  167,  in 
text  (Yucatan). — Griscom,  Amer.  Mus.  Nov.,  No.  235,  1926,  7  (Acomal,  eastern 
Quintana  Roo,  Yucatan)  ;  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  lxiv,  1932,  104  (distr.; 
Guatemala). — Peters,  Check-list  Birds  of  World,  ii,  1934,  141.— Taibel,  Riv. 
Ilal.  Orn.,  ser.  2,  iv,  1934,  103  (Guatemala;  habits);  L’Oiseau,  iv,  1934,  542 
in  text  (Guatemala;  habits;  distr.).— Van  Tyne,  Misc.  Publ.,  Univ.  Michigan 
Mus.  Zool.  No.  27,  1935,  11  (spec.;  Uaxactun,  Pacomon,  and  Dos  Arroyos, 
Peten,  Guatemala;  eggs,  colors  of  soft  parts). — Ghigi,  Gallini  di  Faraone  e 
Tacchini,  1936,  356,  pi.  viii  (plum.;  col.  fig.;  monogr.). — Traylor,  Publ.  Field 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  zool.  ser.,  xxiv,  1941,  198,  204  (Pacaitun,  Campeche;  and 
Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan). — Hellmayr  and  Conover,  Cat.  Birds  Amer.,  i,  No.  1, 

1942,  294  (Yucatan  Peninsula  and  adjacent  parts  of  Guatemala  and  British 
Honduras;  syn.). — Brodkorb,  Misc.  Publ.  Mus.  Zool.  Univ.  Michigan,  No.  56, 

1943,  31  (Tabasco-La  Palma;  spec.;  descr.  of  downy  young). 

[Agriocharis]  ocellata  Sharpe,  Hand-list,  i,  1899,  43. 

Meleagris  aureus  Vieillot,  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.,  i,  1820,  361  (Bay  of  Honduras). 


'  ..  ,q 

.< 


INDEX 


aburri,  Aburria,  20. 

Penelope,  9,  20. 

Aburria,  6,  9. 

aburri,  20. 

Acetinornis,  90. 

achrustera,  Lophortyx;  californica,  278, 
279,  287,  289,  290. 

Aery  Ilium,  430,  431. 
aequatorialis,  Penelope,  27,  28. 

Penelope  purpurascens,  20,  23,  25,  28. 
affinis,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  175,  176, 
178. 

Eupsychortyx,  363. 

Ortyx,  363. 

Agelastes,  431. 

meleagrides,  431. 

Agelastus,  431. 

Agriocharis,  437,  458. 

ocellata,  458,  459,  460,  463. 
alascensis,  Lagopus  lagopus,  93,  97,  100, 
101,  104,  105,  106,  107. 
alberti,  Crax,  12,  18. 

Crax  alberti,  12. 
albifrons,  Ortyx,  358. 
albini,  Crax,  18. 
albiventer,  Penelope,  38. 

Penelopsis,  38. 
albiventris,  Penelope,  28,  38. 
albotorquatus,  Phasianus,  429. 
albus,  Lagopus,  94,  95,  100,  103,  105,  106, 
108,  110,  113. 

Lagopus  lagopus,  93,  100,  103,  104, 
105,  108. 

Tetrao,  93,  94,  95,  103,  105,  106,  108, 
110,  113. 

Alector,  237. 

alector,  Crax,  12,  13,  18. 

Alectorides,  1. 

Alectoris,  231,  238. 
graeca,  238. 
rufa,  238. 

Alectoromorphae,  1,  62. 

Alectorophasis,  237. 

Alectoropodes,  62. 

Alectrides,  5. 

Alectrophasis,  237. 
alexandrae,  Lagopus,  105. 

Lagopus  lagopus,  93,  94,  101,  104, 
105. 

alleni,  Lagopus,  109. 

Lagopus  alba,  108. 

Lagopus  lagopus,  92,  104,  108,  109. 
alpinus,  Lagopus,  93,  95,  125. 

Tetrao,  93,  125. 

altipetens,  Lagopus  leucurus,  92,  134,  135. 
americana,  Cupidonia,  215,  219. 
Meleagris,  444,  449. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  444,  445,  455. 


americanus,  Lagopus,  126. 

Lagopus  mutus,  120,  122,  126. 
Tympanuchus,  215,  217,  219,  223. 
Tympanuchus  americanus,  217. 
Tympanuchus  cupido,  215,  219. 
americus,  Tympanuchus  cupido,  215. 
amherstiae,  Chrysolophus,  232,  236. 
Ammoperdix,  230,  231. 
annulata,  Crax,  12. 
araucuan,  Ortalis,  2. 
arborea,  Capricalea,  66. 

Arboricola,  230. 
argentatus,  Nycthemerus,  237. 

Argus,  3. 

argus,  Argusianus,  233. 

Argusianae,  233. 

Argusianus,  231,  234. 
argus,  233. 
grayi,  233. 

aridus,  Colinus  virginianus,  307,  308,  309, 
332,  333. 

atkensis,  Lagopus,  116. 
atkhensis,  Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  115, 
116,  118,  123. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  110,  113,  116,  117. 
atratus,  Canachites  canadensis,  137,  138, 
150,  151. 

atriceps,  Colinus,  344. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  310,  344. 
Ortyx,  344. 

Attagen,  90. 

rupestris,  124. 

Attagen  pensvlvaniae,  160. 
attwateri,  Tympanuchus,  218. 

Tympanuchus  americanus,  218,  219. 
Tympanuchus  cupido,  208,  217,  219. 
aureus,  Meleagris,  463. 
australis,  Excalfactoria  chinensis,  238. 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus,  405. 

Azuero  chachalaca,  45. 

bahamensis,  Colinus,  328. 

Colinus  virginianus,  328. 

Ortyx,  328. 

Bambusicola,  230,  238. 
barbara,  Perdix,  238. 
barbata,  Dendrortyx,  243. 
barbatus,  Dendrortyx,  239,  240,  241,  243. 
bensoni,  Callipepla  elegans,  302,  303. 
Lophortyx,  303. 

Lophortyx  douglasi,  303. 

Lophortyx  douglasii,  277,  278,  302, 
303. 

blumenbachii,  Crax,  18. 


465 


466  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Bobwhite,  black-breasted,  335. 
black-headed,  344. 

Coyolcos,  339. 

Cuban,  329. 
eastern,  312. 

Florida,  326. 

Godman’s,  336. 

Grayson’s,  333. 

Guatemalan,  338. 

Guatemalan  white-breasted,  359. 
Honduras,  350. 

Jaumave,  332. 

Key  West,  328. 
least,  337. 
masked,  344. 

Nelson’s,  342. 

Panama  crested,  363. 

Progreso,  350. 

Puebla,  334. 

Salvadorean  white-breasted,  358. 
Salvin’s,  341. 

Sonnini’s,  360. 
spotted-bellied,  331. 

Texas,  323. 

Thayer’s,  343. 
white-faced,  357. 

Yucatan,  347. 

Bonasa,  64,  65,  153,  206. 
cupido,  210,  214,  215. 
jobsii,  161. 

sabinei,  168,  170,  171. 
sabini,  167,  169,  177. 
sabinii,  167,  168,  171,  177. 
umbella,  161,  173. 
umbella  fusca,  169. 
umbella  umbelloides,  179,  181,  186, 
187. 

umbelloides,  183,  186. 
umbellus,  153,  155,  160,  161,  162,  163, 
165,  167,  171,  172,  173,  178,  179, 

181,  183,  185,  186. 

umbellus  affinis,  155,  175,  176,  178. 
umbellus  brunnescens,  155,  170,  171. 
umbellus  canescens,  185,  187. 
umbellus  castanea,  155,  169. 
umbellus  castaneus,  170. 
umbellus  fusca,  169. 
umbellus  fuscus,  169. 

umbellus  helmei,  161. 

umbellus  incana,  155,  177,  179,  180, 

185. 

umbellus  incanus,  182. 
umbellus  mediana,  155,  162,  164,  185. 
umbellus  medianus,  163. 
umbellus  monticola,  155,  162,  163, 
164,  166,  170,  178. 

umbellus  phaia,  155,  176,  177,  178, 

182,  184. 

umbellus  phaios,  179. 

umbellus  sabinei,  168. 

umbellus  sabini,  155,  166,  168,  169, 

171,  175,  176,  177,  179,  183. 
umbellus  sabinii,  168,  177. 
umbellus  thayeri,  175. 
umbellus  togata,  1S5,  162,  170,  171, 

174,  175,  177,  178,  179,  181,  185, 

187. 


Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides,  156,  176, 
177,  179,  180,  181,  183,  184,  185,  186, 
187. 

umbellus  umbellus,  155,  156,  161,  162, 
163,  164,  165,  166,  167,  169,  170, 

171,  172,  173,  175,  176,  179,  180, 

182,  184,  186. 

umbellus  yukonensis,  155,  182,  183, 
184. 

Bonasia,  153,  230. 

umbellus,  160. 
bonasia,  Tetrao,  65. 
borealis,  Ortyx,  323. 

Perdix,  305,  323. 
brachydactylus,  Lagopus,  94. 

Tetrao,  94. 

brasiliensis,  Penelope,  27. 

Brevicaudes,  1. 
bronzina,  Ortalida,  47. 
brunnescens,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  170, 
171. 

Lophortyx  californica,  278,  284,  286. 
Lophortyx  californicus,  286. 
Penelope  purpurascens,  23. 

caboti,  Colinus  nigrogularis,  309,  310,  347, 
350,  351. 

Caccabininae,  231. 

Caccabis,  63,  230,  231,  238. 

California,  Tetrao,  80. 
californica,  Callipepla,  281,  286. 

Lophortyx,  275,  276,  281,  282,  284, 
285,  288,  289,  325. 

Lophortyx  californica,  278,  279,  283, 
284,  286,  288,  289,  291. 

Ortyx,  286. 

Perdix,  284. 

californicus,  Lophortyx,  282,  285,  286, 
287,  288,  289,  295,  299. 

Lophortyx  californicus,  286. 

Tetrao,  275,  281,  284,  287,  295. 
Calipepla,  264. 

Callipepla,  235,  253,  264,  275,  305. 
California  vallicola,  282. 
californica,  281,  286. 
californica  vallicola,  282,  287,  288, 
289,  290. 

castaneiventer,  270. 
castanogastris,  270. 
cristata,  363. 
douglasi,  301. 
douglasii,  301. 
douglassii,  301,  303. 
elegans,  299,  302,  303,  304. 
elegans  bensoni,  302,  303. 
fasciata,  275. 

gambeli,  295,  296,  297,  298. 
gambeli  deserticola,  295. 
gambeli  fulvipectus,  296. 
gambelii,  293,  295,  298. 
nigrogularis,  353. 
personata,  275. 
picta,  258,  259,  263. 
squamata,  264,  265,  267,  268,  269, 
270,  271. 

squamata  castanogastris,  265,  269, 
270. 


INDEX 


467 


Callipepla  squamata  pallida,  265,  268,  269, 

270,  271. 

squamata  squamata,  265,  268,  270, 

271,  272. 
squamulata,  272. 
strenua,  264,  272. 
venusta,  295. 

Caloperdix,  230. 

campestris,  Pediocaetes  phasianellus,  203, 
204. 

Pediocetes  phasianellus,  197,  198. 
campisylvicola,  Pediocetes  phasianellus, 
205,  206. 

(  sifici r*p  1  Sn 

canadensis,  145,  149,  151,  152. 
canadensis  canadensis,  145,  149,  151, 

152. 

canadensis  franklini,  142. 
franklini,  142. 
franklinii,  142. 
fuliginosus,  79,  85. 
obscura,  76,  79,  81,  87. 
obscura  fuliginosa,  73,  76,  79,  81. 
obscura  obscura,  87. 
obscura  richardsoni,  84,  85,  89. 
obscura  richardsonii,  84,  89. 
obscurus,  79,  85,  87. 
obscurus  fuliginosus,  73,  76. 
obscurus  obscurus,  87. 
obscurus  richardsoni,  84,  89. 
richardsoni,  80,  85,  89. 
canace,  Canachites  canadensis,  137,  138, 
147.  148,  151,  153. 

Tetrao,  136,  147. 

Canachites,  64,  66,  136,  137. 

canadensis,  136,  137,  145,  146,  149, 

150,  151,  152,  153. 

canadensis  atratus,  137,  138,  150,  151. 
canadensis  canace,  137,  138,  147,  148, 

151,  153. 

canadensis  canadensis,  137,  143,  146, 
151. 

canadensis  labradorius,  146. 
canadensis  osgoodi,  143,  146,  147, 
151. 

canadensis  torridus,  137,  138,  151, 

153. 

franklini,  142,  143. 
franklinii,  136,  137,  138,  143,  144. 
canadensis,  Canace,  145,  149,  151,  152. 
Canace  canadensis,  145,  149,  151,  152. 
Canachites,  136,  137,  145,  146,  149, 
^  150,  151,  152,  153. 

Canachites  canadensis,  137,  143,  146, 
151. 

Dendragapus,  145,  149,  151,  152. 
Tetrao,  136,  141,  144,  145,  148,  149, 
150,  152. 

Tympanuchus,  147. 
canescens,  Bonasa  umbellus,  185,  187. 
Odontophorus  guianensis,  370. 
Odontophorus  parambae,  370. 
canfieldae,  Lophortyx  californica,  278, 
279,  287,  289,  290. 

Capercaille,  66. 

Capidonia  cupido,  214. 

Capricalea,  66. 
arborea,  66. 


carunculata,  Penelope,  9. 
castanea,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  169. 
castaneus,  Bonasa  umbellus,  170. 

Colinus  virginianus,  323. 

Ortyx,  323. 

castaneiventer,  Callipepla,  270. 
castanogastris,  Callipepla,  270. 

Callipepla  squamata,  265,  269,  270. 
castigatus,  Odontophorus,  368. 
Odontophorus  guianensis,  368. 
Odontophorus  gujanensis,  366,  368. 
catalinensis,  Lophortyx,  287. 

Lophortyx  californica,  278,  286,  287. 
caurus,  Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  189,  190, 
192,  193,  194,  196. 

Cenchramus,  438. 

Centrocercus,  2,  64,  65,  67,  223. 
columbianus,  201. 
phasianellus,  194,  195,  201. 
urophasianus,  223,  224,  227,  230. 
Centrocircus,  223. 

Ceriornis,  2,  231,  232. 
chacamel,  Phasianus,  32. 

Chachalaca,  Azuero,  45. 

Brodkorb’s,  40. 

Darien,  45. 
dusky-headed,  42. 
gray-headed,  35. 

Guatemalan  black,  52. 

Nicaraguan  black,  54. 
northern,  31. 

northern  rufous-bellied,  49. 

Oaxaca,  34. 

Peten,  39. 

plumbeous-capped,  40. 
rufous-tailed,  46. 

Salvadorean  black,  54. 

Utila,  42. 

Wagler’s  rufous-bellied,  47. 
white-bellied,  37. 

Yucatan,  38. 

Chachalacas,  5. 

Chacura,  238. 

Chamaepetes,  6,  9,  55. 

goudotii  rufiventris,  56. 
leucogastra,  38. 
unicolor,  56,  57,  58. 

Chamapetes,  55. 

chamberlaini,  Lagopus  mulus,  95,  96,  113, 
114. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  114. 
chapmani,  Crax,  19. 

Crax  rubra,  15. 

Odontophorus  guianensis,  370. 
chiapensis,  Dactylortyx,  387. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  386,  387. 
chinensis,  Tetrao,  238. 

Chrysolophus,  232,  236,  237. 
amherstiae,  232,  236. 
pictus,  2,  232,  236. 
chukar,  Perdix,  238. 
cinctus,  Odontophorus,  403,  405,  408. 
Rhynchortyx,  404,  405,  408. 

Rhynchortyx  cinctus,  405,  407,  408, 
409. 

cineracea,  Perdix,  417. 


468  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


cinerea,  Cothurnix,  417. 

Perdix,  410,  416. 

Perdix  (Starna),  417. 
cinereiceps,  Ortalida,  43. 

Ortalis,  44. 

Ortalis  cinereiceps,  44. 

Ortalis  garrula,  31,  44,  45. 
clappertoni,  Francolinus,  2. 

Cock,  black,  66. 

Cock-of-the-woods,  66. 
coffini,  Colinus  nigrogularis,  353. 
colchicus,  Phasianus,  232,  234,  417,  418, 
424,  427,  428,  429. 

Phasianus  colchicus,  420,  421,  424, 
429. 

Colin,  Caribbean  long-legged,  409. 
Honduranian  long-legged,  405. 
long-legged,  408. 
colin,  Tetrao,  322. 

Colina,  305. 

Colinia,  305. 
colinicui,  Tetrao,  322. 

Colinus,  235,  305,  307. 
atriceps,  344. 
bahamensis,  328. 
coyolcos,  341. 
coyoleos,  340. 
cristata,  305. 
cristatus,  363. 
cristatus  dickeyi,  357. 
cristatus  hypoleucus,  359,  360. 
cristatus  leucopogon,  358. 
cristatus  panamensis,  308,  311,  363, 
364. 

cristatus  sclateri,  355,  356. 

cristatus  sonnini,  308,  311,  360,  363. 

cubanensis,  330. 

floridanus,  327. 

godmani,  337. 

graysoni,  334,  346. 

graysoni  nigripectus,  335. 

hypoleucus,  359. 

insignis,  339. 

leucopogon  dickeyi,  309,  311,  356, 

357. 

leucopogon  hypoleucus,  308,  311,  358, 

359,  360. 

leucopogon  incanus,  308,  311,  359, 

360. 

leucopogon  leucopogon,  308,  311,  357, 

358. 

leucopogon  leylandi,  309,  311,  353, 

355,  356,  357,  359. 

leucopogon  sclateri,  309,  311,  355, 

356. 

leucotis  panamensis,  364. 
leylandi,  357. 
maculatus,  332. 
minor,  338. 
nigripectus,  335. 
nigrogularis,  305,  341,  349. 
nigrogularis  caboti,  309,  310,  347, 

350,  351. 

nigrogularis  coffini,  353. 
nigrogularis  nigrogularis,  309,  310, 
349,  350,  353. 

nigrogularis  persiccus,  309,  310,  350. 
pigrogularis  segoviensis,  352. 


Colinus  pectoralis,  335,  336. 
ridgwayi,  346,  347. 
salvini,  342. 
sonninii,  362. 
texanus,  326. 
virginiana,  319. 

virginianus,  306,  319,  324,  328,  333. 
virginianus  aridus,  307,  308,  309,  332, 

333. 

virginianus  atriceps,  308,  310,  344. 
virginianus  bahamensis,  328. 
virginianus  castaneus,  323. 
virginianus  coyolcos,  309,  310,  339, 
341,  342,  343,  344. 

virginianus  cubanensis,  307,  310,  328, 
329,  330,  331. 

virginianus  floridanus,  308,  310,  322, 
326,  327,  328. 

virginianus  godmani,  307,  312,  336, 
337,  338. 

virginianus  graysoni,  307,  309,  333, 

334,  335,  339,  340. 

virginianus  insignis,  308,  310,  338, 
339,  341,  343,  344. 
virginianus  insulanus,  308,  328. 
virginianus  maculatus,  308,  309,  324, 
331,  332,  333. 

virginianus  minor,  307,  310,  337,  338. 
virginianus  nelsoni,  309,  342,  343. 
virginianus  nigripectus,  307,  334,  335. 
virginianus  pectoralis,  307,  312,  335, 
336,  343. 

virginianus  ridgwayi,  308,  309,  344, 
347. 

virginianus  salvini,  308,  311,  341,  342, 
344. 

virginianus  taylori,  323. 
virginianus  texanus,  307,  309,  322, 
323,  325,  329,  331,  332,  333,  344. 
virginianus  thayeri,  307,  310,  340, 
343. 

virginianus  verus,  323. 
virginianus  virginianus,  308,  310,  312, 
319,  322,  328. 

coloratus,  Odontophorus  erythrops,  366, 
372,  373. 

Odontophorus  melanotis,  373. 
Columbae,  4. 

columbianus,  Centrocercus,  201. 
Odontophorus,  364. 

Pediaecaetes,  199,  201,  205. 
Pediecaetes,  199,  201,  205. 
Pediocaetes,  196,  199,  201,  205. 
Pediocaetes  phasianellus,  192,  199, 
201,  205. 

Pediocetes  phasianellus,  192,  194,  199, 

201. 

Pedioecetes,  199,  201. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  189,  199, 
200,  201,  202,  203,  205. 

Phasianus,  201. 

Tetrao,  192,  197,  201. 
communis,  Coturnix,  239. 

Compsortyx,  238. 
confinis,  Oreortyx,  262. 

Oreortyx  picta,  255,  261,  262,  263. 
Oreortyx  pictus,  262,  263. 
consobrinus,  Odontophorus,  377. 


INDEX 


469 


Cothumix  cinerea,  417. 

Coturnix,  63,  230,  239. 
communis,  239. 
coturnix,  239. 
excalfactoria,  238. 
novae-zealandiae,  3. 
pectoralis,  239. 
virginiana,  315. 
coturnix,  Coturnix,  239. 

Tetrao,  239. 

Coturnyx,  239. 

Coxolitli,  26. 
coyolcos,  Colinus,  341. 

Colinus  virginianus,  309,  310,  339, 
341,  342,  343,  344. 

Ortyx,  340,  341,  344. 

Perdix,  340. 

Tetrao,  340. 
coyoleos,  Colinus,  340. 

Tetrao,  340,  344. 

Graces  4 

Cracidae,  1,2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  62. 
Cracides,  5. 

Cracinae,  6,  7,  8. 

Cracoidea,  3,  4,  5. 

Cras  globicera,  18. 

Crax,  2,  7,  8,  12. 
alberti,  9,  12,  18. 
alberti  alberti,  12. 
albini,  18. 
alector,  12,  13,  18. 
annulata,  12. 
blumenbachii,  18. 
chapmani,  19. 
cumanensis,  20. 
edwardsii,  18. 
erythrognatha,  13. 
galeata,  8. 

globicera,  9,  13,  17,  18,  19. 

globicera  globicera,  18. 

globicera  griscomi,  19. 

grayi,  15. 

guianensis,  12. 

hecki,  19. 

mikani,  12. 

mitu,  8,  13. 

nigra,  12. 

panamensis,  18,  19. 

pauxi,  8. 

pinima,  15. 

pipile,  9. 

pseudalector,  18. 

rubra,  10,  16,  18. 

rubra  chapmani,  15. 

rubra  griscomi,  12,  19,  20. 

rubra  rubra,  12,  13,  16. 

sclateri,  19. 

sp.,  18. 

temminckii,  18. 
urumutum,  8. 
viridirostris,  12. 
vociferans,  32. 

Crax  curassous,  17. 

Creagrinus,  237. 
cristata,  Colinus,  305. 

Callipepla,  363. 

Meleagris,  24,  26. 

Numida,  431. 

653008'’— 46 - 31 


cristata,  Penelope,  20,  24,  25,  27. 
Penelope  cristata,  27. 

Perdix,  363. 

Salpiza,  27. 

Tetrao,  272. 
cristatus,  Colinus,  363. 

Eupsychortyx,  363. 

Gallopavo,  454. 

Ortyx,  363. 

Pavo,  233. 

Tetrao,  272,  305,  363. 

Crossop  til  on,  231. 

Cryptonyx,  230. 

Crypturi,  1,  2,  5. 

Crypturidae,  5. 
cubanensis,  Colinus,  330. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  310,  328, 
329,  330,  331. 

Ortix,  330. 

Ortyx,  330. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  330. 
cubensis,  Ortyx,  331. 

Cumana,  9. 
cumanensis,  Crax,  20. 

Penelope,  20. 

Pipile,  20. 

Cupidinea,  206. 

cupido,  Bonasa,  210,  214,  215. 

Capidonia,  214. 

Cupidonia,  210,  211,  214,  218. 
Cupidonia  cupido,  211,  214,  218. 
Tetrao,  153,  206,  210,  213,  214,  218, 
222. 

Tympanuchus,  207,  211,  215,  219,  220. 
Tympanuchus  cupido,  208,  211,  212, 
213. 

Cupidonia,  206. 

americana,  215,  219. 
cupido,  210,  211,  214,  218. 
cupido  cupido,  211,  214,  218. 
cupido  pallidicincta,  218,  222. 
pinnata,  217. 

Curassow,  Central  American,  13. 

Cozumel,  19. 

Curassows,  4,  5,  7. 
cuvieri,  Lophophorus,  237. 

Cynchramus,  438. 

Cyrtonyx,  236,  390,  391. 
massena,  395,  397. 
meleagris,  398. 
merriami,  399. 

montezumae,  390,  395,  397,  399,  401. 
montezumae  mearnsi,  391,  392,  395, 
396,  401. 

montezumae  meleagris,  398. 
montezumae  merriami,  391,  398,  399. 
montezumae  montezumae,  391,  392, 
396,  397,  398,  399. 
montezumae  morio,  396. 
montezumae  sallei,  391,  392. 
ocellatus,  391,  392,  400,  402,  403. 
ocellatus  differens,  403. 
ocellatus  ocellatus,  403. 
ocellatus  sumichrasti,  403. 
sallaei,  399,  400. 
sallei,  398,  400. 
sp.,  338. 

sumichrasti,  403. 


470  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Dactylortyx,  236,  379. 
chiapensis,  387. 
devius,  384,  385. 
lineolatus,  385. 

thoracicus,  380,  383,  384,  385,  386, 

387,  388. 

thoracicus  chiapensis,  381,  386,  387. 
thoracicus  devius,  380,  381,  383,  385, 
386. 

thoracicus  fuscus,  381,  389,  390. 
thoracicus  lineolatus,  381,  385. 
thoracicus  salvadoranus,  381,  387, 

388,  389. 

thoracicus  sharpei,  381,  385,  386. 
thoracicus  taylori,  381,  388,  389. 
thoracicus  thoracicus,  381,  382,  383. 
damascenus,  Tetrao,  417. 

Dendragapus,  64,  65,  66,  67,  136. 
canadensis,  145,  149,  151,  152. 
franklini,  142. 
franklinii,  142. 
fuliginosus,  68,  73,  77,  79. 
fuliginosus  fuliginosus,  77. 
fuliginosus  howardi,  81,  82. 
fuliginosus  sierrae,  80. 
fuliginosus  sitkensis,  74. 
howardi,  68. 

obscurus,  67,  68,  69,  73,  76,  79,  85,  87. 
obscurus  flemingi,  85. 
obscurus  fuliginosus,  69,  73,  74,  76, 
77,  78,  79,  81,  83,  85,  426. 
obscurus  howardi,  69,  80,  81. 
obscurus  munroi,  74. 
obscurus  obscurus,  69,  85,  87,  88. 
obscurus  pallidus,  69,  83,  86,  88,  89, 
90. 

obscurus  richardsoni,  83,  84,  89. 
obscurus  richardsonii,  69,  80,  82,  84, 
86,  88,  89. 

obscurus  sierrae,  69,  77,  79,  80,  81, 
82,  85. 

obscurus  sitkensis,  69,  70,  73,  74,  82. 

richardsoni,  83,  89. 

richardsonii,  68. 

sierrae,  68. 

sitkensis,  68. 

Dendrogapus,  67. 

Dendrophagus  franklini,  142. 

Dendrortyx,  236,  239,  240. 
barbata,  243. 

barbatus,  239,  240,  241,  243. 
griseipectus,  246. 
hypospodius,  253. 
leucophrys,  250,  252,  253. 
leucophrys  Irypospodius,  240,  252, 
253. 

leucophrys  leucophrys,  240,  249,  250, 
251,  252. 

leucophrys  nicaraguae,  241,  250,  252. 
macrorus,  245,  247. 
macroura,  240. 
macroura  dilutus,  248. 
macroura  diversus,  241,  246. 
macroura  griseipectus,  241,  245,  246. 
macroura  macroura,  241,  243,  245. 
macroura  oaxacae,  241,  248. 
macroura  striatus,  241,  247,  248. 
macrourus.,  247,  248. 


Dendrortyx  macrourus  dilutus,  248. 
macrourus  griseipectus,  246. 
macrourus  striatus,  248. 
macrurus,  245,  247,  248. 
oaxacae,  248. 
striatus,  248. 

Dentophorus,  364. 

derbianus,  Oreophasis,  58,  59,  60,  61. 
derbyanus,  Oreophasis,  61. 

Orephasis,  61. 

deschauenseei,  Ortalis  vetula,  30,  42. 
deserticola,  Callipepla  gambeli,  295. 
devius,  Dactylortyx,  384,  385. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  380,  381,  383, 
385,  386. 

dickeyi,  Colinus  cristatus,  357. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  309,  311,  356, 
357. 

Penelopina  nigra,  51,  54. 
dicksoni,  Lagopotetrix,  66. 
differens,  Cyrtonyx  ocellatus,  403. 
dilutus,  Dendrortyx  macroura,  248. 

Dendrortyx  macrourus,  248. 
dispar,  Lagopus,  126. 
diversus,  Dendrortyx  macroura,  241,  246. 
dixoni,  Lagopus,  121. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  118,  120,  121, 
122,  123. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  121. 
douglasi,  Callipepla,  301. 

Lophortyx,  301,  303,  304,  305. 
Lophortyx  douglasi,  302. 
douglasii,  Callipepla,  301. 

Lophortyx,  275,  276. 

Lophortyx  douglasii,  277,  278,  299, 
302,  303,  304,  305. 

Ortyx,  301. 

douglassii,  Callipepla,  301,  303. 

Ortyx,  301. 

Duodecempennatae,  6. 

edwardsii,  Crax,  18. 
elegans,  Callipepla,  299,  302,  303,  304. 
Lophortyx,  302. 

Ortyx,  299,  302,  303. 
ellioti,  Meleagris,  451. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  451. 

Epoima,  236. 

Epomia,  236. 

Epomis,  236. 

eremophila,  Oreortyx  picta,  255,  262,  263. 
erythrognatha,  Crax,  13. 

Eumeleagris,  458. 

Euplocomus,  2,  230. 

Eupsichortyx,  305,  306. 

sonninii,  363. 

Eupsychortix,  305. 

Eupsychortyx,  305. 
affinis,  363. 
cristatus,  363. 
fasciatus,  275. 
hypoleucus,  359,  360. 
leucofrenatus,  355,  357. 
leucopogon,  358,  360,  364. 
leucopogon  leucopogon,  358,  364. 
leucotis,  364. 
leylandi,  355,  356,  357. 
nigrigularis,  353. 


INDEX 


471 


Eupsychortyx  nigrogularis,  349,  350,  353. 
sclateri,  356. 
sonnini,  363. 
sonnini  sonnini,  363. 
sonninii,  362,  363. 

Eupsycortyx,  305. 
evermanni,  Lagopus,  110. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  109,  111,  117. 
Lagopus  rupestris,  111. 

Excalfactoria,  230,  238. 

chinensis  australis,  238. 
excalfactoria,  Coturnix,  238. 
Excalfatoria,  238. 

Excalphatoria,  238. 


Falcipennis,  65,  66. 

hartlaubii,  66. 
falcipennis,  Tetrao,  66. 
fasciata,  Callipepla,  275. 
fasciatus,  Eupsychortyx,  275. 

Ortyx,  272,  274. 

Philortyx,  272,  273,  274. 

Ptilortyx,  275. 
fera,  Meleagris,  447. 

Meleagris  gallapavo,  447. 
ferrugineus,  Gallus,  232. 
flemingi,  Dendragapus  obscurus,  85. 
floridana,  Ortyx  virginiana,  327. 
floridanus,  Colinus,  327. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  310,  322, 
326,  327,  328. 

Ortyx,  327. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  322,  327. 
Francolinus,  2,  63,  230. 

clappertoni,  2. 
franklini,  Canace,  142. 

Canace  canadensis,  142. 

Canachites,  142,  143. 

Dendragapus,  142. 

Dendropliagus,  142. 

Tetrao,  141. 

Tetrao  canadensis,  142. 

Tympanuchus,  143. 
franklinii,  Canace,  142. 

Canachites,  136,  137,  138,  143,  144. 

Dendragapus,  142. 

Tetrao,  141. 

Tetrao  canadensis,  142. 
frantzii,  Ortalida,  44. 

Ortalis  garrula,  44,  45. 

Ortalis  cinereiceps,  44.  , 
fronticornis,  Penelope,  61. 
fuliginosa,  Canace  obscura,  73,  76,  79,  81. 

Tetrao  obscurus,  73. 
fuliginosus,  Canace,  79,  85. 

Canace  obscurus,  73,  76. 

Dendragapus,  68,  73,  77,  79. 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus,  77. 

Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  73,  74, 
76,  77,  78,  79,  81,  83,  85,  426. 

Tetrao  obscurus,  73. 
fulvicauda,  Ortalis  vetula,  35. 
fulvipectus,  Callipepla  gambeli,  296. 

Lophortyx,  296. 

Lophortyx  gambelii,  277,  296. 


fusca,  Bonasa  umbella,  169. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  169. 

Tetrao,  143,  169. 
fuscus,  Bonasa  umbellus,  169. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  389, 
390. 

gabrielsoni,  Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  116, 
117. 

galeata,  Crax,  8. 

Numida,  435. 

Numida  galeata,  435,  436. 

Numida  meleagris,  433,  435. 

Galli,  1,  2,  3,  4. 

pigeon-footed,  4. 
galliae,  Perdix,  417. 

Gallidae,  1,  62. 

Galliformes,  1,  3,  4. 

Gallina  indica,  17. 

Gallina  peruviana  rubra,  16. 

Gallinace,  1. 

Gallinaceae,  62. 

Gallinacees,  1. 

Gallinacei,  1. 

Gallinaces,  1. 

Gallinae,  1,  4,  62,  231,  232. 

Gallinae  Alectoropodes,  62. 
gallipavo,  Meleagris,  444. 

Galloparus,  438. 

Gallopavo,  438,  454. 
cristatus,  454. 
primus,  455. 
sylvestris,  447. 
sylvestris  novaeangliae,  454. 
gallopavo,  Meleagris,  437,  438,  439,  443, 
444,  448,  450,  451,  452,  453,  454,  455, 
456. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  440,  444,  454, 
455,  456,  457. 

gallopavofera,  Meleagris,  447. 
Gallopavus,  438. 

Galloperdix,  230. 

Gallophasis,  230. 

Gallus,  2,  230,  231,  232,  237. 
ferrugineus,  232. 
gallus,  237. 
indicus,  12. 
gallus,  Gallus,  237. 

Gallus  indicus  alius,  17. 
gambeli,  Callipepla,  295,  296,  297,  298. 
Lophortyx,  294,  295,  296,  297,  298. 
Lophortyx  gambeli,  295,  299. 
gambelii,  Callipepla,  293,  295,  298. 

Lophortyx,  275,  276,  293,  296,  297, 
298. 

Lophortyx  gambelii,  277,  291,  293, 
294,  296. 

Lophortyx,  295. 

Ganix,  20. 

garrula,  Ortalida,  30. 

Ortalis,  30. 

Ortalis  garrula,  30,  31. 

Penelope,  30. 

garrulus,  Phasianus,  30,  47. 

Gennaeeus,  237. 

Gennaeus,  232,  237. 

nycthemerus,  232,  237. 

Giratores,  1. 


472 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


globicera,  Cras,  18. 

Crax,  9,  13,  17,  18,  19. 

Crax  globicera,  18. 
gmelini,  Phasianus  holdereri,  430. 
Gnathodon,  305. 
godmani,  Colinus,  337. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  312,  336, 
337,  338. 

Ortyx,  337. 

Gouan,  20. 

goudotii,  Ortalida,  55. 

Gradatores,  1. 
graeca,  Alectoris,  238. 

Grammatoptilos,  237. 

Grammatoptilus,  237. 
grayi,  Argusianus,  233. 

Crax,  15. 

graysoni,  Colinus,  334,  346. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  309,  333, 
334,  335,  339,  340. 

Ortyx,  334,  346. 
griscomi,  Crax  globicera,  19. 

Crax  rubra,  12,  19,  20. 
griseiceps,  Ortalis  wagleri,  30,  49. 
griseipectus,  Dendrortyx,  246. 

Dendrortyx  macroura,  241,  245,  246. 
Dendrortyx  macrourus,  246. 
groenlandicus,  Lagopus,  125. 

Grous,  white,  103. 

Grouse,  4,  62,  63. 

Alaskan  sharp-tailed,  190. 
Appalachian  ruffed,  163. 

Columbian  ruffed,  175. 

Columbian  sharp-tailed,  200. 
dusky,  85. 
eastern  ruffed,  156. 

Franklin’s,  138. 
gray  ruffed,  184. 

Great  Plains  sharp-tailed,  196. 

Idaho  ruffed,  178. 
midwestern  ruffed,  161. 

Mount  Pinos  dusky,  80. 
northern  sharp-tailed,  194. 

Olympic  ruffed,  169. 

Pacific  ruffed,  166. 
prairie  sharp-tailed,  203. 
sage,  224. 

St.  Lawrence  ruffed,  171. 

Sierra  dusky,  77. 

Sitkan  dusky,  70. 
sooty,  74. 

Swarth’s  dusky,  88. 

Vancouver  Island  ruffed,  170. 
wood,  66. 

Yukon  ruffed,  182. 

Guan,  20,  26. 

Guan,  black,  57. 
horned,  60. 
northern  crested,  23. 
southern  crested,  25. 

Guans,  5. 

Guanus,  20. 
guianensis,  Crax,  12. 

Odontophorus,  368,  369,  370. 

Tetrao,  364,  370. 

Guineafowl,  gray-breasted  helmet,  433. 
Guineafowls,  430. 
gujanensis,  Odontophorus,  365. 


guttata,  Ortyx,  375. 

Tetrao,  397. 

guttatus,  Odontophorus,  366,  373,  376. 

Odontophorus  guttatus,  376. 

Guttera,  430,  431. 

Haematortyx,  230. 
hartlaubii,  Falcipennis,  66. 

Heath  hen,  208. 
hecki,  Crax,  19. 
helmei,  Bonasa  umbellus,  161. 

Hemipodii,  1,  5. 

Hoazin,  18. 

hodgsoniae,  Sacfa,  410. 
hoopesii,  Ortyx,  323. 
howardi,  Dendragapus,  68. 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus,  81,  82. 
Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  80,  81. 
Hylobrontes,  153. 

.hypoleucus,  Colinus,  359. 

Colinus  cristatus,  359,  360. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  308,  311,  358, 
359,  360. 

Eupsychortyx,  359,  360. 

Ortyx,  360. 

hypopius,  Rhynchortyx  cinctus,  405,  409. 
hypospodius,  Dendrortyx,  253. 

Dendrortyx  leucophrys,  240,  252,  253. 

ignoscens,  Lophortyx  gambelii,  277,  298, 
299. 

impedita,  Lophortyx  douglasii,  277,  278, 
304,  305. 

incana,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  177,  179, 
180,  185. 

incanus,  Bonasa  umbellus,  182. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  308,  311,  359,  360. 
indicus,  Gallus,  12. 
insignis,  Colinus,  339. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  310,  338, 
339,  341,  343,  344. 

Ortyx,  339. 

insulanus,  Colinus  virginianus,  308,  328. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  95. 
intermedia,  Meleagris,  451. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  439,  449,  450, 
451. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  39,  40. 
islandicus,  Tetrao,  90. 

Ithaginis,  230. 

jacuaca,  Penelope,  27. 
jacucaca,  Penelope,  27. 
jacuntinga,  Pipile,  20. 

Jacupema,  26. 
jacupema,  Penelope,  20. 
jalapensis,  Ortalis  vetula,  35,  40. 
jamesi,  Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  190, 
196,  200,  203. 
jobsii,  Bonasa,  161. 

Junglefowl,  Bankiva,  232. 

Junglefowls,  232. 

kamtschatkensis,  Lagopus  lagopus,  93. 
kapustini,  Lagopus  lagopus,  94. 
kelloggae,  Lagopus  mutus,  120. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  120,  125. 


INDEX 


473 


kennicotti,  Pediocetes  phasianellus,  192. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  194. 
kennicottii,  Pediocaetes,  194. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  189,  192, 
193,  194. 

Keron,  90. 

Kolobathrornithes,  1. 
koreni,  Lagopus  lagopus,  93. 

labradorius,  Canachites  canadensis,  146. 
Lagopede  de  la  Baye  Hudson,  103. 
Lagophus,  90. 

Lagopotetrix,  66. 
dicksoni,  66. 

Lagopus,  3,  64,  65,  66,  90,  92,  230. 
alba  alleni,  108. 

albus,  94,  95,  100,  103,  105,  106,  108, 
110,  113. 
alexandrae,  105. 
alleni,  109. 
alpinus,  93,  95,  125. 
americanus,  126. 
atkensis,  116. 
brachydactylus,  94. 
dispar,  126. 
dixoni,  121. 
evermanni,  110. 
groenlandicus,  125. 
lagopus,  90,  92,  93,  100,  102,  105,  106, 

107,  108,  109. 

lagopus  alascensis,  93,  97,  100,  101, 

104,  105,  106,  107. 

lagopus  albus,  93,  100,  103,  104,  105, 

108. 

lagopus  alexandrae,  93,  94,  101,  104, 

105. 

lagopus  alleni,  92,  104,  108,  109. 
lagopus  kamtschatkensis,  93. 
lagopus  kapustini,  94. 
lagopus  koreni,  93. 
lagopus  lagopus,  93,  94,  100,  103,  106, 
107. 

lagopus  leucopterus,  92,  107. 
lagopus  okadai,  93. 
lagopus  ungavus,  93,  106,  107. 
lapponicus,  94. 

leucurus,  91,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134, 
135. 

leucurus  altipetens,  92,  134,  135. 
leucurus  leucurus,  92,  127,  130,  131, 
132,  133,  135. 

leucurus  peninsularis,  92,  131,  133. 
leucurus  rainierensis,  92,  133,  134. 
leucurus  saxatilis,  92,  132. 
mutus,  95,  123. 

mutus  americanus,  120,  122,  126. 
mutus  atkhensis,  95,  96,  115,  116,  118, 
123. 

mutus  chamberlaini,  95,  96,  113,  114. 
mutus  dixoni,  95,  96,  118,  120,  121, 
122,  123. 

mutus  evermanni,  95,  96,  109,  111, 
117. 

mutus  gabrielsoni,  95,  96,  116,  117. 
mutus  kelloggae,  120. 
mutus  nelsoni,  95,  96,  116,  117,  119, 
120,  122. 

mutus  reinhardti,  125. 


Lagopus  mutus  ridgwayi,  95. 

mutus  rupestris,  95,  96,  118,  120, 
121,  122,  125,  126,  127. 
mutus  sanfordi,  95,  96,  113,  114,  115. 
mutus  townsendi,  95,  96,  97,  111,  113, 
114,  115,  116,  117. 
mutus  welchi,  95,  96,  126,  127. 
nelsoni,  119. 
persicus,  90. 

reinhardi  macruros,  125. 
reinhardti,  126. 
ridgwayi,  95. 

rupestris,  110,  116,  119,  122,  123,  124, 
127. 

rupestris  atkhensis,  110,  113,  116, 
117. 

rupestris  chamberlaini,  114. 

rupestris  dixoni,  121. 

rupestris  evermanni,  111. 

rupestris  insularis,  95. 

rupestris  kelloggae,  120,  125. 

rupestris  nelsoni,  119. 

rupestris  occidentalis,  116,  125,  126. 

rupestris  reinhardi,  126. 

rupestris  reinhardtii,  125. 

rupestris  rupestris,  124,  125,  127. 

rupestris  sanfordi,  114. 

rupestris  townsendi,  113,  114. 

rupestris  welchi,  127. 

saliceti,  94. 

scoticus,  66,  91. 

subalpina,  94. 

subalpinus,  94. 

townsendi,  113,  114. 

welchi,  127. 

lagopus,  Lagopus,  90,  92,  93,  100,  102, 

105,  106,  107,  108,  109. 

Lagopus  lagopus,  93,  94,  100,  103, 

106,  107. 

Tetrao,  90,  93,  95,  102,  105,  106,  123. 
languens,  Lophortyx  douglasii,  278,  305. 
lapponicus,  Lagopus,  94. 

Tetrao,  94. 

Lerwa,  230,  231. 

leucofrenatus,  Eupsychortyx,  355,  357. 
leucogaster,  Ortalida,  38. 
leucogastra,  Chamaepetes,  38. 

Ortalida,  37,  38. 

Ortalis,  38. 

Ortalis  vetula,  28,  29,  30,  37,  38. 
Penelope,  28,  38. 

Penelopsis,  38. 

leucolaemus,  Odontophorus,  366,  377,  378, 
379. 

leucolophos,  Penelope,  9,  20. 
leucophrys,  Dendrortyx,  250,  252,  253. 
Dendrortyx  leucophrys,  240,  249, 
250,  251,  252. 

Ortyx,  250. 

leucopogon,  Colinus  cristatus,  358. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  308,  311,  357, 
358 

Eupsychortyx,  358,  360,  364. 
Eupsychortyx  leucopogon,  358,  364. 
Ortyx,  358,  364. 
leucoprosopon,  Lophortyx,  276. 
leucopterus,  Lagopus  lagopus,  92,  107. 
leucotis,  Eupsychortyx,  364. 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


474 


leucurus,  Lagopus,  91,  130,  131,  132,  133, 
134,  135. 

Lagopus  leucurus,  92,  127,  130,  131, 
132,  133,  135. 

Tetrao,  130. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus),  129,  133,  134. 
leylandi,  Colinus,  357. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  309,  311,  353, 
355,  356,  357,  359. 

Eupsychortyx,  355,  356,  357. 

Ortyx,  355,  356,  357. 
lineatus,  Phasianus,  237. 
lineolatus,  Dactylortyx,  385. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  385. 
Odontophorus,  385,  386. 

Perdix,  385. 

Strophiortyx,  385,  386. 

Lobiophasis,  230. 
lodoisiae,  Perdortyx,  239. 
longicauda,  Ortalis  poliocephala,  37. 
Longicaudes,  1. 

Lophophoreae,  232. 

Lophophorinae,  231. 

Lophophorus,  230,  231,  232. 

cuvieri,  237. 

Lophortix,  275. 

Lophortyx,  230,  235,  275,  277,  305. 
bensoni,  303. 

californica,  275,  276,  281,  282,  284, 
285,  288,  289,  325. 
californica  achrustera,  278,  279,  287, 
289,  290. 

californica  brunnescens,  278,  284,  286. 
californica  californica,  278,  279,  283, 
284,  286,  288,  289,  291. 
californica  canfieldae,  278,  279,  287, 

289,  290. 

californica  catalinensis,  278,  286,  287. 
californica  orecta,  278,  279,  287,  289, 

290,  291. 

californica  plumbea,  278,  279,  287, 
288. 

californica  vallicola,  283,  288,  289. 
californicus,  282,  285,  286,  287,  288, 
289,  295,  299. 

californicus  brunnescens,  286. 
californicus  californicus,  286. 
californicus  vallicola,  282,  283,  288, 
289. 

californicus  vallicolus,  283. 
catalinensis,  287. 
douglasi,  301,  303,  304,  305. 
douglasi  bensoni,  303. 
douglasi  douglasi,  302. 
douglasii,  275,  276. 
douglasii  bensoni,  277,  278,  302,  303. 
douglasii  douglasii,  277,  278,  299, 
302,  303,  304,  305. 

douglasii  impedita,  277,  278,  304,  305. 
douglasii  languens,  278,  305. 
douglasii  teres,  277,  278,  303,  304. 
elegans,  302. 
fulvipectus,  296. 

gambeli,  294,  295,  296,  297,  298. 
gambeli  gambeli,  295,  299. 
gambeli  sanus,  298. 
gambelii,  275,  276,  293,  296,  297,  298. 


Lophortyx  gambelii  fulvipectus,  277,  296. 
gambelii  gambelii,  277,  291,  293,  294, 
296. 

gambelii  ignoscens,  277,  298,  299. 
gambelii  pembertoni,  277,  297. 
gambelii  sana,  277,  297,  298. 
gambelii,  295. 
leucoprosopon,  276. 
plumifera,  258. 
vallicola,  283,  288,  289. 

Lyrurus,  65,  66. 
lyrurus,  Tetrao,  65. 

Lyura,  66. 

Lyurus,  66. 
tetrix,  66. 


maccalli,  Ortalida,  33,  39. 

Ortalida  vetula,  33. 

Ortalis,  34. 

Ortalis  vetula,  34,  35,  49. 
maccaulii,  Ortalida,  33. 
macrorus,  Dendrortyx,  245,  247. 
macroura,  Dendrortyx,  240. 

Dendrortyx  macroura,  241,  243,  245. 
Ortyx,  239,  245,  247. 
macrourus,  Dendrortyx,  247,  248. 

Odontophorus,  245. 
macruros,  Lagopus  reinhardi,  125. 
macrurus,  Dendrortyx,  245,  247,  248. 
maculatus,  Colinus,  332. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  309,  324, 
331,  332,  333. 

maculipennis,  Numida,  436. 
major,  Starna  cinerea,  417. 
males,  Megacephalon,  5. 

Marail,  20. 

marail,  Penelope,  20. 

marchei,  Numida,  436. 

Margaroperdix,  230. 
marginatus,  Phasianus,  430. 
marilanda,  Perdix,  322. 
marilandica,  Perdix,  305. 

Tetrao,  322. 

marilandicus,  Tetrao,  322,  329. 
marilandus,  Tetrao,  322,  329. 
marmoratus,  Odontophorus,  368,  369. 
Odontophorus  guianensis,  370. 
Odontophorus  gujancnsis,  366,  368, 
369. 

Ortyx  (Odontophorus),  369. 

Tetrao,  245. 

marylandus,  Ortyx,  322,  329. 

Tetrao,  322. 

massena,  Cyrtonyx,  395,  397. 

Ortyx,  390,  395,  397. 
massenae,  Ortyx,  397. 
matudae,  Odontophorus  guttatus,  377. 
Mauroturnix,  239. 
mccalli,  Ortalida,  33,  35,  39,  49. 

Ortalis,  34. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  31,  34. 
mearnsi,  Cyrtonyx  mearnsi,  391,  392,  395, 
396,  401. 

mediana,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  162,  164, 
185. 

medianus,  Bonasa  umbellus,  163. 


INDEX 


475 


Megacephalon,  2,  5. 

males,  5. 

Megapodes,  4. 

Megapodidae,  3,  4,  5,  6,  62. 

Megapodii,  3,  4. 

Megapodiidae,  5. 

Megapodinae,  5. 

Megapodius,  2. 

Melagris,  438. 

Melanoperdix,  230. 

melanotis,  Odontophorus,  371,  372. 

Odontophorus  erythrops,  366,  370, 
372,  373. 

Odontophorus  melanotis,  371. 
melanotus,  Odontophorus,  37l. 

Meleagres  gallopavo  silvestris,  447. 
meleagrjdes,  Agelastes,  431. 
ivlcleagridae,  6,  436. 

Meleagrididae,  3,  62,  63,  230,  436,  437. 
Meleagrinae,  430,  436. 

Meleagris,  2,  230,  430,  437,  458. 
americana,  444,  449. 
aureus,  463. 
cristata,  24,  26. 
ellioti,  451. 
fera,  447. 
fera  osceola,  449. 
gallapavo  occidentalis,  447. 
gallapavo  fera,  447. 
gallipavo,  444. 
gallo  pavo,  444. 

gallopavo,  437,  438,  439,  443,  444, 
448,  450,  451,  452,  453,  454,  455, 
456. 

gallopavo  americana,  444,  445,  455. 
gallopavo  ellioti,  451. 
gallopavo  gallopavo,  440,  444,  454, 

455,  456,  457. 

gallopavo  intermedia,  439,  449,  450, 
451. 

gallopavo  merriami,  439,  451,  453, 

454,  457,  458. 

gallopavo  mexicana,  440,  450,  452, 

455,  457. 

gallopavo  onusta,  439,  457,  458. 
gallopavo  osceola,  439,  444,  447,  448, 
4-19,  454,  456,  458. 

gallopavo  silvestris,  439,  440,  445, 

447,  448,  449,  450,  451,  454,  456. 
gallopavo  sylvestris,  447. 
gallopavofera,  447. 
intermedia,  451. 

mexicana,  443,  450,  452,  455,  457. 
occidentalis,  449. 
ocellata,  458,  462,  463. 
osceola,  449. 
palawa,  445. 
silvestris,  445. 
meleagris,  Cyrlonyx,  398. 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae,  398. 

Numida,  432,  434,  435. 
Odontophorus,  398. 

Phasianus,  434. 

Menuridae,  6. 
merriami,  Cyrtonyx,  399. 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae,  391,  398,  399. 
Meleagris  gallopavo,  439,  45 i,  453, 
454,  457,  458. 


Mesoenatidae,  1. 

mexicana,  Meleagris,  443,  450,  452,  455, 
457. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  440,  450,  452, 
455,  457. 

Perdix,  322. 

mexicanus,  Tetrao,  305,  322. 

Microperdix,  230. 
mikani,  Crax,  12. 
minor,  Colinus,  338. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  310,  337, 
338. 

Ortyx,  338. 

Perdix,  417. 

Tetrao,  323. 

mira,  Ortalis  garrula,  31,  45. 

Mitu,  7,  8. 
mitu,  Crax,  8,  13. 

Mitua,  2,  8. 

Monals,  232. 

mongolicus,  Phasianus,  429. 

Phasianus  colchicus,  429. 
montagnii,  Ortalida,  20. 

Penelope,  21,  22. 
montana,  Perdix,  417. 
montanus,  Tetrao,  90,  417. 
montezumae,  Cyrtonyx,  390,  395,  397, 
399,  401. 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae,  391,  392,  396, 
397,  398,  399. 

Odontophorus  (Cyrtonyx),  397. 
Ortyx,  390,  395,  397. 
monticola,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  162, 
163,  164,  166,  170,  178. 
morio,  Cyrtonyx  montezumae,  396. 
motmot,  Phasianus,  28. 
munroi,  Dendragapus  obscurus,  74. 
muticus,  Pavo,  233. 
mutus,  Lagopus,  95,  123. 

Tetrao,  90,  123,  125. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus),  125. 

nelsoni,  Colinus  virginianus,  309,  342, 
343. 

Lagopus,  119. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  116,  117,  119, 

120,  122. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  119. 
nicaraguae,  Dendrortyx  leucophrys,  241, 
250,  252. 

niger,  Penelope,  50,  53. 

Phasidus,  431. 
nigra,  Crax,  12. 

Penelope,  53. 

Penelopina,  50,  51,  53,  55. 
Penelopina  nigra,  51,  52,  53,  54. 
nigripectus,  Colinus,  335. 

Colinus  graysoni,  335. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  334,  335. 
nigrigularis,  Eupsychortyx,  353. 

Ortyx,  352. 

nigrogularis,  Callipepla,  353. 

Colinus,  305,  341,  349. 

Colinus  nigrogularis,  309,  310,  349, 
350,  353. 

Eupsychortyx,  349,  350,  353. 

Ortix,  349. 

Ortyx,  349,  352. 


476 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Nothocrax,  8. 

novaeangliae,  Gallopavo  sylveslris,  454. 
novae-angliae,  Perdix,  322. 
novae-zealandiae,  Coturnix,  3. 

Numida,  2,  230;  430,  431. 
cristata,  431. 
galeata,  435. 

galeata  galeata,  435,  436. 
maculipennis,  436. 
marchei,  436. 
meleagris,  432,  434,  435. 
meleagris  galeata,  433,  435. 
rendallii,  436. 
vulturina,  431. 

Numididae,  3,  62,  230,  430,  431,  436. 
Numidinae,  430. 

Nupidedes,  1. 

Nycthemerus,  237. 
argentatus,  237. 

nycthemerus,  Gennaeus,  232,  237. 
Phasianus,  237. 

oaxacae,  Dendrortyx,  248. 

Dendrortyx.  macroura,  241,  248. 
obscura,  Canace,  76,  79,  81,  87. 

Canace  obscura,  87. 
obscurus,  Canace,  79,  85,  87. 

Canace  obscurus,  87. 

Dendragapus,  67,  68,  69,  73,  76,  79, 
85,  87. 

Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  85,  87,  88. 
Tetrao,  67,  73,  76,  78,  79,  81,  85,  86, 
87,  90. 

Tympanuchus,  88. 

occidentalis,  Lagopus  rupestris,  116,  125, 
126. 

Meleagris,  449. 

Meleagris  gallapavo,  447. 
ocellata,  Agriocharis,  458,  459,  460,  463. 
Meleagris,  458,  462,  463. 

Rheinardia,  234. 

ocellatus,  Cyrtonyx,  391,  392,  400,  402, 
403. 

Cyrtonyx  ocellatus,  403. 

Ortyx,  402. 

Odonthophorus,  364. 

Odontophoridae,  231. 

Odontophorinae,  3,  62,  63,  230,  231,  234, 
235. 

Odontophorus,  236,  364,  366,  379,  390. 
castigatus,  368. 
cinctus,  403,  405,  408. 
columbianus,  364. 
consobrinus,  377. 

erythrops  coloratus,  366,  372,  373. 
erythrops  melanotis,  366,  370,  372, 
373. 

erythrops  verecundus,  366,  373. 
guianensis,  368,  369,  370. 
guianensis  canescens,  370. 
guianensis  castigatus,  368. 
guianensis  chapmani,  370. 
guianensis  marmoratus,  370. 
guianensis  panamensis,  369. 
guianensis  polionotus,  370. 
gujanensis,  365. 

gujanensis  castigatus,  366,  368. 


Odontophorus  gujanensis  marmoratus, 
366,  368,  369. 

gujanensis  polionotus,  370. 
guttatus,  366,  373,  376. 
guttatus  guttatus,  376. 
guttatus  matudae,  377. 
leucolaemus,  366,  377,  378,  379. 
lineolatus,  385,  386. 
macrourus,  245. 
marmoratus,  368,  369. 
melanotis,  371,  372. 
melanotis  coloratus,  373. 
melanotis  melanotis,  371. 
melanotis  verecundus,  373. 
melanotus,  371. 
meleagris,  398. 

(Cyrtonyx)  montezumae,  397. 
parambae  canescens,  370. 
rubigenis,  409. 
smithians,  379. 
sonnini,  363. 

spodiostethus,  403,  407,  409. 
thoracicus,  383,  384,  386,  387. 
veraguensis,  376,  377. 
okadai,  Lagopus  lagopus,  93. 
olivacea,  Ortalis  garrula,  31,  45,  46. 
onusta,  Meleagris  gallopavo,  439,  457, 
458. 

Opetioptila,  9. 

Ophrysia,  230. 

Opisthocomi,  1,  2,  4. 

Opisthocomidae,  6. 

Oreas,  90. 

orecta,  Lophortyx  calif ornica,  278,  279, 
287,  289,  290,  291. 

Oreias,  90. 

Oreoortyx,  253. 

Oreoperdix,  230. 

Oreophasianus,  58. 

Oreophasinae,  6,  8. 

Oreophasis,  6,  8,  58. 

derbianus,  58,  59,  60,  61. 
derbyanus,  61. 

Oreortyx,  235,  253,  305. 
confinis,  262. 

picta,  254,  255,  257,  260,  263. 
picta  confinis,  255,  261,  262,  263. 
picta  eremophila,  255,  262,  263. 
picta  palmeri,  255,  258,  262. 
picta  picta,  255,  258,  260,  261,  262, 
263. 

picta  plumifera,  261,  263. 
picta  plumiferus,  261. 
pictus,  257,  259,  260,  263. 
pictus  confinis,  262,  263. 
pictus  pictus,  257,  258. 
pictus  plumifera,  260. 
pictus  plumiferus,  258,  260,  263. 
plumiferus,  258. 

Orephasis  derbyanus,  61. 

Orortyx,  253. 
picta,  260. 
pictus,  263. 

Ortalida,  28. 
bronzina,  47. 
cinereiceps,  43. 
frantzii,  44. 
garrula,  30. 


INDEX 


477 


Ortalida  goudotii,  55. 
leucogaster,  38. 
leucogastra,  37,  38. 
maccalli,  33,  39. 
maccaulii,  33. 
mccalli,  33,  35,  39,  49. 
montagnii,  20. 
plumbeiceps,  37,  41. 
plumbiceps,  37,  41. 
poliocephala,  34,  35,  36,  43. 
ruficauda,  47. 
unicolor,  58. 

vetula,  32,  33,  35,  39,  41. 
vetula  maccalli,  33. 
wagleri.  28,  48,  49. 
waglerii,  48. 

Ortalidia,  28. 

Ortalis,  6,  9,  28,  30. 
araucuan,  2. 
cinereiceps,  44. 
cinereiceps  cinereiceps,  44. 
cinereiceps  frantzii,  44. 
cinereiceps  saturatus,  44. 
garrula,  30. 

garrula  cinereiceps,  31.  44,  45. 
garrula  frantzii,  44,  45. 
garrula  garrula,  30,  31. 
garrula  mira,  31,  45. 
garrula  olivacea,  31,  45,  46. 
garrula  saturata,  45. 
leucogastra,  38. 
maccalli,  34. 
mccalli,  34. 
pallidiventris,  39. 
poliocephala,  37. 
poliocephala  longicauda,  37. 
rufficauda,  47. 
ruficauda,  30,  46,  47. 
struthopus,  44. 
vetula,  29,  33,  35,  39,  41. 
vetula  deschauenseei,  30,  42. 
vetula  fulvicauda,  35. 
vetula  intermedia,  30,  39,  40. 
vetula  jalapensis,  35,  40. 
vetula  leucogastra,  28,  29,  30,  37,  38. 
vetula  maccalli,  34,  35,  49. 
vetula  mccalli,  30,  31,  34. 
vetula  pallidiventris,  30,  38,  39. 
vetula  plumbeiceps,  41. 
vetula  plumbiceps,  30,  40,  41,  42. 
vetula  poliocephala,  30,  35,  37. 
vetula  vallicola,  30,  40. 
vetula  vetula,  30,  33,  34,  35,  37,  38, 
39,  40,  42. 

wagleri,  28,  29,  48,  49. 
wagleri  griseiceps,  30,  49. 
wagleri  wagleri,  30,  47,  49. 

Ortix,  305. 

cubanensis,  330. 
nigrogularis,  349. 
plumifera.  260,  261. 
texanus,  324. 

Ortygia,  239,  305. 

Ortyginae,  231. 

Ortygion,  239. 

Ortygis,  305. 

Ortygium,  239. 

Qrtygornis,  230, 


Ortyx,  230,  239,  305. 
affinis,  363. 
albifrons,  358. 
atriceps,  344. 
bahamensis,  328. 
borealis,  323. 
californica,  286. 
castaneus,  323. 
coyolcos,  340,  341,  344. 
cristatus,  363. 
cubanensis,  330. 
cubensis,  331. 
douglasii,  301. 
douglassii,  301. 
elegans,  299,  302,  303. 
fasciatus,  272,  274. 
floridanus,  327. 
godmani,  337. 
graysoni,  334,  346. 
graysoni  panucensis,  332. 
guttata,  375. 
hoopesii,  323. 
hypoleucus,  360. 
insignis,  339. 
leucophrys,  250. 
leucopogon,  358,  364. 
leylandi,  355,  356,  357. 
macroura,  239,  245  ,  247. 
(Odontophorus)  marmoratus,  369. 
marylandus,  322,  329. 
massena,  390,  395,  397. 
massenae,  397. 
minor,  338. 

montezumae,  390,  395,  397. 
nigrigularis,  352. 
nigrogularis,  349,  352. 
ocellatus,  402. 
pectoralis,  335,  336,  338. 
perrotiana,  275. 
picta,  257,  259,  263. 
plumifera,  260,  263. 
ridgwayi,  347. 
salvini,  342. 
sonnini,  362. 
sonninii,  362. 
spilogaster,  302. 
squamata,  267,  271. 
squamatus,  264,  267,  269,  271. 
texanus,  324,  325,  332. 
thoracicus,  383,  384,  386,  387,  388. 
virginiana,  316,  317,  324,  327. 
virginiana  floridana,  327. 
virginiana  texana,  325. 
virginianus,  315,  316,  324,  325,  327, 
329,  346,  347. 
virginianus  cubanensis,  330. 
virginianus  floridanus,  322,  327. 
virginianus  texanus,  324,  325. 
virginianus  virginianus,  317. 

osceola,  Meleagris,  449. 

Meleagris  fera,  449. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  439,  444,  447, 
448,  449,  454,  456,  458. 

osgoodi,  Canachites  canadensis,  143,  146, 
147,  151. 

Otididae,  62. 

Ovjrax,  8, 


478 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


palawa,  Meleagris,  445. 
pallida,  Callipepla  squamata,  265,  268, 
269,  270,  271. 

Pferdix,  417. 

pallidicincta,  Cupidonia  cupido,  218,  222. 
pallidicinctus,  Tympanuchus,  208,  219, 
222,  223. 

pallidiventris,  Ortalis,  39. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  38,  39. 
pallidus,  Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  83, 
86,  88,  89,  90. 

palmeri,  Oreortyx  picta,  255,  258,  262. 

Toxostoma,  294. 
palustris,  Starna,  417. 
panamensis,  Colinus  cristatus,  308,  311, 
363,  364. 

Colinus  leucotis,  364. 

Crax,  18,  19. 

Odontopho-rus  guianensis,  369. 
panucensis,  Ortyx  graysoni,  332. 
Partridge,  Arizona  scaled,  265. 
bearded  wood,  241. 

Canadian  spruce,  147. 
chestnut-bellied  scaled,  269. 
eastern  long-tailed,  243. 
gray-breasted  long-tailed,  245. 
Guatemalan  long-tailed,  249. 
Guerrero  long-tailed,  247. 

Hudsonian  spruce,  143. 

Hungarian  411. 

Jalisco  long- tailed,  246. 

Nicaraguan  long-tailed,  250. 

Oaxaca  long-tailed,  248. 
scaled,  270. 

Valdez  spruce,  150. 
white,  103. 

Partridges,  62,  230. 

Old  World,  230,  231. 

Pauxi,  7,  8. 
pauxi,  Crax,  8. 

Pauxis,  8. 

cristatus,  233. 
muticus,  233. 

Pavoneae,  233. 

Pavoninae,  231. 

Peacock,  Javan,  233. 

Peacock-pheasants,  2 33. 

Peacocks,  233. 

pectoralis,  Colinus,  335,  336. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  312,  335, 
336,  343. 

Coturnix,  239. 

Ortyx,  335,  336,  338. 

Pediaecaetes,  187. 

columbianus,  199,  201,  205. 
phasianellus,  195,  205. 

Pediecaetes,  187. 

columbianus,  199,  201,  205. 
phasianellus,  195. 

Pediocaetes,  187. 

columbianus,  196,  199,  201,  205. 
kennicottii,  194. 

phasianellus,  192,  194,  195,  196,  197, 
199,  203,  204,  205. 
phasianellus  campestris,  203,  204. 


Pediocaetes  phasianellus  columbianus, 

192,  199,  201,  205. 
phasianellus  phasianellus,  196. 

Pediocetes  phasianellus  campestris,  197, 

198, 

phasianellus  columbianus,  192,  194, 

199,  201. 

phasianellus  kennicotti,  192. 
phasianellus  phasianellus,  196,  205. 
Pediocoetes,  187. 

Pediocoetus,  187. 

Pedioecetes,  64,  65,  67,  187,  212. 
columbianus,  199,  201. 
phasianellus,  188,  189,  192,  194,  195, 
197,  203,  204. 

phasianellus  campestris,  189,  198, 

203,  204,  205. 

phasianellus  campisylvicola,  205,  206. 
phasianellus  caurus,  189,  190,  192, 

193,  194,  196. 

phasianellus  campestris,  189,  198, 
203,  204,  205. 

phasianellus  columbianus,  189,  199, 

200,  201,  202,  203,  205. 
phasianellus  jamesi,  190,  196,  200,  203. 
phasianellus  kennicotti,  194. 
phasianellus  kennicottii,  189,  192,  193, 

194, 

phasianellus  phasianellus,  189,  192, 
194,  195,  196,  197,  199,  202,  205. 
urophasianellus,  197. 

pembertonii,  Lophortyx  gambelii,  277,  297. 
Penelope,  5,  6,  9,  20,  22,  50. 
aburri,  9,  20. 
aequatorialis,  27,  28. 
albiventer,  38. 
albiventris,  28,  38. 
brasiliensis,  27. 
carunculata,  9. 
cristata,  20,  24,  26,  27. 
cristata  cristata,  27. 
cumanensis,  20. 
fronticornis,  61. 
garrula,  30. 
jacuaca,  27. 
jacucaca,  27. 
jacupema,  20. 
leucogastra,  28,  38. 
leucolophos,  9,  20. 
marail,  20. 
montagnii,  21,  22. 
niger,  50,  53. 
nigra,  53. 
perspicax,  22. 
pipile,  20. 

poliocephala,  34,  36,  43. 
purpurascens,  21,  22,  24,  25,  27. 
purpurascens  aequatorialis,  20,  23,  25, 
28. 

purpurascens  brunnescens,  23. 
purpurascens  perspicax,  22,  23. 
purpurascens  purpurascens,  22,  23, 
25. 

rufiventris,  55. 
vetula,  34,  39,  41. 
vociferans,  32. 


INDEX 


479 


Penelopes,  4. 

Penelophe,  20. 

Penelopidae,  6. 

Penelopides,  28. 

Penelopina,  6,  8,  9,  50. 
nigra,  50,  51,  53,  55. 
nigra  dickeyi,  51,  54. 
nigra  nigra,  51,  52,  53,  54. 
nigra  rufescens,  51,  54,  55. 

Penelopinae,  6. 

Penelops,  28. 

Penelopsis,  28,  55. 
albiventer,  38. 
leucogastra,  38. 

peninsularis,  Lagopus  lencurus,  92,  131, 
133. 

Perdicidae,  63,  230,  231. 

Perdicinae,  230,  234. 

Perdicula,  230. 

Perdix,  63,  230,  238,  409. 
barbara,  238. 
borealis,  305,  323. 
californica,  284. 
chukar,  238. 
cineracea,  417. 
cinerea,  410,  416. 

(Starna)  cinerea,  417. 
cinerea  scantica,  417. 
coyolcos,  340. 
cristata,  363. 
galliae,  417. 
lmeolatus,  385. 
marilanda,  322. 
marilandica,  305. 
mexicana,  322. 
minor,  417. 
montana,  417. 
novae-angliae,  322. 
pallida,  417. 
perdix,  410,  414,  415. 
perdix  perdix,  411,  415,  416. 
perspicillata,  398. 
petrosa,  238. 
plumifera,  260. 
robusta,  417. 

(Starna)  robusta,  417. 
saxatilis,  238. 
sonnini,  362. 
sonninii,  362. 
sylvestris,  417. 
thoracica,  238. 
virginiana,  305,  315. 

(Colinia)  virginiana,  317. 

perdix,  Perdix,  410,  414,  415. 

Perdix  perdix,  411,  415,  416. 

Starna,  414. 

Tetrao,  409,  410,  414. 

Perdortyx,  239. 
lodoisiae,  239. 

Perdrix,  409. 

peregrina,  Starna  cinerea,  417. 

Peristeropodes,  4. 

perrotiana,  Ortyx,  275. 

persiccus,  Colinus  nigrogularis,  309,  310, 
350. 

persicus,  Lagopus,  90. 

Tetrao,  90. 

personata,  Callipepla,  275. 


personatus,  Philortyx,  275. 
perspicax,  Penelope,  22. 

Penelope  purpurascens,  22,  23. 
perspicillata,  Perdix,  398. 
petrosa,  Perdix,  238. 
phaia,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  176,  177, 
178,  182,  184. 

phaios,  Bonasa  umbellus,  179. 
phasianellus,  Centrocercus,  194,  195,  201. 
Pediaecaetes,  195,  205, 

Pediecaetes,  195. 

Pediocaetes,  192,  194,  195,  196,  197, 
199,  203,  204,  205. 

Pediocaetes  phasianellus,  196. 
Pediocetes  phasianellus,  196,  205. 
Pedioecetes,  188,  189,  192,  194,  195, 
197,  203,  204. 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus,  189,  192, 
194,  195,  196,  197,  199,  202,  205. 
Tetrao,  187,  194,  195,  197,  201,  204. 
Tetrao  (Centrocercus),  194,  195. 
Phasiani,  62,  236,  237. 

Phasianidae,  1,  3,  62,  63,  230,  231,  234, 
235,  237. 

Phasianides,  62. 

Phasianinae,  62,  63,  230,  232. 
Phasianoidea,  3,  4,  62. 

Phasianus,  230,  232,  236,  237,  417. 
albotorquatus,  429. 

PnOPqmPl  S/ 

colchicus!  232,  234,  417,  418,  424,  427, 

428,  429. 

colchicus  colchicus,  420,  421,  424, 

429. 

colchicus  mongolicus,  429. 
colchicus  septentrionalis,  430. 
colchicus  tenebrosus,  429. 
colchicus  torquatus,  419,  421,  424, 
426,  427. 

colchicus  typicus,  430. 
colchius  torquatus,  427. 
columbianus,  201. 
garrulus,  30,  47. 
holdereri  gmelini,  430. 
lineatus,  237. 
marginatus,  430. 
meleagris,  434. 
mongolicus,  429. 
motmot,  28. 
nycthemerus,  237. 
pictus,  236. 

torquatus,  424,  426,  427,  428. 
varius,  237. 

Phasianus  brasiliensis,  26. 

Phasidus,  431. 

niger,  431. 

Pheasant,  232. 
argus,  233. 

Columbian,  201. 

English,  232,  234. 
golden,  232. 

Lady  Amherst,  232. 
ring-necked,  419. 
silver,  232. 

Pheasants,  4,  62,  230. 
argus,  233. 
horned,  232. 

Impeyan,  232. 


480  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


Pheasants,  Koklass,  232. 

Pucrus,  232. 
true,  232. 

Philortix,  305. 

Philortyx,  235,  272,  305. 
fasciatus,  272,  273,  274. 
personatus,  275. 
virginianus,  317. 
picta,  Callipepla,  258,  259,  263. 

Oreortyx,  254,  255,  257,  2601,  263. 
Oreortyx  picta,  255,  258,  260,  261, 
262,  263. 

Orortyx,  260. 

Ortyx,  257,  259,  263. 
pictus,  Chrysolophus,  2,  232,  236. 
Oreortyx  pictus,  257,  258. 

Oreortyx,  257,  259,  260,  263. 

Orortyx,  263. 

Phasianus,  236. 
pinima,  Crax,  15. 
pinnata,  Cupidonia,  217. 
pinnatus,  Tympanuchus,  217. 

Tympanuchus  cupido,  208,  212,  217. 
Pipile,  6,  9,  20. 
cumanensis,  20. 
jacuntinga,  20. 
pipile,  Crax,  9. 

Penelope,  20. 

Pipilo,  9. 

plumbea,  Lophortyx  californica,  278,  279, 
287,  288. 

plumbeiceps,  Ortalida,  37,  41. 

Ortalis  vetula,  41. 
plumbiceps,  Ortalida,  37,  41. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  40,  41,  42. 
plumifera,  Lophortyx,  258. 

Oreortyx  picta,  261,  263. 

Oreortyx  pictus,  260. 

Ortix,  260,  261. 

Ortyx,  260,  263. 

Perdix,  260. 

plumiferus,  Oreortyx,  258. 

Oreortyx  picta,  261. 

Oreortyx  pictus,  258,  260,  263. 
poliocephala,  Ortalida,  34,  35,  36,  43. 
Ortalis,  37. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  35,  37. 

Penelope,  34,  36,  43. 
polionotus,  Odontophorus  guianensis,  370. 

Odontophorus  gujanensis,  370. 
Polyplectron,  231,  233. 

Polyplectroneae,  233. 

Ponolope,  20. 

Prairie  hen,  lesser,  219. 

Louisiana,  2l7. 
primus,  Gallopavo,  455. 
pseudalector,  Crax,  18. 

Pseudotaon,  438. 

Ptarmigan,  63. 

Alaska  willow,  97. 

Alexander’s,  104. 

Allen’s,  108. 

Amchitka,  116. 

Baffin  Island,  107. 

Chamberlain’s,  114. 

Dixon’s,  120. 

Evermann’s,  109. 

Keewatin  willow,  100. 


Ptarmigan,  Kenai  white-tailed,  131. 
Mount  Rainier,  133. 

Nelson’s,  117. 
rock,  122. 

Sanford's,  113. 
southern  white-tailed,  134. 
Townsend’s,  111. 

Ungava,  106. 

Vancouver,  132. 

Welch’s,  126. 
white-tailed,  127. 

Pternistes,  230. 

Pterocles,  1. 

Pterocletes,  1,  4. 

Pteroclidae,  62. 

Ptilopachys,  230. 

Ptilortyx  fasciatus,  275. 

Pucrasia,  231,  232. 

pudibundus,  Rhynchortyx  cinctus,  405, 
407. 

Pullastrae,  4. 

purpurascens,  Penelope,  21,  22,  24,  25,  27. 
Penelope  purpurascens,  22,  23,  25. 
Salpiza,  25. 

Pyctes,  238. 

Quail,  banded,  273. 

Benson’s,  302. 
black-eared  wood,  370. 

California,  284. 

Chihuahua  crested,  305. 

Chiriqui  wood,  366. 

Colorado  Gambel’s,  297. 
desert  mountain,  262. 

Dickey’s,  356 
elegant,  299. 
fulvous-breasted,  296. 

Gambel’s,  291. 

Honduranian  long-toed,  389. 
Honduranian  wood,  373. 

Jalisco  crested,  303. 

Jalisco  long-toed,  383. 

Leyland’s,  353. 
marbled  wood,  368. 

Massena,  396. 

Mearns’s  harlequin,  392. 

Merriam’s  harlequin,  398. 

Nayarit  crested,  304. 
northwestern  mountain,  255. 
Oaxacan  long-toed,  385. 
ocellated  harlequin,  400. 

Olathe,  290. 
plumed  mountain,  258. 

Salle’s  harlequin,  399. 

Salvadorean  long-toed,  387. 

San  Lucas,  289. 

San  Quintin  Valley,  287. 

Santa  Catalina,  286. 

Sclater’s,  355. 
southern  mountain,  261. 
spotted  wood,  373. 

Taylor’s  long- toed,  388. 

Texas  Gambel’s,  298. 

Tiburon  Island,  297. 
valley,  279. 

Veracruz  long-toed,  382. 

Veraguan  wood,  372. 

Warner  Valley,  290. 


INDEX  481 


Quail,  white-throated  wood,  377. 

Yucatan  long-toed,  385. 

Quails,  62. 

American,  230. 

New  World,  234. 

Old  World,  230,  231,  234. 

Quan,  20,  26. 

rainierensis,  Lagopus  leucurus,  92,  133, 
134. 

Rasores,  1. 
rehusak,  Tetrao,  94. 
reinhardi,  Lagopus  rupestris,  126. 
reinhardti,  Lagopus,  126. 

Lagopus  mutus,  125. 

Tetrao,  126. 
reinhardtii,  Tetrao,  126. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  125. 
rendallii,  Numida,  436. 

Rheinardia,  234. 

ocellata,  234. 

Rhizothera,  230. 

Rhynchortyx,  236,  403,  405. 
cinctus,  404,  405,  408. 
cinctus  australis,  405. 
cinctus  cinctus,  405,  407,  408,  409. 
cinctus  hypopius,  405,  409. 
cinctus  pudibundus,  405,  407. 
spodiostethus,  407,  409. 
richardsoni,  Canace,  80,  85,  89. 

Canace  obscura,  84,  85,  89. 

Canace  obscurus,  84,  89. 
Dendragapus,  83,  89. 

Dendragapus  obscurus,  83,  84,  89. 
Tetrao,  83. 

Tetrao  obscurus,  84. 

Tympanuchus,  85. 

richardsonii,  Canace  obscura,  84,  89. 
Dendragapus,  68. 

Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  80,  82,  84, 
86,  88,  89. 

Tetrao,  83,  89. 

Tetrao  obscurus,  84,  89. 
ridgwayi,  Colinus,  346,  347. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  309,  344, 
347. 

Lagopus,  95. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95. 

Ortyx,  347. 
robusta,  Perdix,  417. 

Perdix  (Starna),  417. 

Rollulus,  2,  230. 
rubigenis,  Odontophorus,  409. 
rubra,  Crax,  10,  16,  18. 

Crax  rubra,  12,  13,  16. 
ruesptris,  Tetrao,  126. 
rufa,  Alectoris,  238. 
rufescens,  Penelopina  nigra,  51,  54,  55. 
rufficauda,  Ortalis,  47. 
ruficauda,  Ortalida,  47. 

Ortalis,  30,  46,  47. 

rufiventris,  Chamaepetes  goudotii,  56. 

Penelope,  55. 
rupestris,  Attagen,  124. 

Lagopus,  110,  116,  119,  122,  123,  124, 
127. 


rupestris,  Lagopus  rupestris,  124,  125, 
127. 

Tetrao,  116,  123,  127. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus),  123. 

sabinei,  Bonasa,  168,  170,  171. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  168. 
sabini,  Bonasa,  167,  169,  177. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  166,  168,  169, 
171,  175,  176,  177,  179,  183. 

Tetrao,  167,  171. 

sabinii,  Bonasa,  167,  168,  171,  177. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  168,  177. 

Sacfa,  410. 

hodgsoniae,  410. 
saliceti,  Lagopus,  94. 

Tetrao,  94,  100,  104. 

Tetrao  (Lagopus),  104. 
sallaei,  Cyrtonyx,  399,  400. 
sallei,  Cyrtonyx,  398,  400. 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae,  391,  392. 
Salpiza,  20. 
cristata,  27. 
purpurascens,  25. 

Salpizusa,  20. 

salvadoranus,  Dactylortyx  thoracicus, 
381,  387,  388,  389. 
salvini,  Colinus,  342. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  311,  341, 
342,  344. 

Ortyx,  342. 

sana,  Lophertyx  gambelii,  277,  297,  298. 
sanfordi,  Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  113,  114, 
115. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  114. 
sanus,  Lophortyx  gambeli,  298. 
saturata,  Ortalis  garrula,  45. 
saturatus,  Ortalis  cinereiceps,  44. 
saxatilis,  Lagopus  leucurus,  92,  132. 
saxatilis,  Perdix,  238. 
scantica,  Perdix  cinerea,  417. 
sclateri,  Colinus  cristatus,  355,  356. 

Colinus  leucopogon,  309,  311,  355, 
356. 

Crax,  19. 

Eupsychortyx,  356. 
scoticus,  Lagopus,  66,  91. 

Tetrao,  90. 

segoviensis,  Colinus  nigrogularis,  352. 
septentrionalis,  Phasianus  colchicus,  430. 
sharpei,  Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  385, 
386. 

sierrae,  Dendragapus,  68. 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus,  80. 
Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  77,  79,  80, 

81,  82,  85. 

silvestris,  Meleagres  gallopavo,  447. 
Meleagris,  445. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  439,  440,  445, 
447,  448,  449,  450,  451,  454,  456. 
sitkensis,  Dendragapus,  68. 

Dendragapus  fuliginosus,  74. 
Dendragapus  obscurus,  69,  70,  73,  74, 

82. 

smithians,  Odontophorus,  379. 
sonnini,  Colinus  cristatus,  308,  311,  360, 


Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  118,  120,  121,  363. 

122,  125,  126,  127.  Eupsychortyx,  363. 


482  BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


sonnini,  Eupsychortyx  sonnini,  363. 
Odontophorus,  363. 

Ortyx,  362. 

Perdix,  362. 
sonninii,  Colinus,  362. 

Eupsichortyx,  363. 

Eupsychortyx,  362,  363. 

Ortyx.,  362. 

Perdix,  362. 
spilogaster,  Ortyx,  302. 
spodiostethus,  Odontophorus,  403,  407, 
409. 

Rhynchortyx,  407,  409. 
squamata,  Callipepla,  264,  265,  267,  268, 
269,  270,  271. 

Callipepla  squamata,  265,  268,  270, 
271,  272. 

Ortyx,  267,  271. 

squamatus,  Ortyx,  264,  267,  269,  271. 
squamulata,  Callipepla,  272. 

Starna,  230,  410. 
cinerea,  417. 
cinerea  major,  417. 
cinerea  peregrina,  417. 
cinerea  tenuirostris,  417. 
cinerea  vulgaris,  417. 
perdix,  414. 
palustris,  417. 

Steganolaema,  20. 

Stegnolaema,  6,  20,  22. 

Strophiortyx,  364. 

lineolatus,  385,  386. 
strenua,  Callipepla,  264,  272. 
striatus,  Dendrortyx,  248. 

Dendrortyx  macroura,  241,  247,  248. 
Dendrortyx  macrourus,  248. 
Struthiones  alis  volantibus,  5. 
struthopus,  Ortalis,  44. 
subalpina,  Lagopus,  94. 
subalpinus,  Lagopus,  94. 
sub-alpinus,  Tetrao,  94. 
sumichrasti,  Cyrtonyx,  403. 

Cyrtonyx  ocellatus,  403. 
sylvestris,  Gallopavo,  447. 

Meleagris  gallopago,  447. 

Perdix,  417. 

Synoicus,  230. 


Talegalinae,  5. 

Talegallinae,  5. 

Talegallus,  2. 

taylori,  Colinus  virginianus,  323. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  388,  389. 
temminckii,  Crax,  18. 
tenebrosus,  Phasianus  colchicus,  429. 
tenuirostris,  Starna  cinerea,  417. 
teres,  Lophortyx  douglasii,  277,  278,  303, 
304. 

Tetrao,  2,  64,  65,  66,  230. 

albus,  93,  94,  95,  103,  105,  106,  108, 
110,  113. 
alpinus,  93,  125. 
bonasia,  65. 
brachydactylus,  94. 

California,  80. 

californicus,  275,  281,  284,  287,  295. 
canace,  136,  147. 


Tetrao  canadensis,  136,  141,  144,  145,  148, 
149,  150,  152. 
canadensis  franklini,  142. 
canadensis  franklinii,  142. 
chinensis,  238. 
colin,  322. 
colinicui,  322. 
columbianus,  192,  197,  201. 
coturnix,  239. 
coyolcos,  340. 
coyoleos,  340,  344. 
cristata,  272. 
cristatus,  272,  305,  363. 
cupido,  153,  206,  210,  213,  214,  218, 
222. 

damascenus,  417. 
falcipennis,  66. 
franklini,  141. 
franklinii,  141. 
fusca,  143,  169. 
guianensis,  364,  370. 
guttata,  397. 
islandicus,  90. 

lagopus,  90,  93,  95,  102,  105,  106,  123. 
lapponicus,  94. 
leucurus,  130. 

(Lagopus)  leucurus,  129,  133,  134. 
lyrurus,  65. 
marilandica,  322. 
marilandicus,  322,  329. 
marilandus,  322,  329. 
marmoratus,  245. 

marylandus,  322.  '■ 

mexicanus,  305,  322. 

minor,  323. 

montanus,  90,  417. 

rnutus,  90,  123,  125. 

(Lagopus)  mutus,  125. 
obscurus,  67,  73,  76,  78,  81,  85,  86, 
87,  90. 

obscurus  fuliginosa,  73,  79. 
obscurus  fuliginosus,  73. 
obscurus  richardsoni,  84. 
obscurus  richardsonii,  84,  89. 
perdix,  409,  410,  414. 
persicus,  90. 

phasianellus,  187,  194,  195,  197,  201, 
204. 

(Centrocercus)  phasianellus,  194, 
195. 

rehusak,  94. 
reinhardti,  126. 
reinhardtii,  126. 
richardsoni,  83. 
richardsonii,  83,  89. 
ruesptris,  126. 
rupestris,  116,  123,  127. 

(Lagopus)  rupestris,  123. 
sabini,  167,  171. 
saliceti,  94,  100,  104. 

(Lagopus)  saliceti,  104. 
scoticus,  90. 
sub-alpinus,  94. 
tetrix,  65,  66. 
tocro,  364. 
togatus,  172. 
tympanus,  160. 
umbelloides,  183,  186. 


INDEX 


483 


Tetrao  umbellus,  153,  159,  160,  162,  165, 
167,  172,  183,  185. 

(Bonasia)  umbellus,  160. 
urogallus,  65,  66,  194. 
urophasianellus,  201. 
urophasianus,  227. 

(Centrocercus)  urophasianus,  227. 
virginiana,  315. 

virginianus,  305,  315,  324,  327,  329, 
346. 

Tetraogallus,  230,  231. 

Tetraonidae,  1,  3,  62,  63,  64,  65. 
Tetraoninae,  63. 

Tetraophasis,  230. 

Tetrastes,  64,  65. 

Tetrix,  66. 
tetrix,  Lyurus,  66. 

Tetrao,  65,  66. 

Tetroa,  66. 

texana,  Ortyx  virginiana,  325. 
texanus,  Colinus,  326. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  309,  322, 
323,  325,  329,  331,  332,  333,  344. 
Ortix,  324. 

Ortyx,  324,  325,  332. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  324,  325. 
Thaumalea,  230,  236. 

Thaumelia,  236. 

thayeri,  Bonasa  umbellus,  175. 

Colinus  virginianus,  307,  310,  340, 
343. 


thoracica,  Perdix,  238. 
thoracicus,  Dactylortyx,  380,  383,  384, 
385,  386,  387,  388. 

Dactylortyx  thoracicus,  381,  382, 


383 

Odontophorus,  383,  384,  386,  387. 
Ortyx,  383,  384,  386,  387,  388. 

Tocro,  364. 
tocro,  Tetrao,  364. 

togata,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  162,  170, 
171,  174,  175,  177,  178,  179,  181,  185, 


187. 

togatus,  Tetrao,  172. 

torquatus,  Phasianus,  424,  426,  427,  428. 
Phasianus  colchicus,  419,  421,  424, 
426,  427. 

Phasianus  colchius,  427. 
torridus,  Canachites  canadensis,  137,  138, 
151,  153. 

townsendi,  Lagopus,  113,  114. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  97,  111,  113, 
114,  115,  116,  117. 

Lagopus  rupestris,  113,  114. 
Toxostoma  palmeri,  294. 

Tragopans,  232. 

Turkey,  eastern,  440. 

Florida,  447. 

Gould’s,  455. 

Moore’s,  457. 
ocellated,  460. 

Rio  Grande,  449. 
south  Mexican,  454. 

T urkeys,  62,  436. 

Turnicidae,  62,  230,  231. 


Tympanuchus,  64,  65,  67,  136,  206,  212. 
americanus,  215,  217,  219,  223. 
americanus  americanus,  217. 
americanus  attwateri,  218,  219. 
attwateri,  218. 
canadensis,  147. 
cupido,  207,  211,  215,  219,  220. 
cupido  americanus,  2 1 5,  219. 
cupido  americus,  215. 
cupido  attwateri,  208,  217,  219. 
cupido  cupido,  208,  211,  212,  213. 
cupido  pinnatus,  208,  212,  217. 
franklini,  143. 
obscurus,  88. 

pallidicinctus,  208,  219,  222,  223. 
pinnatus,  217. 
richardsoni,  85. 
tympanus,  Tetrao,  160. 
typicus,  Phasianus  colchicus,  430. 

umbella,  Bonasa,  161,  173. 
umbelloides,  Bonasa,  183,  186. 

Bonasa  umbella,  179,  181,  186,  187. 
Bonasa  umbellus,  156,  176,  1 77,  179, 
180,  181,  183,  184,  185,  186,  187. 

Tetrao,  183,  186. 

umbellus,  Bonasa,  153,  155,  160,  161,  162, 
163,  165,  167,  171,  172,  173,  178, 

179,  181,  183,  185,  186. 

Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  156,  161,  162, 
163,  164,  165,  166,  167,  169,  170, 

171,  172,  173,  175,  176,  179,  180, 

182,  184,  186. 

Bonasia,  160. 

Tetrao,  153,  159,  160,  162,  165,  167, 

172,  183,  185. 

Tetrao  (Bonasia),  160. 

ungavus,  Lagopus  lagopus,  93,  106,  107. 
unicolor,  Chamaepetes,  56,  57,  58. 

Ortalida,  58. 

Urax,  8. 

Urogallus,  65,  66. 
urogallus,  65. 

urogallus,  Tetrao,  65,  66,  194. 

Urogallus,  65. 

Urogallus  collari  extenso  pensylvanicus, 
159. 

Urogallus  maculatus  canadensis,  144. 
Urogallus  minor,  210. 

Urogallus  minor  americanus,  144. 
Urogallus  minor  foemina  cauda  longiore 
Canadensis,  195. 

Urogallus  muscus,  210. 
urophasianellus,  Pedioecetes,  197. 

Tetrao,  201. 

urophasianus,  Centrocercus,  223,  224,  227, 
230. 

Tetrao,  227. 

Tetrao  (Centrocercus),  227. 
urumutum,  Crax,  8. 


vallicola,  Callipepla  California,  282. 

Callipepla  californica,  282,  287,  288, 
289,  290. 

Lophortyx,  283,  288,  289. 

Lophortyx  californica,  283,  288,  289. 
Lophortyx  californicus,  282,  283,  288, 
289. 

Ortalis  velula,  30,  40. 


484 


BULLETIN  50,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


vallicolus,  Lophortyx  californicus,  283. 
varius,  Phasianus,  237. 
venusta,  Callipepla,  295. 
veraguensis,  Odontophorus,  376,  377. 
verecundus,  Odontophorus  erythrops, 
366,  373. 

Odontophorus  melanotis,  373. 
verus,  Colinus  verginianus,  323. 
vetula,  Ortalida,  32,  33,  35,  39,  41. 
Ortalis,  29,  33,  35,  39,  41. 

Ortalis  vetula,  30,  33,  34,  35,  37,  38, 
39,  40,  42. 

Penelope,  34,  39,  41. 
virginiana,  Colinus,  319. 

Coturnix,  315. 

Ortyx,  316,  317,  324,  327. 

Perdix,  305,  315. 

Perdix  (Colinia),  317. 

Tetrao,  315. 

virginianus,  Colinus,  306,  319,  324,  328, 
333. 

Colinus  virginianus,  308,  310,  312, 
319,  322. 


virginianus,  Ortyx,  315,  316,  324,  325, 
327,  329,  346,  347. 

Ortyx  virginianus,  317. 

Philortyx,  317. 

Tetrao,  305,  315,  324,  327,  329,  346. 
viridirostris,  Crax,  12. 
vociferans,  Crax,  32. 

Penelope,  32. 

vulgaris,  Starna  cinerea,  417. 
vulturina,  Numida,  431. 

wagleri,  Ortalida,  28,  48,  49. 

Ortalis,  28,  29,  48,  49. 

Ortalis  wagleri,  30,  47,  49. 
waglerii,  Ortalida,  48. 
welchi,  Lagopus,  127. 

Lagopus  mutus,  95,  96,  126,  127. 
Lagopus  rupestris,  127. 

yukonensis,  Bonasa  umbellus,  155,  182, 
183,  184. 


Date  Due 

MAR  0 19  fcW 


MAR  0  i  t99t 


-653008 


pt .  10 


QL681  .R56 

Ridgway,  Robert 

The  birds  of  North  and  middle 

America 


^  ft  C* 

/WO  4  c 


DATF 


iqqi  mn  t r^i 


257046